1

Utilizing and
Specifying
Steel Joists
TECHNICAL DIGEST ONE
SETTING STANDARDS.
ADVANCING DESIGNS.
This publication is produced in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. The SJI and its committees have made a concerted effort to present
accurate, reliable, and useful information on steel joists and joist girders. The publication of
the material contained in this Technical Digest is not intended as a representation or warranty
on the part of the Steel Joist Institute. Any person making use of this information does so at
one’s own risk and assumes all liability arising from such use.

Federal Regulations Governing Erection of Joist Products

Steel joists and joist girders must be erected in accordance with the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor - 29 CFR Part 1926 Safety Standards
for Steel Erection. The erection of open web steel joists is governed by Section 1926.757 of this
Federal Regulation.

Copyright © 2023

by

Steel Joist Institute

All rights reserved. This Technical Digest or any part thereof must not be reproduced
in any form without the written permission of the Steel Joist Institute.

Printed in the United States of America

First Edition
First Printing – December 2023
 TECHNICAL DIGEST 1
UTILIZING AND SPECIFYING
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
AND JOIST GIRDERS

James M. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E.

Consulting Engineer, Steel Joist Institute
Estero, FL

STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE

140 WEST EVANS STREET, SUITE 203
FLORENCE, SC 29501
WWW.STEELJOIST.ORG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank the members of the Engineering Practice Committee and the
Research Committee of the Steel Joist Institute for their review and contributions to the writing
of the first edition of this digest. Also, a special thanks to Mr. Kenneth Charles, Managing
Director of the Steel Joist Institute, for his suggestions and review. Thanks, are also given to
Vulcraft/NUCOR for contributing figures, photos, and text suggestions.

FOREWORD
This first edition Technical Digest 1 is another addition to the series of Steel Joist Institute
publications designed to give the reader information regarding the application and usage of
open web steel joists and joist girders.

This and other SJI Technical Digests serve to highlight specific areas of design and/or
application for the benefit of architects, building inspectors, building officials, designers,
engineers, erectors, students, and others.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. i
FOREWORD................................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ ii
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE................................................................................. iv
GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................. v

CHAPTER 1 STANDARD AND SPECIAL JOIST TYPES............................................ 1

Introduction........................................................................................................ 1
K-Series............................................................................................................. 2
KCS................................................................................................................... 4
LH and DLH-Series........................................................................................... 5
Load/Load Joists............................................................................................... 6
CJ-Series........................................................................................................... 6
Top Chord Extensions (TCX) and Extended Ends............................................ 8
Joist Substitutes and Outriggers........................................................................ 9
Special Profile Joists......................................................................................... 10
Joist Girders....................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 2 CAMBER AND BRIDGING...................................................................... 16

Camber.............................................................................................................. 16
Bridging............................................................................................................. 17

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF ROOFS............................................................................... 19

Bay Dimensions................................................................................................. 19
Direction of Joist Span....................................................................................... 20
Joist Spacing..................................................................................................... 20
Joist and Joist Girder Depth.............................................................................. 21
Unbalanced Loads on Joist Girders.................................................................. 21
SJI Roof Bay Analysis Tool................................................................................ 22
Connections....................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF FLOORS............................................................................. 31

Bay Dimensions................................................................................................. 31
Direction of Joist Span....................................................................................... 31
Joist Spacing..................................................................................................... 31
Joist and Joist Girder Depth.............................................................................. 31
Connections....................................................................................................... 32
SJI Floor Bay Analysis Tool............................................................................... 33

ii
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL LOAD DESIGN....................................................................... 41
Diaphragm Considerations................................................................................ 41
Future Expansion.............................................................................................. 42
Vertical Bracing.................................................................................................. 42
Moment Connections......................................................................................... 43
Seismic Criterion................................................................................................ 43
SJI Connection Design Tools............................................................................. 43

CHAPTER 6 SPECIFYING LOADS............................................................................. 51

Specifying Joists with Concentrated Loads Greater than 100 Pounds.............. 51
Specifying Add-Load and Bend-Check Loads................................................... 51
Specifying Traveling Loads................................................................................ 52
Specifying Axial Loads....................................................................................... 52
Specifying Uplift Loads...................................................................................... 52
Specifying Flush Frame Connections................................................................ 53
Joist and Joist Girder Diagrams with Non-Uniform Loads................................. 54
Sample Joist Schedules.................................................................................... 55

CHAPTER 7 TECHNICAL DIGESTS AND TOOLS...................................................... 57

Available Technical Digests............................................................................... 57
Available Tools................................................................................................... 58
Additional Information........................................................................................ 59

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES........................................................................................ 60

iii
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The purpose of this digest is to present information to specifying professionals and students
for the utilization and specification of steel joists and joist girders. Joists and joist girders are
used to provide economical roof and floor systems.

