Date: EXPERINENT ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE T ') Colour Colour of the salt is noted. b)Appearance ‘Appearance of the saltis noted Green Powdery May be copper May be Carbonate or sulphide ‘Solubility: “A little ofthe salt is shaken with water. Insoluble May be Carbonate or sulphide “Action of heat: ‘A small amount ofa sat is strongly heated in a test tube Colourless,odourless gas turning lime water milky. May be carbonate “Flame test ‘Take a small amount of salt in a watch glass. Add a drop of Cone. HCl tot and form a paste. Take the paste at the charred end of the splinter and introduce it near the Bunsen flame. Bluish green flame Presence of copper sat. “Action of dilute Hydrochloric acid: Take a small amount of salt in a test tube and add about ‘ml of dil. HCI to it, Gently heat it in the Bunsen flame. Brisk effervescence of colourless ‘gasturming lime water milky Carbonate is confirmed “Action of Conc. Sulphuric acid: ‘Take asmall amount of a salt in a dry test tube, add about 0.Sml of Cone Sulphuric acid and genlly heat it in the Bursen flame No charactetistic gas is evolves Absence of chloride, bromide, ‘Action of MnO. and Cone WSO, ‘Take a small amount of salt ina test tube, add pinch of MO; and about 0.SmL. of Conc. H,SO, and gently heat it in the Bunsen flame, No characteristic gas evolves ‘Absence of chloride and bromide Action of Cone. #80, and copper turning: Take a small quantity of salt ina dry test tube and ad few copper turnings and about Im. of Conc. H.SO. Gently heat it No reddish brown ges evolves Absence of nitrate "Action of dil. Sodium hydroxide solution: ‘Toa small quantity of a salt add about Iml of dil. ‘Sodium hydroxide solution and geatly heat it. No pungent smelling gas. Absence of ammonium salt 10. ‘Chromyl chloride test: ‘Take a small quantity of salt in a test tube, add a of potassium dichromate and three drops Conc. ‘Sulphuric acid and gently heat it. No Red Orange vapours “Absence of chloride ANALYSIS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT, Preparation of sodium carbonate extract: A small amount of slat is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract. EXPERIMENT ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE 10. | Test forhalides: No precipitate is obtained. ‘Alncace of chit, ‘To about one mL of the sodium carbonate extract add Bromide, sulphide. dil. HNO, in drops with shaking until the effervescence ceases, and then add about Imi of Silver Nitrate, and. 7 ‘To about one ml_of the sodium carbonate extract, add dil. acetic acid in drops with shaking until the efferves- ccence ceases, then add mL of barium chloride solution and shake it, No white precipitate is formed . Absence of Sulphate12. ] rest with lead acetate: ‘To about ImL of the sodium carbonate extract, add ImL of dil acetic acid and heat it, until the effervescence ceases, and then add ImL.of lead acetate ‘No white precipitate is formed . Absence of sulphate . TS. | Brown Ring test: ‘To about Il o f the sodium carbonate extract add dilute Sulphuric acid in drops with shaking until the effervescence ceases and about 0SmL. of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution. Thea keeping the test tube in a slanting position add Cone. H,SO, along the sides of the test tube. No brown ring is formed “Absence of nitrate. Ta, | Ammonium molybdate text ‘To one portion of the extract . add dilute Nitric acid until the effervescence ceases, then add about ImL cach of ammpniuin molybdate and Cone. Niwic acid No Canary Yellow precipitate is obtained “Absence of phosphate TS. | Test with sodium nitro bruside: ‘To about Imi of the sodium carbonate extract add Im of cil 2ommonia then add about few drops of sodium nitro bruside. No purple or violet colouration appears ‘Absence of sulphide IDENTIFICATION Preparation of Original solution : (OF THE BASIC RADICALS ‘The original solution prepared by dissolving a small amount of salt ia Hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid is added. ZERO GROUP T,_] Toa few drops of the original solution few drops os | No reddish brown precipitate “Absence of ammonium. Nessler’s reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide solution are added. ‘GROUP SEPERATION “Toa few drops ofthe original soluiion 2 mi of dilute | No White precipitate is obtained. | Absence of first group ¥__| Toa few drops ot the original solution > mloF dilute hydrochloric acid is added and Hydrogen gas is Presence oF second group (Copper) passed. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL Test for Copper To the blue colowed solution ald about 1 ml each acetic en 7 acid and potassium ferrocyanide A red brown precipitate is obtained | Copper is confirmed . ‘CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL ‘Action of dilute hydrochloride: ‘Take a small amount of salt in a test tube and add dilute | hydrochloric acid is added. Brisk effervescence of colourless ‘gas turning lime water milky Carbonate is confirmed RESULT ‘The given simple salt contains 1. Acid Radical : Carbonate 2.Basic Radical : Copper ‘The given simple salt is Copper Carbonate,SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT -IV 5 RRMENT OBSERVATION: TERENCE 1 a) Colour Brown “May be an iron salt Color of esis noted. Appearance - “Appearance ofthe salt is noted Crystalline May be Sulptte ite or = | Saati s ay be tl 1 ‘nee the cas hk wih wae Sonne Nay fe spate, net, 3. Action of heat: ‘No characteristic change Absence of ammonium. nitrate. ‘A small amount of a salt is strongly heated in a test ‘Zine salts se * Flame test No characteristic chans Abser of Ce Calcit Tove a small smoant of salt ina wach glass, adi a | NOctnetestic change _Absence of Copper, Cacia drop of Cone. Hydrochloric acid to it and forma paste. Take the paste at the charred end of the splinter end introduce it near the Bunsen flams 3. | Action of dil. Hydrochloric acid: ‘Take a small amount of salt ina test tube and add about ImL. of dil. Hydrochloride to it. Gently heat it in the Bunsen flame No characeristic natured gas | Absence of carbonat and evolves. ‘sulphide and nitrate, ©. _ | Action of Conc Sulphuric acid: ‘A colourless gas evolves. It gives ; ‘Take a small amount of a salt in a dry test tube, add | a dense white fumes whena glass | Presence of chloride about 0.5m of Cone. Sulphuric acid and gently heat | rod dipped in liquid mmonia itinthe Bunsen flame brought close to is mouth, 7 _ | Action of MaO, and Cone. HSO«: ‘Take a snall amount of salt in atest tube, add pinch | A greenish yellow gas turing | Presence of chloride of MnO, and about 0.5mL. of Conc. H;SO, and | starch iodide paper blue evolves gently heat itin the Bunsen flame. ‘Action of Cone. H,S0, and copper turning: ‘Take a small quantity of salt in a dry test tube and _| No reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate add few copper turnings and about ImL of Cone. H.SO,. Gently heat it 9. | Action of dil Sodium Hydroxide solution: To a small quantity of a salt add about Lml of dil. Sodium hydroxide solution and gently beat it No pungent smelling gas. Absence of ammonium salt. 10. | Chhromyl chloride test: Red Orange vapours evolved are ‘Take a small quantity of salt in a test tube, adda | Passed through water to get a pinch of potassium dichromate and few drops Conc. | yellow solution which on ading Sulphuric acid Gently heat it. lead acetate forms a yellow precipitate. Chloride isconfirmed. ANALYSIS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT. Preparation of sodium carbonate extract: ‘A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20m! of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes cooled and filtered . the filtrate is called sodium carbonate extrate 11.) Test for halides: To aboutone mi ofthe sodium carbonate extract add dil, | A curdy white precipitate insoluble | Presence of chloride Nitric acid indrops with shaking unil the effervescence | in about Imi of dil. ammonia is ceases, and then add about Iml of Silver nitrate, and | formed shake it well11 Test with Barium chloride: To about one mL of the sodium carbonate extract, add dil. acetic acid in drops with shaking until the efferves- cence ceases. then add Im] of barium chloride solution and shake it. No white precipitate is obtained. ‘Absence of sulphate 2 Test with lead acetate: To about Lm ofthe sodium carbonate extract, add 1m. ste precipitate isobrinea, | Absence of Sulphate of dil acetic acid and heat it , until the effervescence No white precipitate is obtained. ceases and then add Iml of lead acetate 13-| Brown ring test: To about Im! of the sodium carbonate extract add dil Sulphuric acid in drops with shaking until the effervescence ceases and about 0Smi of freshly prepared | No brown rng is