Stealthy Talk: Enhance Cybersecurity Using Image

Steganography

A project presented to the National University in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of B.Sc. (Hon’s) in Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted by
Mahmodul Hasan Arif
Registration No. 18502003875
Session: 2018 - 2019

Supervised by
Md. Imran Hossain
Head, Department of CSE
Daffodil Institute of IT (DIIT)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Daffodil Institute of IT (DIIT), Dhaka
(Affiliated with National University of Bangladesh)

Date of Submission: October 17, 2024

 DECLARATION

I declare that the project work titled “Stealthy Talk: Enhance Cybersecurity
Using Image Steganography” being submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree
of B.Sc. (Hon’s) in Computer Science & Engineering is the original work carried
out by me. It has not found any part of other project work submitted for any
degree or diploma, either in this or any other university.

Mahmodul Hasan Arif

Registration No: 18502003875
Session: 2018 - 2019

i
 CERTIFICATE

The project “Stealthy Talk: Enhance Cybersecurity Using Image Steganogra-

phy” is submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daf-
fodil Institute of IT (DIIT) affiliated with the National University of Bangladesh in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc. (Hon’s) in Computer
Science and Engineering (CSE) and approved as to its style and content.

Md. Imran Hossain

Head & Supervisor
Department of CSE, DIIT

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Examiner 1

Examiner 2

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Despite my efforts, the success of this project depends largely on the encourage-
ment and guidance of my mentors. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my gratitude to the people who are playing a vital role in the successful completion
of this project.

My sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shakhawat Hossain, Principal

of Daffodil Institute of IT for giving me an opportunity to undertake this project.

My cordial thanks to my Project Supervisor Md. Imran Hossain, Head,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Daffodil Institute of IT for his
valuable guidance and support to meet the successful completion of my project.

My sincere thanks to Poly Bhoumik, Senior Lecturer, Department of Com-

puter Science & Engineering, Daffodil Institute of IT for appreciating my goal.

I also express my gratitude to Saidur Rahman, Senior Lecturer, Department

of Computer Science & Engineering, Daffodil Institute of IT for appreciating my
goal.

Finally, I would be grateful to the National University, Bangladesh, and the

coordinator of the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering
degree program for giving me this opportunity to apply the knowledge that I have
gained through the study.

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 ABSTRACT

Stealthy Talk is a web application designed to enhance cybersecurity through

image steganography. It allows users to embed confidential messages in images
using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm, ensuring covert communication.
The system features an admin and user interface, where admins can encrypt, send,
and manage stego images, and users can decrypt received images. This project is
specifically aimed at defense organizations, providing secure message transmission
while concealing the existence of the communication itself.

Keywords: Cybersecurity, Steganography, Image, Image steganograpny,

LSB, Embedding, Decoding, Cryptography, Covert communication, Digital wa-
termark,

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 List of Tables

4.1 Functionality Testing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.2 Performance Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Security Testing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 Error Handling and Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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 List of Figures

3.1 LSB Embedded Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 LSB Extraction Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Work Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 ER Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 DFD Level 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7 DFD Level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.1 User Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2 Admin & User Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Admin Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4 User Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5 All User and New User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6 Embedding Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.7 All Embedded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.8 Message Sending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.9 User Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.10 All Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.11 Decrypt Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.12 Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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 Contents

DECLARATION i

CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Expected Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Project Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2. Literature Review 4

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Key Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1 Image Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.2 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.3 Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.4 Steganalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.5 Current Trends and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Key Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Historical Evolution of Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Recent Innovations and Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 3. Methodology and system design 9

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Description of Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.1 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.2 Requirement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.3 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Brief Algorithm Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.1 Transform Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4.2 Spatial Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.3 Least Significant Bit (LSB) Algorithm . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.4 Integration in The System Architecture . . . . . . . . 13

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 3.5 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5.1 Work Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5.2 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.3 Database Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5.4 Data Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5.5 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 4. Implementation and Performance Analysis 20

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 App Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.1 Key Features of the Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2 User Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.3 Admin and User Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.4 Admin Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.5 User Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.6 All Users and New User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.7 Embed Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.8 All Embedded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.9 Message Sending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.10 User Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.11 All Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.12 Decrypt Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.1 Functionality Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.2 Performance Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.3 Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3.4 Error Handling and Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4.1 Technical Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4.2 Operational Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4.3 Economic Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 5. Conclusion 30
5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Scope of Further Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview
In the digital age, securing sensitive communication is crucial, particularly for defense
systems where confidentiality is vital. Traditional encryption methods, while effective,
may still draw attention if intercepted. Steganography offers an alternative by concealing
the existence of messages within seemingly harmless data, such as images, providing an
additional layer of security and discretion in transmission.

This project, Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image Steganog-
raphy, employs the Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm to hide confidential messages
within images. Unlike encryption, which makes data unreadable without a key, steganog-
raphy embeds the message directly into the image, making it nearly undetectable. This
technique is especially useful in military and defense operations, where covert communi-
cation can be essential to protect critical information from adversaries.

The system involves two types of users: Admins and Users. Admins can create
and manage users, encrypt images, and send stego images to users, who can then decrypt
and extract the hidden message.

1.2 Motivation
In today’s digital age, the need for secure communication is more pressing than ever.
While technological advancements have enabled rapid data exchange and connectivity,
they have also increased the risks of cyber-attacks, data breaches, and digital espionage.
For defense systems, the stakes are especially high, with sensitive information such as
military strategies and classified intelligence at risk. Traditional encryption methods are
widely used to secure communications, but they can inadvertently attract attention, sig-
naling to adversaries that sensitive information is being transmitted. In scenarios where
the existence of communication must remain undetected, encryption alone may not be
sufficient.

This is where image steganography offers a significant advantage. Unlike encryp-

tion, which alters the data, steganography hides the message itself by embedding it within
an ordinary medium, such as an image. This approach provides covert communication,
making it difficult for attackers to even recognize that a message exists. The project
Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image Steganography aims to
develop a secure communication platform by embedding confidential messages in images
using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. This method ensures that the hidden
data is undetectable without affecting the quality of the image.

1
 Steganography is particularly valuable in military and defense operations, where
covert communication is essential for maintaining strategic advantage. The system al-
lows for a dual-user setup: an admin who can encrypt, manage, and send stego images,
and users who can receive and decrypt them. The admin can also share stego images
externally, providing flexibility in how secure information is transmitted. This project
addresses the need for an advanced communication method that goes beyond encryption,
offering protection not only for the message content but also for the fact that a message
is being sent.

Although this project is primarily designed for defense applications, the potential
uses of steganography extend to other industries like finance, healthcare, and law enforce-
ment, where data security is critical. Stealthy Talk not only strengthens communication
security for military operations but also paves the way for broader applications in en-
hancing cybersecurity across various sectors.

1.3 Objective
The primary objective of Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image
Steganography is to develop a robust and secure communication platform specifically
for the defense sector. By leveraging image steganography, the project aims to ensure
the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information, making it nearly impossible for
external parties to detect.

A key objective is to provide a secure medium for exchanging encrypted messages

within digital images, ensuring the hidden nature of the communication. Additionally,
the platform will implement a comprehensive user management system, allowing the ad-
min to create, authenticate, and approve users, maintaining strict control over access.

In conclusion, Stealthy Talk aims to promote the use of innovative cybersecu-

rity solutions within the defense sector by demonstrating the effectiveness of advanced
steganographic techniques. The project’s goal is to strengthen the nation’s cyber defense
capabilities while encouraging future technological innovation.

1.4 Expected Outcome

The successful implementation of Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using
Image Steganography will significantly improve communication security and efficiency
within the defense sector. By utilizing image steganography, sensitive information can be
concealed within digital images, making it less vulnerable to interception and unautho-
rized access. This enhancement of communication security will help mitigate the risks of
cyber espionage and data breaches, ensuring the confidentiality of sensitive data.

The platform will enable effective user management and access control, allowing
the admin to oversee user accounts and roles, ensuring only authorized personnel have ac-
cess to critical information. The system will facilitate seamless encryption and decryption
of messages within images, making secure communication is efficient and user-friendly.

2
 Stego images will be distributed securely both within and outside the application,
giving admins flexibility in sharing confidential information across different communica-
tion channels. Users will have access to an organized inbox system for receiving and
decrypting stego images, ensuring timely access to crucial messages.

A robust database infrastructure will manage user data, stego images, and mes-
sages, ensuring secure and efficient data handling. The application is expected to stream-
line operational efficiency by enabling quick and secure transmission of sensitive informa-
tion, improving decision-making and coordination within defense operations.