The term “steel joist” refers to an open web load-carrying member suitable for direct support
of one-way floor or roof systems. Members that make up a steel joist may consist of hot-rolled
or cold-formed steel, including cold-formed steel whose yield strength has been attained by
cold-working. The design of the joist chord sections is based on a yield strength of 50 ksi while
the web sections are based on a yield strength of at least 36 ksi but not greater than 50 ksi.

SJI Standard Specifications cover the design, manufacture, and use of simply supported,
uniformly loaded open web steel joists. In addition to the SJI Standard Specifications, the SJI
Catalog contains weight tables, bridging tables, and the Code of Standard Practice for Steel
Joists and Joist Girders to assist specifying professionals with design and proper selection.

iv
GLOSSARY
Accessories. Structural components related to the design, fabrication, and erection of
joists and joist girders, including, but not limited to, sloped end bearings, extended ends,
ceiling extensions, bridging, bridging anchors, headers, and bottom chord lateral bracing
for joist girders.

Allowable Strength. Nominal strength divided by the safety factor, Rn /Ω.

Available Strength. Design strength or allowable strength as appropriate.

Applicable Building Code (ABC). Building code under which the structure is designed.

ASD (Allowable Strength Design). Method of proportioning structural components such

that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under
the action of the ASD load combinations.

Bay Width. The distance between the main structural frames or walls of a building.

Bearing. The distance that the bearing shoe or seat of a joist or joist girder extends over
its masonry, concrete, or steel support.

Bearing Length. The distance that the bearing shoe or seat of a joist or joist girder extends
over its support.

Bearing Seat Depth. Depth of the joist or joist girder at the bearing point or bearing seat.

Bearing Plate. The steel plate used for a joist or joist girder to bear on when it is supported
by masonry or concrete supports. The plate is designed by the specifying professional to
transfer the joist reaction to the supporting structure.

Bridging. In general, a member connected to a joist to brace it from lateral movement.

Bundle. The banding together of joist products, bridging, and/or decking into certain sizes,
weights, pieces, lengths, etc., to expedite shipping, unloading, storage, and erection at a
job site.

Buyer. The entity that has agreed to terms of sale to purchase material from the manufacturer.

Camber. An upward curvature of the chords of a joist or joist girder induced during shop
fabrication. Note that this is in addition to the pitch of the top chord.

Cantilever. The portion of a joist product that extends beyond its structural support. A row
of X-bridging may need to be provided at the end of the cantilever and at the structural
support to ensure it is stable during erection and under load.

v
Ceiling Extension. A bottom chord extension except that only one angle of the joist bottom
chord is extended from the first bottom chord panel point towards the end of the joist.

Chords. The top and bottom members of a joist or joist girder. When a chord is comprised
of two angles, there is usually a gap between the members.

Clear Span. The actual clear distance or opening between supports for a joist or joist girder
that is the distance between walls or the distance between the edges of flanges of beams.

Cold-Formed Steel Structural Member. Shape manufactured by press-braking blanks

sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming cold- or hot-rolled coils
or sheets. Both forming operations being performed at ambient room temperature, that is,
without addition of heat such as would be required for hot forming.

Collateral Load. All additional dead loads other than the weight of the building, such as
sprinklers, pipes, ceilings, floor covering, and mechanical or electrical components.

Composite. Condition in which steel and concrete elements and members work as a unit
in the distribution of internal forces.

Composite Steel Joist. Open web, parallel chord, load-carrying member suitable for direct
support of one-way floor or roof systems. Members may consist of hot-rolled or cold-formed
steel, including cold-formed steel whose yield strength has been attained by cold working.
The shear connection between the joist top chord and the overlying concrete slab allows the
steel joist and slab to act together as an integral unit after the concrete has adequately cured.

Concrete Compressive Strength. Compressive strength of concrete typically measured

after 28 days of curing time.

Concrete Unit Weight. Weight of a volume of concrete, typically 145 lb/ft.³ (2300 kg/m³) for
normal weight or 110 lb/ft.³ (1760 kg/m³) for lightweight aggregate.

Connection. Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between
two or more members. See also splice.

Constructability. The ability to erect structural members in accordance with OSHA 1926
Subpart R without altering the overall structural design.

Construction Joint. A joint where two placements of concrete start and stop.

Construction Load. (for joist erection only) Any load other than the weight of the employee(s),
joists, and the bridging bundle.

Deck. A floor or roof covering made from gage metal, attached by welding or mechanical
means to joists, beams, purlins, or other structural members and can be galvanized, painted,
or unpainted.

vi
Design Length. The length of a joist or joist girder used in structural analysis.

Design Load. Applied load determined in accordance with either LRFD load combinations
or ASD load combinations, whichever is applicable.

Design Strength. Resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, fRn.

Diagonal Bridging. Two angles or other structural shapes connected from the top chord
of one joist to the bottom chord of the next joist to form an ‘X’ shape. These members are
always connected at their point of intersection.