formed. ‘Absence of Nitrate. ferrous sulphate solution. Then keeping the test ube ina slanting position add Cone. Sulphuric acid along the Sides of the test tube. 14-| Ammonium molybdate test: To one portion ofthe extract. ald dil Niric acid until | No canary yellow precipitate is. | Absence of Phosphate the effervescence ceases, then add cbout Im each of | formed. ammonium molybdate and Conc.Nitric acid _ 1S. | ‘Test with sodium nitro bruside: To about Iml of the sodium carbonate extract add Imi of | No purple or violet colur obtained dil ammonia. Then add about few drops of sodium nitro “Absence of Sulphide bruside Preparation of the original slut ‘Tho original solution is propared by dissolving smal of the satin 10 to 15 ml of Water. ZERO GROUP T. | Toa few drops of the original solution few drops os | No reddish brown precipitate “Absence of ammonium, Nessler’s reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide solution are added. ‘GROUP SEPERATION Toa few drops of the original solution 2mal of dilute hydrochloric acid is added. ‘No White precipita is obtained: “Absence of rst group chloride and 2ml of ammonium hydroxide solutions are added, obtained 3 | Toa few drops of the original solution 2ml of dilute | No Black precipita is obained. | Absence of second group hydrochloric acid is added and Hydrogen gas_is passed. 7 | Toa few drop of original solution Imlofammonium | Brown coloured precipitate is | Presence of ron CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL “Test for Tro To the solution add about 1 ml of dilute hydrochloride and boil itand then add abou: Im! of potassium ferocyani ‘A Blue precipitate is obtained Iron is confirmed . ‘CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL (Chromyl Chloride text: Red Orange vapours evolved are ‘Take a small quantity of salt in atest tube, add a pinch of | passed through water to get a yellow | Chloride is confirmed. ‘potassium dichromate and few drops Cone. Sulphuric acid | Sclution which on ading lead acetate Gently heat it. forms a yellow precipitate RESULT ‘The given simple salt contains 1. Acid Radical : Chloride _2.Basic Radical : Iron (Ferric) ‘The given simple salt is. Ferric lorideSYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT -V ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE Colourless ‘Absence of copper and iron salts, “Appearance of the salt is noted Crystalline May be Sulphate, nitrate or me Chloride 2 Solubility: ‘Soluble May be sulphate, nitrate, Atle ofthe salts shaken with water. aNoaae 3 | Action of heat “The salt turns yellow when hot | May be Zine salt ‘A small amount of sal is strongly heated in atesttube | and white when coll Z| Flame wx: Take a small amount of salt in a watch glass. Adda | ¥, sei 4rop of Conc. HCI itand forma paste. Take the paste | No Characteristic coloured flame. | Absence of copper.calcium atthe charred end of the splinter and introduce it near snd barium. the Bunsen flame, | Action of dle hydrochloris ach Take a small amount of saltin atest tube and add about | No characteristic change Absence of carbonate, Imi of dilute hydrochloric acid to it, Geatly beat iin sulphide and nitrate the Bunsen fame, | Action of Cone Sulphuric acid: ‘Take a small amount of asalt in a dry test we, add | No churacteisic gas is evolves | Absence of chloride bromide about 0.5m of Cone Sulphuric acid and gently heat it in nitrate the Bunsen fame, 7 | Action of MnO, and Cone. H;S0e No characteriic gas ie evalved | Absence of charids , bromide Take small amount of salt in atest tube, add pinch of ‘MnO, and about 0.5m. of Cone. H,SO, and gently heat itin the Bunsen fame. 3 Action of Cone. H.SO, and copper turning: fo ingas evolves lace of nitrate ‘Take a small quantity of salt in a dry test tube and add No reddish 5 Absence of few copper turing and about Im of Conc. H,SO,. Gently heat it. 9, | Action of aiute Sodium Hydroxide solution: : - To a small quantity of a saltadd about 1ml of dil. NaoH | N° Pungent smelling gas. ‘Abpouce of ammnosiemn sak. solution and gently heat it 10, | Chromyl chloride est ‘No Red Orange vapours ‘Absence of chloride ‘Take a small quantity of salt in a test tube, add a pinch of potassium dichromate and three drops Conc. Sulphuric acid_gently beat it mi Preparation of sodium carbonate extract: A small amount of slat