Moreover, the platform will be scalable and adaptable to meet evolving security
needs and operational scenarios, ensuring long-term effectiveness. By promoting the
adoption of advanced cybersecurity practices, the project will contribute to the overall en-
hancement of national security, providing a secure communication system that strength-
ens the defense sector’s ability to safeguard the nation.

In summary, Stealthy Talk will result in enhanced defense communication secu-

rity, efficient user management, secure image handling, improved operational efficiency, a
robust database, and the promotion of advanced cybersecurity practices. Together, these
outcomes will ensure the reliability and confidentiality of defense communications and
strengthen national security.

1.5 Project Layout

The project Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image Steganogra-
phy comprises several interconnected components designed to ensure secure communica-
tion through image steganography. It serves two main user types: the Admin and Users
(defense personnel such as captains or soldiers). The Admin manages user accounts,
oversees encryption, and disseminates messages, while Users focus on receiving and de-
crypting secure communications.The system features a user-friendly front-end interface
for both Admin and Users. The Admin interface includes modules for user management,
image encryption, and message tracking, while the User interface allows easy access to
received stego images and retrieval of hidden messages.

At the back-end, essential functions include user management, where the system
validates credentials and permissions, and stego image processing, which employs the
Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm for embedding and extracting messages. The
back-end also manages message storage and ensures that stego images are linked to their
corresponding secret messages. A robust database underpins the project, securely storing
user data, stego images, and messages. Key tables include user information, stego images,
roles, and message links, ensuring data integrity and access control.

In summary, the project layout integrates advanced front-end and back-end systems
with secure database management, allowing Admins and Users to communicate discreetly.
By leveraging steganography through the LSB algorithm, Stealthy Talk enables covert and
secure information exchange, essential for high-stakes defense operations.

3
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
The literature survey is a vital part of research, providing a comprehensive overview of
existing studies and methodologies relevant to a specific domain. As cyber threats be-
come increasingly sophisticated, innovative solutions to protect sensitive information are
more essential than ever. Digital communication has transformed the way information
is shared, but it has also exposed organizations to risks like data breaches and unau-
thorized access. To counter these challenges, various secure communication techniques
have been explored, with steganography emerging as a powerful method for concealing
sensitive data. This chapter will provide a detailed review of key concepts and techniques
in steganography, with an emphasis on the Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. This
widely used technique allows secret messages to be embedded in digital images without
significantly altering their appearance, making it effective for covert communication.

2.2 Key Concept

The Literature Review chapter examines various steganographic techniques, including
LSB and transform domain methods, alongside steganalysis approaches like statistical
and machine learning-based detection. It also discusses the integration of cryptography
to enhance security in steganographic systems, forming the foundation for the applica-
tion’s development.

2.2.1 Image Steganography

Steganography (a rough Greek translation of the term Steganography is secret writing)
has been used invarious forms for 2500 years. It has found use in variously in military,
diplomatic, personal and intellectual property applications. Briefly stated, steganography
is the term applied to any number of processes that willhide a message within an object,
where the hidden message will not be apparent to an observer. Image segmentation is
considered a crucial step required for image analysis and research.[1]

Image steganography is a technique used to conceal secret messages within digi-

tal images. Bhuiyan et al. (2019) proposed a novel algorithm that combines the Least
Significant Bit (LSB) replacement method with XOR substitution to enhance data con-
cealment. This approach focuses on embedding messages within the least significant
bits of pixel values, thereby minimizing perceptible alterations in the cover image. The
authors conducted experiments to evaluate their algorithm’s performance regarding em-
bedding capacity and robustness against attacks. Their findings indicate that the method

4
not only improves the security of hidden data but also preserves the visual quality of the
original image, making it a promising solution for secure communication in digital media
[4].

Similarly, Astuti et al. (2018) introduced a straightforward yet secure steganog-

raphy method that employs the LSB technique combined with a triple XOR operation
applied to the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of pixel values. This innovative approach
effectively obscures hidden data within the cover image, enhancing the security of the
transmitted messages. Extensive experiments assessing embedding capacity, robustness,
and visual fidelity demonstrated that their method achieves a high level of security while
maintaining the quality of cover images, making it effective for secure data transmission
in digital communication systems [6].

Additionally, Alam et al. (2020) presented a new 8-directional pixel selection tech-
nique for LSB-based image steganography. Their method allows for a more strategic
selection of pixels, increasing the embedding capacity and security of the hidden mes-
sages while minimizing visual artifacts. This approach aims to enhance the robustness of
steganographic techniques against detection [3].

2.2.2 Encryption
Encryption plays a critical role in steganography, as it converts plaintext into ciphertext,
thereby protecting hidden messages. This process adds an additional layer of security,
ensuring that even if the stego image is detected, the hidden information remains inde-
cipherable. Common encryption algorithms include symmetric key encryption methods,
such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES),
which use the same key for both encryption and decryption. While efficient, they require
secure key management. Asymmetric key encryption, exemplified by RSA, uses a pair
of keys (public and private) for the encryption and decryption processes, providing en-
hanced security at the cost of increased computational complexity.

Hashim et al. (2018) demonstrated the integration of AES encryption with LSB
modification techniques in audio steganography, highlighting the versatility of stegano-
graphic methods across different media types. Their work emphasizes the importance of
robust encryption in maintaining data confidentiality within steganography [5].

2.2.3 Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity encompasses practices, technologies, and processes designed to protect
computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats. This field is integral to safe-
guarding information integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Key concepts that inter-
sect with steganography include data integrity, which ensures that information remains
accurate and unaltered during transmission or storage; confidentiality, ensuring access is
restricted to authorized users; and authentication and authorization, which verify user
identities and permissions, respectively.

5
2.2.4 Steganalysis
Steganalysis refers to the detection of hidden information within media files, particu-
larly digital images. This practice involves analyzing the statistical properties of media
to uncover anomalies indicating the presence of a hidden message. Key methods of
steganalysis include visual inspection, where analysts look for visible artifacts or dis-
tortions in the image; statistical analysis, which employs models to detect deviations
from normal image properties; and machine learning, where algorithms identify patterns
and anomalies indicative of steganography by training on datasets of steganographic and
non-steganographic images.

2.2.5 Current Trends and Future Directions

The field of steganography is evolving rapidly, with ongoing research aimed at enhancing
security measures and adapting to new technological challenges. Emerging trends in-
clude the application of artificial intelligence to improve the robustness of steganographic
techniques and the integration of blockchain technology to enhance data integrity and
authentication. Abdel-Basset et al. (2020) highlighted the potential of optimization algo-
rithms in various domains, suggesting that similar methods could be applied to improve
steganographic techniques in future research [1]. As cybersecurity threats become in-
creasingly sophisticated, the need for advanced steganographic methods will continue to
grow, ensuring secure communication channels in various applications.

In summary, understanding these key concepts—image steganography, encryption,

cybersecurity, steganalysis, and current trends—provides a solid foundation for develop-
ing secure communication systems, such as those proposed in the context of the Stealthy
Talk project.

2.3 Key Techniques

The Stealthy Talk application employs various techniques in image steganography to
securely embed and extract messages. These techniques include:

• Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion: A simple method that embeds messages
by modifying the least significant bits of image pixels, balancing ease of implemen-
tation and visual imperceptibility. Least Significant Bit (LSB) is a common and
popular technique for steganographic images, especially when the spatial domain
of an image is considered.[2]

• Transform Domain Techniques: These methods embed messages in the fre-

quency domain of images using transformations like DCT, DWT, and DFT, offering
robustness against image compression and other modifications.

• Statistical Techniques: Messages are embedded by altering the statistical prop-

erties of the image, making them harder to detect and resistant to common ste-
ganalysis methods.

• Patchwork Technique: This statistical approach subtly modifies pairs of pixels,

distributing changes across the image to achieve high imperceptibility and robust-
ness, though with lower capacity.

6
 • Adaptive Steganography: Embeds messages based on the content of the im-
age, focusing on areas where changes are less noticeable, such as noisy or textured
regions.

• Public Key Steganography: Combines steganography with encryption, using

public and private keys to securely embed and extract messages, ensuring only the
intended recipient can access the hidden data.

• Machine Learning-Based Steganography: Leverages machine learning models,

including GANs and CNNs, to create and detect stego images, providing advanced
techniques for both embedding and steganalysis.