Effective Length. Length of an otherwise identical member with the same strength when
analyzed with pin-ended boundary conditions.

End Anchorage. The proper attachment of the ends of a joist product to its support.

End Support. The masonry, structural concrete, or structural steel that supports the ends
of joist products and can carry the loads transmitted to it by the joist products.

Erection Bridging. The bolted diagonal bridging that is required to be installed prior to
releasing the hoisting cables from the steel joists.

Erector. The entity that is responsible for the safe and proper erection of the materials in
accordance with all applicable codes and regulations.

Extended End. The extended part of a joist top chord with the seat angles also being
extended from the end of the joist extension back into the joist and maintains the standard
end bearing seat depth or joist top chord depth over the entire length of the extension.

Factored Load. Product of a load factor and the nominal load.

Ferrule. Ceramic ring placed at the base of shear studs, which shields the arc between
welding equipment and steel deck.

Filler. A short piece of round bar, plate, or angle welded between a two-angle chord member
or a two-angle web member to tie them together, usually located at the midpoint of the
member between joints.

Flexural Buckling. Buckling mode in which a compression member deflects laterally without
twist or change in cross-sectional shape.

Flexural-Torsional Buckling. Buckling mode in which a compression member bends and

twists simultaneously without a change in cross-sectional shape.

Gravity Load. Load, such as that produced by dead and live loads, acting in the
downward direction.

vii
Header. A structural member located between two joists or between a joist and a wall or
girder which carries another joist or joists. It is usually made up of an angle, channel, or
beam with saddle angle connections on each end for bearing.

Horizontal Bridging. A continuous angle or other structural shape connected to the top or
bottom chord of a joist.

Inspector. An independent person hired to verify that the erection of a structure is in

accordance with the site-specific erection plans, including the joist placement plans and the
deck placement drawings.

Joint. Area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. Categorized by type
of fastener or weld used and the method of force transfer.

Joist. A structural load-carrying member with an open web system that supports floors and
roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and is designed as a simple span member.
Currently, the SJI has the following joist designations: K-Series, including KCS, LH-Series
and DLH-Series, and CJ-Series.

Joist Girder. A primary structural load-carrying member with an open web system designed
as a simple span usually supporting equally spaced concentrated loads of a floor or roof
system acting at the panel points of the member and utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel.

Joist Placement Plans. Drawings that are prepared depicting the interpretation of the
contract documents requirements for the material to be supplied by the seller. These
floor and/or roof plans are approved by the specifying professional, buyer, or owner for
conformance with the design requirements. The seller uses the information contained in
these drawings for final material design. A unique piece mark number is typically shown
for the individual placement of joists, joist girders, and accessories along with sections that
describe the end bearing conditions and minimum attachment required so that material is
placed in the proper location in the field.

Joist Substitute. A structural member whose intended use is for very short spans (10 feet
or less) where open web steel joists are impractical. They are usually used for short spans
in skewed bays, over corridors, or for outriggers.

Lateral Buckling. Buckling mode of a flexural member involving deflection normal to the
plane of bending.

Lateral-Torsional Buckling. Buckling mode of a flexural member involving deflection

normal to the plane of bending occurring simultaneously with a twist about the shear center
of the cross-section.

Limit State. Condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is
judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
have reached its ultimate load-carrying capacity (strength limit state).

viii
Load. Force or other action that results from the weight of building materials, occupants
and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, or restrained
dimensional changes.

Load Effect. Forces, stresses, and deformations, produced in a structural component by

the applied loads.

Load Factor. Factor that accounts for deviations of the nominal load from the actual
load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the
probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously.

Local Buckling. Limit state of buckling of a compression element within a cross-section.

LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design). Method of proportioning structural components
such that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under
the action of the LRFD load combinations.

Load Combination. Load combination in the applicable building code intended for ASD
or LRFD.

Material. Joists, joist girders, and accessories as provided by the seller.

Nominal Load. Magnitude of the load specified by the applicable building code.

Nominal Strength. Strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor

or safety factor applied) to resist the load effects, as determined in accordance with the
standard specifications.

Non-composite. Condition in which steel and concrete elements and members do not
work as a unit in the distribution of internal forces. The bare steel joist carries all applied
loads, including the wet weight of the concrete.

OSHA. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a federal government

agency whose purpose is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of the
workers of America.

Owner. The entity that is identified as such in the contract documents.

Permanent Load. Load in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All
other loads are variable loads.

Placement Plans. See “Joist Placement Plans.”

Quality Assurance. System of shop and field activities and controls implemented by the
owner or his/her designated representative to provide confidence to the owner and the
building authority that quality requirements are implemented.

ix
Quality Control. System of shop and field controls implemented by the seller and erector
to ensure that contract and company fabrication and erection requirements are met.