is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20m! of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called sodium casbonate extract. ysis with sodium carbonate extract EXPERIMENT ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE 10. ‘Test for halides: ‘To about one mL of the sodium carhonate extract add dil HNO, in drops with shaking until the effervescence ‘ceases, and then add about Lm of AgNOs, and shake it well. No precipitate is obtained “Absence of chloride, bromide, sulphide 1 ‘Test with barium chloride: To about one ml of the scdium carbonate extract, add dil. ‘acetic acid in drops with shaking until the effervescence ‘ceases, then add Iml of barium chloride solution and shake it, ‘A. white precipitate is formed insoluble in dil sulphuric acid Sulphate is confirmed12. ] Test with lead acetate: To about 1mL of the sodium carbonate extract, add ImL. of dil acetic acid and heat it, until the effervescence Awhite precipitate soluble in | Preseace of Sulphate - excess of ammonium acegate is ceases, and then add Imi of lead acetate formed TS. | Brown Ring test To about Iml of the sodium carbonate extract add dil. Absence of nitrate, ‘o about Iml o| um carbonate e3 | Notrown rings Sulphuric acid in drops with shaking until the ceflervescence ceases and about 0.SmL of freshly prepared fetrous sulphate solution, Then keeping the test tube in a ‘slanting position add Cone. Sulphuric acid along the sides ‘ofthe test tbe, Ta. | Ammonium molybdate tt! 7 ‘To one portion of the extract . add dil HNO until the ef- | No yellow precipitate —_is | Absence of phosphate fervescence ceases, then ald abou mL each of | obtained _ammorium molybdate and Cone. HNO, TS, | Test with sodium nitro braside: ‘To about Iml of the sodium carbonate extract add Iml of | mloF aire | No characteristic precipitate | Absence of st group hydrochioricacidis added obtained “Toa few drops of the originalsolation 7 mloF cute | No Black preipiate W obained. Absence of cond Soup hydrochloric acid is added and Hydrogen sulphide gas is passed. 3] To a few drops of the original solion Imi of | No precipnae obtained “Absence of Third group ammonium chloride and 2ml of ammonium hydroxide Solutions areadded T]'To a few drops of tho original solution Tal of | Presence of Fourth group ammonium chloride and 2ml of ammonium hydroxide | Ditty white precipae is obtained Solutions areadded and and Hydrogen salphide gas is Zine) passed TONFIRWATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL Test for Zine ‘White precipita soluble in exces of sodium | Zine is conlirmed- Toafewdrops of the Original solution ml of | hydroxide. potassium fervo cyanide solution is added ‘CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL Test with barium chloride: To about one ml of the sodium carbonate extract, | A white precipitate is formed insoluble in add dil. acetic acid in drops with shaking until the | dil sulphuric acid effervescence ceases, then add Iml of barium chloride solution and shake it, Sulphate is confirmed RESULT ‘The given simple salt contains 1. Acid Radical : Sulphate 2.Basic Radical : Zine ‘The given simple salt is Zine SulphateSYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLESALT- VI EXPERIMENT ‘OESERVATION INFERENCE 3) Colour Colouress ‘Absence of copper and ion sls Colour ofthe salt is noted. b)Appearance: i “Appearance ofthe salt is noted Powdery May be carbone or suphide 2 ‘Solubility: Insoluble be sulphide, Carbonate A little of the salt is shaken with water. May phide, = Tas Action of heat: Salt is yellow when hot and white | May be a zine salt A small amount ofa salts stongly heated ina est. | when cold tube 3] Flame exe Tate all ampantofaltina watchgto Add x creams name Absence of Copper, Caleiam drop of Conc. HCI to it and form a pate. Take the pase athe chared end ofthe splinter and Inoduce itnear the Bunsen flame | Raion of dilute hydrochlordicaciz ‘Take asmal amount of satin atest tbe and aad | 4 ssioaten sm wit ences | Sulphide confirmed about Im of dilate hydrechlerideto it Geatly heat | Smell turing ay in about tmnt of dilate lead acetate shining black evolves = cow ww ‘Aion of Cone Sulphur acid No characterisie natured gas chords, bom ‘ke aanall pount of asaltina dy est ube add | eves Ansene of chore, rome about 0.5ml of Cone. Sulphuric acid and gently heat nit itin the Bunsen flame. 6 | Action of MnO; and Cone. HS, “ofchlvide,brom ‘Take a small amount of salt in a test tube, add pinch. 