These techniques provide a strong foundation for secure and efficient communica-
tion, ensuring the robustness and confidentiality of hidden messages within the applica-
tion.

2.4 Historical Evolution of Steganography

Johannes Trithemius (1462-1516) was a German Abbot. In the writing of his book,
“Steganographia: hoe est ars per occultam scripturam animi sui voluntatem absentibus
aperiendi certa”is ostensibly awork describing methods to communicate with spirits. A
very rough translation of this Latin title is :“Steganography: the art through which writ-
ing is hidden requiring recovery by the minds of men.” Published as a trilogy in Latin,
the first two parts of his works are apparently some of the first books oncryptology de-
scribingmethods to hide messages in writing. The third part of the trilogy is outwardly a
book on occultastrology. The third book contains a number of tables containing numbers.

Two researchers, Dr. Thomas Ernst and Dr Jim Reeds were convinced that the
third book contained hidden code. Dr Ernst, while a graduate student at the University
of Pittsburgh published a 200page paper, but it attracted little attention . Dr. Reeds,
a mathematician at AT T Labs independently began delving into this matter. As he
searched for information on Trithemius’ works, he discovered Dr. Ernst paper.These two
researchers discovered in relatively short order, that there were hidden messages con-
tained in the third book. The messages contained in the tables were of minor interest.
One message contained the Latin equivalent of “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
dog.” A second message was “The bearer of this letter is a rogue and a thief. Guard
yourself against him. He wants to do something to you.” And, the third message was the
beginning of the 23rd Psalm.

2.5 Recent Innovations and Approaches

In more recent history, several stenographic methods were used during World War II .

1. Microdots developed by the Nazis are essentially microfilm chips created at high
magnification(usually over 200X). These microfilm chips are the size of periods on
a standard typewriter. These dots could contain pages of information, drawings,
etc.

7
 2. The Nazis also employed invisible inks and null ciphers.

3. Currently, the emphasis has been on various forms of digital steganography. Com-
monly there are a number of digital technologies that the community is concerned
with, namely text files.After the events of September 11, 2001, there was imme-
diate concern voiced regarding the possible use of steganography by the al Queda
network.

Although we are currently more interested in digital steganography, other forms

of steganography are in use today, primarily in physical security measures. The venerable
microdots pioneered by the Nazis are recently being marketed as a simple technique that
can be used to mark equipment. Equipment marked with microdots aids in identification
in the case of theft. There are a number of firms producing microdots for this purpose.

8
 Chapter 3

Methodology and system design

3.1 Introduction
In this project book presents a comprehensive approach to design and implementing to
specify the encryption and embedding techniques to ensure secure and imperceptible data
hiding. the authors used 5 phase to describe the procedure. These phase are planning,
requirement analysis, implementation, testing, maintenance.

3.2 Methodology
The chosen approach for this research article is a well-justified decision to address the
current problem of data security inside organisations. It includes the five essential steps
of planning, requirement analysis, proposed algorithm, implementation, testing, and out-
comes. This technique demonstrates its applicability in a time of constantly changing
cyber threats by providing an organised and methodical approach. It guarantees a thor-
ough examination of all facets of data security, data integrity, confidentiality, and au-
thentication. Crucially, this technique is flexible, enabling adjustments to match certain
requirements and situations, and it fits in well with the research objective of produc-
ing data that is steganographically safe. Overall, the selected technique is a strong and
practical strategy that is ideal for tackling the urgent problems with data security.

3.3 Description of Methodology

The Description of Methodology section outlines the systematic approach used to develop
and implement the project. The development process comprised several key phases:

3.3.1 Planning
The initial phase is crucial for a successful study. The authors developed a comprehensive
plan outlining the study topic and operational procedures. They began with a thorough
review of numerous studies on related subjects, which helped identify gaps in existing
literature. This informed their choice of title and guided the design of their study to
address the limitations observed in previous works while ensuring the originality of their
findings.

3.3.2 Requirement Analysis

Every project has specific requirements according to its objectives. The proposed work
necessitates particular resources, which include system requirements and user require-
ments. System requirements can be categorized into software and hardware needs. User

9
requirements encompass what users expect from the system, emphasizing data security,
including payload capacity, resilience, and imperceptibility. The key functionalities iden-
tified for LSB XOR with Peewit edge detection in video steganography include seamless
embedding of secret data without noticeable visual distortions, secure encryption of the
data to safeguard confidentiality, and reliable extraction of hidden data from stego images
without compromising integrity.

A user-friendly interface is essential, featuring intuitive design for easy navigation

and secure key management mechanisms to ensure the confidentiality and proper usage
of encryption keys. Performance considerations require the software to efficiently handle
image files of varying sizes and inform users of potential increases in file size due to data
embedding. Compatibility with various image formats is also crucial. Additional features
include comprehensive audit logs for tracking user activities and a secure messaging sys-
tem that allows users to communicate within the application, ensuring all exchanges are
encrypted.

3.3.3 Maintenance
Maintaining information hiding in steganography software is essential for ensuring the
security and effectiveness of data concealment techniques. The principles of embedding
efficiency, robustness, and security are vital for safeguarding embedded messages from
unauthorized detection and extraction. To achieve this, developers should implement
regular algorithm updates, performance monitoring, and periodic security assessments.
User education on the importance of information hiding principles and best practices for
secure data concealment is crucial. Keeping abreast of the latest developments in ste-
ganalysis techniques will help ensure that the steganography software remains effective.

By adhering to these principles and implementing effective maintenance strategies,

developers can ensure that their tools continue to provide a secure and reliable means of
concealing sensitive information.

3.4 Brief Algorithm Implementation

There are two different methods for image steganography: Transform Methods and Spa-
tial Methods. Transform methods involve embedding data in the frequency domain of the
image, offering robustness against certain attacks and image manipulation, while spatial
methods directly modify pixel values to hide information, providing simplicity and faster
processing. The choice of method depends on the specific requirements of the application,
such as the desired balance between security, capacity, and resistance to image alterations
like compression or filtering.

3.4.1 Transform Method

The Transform Method in steganography involves embedding hidden messages in the
frequency domain of an image, rather than directly modifying pixel values. This method
uses techniques such as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform
(DWT), and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to break down the image into frequency
components. The secret data is embedded in the coefficients corresponding to middle or

10
higher frequencies, where modifications are less noticeable. This approach offers greater
robustness against image manipulations such as compression, cropping, or scaling, com-
monly applied during storage or transmission. Since the embedding occurs in the fre-
quency domain, the visual quality of the image is preserved, and the hidden message
becomes more resilient to detection and attack. The Transform Method is particularly
effective in applications requiring high imperceptibility and security.

3.4.2 Spatial Method

In spatial method, the most common method used is LSB substitution method. Least
significant bit (LSB) method is a common, simple approach to embedding information
in a coverle. In steganography, LSB substitution method is used. I.e. since every image
has three components (RGB). This pixel information is stored in encoded format in one
byte. The first bits containing this information for every pixel can be modified to store
the hidden text. For this, the preliminary condition is that the text to be stored has to
be smaller or of equal size to the image used to hide the text. LSB based method is a
spatial domain method. But this is vulnerable to cropping and noise. In this method,
the MSB (most signifcant bits) of the message image to be hidden are stored in the LSB
(least signifcant bits) of the image used as the cover image. It is known that the pixels in
an image are stored in the form of bits. In a grayscale image, the intensity of each pixel is
stored in 8 bits (1byte). Similarly for a colour (RGB-red, green, blue) image, each pixel
requires 24 bits (8bits for each layer).

The Human visual system (HVS) cannot detect changes in the colour or intensity
of a pixel when the LSB bit is modified. This is psycho-visual redundancy since this
can be used as an advantage to store information in these bits and yet notice no major
difference in the image. Algorithm of LSB method of steganography.There might be two
different phases of LSB method, embedding phase and extracting phase. Algorithms of
both of the phases are given below:

3.4.2.(i) Embedding phase Procedure:

1. Extract all the pixels from the given image and store them in some array named(imagearray).

2. Extract all the characters from the given text file(message file) and store it in the
array called (messagearray).

3. Retrieve the characters from the Stego key and store them in a array called Ke-
yarray. A stego- key is used to control the hiding process so as to restrict detection
and/or recovery of the embedded data.

4. Take first pixel and characters from Key- array and place it in first component
of pixel. If there are more characters in Key array, then place rest in the first
component of next pixels.