Reliable Dead Load. Permanent dead load that can always be relied on to resist gross uplift.

Required Strength. Forces, stresses, and deformations produced in a structural component,

determined by either structural analysis, for the LRFD or ASD load combinations, as
appropriate, or as specified by the standard specifications.

Resistance Factor, f. Factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the
nominal strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, uncertainties in the
analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the manner and consequences
of failure.

Safety Factor, Ω. Factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the nominal
strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, uncertainties in the analysis
that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the manner and consequences of failure.

Seller. A company certified by the Steel Joist Institute engaged in the manufacture and
distribution of joists, joist girders, and accessories.

Service Load. Load under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

Serviceability Limit State. Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to preserve
its appearance, maintainability, durability, or the comfort of its occupants or function of
machinery under normal usage.

Shear Stud. Headed shear connector specifically designed for use on a steel joist or beam,
which permits composite action between the concrete slab and the joist or beam.

Shear Stud Welder. Machine used to weld headed shear studs through the steel deck to
the steel joist.

Slab. Concrete placed to form a deck to a specified thickness. A portion of the slab may
serve as part of the composite joist system as well as sub-floor or finished floor.

Slenderness Ratio. The ratio of the effective length of a member to the radius of gyration
of the member about the same axis of bending.

Span. The centerline-to-centerline distance between structural steel supports such as a

beam, column, or joist girder or the clear span distance plus four inches onto a masonry or
concrete wall.

Specified Minimum Yield Stress. Lower limit of yield stress specified for a material as
defined by ASTM.

x
Specifying Professional. The licensed professional who is responsible for sealing the
building contract documents, which indicates that he or she has performed or supervised
the analysis, design, and document preparation for the structure and has knowledge of the
load-carrying structural system.

Splice. Connection between two structural members joined at their ends by either bolting
or welding to form a single, longer member.

Spreader Bar. A specially designed structural steel member attached to hoisting equipment
that may be used to lift joist, bridging, or decking bundles at two points.

Square End. Bottom chord bearing condition of a parallel chord joist where the end web is
perpendicular to the chord members.

Standard Specifications. Documents developed and maintained by the Steel Joist Institute
for the design and manufacture of open web steel joists and joist girders. The term “SJI
Standard Specifications” encompasses by reference the following:
ANSI/SJI 100–2020 Standard Specification for K-Series, LH-Series, and DLH-Series
Open Web Steel Joists and for Joist Girders
ANSI/SJI 200–2015 Standard Specification for Composite Steel Joists, CJ-Series

Strength Limit State. Limiting condition affecting the safety of the structure, in which the
ultimate load-carrying capacity is reached.

Structural Analysis. Determination of load effects on members and connections based on

principles of structural mechanics.

Structural Drawings. The graphic or pictorial portions of the contract documents showing
the design, location, and dimensions of the work. These documents generally include plans,
elevations, sections, details, connections, all loads, schedules, diagrams, and notes.

Stud Installation Layout Drawing. Plan provided by seller to buyer showing size, quantity,
and location of all shear connectors to be installed on the composite steel joists.

Tensile Strength (of Material). Maximum tensile stress that a material can sustain as
defined by ASTM.

Top Chord Extension (TCX). The extended part of a joist top chord. This type of extension
only has the two top chord angles extended past the joist seat.

Torsional Buckling. Buckling mode in which a compression member twists about its shear
center axis.

Unbraced Length. Distance between braced points of a member, measured between the
centers of gravity of the braced members.

xi
Variable Load. Load not classified as permanent load.

Webs. The vertical or diagonal members joined at the top and bottom chords of a joist or
joist girder to form triangular patterns.

Yield Point. First stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress as defined by ASTM.

Yield Strength. Stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the
proportionality of stress to strain as defined by ASTM.

Yield Stress. Generic term to denote either yield point or yield strength, as appropriate for
the material.

xii
 1
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER
STANDARD
STANDARD AND SPECIAL
AND SPECIAL JOIST
JOISTTYPES
TYPES
Introduction
Introduction
Open
Open web steel joists
web steel joists are
are often
often referred
referred toto as
as simply
simply “joists”,
“joists”, or
or as
as “steel
“steel joists”.
joists”. There
There are
are
several advantages to joist construction. First and foremost, steel joists are
several advantages to joist construction. First and foremost, steel joists are economical. economical.
They provide
They provide economical
economical solutions
solutions for
for long
long spans.
spans. They
They have
have a a high
high strength-to-weight
strength-to-weight
ratio, often reducing the total weight of the structure. Joists and joist girders
ratio, often reducing the total weight of the structure. Joists and joist girders are are available
available
in many depths and shapes, are often custom-built, and are on demand for
in many depths and shapes, are often custom-built, and are on demand for a given project. a given project.
Openings between
Openings between thethe joist
joist webs
webs permit
permit the
the passage
passage of of pipes
pipes and
and ductwork,
ductwork, which
which can
can
economically reduce the required floor-to-floor height of your
economically reduce the required floor-to-floor height of your structure.structure.

