Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr.

Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Syllabus

1. Power System Components and Per Unit System

2. Fault Calculations
3. Load Flow Solutions
4. Power System Stability
5. System Protection

Textbooks

1- Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat.

References

1- Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger.

2- Electrical Power Systems by D. Das.
3- Power System Analysis and Design by J. Glover.

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Power System Components and Per Unit System

A three-phase system's complete circuit diagram is seldom necessary to convey even
the most detailed information about a system. Therefore the interconnection among the
power system components may be shown in a simplified diagram called a single-line
diagram.

Single Line Diagram

A single-line diagram of a power system shows the main connections and arrangements
of components. Power system networks are represented by single-line diagrams using
suitable symbols as shown in the figure below:

For example, the power system is shown below

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Per Unit System (PU)

Because of the large amount of power transmitted, kilowatts or megawatts and kilovolt-
ampere or megavolt-ampere are the common terms. However, these quantities as well
as amperes and ohms are often expressed as a percent or per unit of a base or reference
value specified for each.

In the per-unit system, all quantities are represented as a fraction of the base value:

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

For example

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑣)

𝑉(𝑝𝑢) =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑣)

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)

𝐼(𝑝𝑢) =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(Ω)

𝑍(𝑝𝑢) =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(Ω)

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑉𝐴)

𝑆(𝑝𝑢) =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑉𝐴)

If we specify the base values of any two quantities, the base values of the remaining
two can be determined as shown in the following equations, usually, Sb and Vb are
specified.

𝑆1∅,𝐵
𝐼𝐵 =
𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝐵

𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝐵 (𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝐵 )2
𝑍𝐵 = =
𝐼𝐵 𝑆1∅,𝐵

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

For 3 phase

𝑆3∅,𝐵
𝐼𝐵 =
√3𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝐵

𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒/√3 (𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝐵 )2
𝑍𝐵 = =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆3∅,𝐵

Example 1: A synchronous generator is rated 20 KV, 50 MVA has a reactance of

0.2 Ω. Determine the per unit reactance.

Solution: 𝑆𝐵 = 50 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐵 = 20 𝐾𝑉

𝑉𝐵2 (20)2
𝑍𝐵 = = =8Ω
𝑆𝐵 50

𝑋 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 0.2
𝑋(𝑝. 𝑢) = = = 0.025 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵 8
Example 2: A three phase transformer is rated 11/220 KV, 25 MVA with leakage
reactance measured from the low-tension side is 0.06 Ω. Determine leakage reactance
in per unit.
Solution: 𝑆𝐵 = 25 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐵 = 11 𝐾𝑉
𝑉𝐵2 (11)2
𝑍𝐵 = = = 4.84 Ω
𝑆𝐵 25
𝑋 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 0.06
𝑋(𝑝. 𝑢) = = = 0.0124 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵 4.84

HW: Determine leakage reactance in per unit from high tension side.

For example, if on a low-voltage side of a 34.5/115-kV transformer, the base voltage

of 36 kV is selected, the base voltage on the high-voltage side must be
36 (34.5 /115) = 120 kV.

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Changing of Base
The impedance of individual generators and transformers, as supplied by the
manufacturer, are generally in terms of percent or per-unit quantities based on their
own ratings. The impedance of transmission lines are usually expressed by their ohmic
values. For power system analysis, all impedances must be expressed in per unit on a
common system base. To accomplish this, an arbitrary base for apparent power is
selected; for example, 100 MVA. Then, the voltage bases must be selected. Once a
voltage base has been selected for a point in a system, the remaining voltage bases are
no longer independent; they are determined by the various transformer turns ratios.

𝑜𝑙𝑑
Let 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 be the per-unit impedance on the power base 𝑆𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑑 and the voltage
base 𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑑 , which is expressed by
𝑜𝑙𝑑 .𝑍 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝑝.𝑢
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 . 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 . 𝑍𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐵
𝑍𝐵
2
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 ( 𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) ( 𝑜𝑙𝑑 )
𝑉𝐵 𝑆𝐵

Example 3: the reactance of a generator designated x" is given as 0.25 per unit based
on the generator's nameplate rating of 18 KV , 500 MVA the base for calculations is
20 K V, 100 MVA. Find x" on the new base.
Solution:
18 2 100
x"(pu)new = 0.25 ∗ ( ) ( ) = 0.0405 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
20 500

Example 4: a power system consists of one synchronous generator and one

synchronous motor connected by two transformers and a transmission line. Create a
per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system using a base apparent power
of 100 MVA and a base line voltage of the generator G1 of 13.8 kV. Given that:
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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 0.9 pu;

T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 110/13.8 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
M1 ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 1.1 pu;
T.L impedance: R = 15 , X = 75 .

1 T2
T1 T.L.
2

GG1 M
G1

Solution: To create a per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit, we need first to calculate

the impedances of each component in the power system in per-unit to the system base.
The system base apparent power is Sbase = 100 MVA everywhere in the power system.
The base voltage in the three regions will vary as the voltage ratios of the transformers
that delineate the regions. These base voltages are:

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

T1 T2
T.L.
GG1 M
G1
1 2

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,1 = 13.8 𝐾𝑉 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 1

110
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,2 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,1 = 110 𝐾𝑉 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
13.8
13.8
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,3 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,2 = 13.8 𝐾𝑉 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
110

The corresponding base impedances in each region are:

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 (13.8 𝐾𝑉)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,1 = = = 1.904 Ω 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑆3∅,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

2
𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 (110 𝐾𝑉)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,2 = = = 121 Ω 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝑆3∅,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

2
𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 (13.8 𝐾𝑉)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,3 = = = 1.904 Ω 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝑆3∅,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

The impedances of G1 and T1 are specified per per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV and 100
MVA, which is the same as the system base in Region 1.

RG1,pu = 0.1 per unit , XG1,pu = 0.9 per unit

RT1,pu = 0.01 per unit , XT1,pu = 0.05 per unit
There is a transmission line in Region 2 of the power system. The impedance of the
line is specified in ohms, and the base impedance in that region is 121 .

15
𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 0.124 𝑝𝑢
121
75
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 0.62 𝑝𝑢
121

The impedance of T2

𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 ( 𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) ( )
𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑛𝑒𝑤
13.8 2 100
𝑅𝑝.𝑢 = 0.01 ( ) ( ) = 0.02 𝑝𝑢
13.8 50

𝑛𝑒𝑤
13.8 2 100
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05 ( ) ( ) = 0.1 𝑝𝑢
13.8 50

The impedance of M1 is specified in per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV and 50 MVA in

Region 3.

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Power System Analysis Lecturer: Dr. Zaid Alhadrawi
4Th stage / Electrical Engineering Department / Kufa University
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

𝑛𝑒𝑤
13.8 2 100
𝑅𝑝.𝑢 = 0.1 ( ) ( ) = 0.2 𝑝𝑢
13.8 50

𝑛𝑒𝑤
13.8 2 100
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 = 1.1 ( ) ( ) = 2.2 𝑝𝑢
13.8 50

The per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system is shown:

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Electrical power system , Das chapter 5 page 103

HOMEWORKS

Problems 3.11 - 3.15 Hadi Saadat pages 157 - 159