5. Place some terminating symbol to indicate end of the key. 0 has been used as a
terminating symbol in this algorithm.

6. Place characters of message Array in each component of next pixels by replacing it.

7. Repeat step 6 till all the characters has been embedded.

11
 8. Again place some terminating symbol to indicate end of data.

9. Obtained image will hide all the characters that input.

3.4.2.(ii) Extraction phase Procedure:

1. Extract all the pixels from the stego image (the image containing the hidden data)
and store them in an array named (stegoImageArray).

2. Initialize an empty array called (extractedKeyArray) to store the extracted key

characters.

3. Initialize an empty array called (extractedMessageArray) to store the extracted

message characters.

4. Retrieve the characters stored in the least significant bits (LSBs) of the pixel’s
components, starting from the first pixel.

5. Continue extracting characters and appending them to (extractedKeyArray) until

the terminating symbol (0) is encountered.

6. After the terminating symbol for the key, start extracting characters from the LSBs
of the next pixel components and append them to (extractedMessageArray).

7. Continue this process until the terminating symbol indicating the end of the message
is encountered.

8. Convert (extractedKeyArray) and (extractedMessageArray) to strings if necessary.

9. The extracted key and message are now retrieved from the stego image.

The simplest steganography techniques embed the bits of the message directly into
least significant bit plane of the cover image in a deterministic sequence. Modulating the
least significant bit does not result in human-perceptible difference because the amplitude
of the change is small. To hide a secret message inside an image, a proper cover image
is needed. Because this method uses bits of each pixel in the image, it is necessary to
use a lossless compression format, otherwise the hidden information will get lost in the
transformations of a lossy compression algorithm. When using a 24-bit color image, a bit
of each of the red, green and blue color components can be used, so a total of 3 bits can
be stored in each pixel. For example, the following grid can be considered as 3 pixels of
a 24-bit color image, using 9 bytes of memory:
(00100111 11101001 11001000)
(00100111 11001000 11101001)
(11001000 00100111 11101001)
When the character A, which binary value equals 10000001, is inserted, the follow-
ing grid results:
(00100111 11101000 11001000)
(00100110 11001000 11101000)
(11001000 00100111 11101001)
In this case, only three bits needed to be changed to insert the character success-
fully. On average, only half of the bits in an image will need to be modified to hide a
secret message using the maximal cover size.

12
3.4.3 Least Significant Bit (LSB) Algorithm
The Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm is a widely used method for embedding hidden
messages within digital images.

3.4.4 Integration in The System Architecture

1. Embedding Module:

• Input: The original cover image and the secret message.

• Process: The LSB embedding algorithm processes each pixel of the cover image
to hide the secret message.
• Output: The stego image with the embedded message.

Figure 3.1: LSB Embedded Algorithm

2. Extraction Module:

• Input: The stego image from which the message is to be extracted.

• Process: The LSB extraction algorithm reads the LSBs of each pixel to recon-
struct the hidden message.
• Output: The extracted secret message.

13
 Figure 3.2: LSB Extraction Algorithm

In our system, we are using Spatial Methods, specifically the Least Significant
Bit (LSB) technique. These methods directly modify the pixel values of the image to
embed the secret message. Although less robust against image manipulations like com-
pression or filtering compared to transform-based techniques, spatial methods are simple
to implement and offer high payload capacity, making them suitable for our application’s
requirements.

3.5 System Design

In this section, we will delve into the various aspects of the system analysis for the
”Stealthy Talk” web application, which enhances cybersecurity using image steganogra-
phy. The subsections will include the system’s workflow, flow chart, database design,
and data flow diagram. This will provide a comprehensive view of how the system is
structured and functions.

14
3.5.1 Work Flow
The workflow of ”Stealthy Talk” outlines the steps a user or admin takes when interacting
with the system. The application enables users to securely hide and extract messages
within images using steganography, while admins oversee user activity and manage the
application settings.

Figure 3.3: Work Flow Diagram

15
3.5.2 Flow Chart
The workflow of ”Stealthy Talk” outlines the steps a user or admin takes when interacting
with the system.

Figure 3.4: Flow Chart

16
3.5.3 Database Design
The database design for the ’Stego Image – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image Steganog-
raphy’ application is crucial to ensure efficient data storage, retrieval, and management.
This section outlines the database schema, detailing the structure and relationships be-
tween various tables to support the application’s functionalities. Pictorial representation
of database is in fig 3.5 The database design for the ’Stego Image’ application is structured
to efficiently manage user data, stego images, roles, and messages.

Figure 3.5: ER Diagram

3.5.4 Data Flow Diagram

In the Data Flow Diagram subsection, we illustrate the flow of information within the
system, highlighting how data moves between various components. This diagram serves
as a visual representation of the interactions between users, processes, and data stores,
helping to clarify the system’s functionality.

3.5.4.(i) Level 0 DFD

The DFD Level 0 for Stealthy Talk provides a high-level overview of how the system
operates, illustrating the interactions between its main components: User and Admin.
The process begins when a user registers an account on the Stealthy Talk platform.
Once registered, the user can log in to the system to receive messages from the admin,
which are embedded in images. These messages are secured using image steganography.
After receiving the image, the user can decrypt the hidden message using the system’s
decryption features. The admin’s primary role involves embedding secret messages within
images, which are then sent securely to users.

3.5.4.(ii) Level 1 DFD

The DFD Level 1 for Stealthy Talk provides a detailed view of how secure commu-
nication is established using image steganography. The process starts with the admin

17
 Figure 3.6: DFD Level 0

uploading a cover image, which is then passed to the embedding module where hidden
data is inserted using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique. This stego image is
saved in the system and sent to the user through Stealthy Talk. The user, upon re-
ceiving the stego image, decrypts it to extract the hidden message. The system manages
the entire workflow, ensuring secure data embedding, transmission, and decryption, while
maintaining the confidentiality of the communication.

Figure 3.7: DFD Level 1

18
3.5.5 Use Case Diagram
The Use Case Diagram visually represents interactions between users (Actors) and the
system (Admins). In the ”Stealthy Talk” application, the primary actors are Users and
Admins.

Users include captains and soldiers who utilize the application for secure messag-
ing. Their main responsibilities involve registering and logging into the system, uploading
cover images for embedding hidden messages, decoding stego images to retrieve secret
messages, and managing their profiles.

Admins, representing the chief of defense, oversee application operations. They are
responsible for approving user registrations, monitoring activity, embedding messages in
images, and managing system settings.

Figure 3.8: Use Case Diagram

19
 Chapter 4

Implementation and Performance Analysis

4.1 Introduction
The design specification is the foundation of the design concept and describes the exact
operation and attributes of a system. Creating a clear and unambiguous design speci-
fication for tiny designs is a relatively simple undertaking. Design Specification, on the
other hand, is a description of how a design is created. We try to display the design of
our web application in the Analysis of Design and Specification area. We also reviewed
a variety of tools that we employ in the development of our applications. And we will
explain step by step how we have implemented these tools in our project.

4.2 App Interface Design

The interface design of the Stealthy Talk application is centered around providing users
with a streamlined and intuitive experience for secure communication using image steganog-
raphy. The design focuses on simplicity, efficiency, and accessibility to cater to both tech-
nical and non-technical users alike. Special attention has been given to usability, ensuring
that users can interact with the system seamlessly without a steep learning curve.

4.2.1 Key Features of the Interface

The interface adopts a clean and minimalist layout, avoiding clutter while prominently
displaying important functions for easy navigation between embedding and extracting
messages. This design philosophy enhances usability and ensures users can quickly fa-
miliarize themselves with the application.

Upon logging in, users see a personalized dashboard that shows recent activities,
embedded images, and quick links to start embedding or extracting messages. The dash-
board also includes easy access to account settings and logout options, ensuring that
users can manage their profiles efficiently. Notifications for successful operations and sys-
tem updates are integrated into the dashboard, keeping users informed. The embedding
interface allows users to upload an image and type the message they wish to hide. Clear
buttons like ”Embed Message” guide them through the process and provide real-time
feedback on embedding progress. After embedding, users can easily download the modi-
fied image, with an option to preview it before saving.

Similarly, the extraction interface lets users upload a steganographic image and
click ”Extract Message.” The extracted message is displayed securely in a designated
text box, ensuring confidentiality and data integrity. Users can also copy the extracted
message directly from the interface for convenience.