The building
The building industry
industry uses
uses specific
specific terms
terms when
when referring
referring to
to many
many components
components in in a
a building
building
structure. See
structure. See Figure
Figure 1.1.
1.1. Column
Column joists
joists are
are joists
joists that
that are
are supported
supported directly
directly at
at aa column,
column,
and joist girders span between columns and support several joists. One
and joist girders span between columns and support several joists. One end of all joists end of all joists
is “tagged”.
is “tagged”. The
The tagged
tagged end
end is
is identified
identified on
on the
the joist
joist erection
erection drawing
drawing toto instruct
instruct the
the erector
erector
on which end of the joist goes where in the bay. The tag also identifies the joist as
on which end of the joist goes where in the bay. The tag also identifies the joist as it relates it relates
to the design. The manufacturer is also shown
to the design. The manufacturer is also shown on the tag. on the tag.

Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1
Building Component Nomenclature
Building Component Nomenclature

1
1
1
The
The
The top
top and
and bottom
bottom longitudinal
longitudinal members
membersin
members in the
the joists
joists are
are called
called chords
chords andand the
the diagonal
diagonal
Thetop topand
andbottom
bottom longitudinal
longitudinal members ininthe
thejoists
joistsare
arecalled
called chords
chords andandthethe diagonal
diagonal
and
and
and vertical
vertical
vertical members
members
members are
are
are called
called web
webmembers.
web members. Chords
Chords are
are typically
typically hot
hot rolled
rolled or or cold-
cold-
and
The vertical
top and members
bottom are called
calledmembers
longitudinal web members.
members.
in the Chords
Chords
joists are aretypically
are
called typically
chords hothot
and rolled
rolled
the or
or cold-
diagonal cold-
formedThe
formed top and
double
double bottom
angles.
angles. longitudinal
Web members members
can be in the
rods, joists are
crimped called
angles,chords and the
cold-formed diagonal
channels,
formed
formed
and double
double
vertical angles.Web
angles.
members Web
Web
are
members
members
members
called web
can
can
can be
be
members.
rods,
berods,
rods, crimped
crimped
crimped
Chords
angles,
angles,
angles,
are
cold-formed
cold-formed
cold-formed
typically hot rolled
channels,
channels,
channels,
ororcold-
or and
double vertical
angles. members
The are
chord called
angles web
are members.
generally Chords
spaced are typically
apart to hot rolled
accommodate cold-
ororor
double
double
double
formed
angles.
angles.
angles.
double
The
Thechord
The
angles. chord angles
chordmembers
Web angles are
angles are
are
can
generally
generally
generally
be rods,
spaced apart
spacedangles,
spaced
crimped
to accommodate
aparttocold-formed
apart to accommodate
accommodate rodrod
channels, or or
rod
rod or
or
formed
crimped
crimped double
angle
angle angles.
webs.
webs. See
See Web members
Figures
Figures 1.2
1.2 can
and
and be
1.3.
1.3. rods, crimped angles, cold-formed channels,
crimped
crimped
orordouble angle
double
angle webs.
webs.
angles.
angles. The
TheSee
See Figures
chord
chord 1.2are
1.2
angles
angles and
and 1.3.
1.3.
aregenerally
generally spaced
spacedapart
aparttotoaccommodate
accommodaterod rodoror
crimped
crimpedangle
anglewebs.
webs.See
SeeFigures
Figures1.2
1.2and
and1.3.
1.3.

Figure 1.2
Figure
Figure1.2
Joist Figure 1.2
1.2
Nomenclature
Joist
JoistFigure 1.2
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Joist Figure
Nomenclature
1.2
Joist
JoistNomenclature
Nomenclature