7 eax | Absence of chloride, bromide of MaOrandaboutO Sml-of Cone MSOs and | N®,chamerisic ntued gos gently beat tin the Bunsen flame. 7. _ | Action of Cone. HS0, and copper turning: ‘Take asimall quantity of salt in a dry test tube and ; add few copper turnings and about Il of Cone. Absence of Nitrate H,SO,. Gently heat it No reddish brown gas TV acion of due Soah lun ‘Adion of dilute Sodium hydroxide solution: : No pungent smelling Toa small quantity of a salt add about Im! of dil. eee Absence of ammonium salt. ‘Sodium hydroxide solution and gently beat it 9 Chromyl chloride test: ‘Take asmall quantity of saltin atest ube, add a Pinch of potasium dichromate and three drops | No red orange Vapours Absence of chloride Cone. Sulphuric acid Gently beat i Analysis with sodium carbonate extract Preparation of sodium carbonate extra ‘A small amount of slat is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes cooled and filtered. Thefiluatei called sodium carbonate extra. 10. | Test for halides: To aboutone ml. ofthe sodium carbonate extract add | A black pts formed Sulphide is confirmed Gil, Nitic acid in drops with shaking unil the effervescence ceases, and then add about Iml of Silver Nirate and shake it wel.1 | Test with barium chloride: To aboutone mL of the sodium carbonate extract, add dil. acetic acid in drops with shaking until the effervescence ceases, then add ImL of barium chloride solution and shake it, No white precipitate is obtained. “Absence of sulphate 2] Test with tead acetate: To about ImL of the sodium carbonate extract, add Iml of dil acetic acid and heat it, until the effervescence ceases, and then add 1m! of lead acetate ‘A black precipitate soluble in hot dilute nitire acid is obtained. Presence of sulphide 13. | Brown ring test: To about ImL o f the sodium carbonate extract add dilute sulphuric acid in drops with shaking until the effervescence ceases and about 0.Sml of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution. Then keeping the ‘est tube in a slanting position add Cone. Sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. No brown ring is formed. Absence of Nitrate. 14. | Ammonium molybdate test: ‘To one portion of the extract , add dil Niwoe acid until the effervescence ceases, then add about ImL each of ammonium molybdate and Cone. Nitric acid No canary yellow precipitate is formed. Absence of Phosphate. 15. | Test with sodium nitro bruside: ‘To about Im of the sodium carbonate extract add Iml of dil ammonia. Then add about few drops of sodium ‘A purple colouration appears. aitro bruside Presence of sulphide IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS Preparation of Original solution = ‘The original solution prepared by dissolving a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid . ZERO GROUP ‘Toa few drops of the original solution sodium hydroxide and Nessler’s reagent are added. ‘No reddish brown precipitate ‘Absence of ammonium, ‘GROUP SEPERATION T. | Toa few drops of the onginal solution 2 mil of dilute hydrochloric acid is added. No characteristic precipitate obtained ‘Absence of fst group Toa few drops of the original solution 2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is added and Hydrogen sulphide gas_is passed. No Black precipiate & obiained “Absence of second group 3__| Toa few drops of the original solation Iml of m chloride and 2ml of ammonium hydroxide solutions are added No precipitate is obtained “Absence of Third group T_ [Toa few drops of the original solution Imi of ammonium chloride and2ml of ammonium hydroxide solutions are added and and Hydrogen sulphide gas is passed. Dirty white precipate is obtained. Presence of Fourth group Zine) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL ‘A sinall amount of the sal is added to dilate hydrochloric acid taken in a test tube. fuming lead acetate paper black on warming evolves Test for Zine White precipitate soluble in excess of | Zine is confirmed To afew drops of the Originial soluion potassium feo | sodium hydroxide, cyanide is added - CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL ‘Action of dilute hyrochloric acid: ‘A Colourless rotten egg smelling gas | Sulphide is confirmed RESULT ‘The given simple salt contains 1, Acid Radical : Sulphide 2.Basic Radical : Zine .. The given simple salt is. Zine sulphide