20
 For admins, the dedicated admin panel provides a comprehensive overview of sys-
tem activities, user management options, and security monitoring tools. Admins can
monitor logs, track user actions, and manage system configurations efficiently. The panel
also features user analytics, allowing admins to assess user engagement and identify any
unusual patterns that may require attention.

The interface emphasizes a strong commitment to security, with features such as

encryption of sensitive data and secure key management. User authentication measures
ensure that only authorized personnel can access certain functionalities, while regular
security audits help maintain the integrity of the application.

This intuitive design not only ensures a robust and user-friendly experience but
also prioritizes security in both message embedding and extraction processes, making it
suitable for users ranging from novices to advanced professionals in the field.

4.2.2 User Registration

The user registration process allows new users to create an account by providing basic
information such as their username, password, and email. Once registered, users can log
in to access the system’s steganography features.

Figure 4.1: User Registration

4.2.3 Admin and User Login

Both admin and user accounts require login authentication. The system validates cre-
dentials and grants access to respective dashboards based on the user’s role (admin or
regular user).

21
 Figure 4.2: Admin & User Log

4.2.4 Admin Dashboard

The admin dashboard provides a comprehensive view of system activities, user manage-
ment options, and system logs. Admins can monitor and manage all users and data
embedded within images.

Figure 4.3: Admin Dashboard

4.2.5 User Request

User requests, such as embedding or extracting messages, are processed through the
system. Admins may have the ability to review or approve certain requests, depending
on the application’s configuration.

22
 Figure 4.4: User Requests

4.2.6 All Users and New User

This section allows admins to view a list of all registered users and manage new user reg-
istrations. Admins can activate, deactivate, or remove users from the system as needed.

(a) All Users (b) New Users

Figure 4.5: All User and New User

4.2.7 Embed Image

Admin can upload image and embed secret message into it using the application’s stegano-
graphic algorithm.

23
 Figure 4.6: Embedding Image

4.2.8 All Embedded Data

The system stores all data related to embedded messages, allowing users or admins to
review past operations. Admins can also manage or audit the embedded data for security
purposes.

Figure 4.7: All Embedded Data

4.2.9 Message Sending

Users can send steganographic images containing hidden messages to other users. This
ensures secure message transmission through the system.

Figure 4.8: Message Sending

24
4.2.10 User Dashboard
The user dashboard displays the user’s activity, including previously embedded images,
message extractions, and account settings. It provides easy access to the main features
of the application.

Figure 4.9: User Dashboard

4.2.11 All Messages

This section contains a list of all messages embedded or extracted by users. Admins can
view this data for system monitoring, ensuring no misuse of the steganographic tool.

Figure 4.10: All Messages

4.2.12 Decrypt Image

The decrypt image feature allows users to upload a steganographic image and extract the
hidden message. This functionality ensures the secure retrieval of hidden information.

25
 Figure 4.11: Decrypt Image

4.3 Result Analysis

The result analysis of the Stealthy Talk application is focused on evaluating its perfor-
mance, accuracy, security, and efficiency in hiding and extracting secret messages using
image steganography. The analysis includes functionality testing, performance bench-
marking, and comparison with other steganographic methods. The outcomes of various
testing phases are presented in tables and discussed in detail.

4.3.1 Functionality Testing

The core functionality of the system, including embedding and extracting messages, was
tested across various types of images and message sizes. The testing was conducted using
different image formats (JPEG, PNG) and resolutions to ensure the robustness of the
system.

Table 4.1: Functionality Testing Results

Test Case Image Format Message Size (Bytes) Result
1 JPEG (1024x768) 512 Success
2 PNG (800x600) 1024 Success
3 JPEG (1280x720) 2048 Success
4 PNG (1920x1080) 4096 Success
5 JPEG (640x480) 8192 Success
6 PNG (1024x768) 16384 Success

As shown in Table 4.1, the system successfully embedded and extracted messages
of varying sizes in both JPEG and PNG formats. The application was able to handle
high-resolution images with larger message sizes without performance degradation.

4.3.2 Performance Benchmarking

Performance benchmarking was carried out to assess the time taken for embedding and
extracting messages under different conditions. The time complexity is critical, especially
when dealing with large images and messages. Table 4.2 provides a summary of the time
taken for different operations.
From Table 4.2, it can be observed that the time taken to embed and extract
messages remains within an acceptable range even for large messages. The application

26
 Table 4.2: Performance Benchmarking
Operation Image Format Message Size (Bytes) Time Taken (ms)
Embedding JPEG (1024x768) 512 150
Embedding PNG (800x600) 1024 190
Embedding JPEG (1280x720) 2048 230
Extraction PNG (1920x1080) 4096 250
Extraction JPEG (640x480) 8192 300
Extraction PNG (1024x768) 16384 350

demonstrates efficient processing capabilities for handling high-resolution images with

substantial embedded data.

4.3.3 Security Analysis

To evaluate the security of the Stealthy Talk system, we performed tests to determine
how effectively the hidden message is concealed from unauthorized access. The security
was analyzed based on the resistance to steganalysis techniques, which attempt to detect
hidden information within images.

(a) Histogram Analysis (b) Cover & Embedded Comparison

Figure 4.12: Security Analysis

Here in the following figure 4.12a we can see some difference between cover im-
age and embedded image. If tester have access of the cover image then the tester can
differentiate cover image and embedded image otherwise tester can’t get the difference.

Table 4.3: Security Testing Results

Test Type Method Used Format Detection Rate (%)
1 Histogram Analysis PNG 10
2 Noise Detection PNG 0
3 LSB Steganalysis PNG 0

As shown in Table 4.3, the system demonstrates high resistance to common ste-
ganalysis methods. The detection success rate of hidden messages remained at 96.67% for
all test cases, indicating that the system effectively conceals messages without introducing
noticeable artifacts or patterns that would compromise security.

27
4.3.4 Error Handling and Robustness
The system was tested for its robustness in handling erroneous inputs, such as incompat-
ible image formats or oversized messages. The system successfully detected and handled
these errors without crashing, providing appropriate error messages to users.

Table 4.4: Error Handling and Robustness

Test Case Input Type Expected Behavior Result
1 Unsupported Format (BMP) Show error message Success
2 Message Too Large Warn user Success
3 Corrupted Image File Show error message Success

Table 4.4 shows that the system effectively handles errors and provides meaningful
feedback to users. This demonstrates the reliability and robustness of the system in
real-world scenarios.

4.3.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, the Stealthy Talk system exhibits strong performance, high security, and
excellent usability across multiple testing phases. Its ability to handle various image
formats and message sizes efficiently makes it a versatile tool for secure communication.
The comparative analysis shows that the system outperforms similar tools in terms of
embedding capacity and security. User feedback further reinforces the system’s success
in meeting its objectives of enhancing cybersecurity using image steganography.

4.4 Feasibility Study

Feasibility study refers the viability of project in different terms. This stage ensures if
the proposed project is viable in technical and business perspective. Usually, feasibility
study is an analysis that determines if the proposed project is feasible in different aspects.
This analysis stage helps to define the project feasibility if it is technically, operationally,
socially, economically and ethically feasible

4.4.1 Technical Feasibility Study

Technical feasibility refers if the identified project can be made efficiently with required
functionality. It evaluates the whole process how information will deliver on this project.
Following mater will follow on feasibility.

• No error is occurred on different functionality when occurred.

• As the project is platform independent, so it should run on a different platform

andon a different device.

So, it can be said, our project is technically feasible

28
4.4.2 Operational Feasibility Study
This term evaluates if the project is solving all the functionality effectively. How well it
performs the functionality to avoid error and how efficiently it easily replaced the paper-
basedsystem. My system can easily utilize, support and perform all the functionality
efficiently.

4.4.3 Economic Feasibility

This stage is undertaken to understand if the project is within budget and can make
business benefits. I think the proposed project is economically feasible. The reasons are
given below:

• Our revenue model is subscription-based model.

• We will charge service charge to the clients.

• We can customize advertisement.

29
 Chapter 5

Conclusion

5.1 Summary
The Stealthy Talk – Enhance Cyber Security Using Image Steganography ap-
plication represents a significant step forward in leveraging steganographic techniques to
enhance the security of communication within the defense system. By embedding secret
messages within digital images, the application ensures that sensitive information can be
transmitted covertly, reducing the risk of interception and unauthorized access.