ROD WEBS CRIMPED ANGLE WEBS DOUBLE ANGLE WEBS

Figure 1.3
Joist Web Types
Figure
Figure1.3
1.3
Figure
Figure
Figure 1.3
1.3
Joist Web
WebTypes
JoistWeb Types
Joist
Joist
Joist Web
Web Types
Types
Types
Joists, joist girders, and steel deck are manufactured products. The specifying professional
specifies
Joists, thegirders,
joist deck, the
and joists,
steel and
deck thearejoist girder load and arrangement
manufactured to the manufacturer.
Joists,
Joists,
Joists,
Joists, joist
joistjoist
joist girders,
girders,
girders,
girders, and
and
and and steelsteel
steel
steel deckdeckare
deck
deck are
are manufacturedproducts.
aremanufactured
manufactured
manufactured products.
products.
products.
The
The specifying
specifying
Thejoist
The specifying
specifying
specifying
professional
professional
professional
professional
professional
The manufacturer
specifies the deck, designs
the joists, the and individual
the joist members
girder loadfor the
and joists and
arrangement to girders.
the manufacturer.
specifies
specifies
specifies thethethe deck,
deck,
deck, the the
the joists,
joists,
joists, and and
and thethe
the joist
joist
joist girder
girder
girder load
load
load and
and
and arrangement
arrangement
arrangement toto
to thethe
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
manufacturer.
specifies
The the deck,
manufacturer the joists,
designs and
the the joist girder load and arrangement to the manufacturer.
The The manufacturerdesigns
manufacturer designsthe theindividual
individualmembers
individual membersfor
members forthe
the joists and
thejoists
forthe joistsand
and
joist
joist girders.
joist girders.
girders.
The
The manufacturer
manufacturer
K-Series designs
designs the the individual
individual members
members for
for the joists
joists and
and joist
joist girders.
girders.
K-Series joists are designed as simple span uniformly loaded members unless specified
K-Series
K-Series
K-Series
K-Series
otherwise.joists
K-Series
K-Series K-Seriesdesigned
is the most common joist for roof construction. Criterion: specified
K-Series joistsare are designedas assimple
simplespan spanuniformly
uniformlyloaded
loadedmembers
membersunless unless specified
K-Series
K-Series
K-Series
otherwise. joists
▪ Designations:
joists
joists are
are designed
is10K1
are designed
K-Seriesdesigned toasas
as30K12 simple
simple
simple span
span
span uniformly
uniformly
uniformly loaded
loaded members
loaded members
members unless
unless specified
unless specified
specified
otherwise. K-Series isthethemostmost common
common joist
joist for
forroof
roofconstruction.
construction. Criterion:
Criterion:
otherwise.
▪
otherwise. K-Series
Depths:
K-Series10 tois
K-Series isis the
▪ Designations:
otherwise. Designations:
30the
10K1
the
10K1
in. most
most common
common
toto30K12
most common joist
30K12
joist for
joist for roof
for roof construction.
roof construction. Criterion:
construction. Criterion:
Criterion:
Standard
Designations:
▪▪▪ ▪Designations:
Depths: Seat
10 to
10K130Depth
10K1 in.toto (Height):
30K12
30K12 2.5 in.
▪Designations:
Depths: 10 to 10K1
30 in.to 30K12
Span Range:
Depths:
Standard 10toto30
Seat 10
30 to 60(Height):
in.
Depth ft.
▪▪▪ ▪Depths:
▪Depths: 10
Standard10 to 30
Seat in.
in.
Depth (Height):2.5 2.5in. in.
▪ ▪ ASD
Standard
Span Load
Range:Range:
Seat 10Depth
to up
60 to 550
(Height):
ft. plf 2.5 in.
▪▪ Standard
▪Standard Seat
Seat Depth
Span Range: Depth
10 to 60 (Height):
(Height):
ft. 2.5
2.5 in.in.
▪ ▪ LRFDRange:
ASD
Span LoadRange:
Load Range:
10 to upupto
60 to550
ft. 825plf plf
▪▪ Span
▪ ASD
Span Range:
Range: 10
Load 10 to
Range: to 6060 ft.
up to
ft. 550 plf
▪ASDLRFD
ASD
▪▪▪ ▪ASD LRFD
Load Load
LoadLoad Range:
Range:
Range:Range: upup
up up
tototo to
550 825
550825
plf plf
plfplf
Load Range: up to 550 plf
▪
▪▪ LRFDLRFD
LRFD Load Load Range:
Load Range:
Range: up up
up to to
to 825825
825 plf plf
plf 2
22
2
22
2
 K-Series joists can be selected from the ASD or LRFD Standard Load Tables for Open
Web Steel Joists in the 45th Edition Steel Joist Institute Catalog; hereafter referred to as
the SJI Catalog,
K-Series or be
joists can alternately
selectedfrom fromthetheK-Series Economy
ASD or LRFD Tables Load
Standard also contained
Tables for in the
Open
K-Series
catalog.
Web joists
See
Steel canin be
Figure
Joists theselected
1.4. 45th Edition the ASD
fromSteel Joistor LRFD Catalog;
Institute Standardhereafter
Load Tables for Open
referred to as
Web
the SJI Catalog, or alternately from the K-Series Economy Tables also contained intothe
Steel Joists in the 45th Edition Steel Joist Institute Catalog; hereafter referred as
the SJI Catalog,
In eitherSee
catalog. case, or alternately
selecting
Figure from the K-Series Economy Tables also contained
1.4. a joist that does not require X-bridging is generally the most in the
catalog.
economicalSeesince
Figurethe
1.4.erection cost of X-bridging is considerably more expensive than
In either case, selectingthat
horizontal bridging. Note a the
joistjoist selections
that shaded
does not red X-bridging
require in the load table require X-bridging.
is generally the most
In either case, selecting a joist that does not require X-bridging
economical since the erection cost of X-bridging is considerably more expensive is generally the most
than
economical since the erection cost of X-bridging is considerably more expensive
horizontal bridging. Note that the joist selections shaded red in the load table require X-bridging. than
horizontal bridging. Note that the joist selections shaded red in the load table require X-bridging.
ST E E L JOI S T I N ST I T U T E

T HE 4 5 T H ED I T I ON

K-Series | LH-Series | DLH-Series | Joist Girders

STAN D ARD SP E C I FI C A T I O N S
Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders

SJI 100-2020 | American National Standard

S T EEL J OI S T C A T A LOG
4 5 TH EDI T I ON 2020

ITUTE
treet, Suite 203 Figure 1.4
1
4091 | steeljoist.org SJI Catalog

Figure 1.4
Figure
SJI 1.4
Catalog
Example 1.1 SJI Catalog
Using ASD, select a 40-foot K-Series joist with a total load of 270 plf which includes a
live load of1.1
Example 120 plf.
Example 1.1
Using ASD, select a 40-foot K-Series joist with a total load of 270 plf which includes a
Using
The ASD,
selection
live load select
of 120 isplf. a 40-foot
shown K-Series
inside the redjoist with
box in aTable
total load
1.1. of 270 plf
Notice which
that includesisanot
X-bridging
live load of
required and 120
thatplf.the red allowable live load exceeds the required live load of 120 plf for
a live load criterion
The selection is shown of span divided
inside the by
red360.
boxFor
in roof
Table construction,
1.1. Noticethethatred number can
X-bridging be
is not
The selection
adjusted
required to span
and is divided
that shown
the redinside
by 240the red load
box exceeds
by multiplying
allowable live in by
Table 1.1.required
360/240.
the Notice that X-bridging
live load of 120 is
plf not
for
required
a live load criterion of span divided by 360. For roof construction, the red number can for
and that the red allowable live load exceeds the required live load of 120 plf be
a live load criterion of span divided by 360. For
adjusted to span divided by 240 by multiplying by 360/240. roof construction, the red number can be
adjusted to span divided by 240 by multiplying by 360/240.

3
3
3
3
 Table 1.1
Partial K-Series Load Table

KCS
KCS joists are also designed as simple span members unless specified otherwise. They
are often used for non-uniform loads (snow drift and roof equipment). Criterion:
▪ KCS stands for K-Series Constant Shear
▪ Constant Moment Capacity
▪ Designations: 10KCS1 to 30KCS5
▪ Depths: 10 to 30 in.
▪ Standard Seat Depth (Height): 2.5 in.
▪ Span Range: 10 to 60 ft.
▪ Maximum Uniform Load: 550 plf (ASD), 825 plf (LRFD)

KCS joists are selected from the SJI STANDARD ASD LOAD TABLE FOR KCS JOISTS,
or from the SJI STANDARD LRFD LOAD TABLE FOR KCS JOISTS (SJI 2020a).
To enter the table, see Table 1.2, calculate the required moment and shear, based on the
span and loading. Select a depth, based on the span to depth ratio which does not exceed
24, which is an SJI Specification requirement for K-Series joists. Once selected, the
deflection should be calculated based on the moment of inertia.

4
4
 Selection

Table 1.2
Partial Load Table KCS-Series

Example 1.2
Using ASD, select a 40-foot KCS joist with a total load of 270 plf which includes a live
load of 120 plf, plus a moveable 2.0 kip concentrated live load.

The maximum required moment (based on the concentrated load at mid-span) = 888 kip-in.
The maximum required shear (based on the concentrated load adjacent to the support) =
7,400 lbs. Minimum depth = (40 ft)(12 in./ft)/24 = 20 in.

From Table 1.2, choose a 20KCS4; Mcap = 914 k-in., Vcap = 7,900 lbs, Igross = 308 in.4
Maximum live load deflection = 1.44 in. < 480 in./240 = 2.0 in. OK. The effective moment
of inertia of Igross/1.15 is used for this calculation.

LH and DLH-Series
LH-Series joists have been standarized in depths from 18 inches through 48 inches and
for spans up through 96 feet. DLH-Series joists have been standarized in depths from 52
inches through 120 inches and for spans up through 240 feet.