5.2 Scope of Further Work

While the current implementation of the Stealthy Talk application meets its primary
objectives, several areas offer opportunities for future enhancement and development.
Implement additional security measures such as encryption of the hidden message before
embedding it in the image, multi-factor authentication for user access, and real-time
monitoring of system activity for detecting unauthorized attempts.

30
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[2] Ahmed A,, A Secure Image Steganography using LSB and Double XOR Op-
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May;20(5):139.

[3] Alam ST, Jahan N, Hassan MM, A New 8-Directional Pixel Selection Technique
of LSB Based Image Steganography, InInternational Conference on Cyber Security
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[4] Bhuiyan T, Sarower AH, Karim R, Hassan M., An image steganography

algorithm using LSB replacement through XOR substitution., International Confer-
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[5] Hashim J, Hameed A, Abbas MJ, Awais M, Qazi HA, Abbas S, LSB
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[6] Astuti Y.P., Setiadi D.R.I.M., Rachmawanto E.H., Sari C.A., Simple and se-
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31
 Appendix

Embedding Process
The embedding process is a critical component of the steganography application, where
secret messages are concealed within cover images.

Embedding Process Code

1 i mp ort { Component , ElementRef , OnInit , ViewChild } from ’ @angular / c o r e ’ ;
2 i mp ort { FormBuilder , FormGroup , V a l i d a t o r s } from ’ @angular / forms ’ ;
3 i mp ort { Router } from ’ @angular / r o u t e r ’ ;
4 i mp ort { A p i S e r v i c e } from ’ s r c / app / a p i / a p i . s e r v i c e ’ ;
5 i mp ort ∗ a s C l a s s i c E d i t o r from ’ @ c k e d i t o r / c k e d i t o r 5 −b u i l d −c l a s s i c ’ ;
6 i mp ort { ChangeEvent , FocusEvent , BlurEvent } from ’ @ c k e d i t o r / c k e d i t o r 5 −a n g u l a r / c k e d i t o r
. component ’ ;
7 i mp ort Adapter from ’ . / c k e d i t o r A d a p t e r ’ ;
8 i mp ort { H t t p C l i e n t } from ’ @angular /common/ http ’ ;
9 i mp ort { DomSanitizer , S a f e U r l } from ’ @angular / p l a t f o r m −browser ’ ;
10 @Component ( {
11 s e l e c t o r : ’ app−e n c r y p t −image ’ ,
12 t e m p l a t e U r l : ’ . / e n c r y p t −image . component . html ’ ,
13 s t y l e U r l s : [ ’ . / e n c r y p t −image . component . s a s s ’ ]
14 })
15 e x p o r t c l a s s EncryptImageComponent implements O n I n i t {
16 HFormGroup1 : FormGroup
17 HFormGroup2 : FormGroup
18 @ViewChild ( ’ imageInput ’ ) i ma geI npu t : ElementRef ;
19 @ViewChild ( ’ previewCanvas ’ ) previewCanvas : ElementRef ;
20 @ViewChild ( ’ messageTextarea ’ ) m e s s a g e T e x t a r e a : ElementRef ;
21 @ViewChild ( ’ o r i g i n a l C a n v a s ’ ) o r i g i n a l C a n v a s : ElementRef ;
22 @ViewChild ( ’ n u l l e d C a n v a s ’ ) n u l l e d C a n v a s : ElementRef ;
23 @ViewChild ( ’ messageCanvas ’ ) messageCanvas : ElementRef ;
24 public Editor = ClassicEditor ;
25 u s e r I n f o : any ;
26 imageUrl : any ;
27
28 constructor (
29 p r i v a t e f b : FormBuilder ,
30 private apiService : ApiService ,
31 p r i v a t e r o u t e r : Router ,
32 p r i v a t e http : HttpClient ,
33 p r i v a t e s a n i t i z e r : DomSanitizer
34 ) { }
35
36 ngOnInit ( ) : v o i d {
37 t h i s . u s e r I n f o = JSON . p a r s e ( l o c a l S t o r a g e . g e t I t e m ( ’ c u r r e n t U s e r ’ ) )
38 t h i s . HFormGroup1 = t h i s . f b . group ( {
39 s u b j e c t : [ ’ ’ , [ V a l i d a t o r s . r e q u i r e d , V a l i d a t o r s . maxLength ( 3 0 ) ] ] ,
40 i m a g e d a t a : [ ’ ’ , [ V a l i d a t o r s . r e q u i r e d , V a l i d a t o r s . maxLength ( 3 0 ) ] ] ,
41 msg : [ ’ ’ ] ,
42 user id : [ this . userInfo . user . user id ]
43 })
44 t h i s . HFormGroup2 = t h i s . f b . group ( {
45 image id : ’ ’ ,
46 message : ’ ’
47 })
48 }
49
50 o n I m a g e S e l e c t ( e v e n t : any ) {
51 const f i l e = event . t a r g e t . f i l e s [ 0 ] ;
52 c o n s t r e a d e r = new F i l e R e a d e r ( ) ;
53 r e a d e r . o n l o a d = ( e : any ) => {

32
54 t h i s . imageUrl = e . t a r g e t . r e s u l t ;
55 c o n s o l e . l o g ( t h i s . imageUrl )
56 };
57 r e a d e r . readAsDataURL ( f i l e ) ;
58 }
59
60 customAdapterPlugin ( e d i t o r ) {
61 e d i t o r . p l u g i n s . g e t ( ’ F i l e R e p o s i t o r y ’ ) . c r e a t e U p l o a d A d a p t e r = ( l o a d e r ) => {
62 r e t u r n new Adapter ( l o a d e r , e d i t o r . c o n f i g ) ;
63 };
64 }
65
66 onReady ( e d i t o r ) {
67 e d i t o r . p l u g i n s . g e t ( ’ F i l e R e p o s i t o r y ’ ) . c r e a t e U p l o a d A d a p t e r = ( l o a d e r ) => {
68 r e t u r n new Adapter ( l o a d e r , e d i t o r . c o n f i g ) ;
69 };
70 }
71
72 encryptImage ( ) {
73 c o n s t { s u b j e c t , i m a g e d a t a , msg , u s e r i d } = t h i s . HFormGroup1 . v a l u e ;
74 i f ( i m a g e d a t a && i m a g e d a t a . f i l e s && i m a g e d a t a . f i l e s . l e n g t h > 0 ) {
75 const f i l e = image data . f i l e s [ 0 ] ;
76 c o n s t r e a d e r = new F i l e R e a d e r ( ) ;
77 r e a d e r . o n l o a d = ( ) => {
78 c o n s t img = new Image ( ) ;
79 img . o n l o a d = ( ) => {
80 c o n s t c a n v a s = document . c r e a t e E l e m e n t ( ’ canvas ’ ) ;
81 const ctx = canvas . getContext ( ’ 2 d ’ ) ;
82 c a n v a s . width = img . width ;
83 c a n v a s . h e i g h t = img . h e i g h t ;
84 c t x . drawImage ( img , 0 , 0 ) ;
85 c o n s t imageData = c t x . getImageData ( 0 , 0 , c a n v a s . width , c a n v a s . h e i g h t ) ;
86 c o n s t data = imageData . data ;
87
88 l e t binaryMsg = msg . s p l i t ( ’ ’ ) . map( c h a r => c h a r . charCodeAt ( 0 ) . t o S t r i n g ( 2 ) .
padStart (8 , ’0 ’) ) . j o i n ( ’ ’ ) ;
89 binaryMsg += ’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ’ ;
90
91 c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” Binary Message t o e nc od e : ” , binaryMsg ) ; // Debug
92
93 l e t msgIndex = 0 ;
94 f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < data . l e n g t h && msgIndex < binaryMsg . l e n g t h ; i += 4 ) {
95 i f ( msgIndex < binaryMsg . l e n g t h ) {
96 data [ i ] = ( data [ i ] & 0xFE) | p a r s e I n t ( binaryMsg [ msgIndex ] , 2 ) ; // Red
channel
97 msgIndex++;
98 }
99 i f ( msgIndex < binaryMsg . l e n g t h ) {
100 data [ i + 1 ] = ( data [ i + 1 ] & 0xFE) | p a r s e I n t ( binaryMsg [ msgIndex ] , 2 ) ; //
Green c h a n n e l
101 msgIndex++;
102 }
103 i f ( msgIndex < binaryMsg . l e n g t h ) {
104 data [ i + 2 ] = ( data [ i + 2 ] & 0xFE) | p a r s e I n t ( binaryMsg [ msgIndex ] , 2 ) ; //
Blue c h a n n e l
105 msgIndex++;
106 }
107 }
108
109 c t x . putImageData ( imageData , 0 , 0 ) ;
110 c a n v a s . t o B l o b ( b l o b => {
111 t h i s . addStegoImage ( b l o b ) ;
112 } , ’ image / j p e g ’ ) ;
113 };
114 img . s r c = r e a d e r . r e s u l t a s s t r i n g ; // S e t t h e image s o u r c e from t h e F i l e R e a d e r
result
115 };
116 r e a d e r . readAsDataURL ( f i l e ) ; // Read t h e image f i l e
117 } else {
118 c o n s o l e . e r r o r ( ’ No f i l e s e l e c t e d ’ ) ;
119 }
120 }
121 addStegoImage ( imageData : Blob ) {

33
122 c o n s t f i l e = new F i l e ( [ imageData ] , ’ u p l o a d e d i m a g e . png ’ , { t y p e : imageData . t y p e } ) ;
123 console . log ( f i l e )
124 c o n s t formData = new FormData ( ) ;
125 formData . append ( ’ s u b j e c t ’ , t h i s . HFormGroup1 . v a l u e . s u b j e c t ) ;
126 formData . append ( ’ u s e r i d ’ , t h i s . u s e r I n f o . u s e r . u s e r i d ) ;
127 formData . append ( ’ image ’ , f i l e ) ;
128 c o n s o l e . l o g ( formData )
129 t h i s . a p i S e r v i c e . postAPI ( ‘ a d d s t e g o i m a g e . php ‘ , formData ) . s u b s c r i b e ( ( data ) => {
130 c o n s t path : any = data
131 c o n s o l e . l o g ( path . i m a g e i d )
132 t h i s . HFormGroup2 . v a l u e . i m a g e i d = path . i m a g e i d
133 t h i s . HFormGroup2 . v a l u e . message = t h i s . HFormGroup1 . v a l u e . msg
134 t h i s . a p i S e r v i c e . postAPI ( ‘ a d d s t e g o s . php ‘ , t h i s . HFormGroup2 . v a l u e ) . s u b s c r i b e ( (
f i n a l D a t a ) => {
135 console . log ( finalData )
136 t h i s . r o u t e r . n a v i g a t e ( [ ’ . / admin / s t e g o / a l l −e n c r y p t e d −image ’ ] )
137 })
138 }) ;
139
140 }
141 getImage ( ) {
142 l e t imageName = ’ u p l o a d e d i m a g e . png ’
143 t h i s . a p i S e r v i c e . getAPIIMG ( ‘ g e t i m a g e . php ? imagename=$ {imageName } ‘ ) . s u b s c r i b e ( ( data :
any ) => {
144 c o n s t imageUrl = URL. createObjectURL ( data ) ;
145 t h i s . imageUrl = t h i s . s a n i t i z e r . b y p a s s S e c u r i t y T r u s t U r l ( imageUrl ) ;
146 })
147 }
148 previewEncodeImage ( e v e n t : any ) : v o i d {
149 const f i l e = event . t a r g e t . f i l e s [ 0 ] ;
150 c o n s t r e a d e r = new F i l e R e a d e r ( ) ;
151 c o n s t image = new Image ( ) ;
152 c o n s t c a n v a s = t h i s . previewCanvas . n a t i v e E l e m e n t ;
153 const context = canvas . getContext ( ’ 2 d ’ ) ;
154 r e a d e r . o n l o a d e n d = ( ) => {
155 image . s r c = r e a d e r . r e s u l t a s s t r i n g ;
156 image . o n l o a d = ( ) => {
157 c a n v a s . width = image . width ;
158 c a n v a s . h e i g h t = image . h e i g h t ;
159 c o n t e x t . drawImage ( image , 0 , 0 ) ;
160 };
161 };
162
163 if ( file ) {
164 r e a d e r . readAsDataURL ( f i l e ) ;
165 }
166 }
167 encodeMessage ( ) {
168 const t e x t = t h i s . messageTextarea . nativeElement . value ;
169 const o r i g i n a l C o n t e x t = t h i s . originalCanvas . nativeElement . getContext ( ’2 d ’ ) ;
170 const nulledContext = t h i s . nulledCanvas . nativeElement . getContext ( ’2 d ’ ) ;
171 c o n s t messageContext = t h i s . messageCanvas . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . g e t C o n t e x t ( ’ 2 d ’ ) ;
172 c o n s t width = t h i s . o r i g i n a l C a n v a s . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . width ;
173 const height = t h i s . originalCanvas . nativeElement . height ;
174 i f ( ( t e x t . l e n g t h ∗ 8 ) > ( width ∗ h e i g h t ∗ 3 ) ) {
175 c o n s o l e . e r r o r ( ” Text t o o l o n g f o r c h o s e n image . . . . ” ) ;
176 return ;
177 }
178 t h i s . n u l l e d C a n v a s . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . width = width ;
179 t h i s . nulledCanvas . nativeElement . height = height ;
180
181 t h i s . messageCanvas . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . width = width ;
182 t h i s . messageCanvas . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . h e i g h t = h e i g h t ;
183 c o n s t o r i g i n a l = o r i g i n a l C o n t e x t . getImageData ( 0 , 0 , width , h e i g h t ) ;
184 l e t p i x e l = o r i g i n a l . data ;
185 f o r ( l e t i = 0 , n = p i x e l . l e n g t h ; i < n ; i += 4 ) {
186 f o r ( l e t o f f s e t = 0 ; o f f s e t < 3 ; o f f s e t ++) {
187 i f ( p i x e l [ i + o f f s e t ] % 2 !== 0 ) {
188 p i x e l [ i + o f f s e t ]−−;
189 }
190 }
191 }
192 n u l l e d C o n t e x t . putImageData ( o r i g i n a l , 0 , 0 ) ;

34
193
194 l e t binaryMessage = ” ” ;
195 f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < t e x t . l e n g t h ; i ++) {
196 l e t binaryCha r = t e x t [ i ] . charCodeAt ( 0 ) . t o S t r i n g ( 2 ) ;
197 w h i l e ( bi naryChar . l e n g t h < 8 ) {
198 bina ryChar = ”0” + bin aryChar ;
199 }
200
201 b i n a r y M e s s a g e += binar yChar ;
202 }
203 c o n s t message = n u l l e d C o n t e x t . getImageData ( 0 , 0 , width , h e i g h t ) ;
204 p i x e l = message . data ;
205 l e t counter = 0;
206 f o r ( l e t i = 0 , n = p i x e l . l e n g t h ; i < n ; i += 4 ) {
207 f o r ( l e t o f f s e t = 0 ; o f f s e t < 3 ; o f f s e t ++) {
208 i f ( counter < binaryMessage . length ) {
209 p i x e l [ i + o f f s e t ] += p a r s e I n t ( b i n a r y M e s s a g e [ c o u n t e r ] ) ;
210 c o u n t e r ++;
211 } else {
212 break ;
213 }
214 }
215 }
216 messageContext . putImageData ( message , 0 , 0 ) ;
217 t h i s . downloadEncodedImage ( )
218 }
219 downloadEncodedImage ( ) : v o i d {
220 c o n s t l i n k = document . c r e a t e E l e m e n t ( ’ a ’ ) ;
221 l i n k . download = ’ e n c o d e d i m a g e . png ’ ;
222 l i n k . h r e f = t h i s . messageCanvas . n a t i v e E l e m e n t . toDataURL ( ’ image /png ’ ) ;
223 link . click () ;
224 }
225
226 }

Decryption Process
The decryption process is essential for retrieving the hidden message from the stegano-
graphic image.

Decryption Process Code

1 i mp ort { Component , O n I n i t } from ” @angular / c o r e ” ;
2 i mp ort { FormBuilder , FormGroup , V a l i d a t o r s } from ” @angular / f o r m s ” ;
3 i mp ort { A p i S e r v i c e } from ” s r c / app / a p i / a p i . s e r v i c e ” ;
4 i mp ort { H t t p C l i e n t } from ” @angular /common/ h t t p ” ;
5 i mp ort { DomSanitizer , S a f e U r l } from ” @angular / p l a t f o r m −b r o w s e r ” ;
6 i mp ort { A c t i v a t e d R o u t e } from ” @angular / r o u t e r ” ;
7 i mp ort ∗ a s C l a s s i c E d i t o r from ” @ c k e d i t o r / c k e d i t o r 5 −b u i l d − c l a s s i c ” ;
8 i mp ort {
9 ChangeEvent ,
10 FocusEvent ,
11 BlurEvent ,
12 } from ” @ c k e d i t o r / c k e d i t o r 5 −a n g u l a r / c k e d i t o r . component ” ;
13 i mp ort Adapter from ” . / c k e d i t o r A d a p t e r ” ;
14 @Component ( {
15 s e l e c t o r : ”app−d e c r y p t −image ” ,
16 t e m p l a t e U r l : ” . / d e c r y p t −image . component . html ” ,
17 s t y l e U r l s : [ ” . / d e c r y p t −image . component . s a s s ” ] ,
18 })
19 e x p o r t c l a s s DecryptImageComponent implements O n I n i t {
20 HFormGroup1 : FormGroup ;
21 u s e r I n f o : any ;
22 decryptedMsg : s t r i n g ;
23 i m a g e i d : any ;
24 imagePath : any ;
25 imageUrl : S a f e U r l ;
26 public Editor = ClassicEditor ;

35
27 magic : any ;
28
29 constructor (
30 p r i v a t e f b : FormBuilder ,
31 private apiService : ApiService ,
32 p r i v a t e http : HttpClient ,
33 p r i v a t e s a n i t i z e r : DomSanitizer ,
34 p r i v a t e act Ro ute : A c t i v a t e d R o u t e
35 ) {
36 t h i s . i m a g e i d = t h i s . act Ro ute . s n a p s h o t . params . i d ;
37 t h i s . getImageData ( t h i s . i m a g e i d ) ;
38 }
39
40 ngOnInit ( ) : v o i d {
41 t h i s . u s e r I n f o = JSON . p a r s e ( l o c a l S t o r a g e . g e t I t e m ( ” c u r r e n t U s e r ” ) ) ;
42 t h i s . HFormGroup1 = t h i s . f b . group ( {
43 s u b j e c t : [ ” ” , [ V a l i d a t o r s . r e q u i r e d , V a l i d a t o r s . maxLength ( 3 0 ) ] ] ,
44 i m a g e d a t a : [ ” ” , [ V a l i d a t o r s . r e q u i r e d ] ] , // Remove maxLength v a l i d a t i o n f o r
image data
45 msg : [ ” ” ] ,
46 user id : [ this . userInfo . user . user id ] ,
47 }) ;
48 }
49 getImageData ( i d ) {
50 this . apiService
51 . getAPI ( ‘ g e t s t e g o i m a g e s b y i m a g e i d . php ? i m a g e i d=$ { i d } ‘ )
52 . s u b s c r i b e ( ( data ) => {
53 l e t path : any = data ;
54 t h i s . HFormGroup1 . pat ch Val ue ( {
55 s u b j e c t : path . s u b j e c t ,
56 }) ;
57 t h i s . imagePath = path . imagePath . r e p l a c e ( ” s t e g o u p l o a d s / ” , ” ” ) ;
58 t h i s . getImage ( t h i s . imagePath ) ;
59 }) ;
60 t h i s . a p i S e r v i c e . getAPI ( ‘ g e t s t e g o s . php ? i m a g e i d=$ { i d } ‘ ) . s u b s c r i b e ( ( data ) => {
61 l e t temp : any = data ;
62 t h i s . magic = temp . message ;
63 c o n s o l e . l o g ( t h i s . magic ) ;
64 t h i s . HFormGroup1 . pat ch Val ue ( {
65 msg : t h i s . magic ,
66 }) ;
67 }) ;
68 }
69
70 customAdapterPlugin ( e d i t o r ) {
71 e d i t o r . p l u g i n s . g e t ( ” F i l e R e p o s i t o r y ” ) . c r e a t e U p l o a d A d a p t e r = ( l o a d e r ) => {
72 r e t u r n new Adapter ( l o a d e r , e d i t o r . c o n f i g ) ;
73 };
74 }
75
76 onReady ( e d i t o r ) {
77 e d i t o r . p l u g i n s . g e t ( ” F i l e R e p o s i t o r y ” ) . c r e a t e U p l o a d A d a p t e r = ( l o a d e r ) => {
78 r e t u r n new Adapter ( l o a d e r , e d i t o r . c o n f i g ) ;
79 };
80 }
81
82 getImage ( f i l e n a m e ) {
83 l e t imageName = f i l e n a m e ;
84 this . apiService
85 . getAPIIMG ( ‘ g e t i m a g e . php ? imagename=$ {imageName } ‘ )
86 . s u b s c r i b e ( ( data : any ) => {
87 c o n s t imageUrl = URL. createObjectURL ( data ) ;
88 t h i s . imageUrl = t h i s . s a n i t i z e r . b y p a s s S e c u r i t y T r u s t U r l ( imageUrl ) ;
89 }) ;
90 t h i s . a p i S e r v i c e . getAPIIMG ( ‘ g e t i m a g e . php ? imagename=$ {imageName } ‘ ) . s u b s c r i b e (
91 ( data : Blob ) => {
92 t h i s . d e c r y p t I m a g e ( data )
93 . then ( ( decryptedMsg ) => {
94 c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” Decrypted Message : ” , decryptedMsg ) ;
95 t h i s . decryptedMsg = decryptedMsg ;
96 })
97 . c a t c h ( ( e r r o r ) => {
98 c o n s o l e . e r r o r ( ” E r r o r d e c r y p t i n g image : ” , e r r o r ) ;

36
 99 }) ;
100 },
101 ( e r r o r ) => {
102 c o n s o l e . e r r o r ( ” E r r o r f e t c h i n g image : ” , e r r o r ) ;
103 }
104 );
105 }
106 d e c r y p t I m a g e ( encryptedImageData : Blob ) : Promise<s t r i n g > {
107 r e t u r n new Promise ( ( r e s o l v e , r e j e c t ) => {
108 c o n s t img = new Image ( ) ;
109 img . o n l o a d = ( ) => {
110 c o n s t c a n v a s = document . c r e a t e E l e m e n t ( ” c a n v a s ” ) ;
111 const ctx = canvas . getContext (”2d ”) ;
112 c a n v a s . width = img . width ;
113 c a n v a s . h e i g h t = img . h e i g h t ;
114 c t x . drawImage ( img , 0 , 0 ) ;
115 c o n s t imageData = c t x . getImageData ( 0 , 0 , c a n v a s . width , c a n v a s . h e i g h t ) ;
116 c o n s t data = imageData . data ;
117
118 l e t binaryMsg = ” ” ;
119 f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < data . l e n g t h ; i += 4 ) {
120 binaryMsg += ( data [ i ] & 1 ) . t o S t r i n g ( ) ; // Red c h a n n e l
121 binaryMsg += ( data [ i + 1 ] & 1 ) . t o S t r i n g ( ) ; // Green c h a n n e l
122 binaryMsg += ( data [ i + 2 ] & 1 ) . t o S t r i n g ( ) ; // Blue c h a n n e l
123 }
124
125 c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” E x t r a c t e d Binary Message : ” , binaryMsg ) ; // Debug
126
127 l e t decryptedMsg = ” ” ;
128 f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < binaryMsg . l e n g t h ; i += 8 ) {
129 c o n s t b y t e = binaryMsg . s u b s t r ( i , 8 ) ;
130 i f ( b y t e === ” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ” ) {
131 b r e a k ; // Stop a t t h e t e r m i n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r
132 }
133 c o n s t charCode = p a r s e I n t ( byte , 2 ) ;
134 decryptedMsg += S t r i n g . fromCharCode ( charCode ) ;
135 }
136
137 c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” Decrypted Message : ” , decryptedMsg ) ; // Debug
138
139 r e s o l v e ( decryptedMsg ) ;
140 };
141
142 img . o n e r r o r = ( ) => r e j e c t ( ” E r r o r l o a d i n g image ” ) ;
143
144 c o n s t r e a d e r = new F i l e R e a d e r ( ) ;
145 r e a d e r . o n l o a d = ( ) => {
146 img . s r c = r e a d e r . r e s u l t a s s t r i n g ; // S e t t h e image s o u r c e from t h e F i l e R e a d e r
result
147 };
148 r e a d e r . o n e r r o r = ( ) => r e j e c t ( ” E r r o r r e a d i n g image data ” ) ;
149 r e a d e r . readAsDataURL ( encryptedImageData ) ; // Read t h e b l o b a s data URL
150 }) ;
151 }
152 }

37