The standard depth of the bearing seat at the ends of underslung LH-Series and DLH-
Series joists is 5 inches for chord section numbers 17 and smaller and 7.5 inches for chord
section numbers 18 and larger. LH-Series and DLH-Series joists can have varying profiles.
They can be have parallel chords or single or double pitched top chords. They can either

5
5
be
be underslung (bearing at
underslung (bearing at the
the seat)
seat) oror bottom
bottom chord
chord bearing. LH-Series and
bearing. LH-Series and DLH-Series
DLH-Series
be underslung
joists are
joists are designed (bearing
designed as at
as simplethe seat)
simple span or bottom
span uniformly
uniformly loadedchord bearing.
loaded members LH-Series
members unless and
unless specified DLH-Series
specified otherwise.
otherwise.
joists are designed as simple span uniformly loaded members unless specified otherwise.
LH-Series joists
LH-Series joists are
are selected
selected from
from the
the SJI
SJI STANDARD
STANDARD ASD ASD LOAD
LOAD TABLE
TABLE LONGSPAN
LONGSPAN
LH-Series
STEEL joists
JOISTS, are selected
LH-SERIES, from
or from the
theSJI
SJI STANDARD
STANDARD ASD
LRFD
STEEL JOISTS, LH-SERIES, or from the SJI STANDARD LRFD LOAD TABLE LONGSPAN LOAD
LOAD TABLE
TABLE LONGSPAN
STEEL
STEEL JOISTS,
JOISTS, LH-SERIES,
LH-SERIES. or
LH-SERIES. from the SJI
DLH-Series
DLH-Series STANDARD
joists
joists LRFD
are selected
are selected from
fromLOAD TABLE
similar
similar tables.
tables.LONGSPAN
STEEL JOISTS, LH-SERIES. DLH-Series joists are selected from similar tables.
Load/Load Joists
Load/Load Joists
Load/Load
Uniform Joists
Uniform load-per-foot
load-per-foot designated
designated joists
joists (load/load
(load/load joists)
joists) are
are an
an alternative
alternative to to the
the standard
standard
Uniform
SJI K, LH,load-per-foot
and designated
DLH-Series joists. joists
They (load/load
are used joists)
when are
the an alternative
specifying
SJI K, LH, and DLH-Series joists. They are used when the specifying professional wants to the
professional standard
wants
SJI K, LH,
to optimize
to and
optimize the DLH-Series
the joist
joist cost. joists.
cost. Using
Using theThey are
the load/loadused when
load/load designation the specifying
designation provides
provides theprofessional
the breakdown wants
breakdown of of
to optimize
loading for the
the joist
required cost. Using
building the
code load/load
load designation
combinations. Thisprovides
is the
particularly
loading for the required building code load combinations. This is particularly useful when breakdown
useful whenof
loading
wind for the
wind and/or
and/or required
seismic
seismic building
loads
loads are code load
are required
required forcombinations.
for the joist
the ThisThe
joist design.
design. is particularly
The designation
designation useful when
takes
takes the
the
wind and/or
following seismic
form:
following form: loads are required for the joist design. The designation takes the
following form:

When
When a a load/load
load/load designation
designation is is used,
used, thethe specifying
specifying professional
professional must must provide
provide the the
When
deflectiona load/load
criteria ondesignation
the constructionis used, the
documents.specifying
For professional
example,
deflection criteria on the construction documents. For example, in the joist notes in the must
joist provide
notes in the
in the
deflection plans,
structural
structural criteriathe
plans, on following
the the construction
following could be
could bedocuments. For example,
specified: “Joists
specified: “Joists to be
to in the joist
be designed
designed fornotes
for liveinload
a live
a the
load
structural plans,
deflection
deflection <
< L/240”.the following could be specified: “Joists to be designed for a live load
L/240”.
deflection < L/240”.
The
The load/load
load/load designation
designation has has an an additional
additional benefit
benefit for
for LH LH and
and DLH-Series
DLH-Series joists. joists.
The load/load
Additional joist
Additional designation
joist depths
depths can can be has an
be specified additional
specified whenwhen the benefit for
the load/load LH and
load/load designation
designationDLH-Series
is used.
is joists.
used. These
These
Additional
are
are depths joist
depths in depths the
in between
between canstandard
the be specified
standard when the
designation
designation load/load
depths.
depths. It
It is designation
is preferred
preferred thatisthe
that used.
the depth
depthThese
is
is in
in
full inch increments. If a fractional depth is desired, contact a joist manufacturerisfor
are
full depths
inch in between
increments. the
If a standard
fractional designation
depth is depths.
desired, It is
contact preferred
a joistthat the depth
manufacturer in
for
full inch
limitations. increments.
limitations. To To illustrate, If a fractional
illustrate, instead
instead of depth
of standard is desired,
standard designations contact
designations such a joist
such 28LH06 manufacturer
28LH06 or or 32LH06,
32LH06, a for
a
limitations.
load/load To illustrate,
designation of instead
29LH , of
30LH, standard
or 31LH designations
can be specified such
load/load designation of 29LH, 30LH, or 31LH can be specified along with the appropriate 28LH06
along with or
the 32LH06, a
appropriate
load/load
loads.
loads. Thedesignation
The additional of
additional depth
depth , 30LH,can
29LHoptions
options or 31LH
can be can be specified
be beneficial
beneficial on
on projectsalongwhere
projects with the
where theappropriate
the specifying
specifying
loads. The
professional additional
wants to depth options
maximize thecan be
joist beneficial
depth based on
professional wants to maximize the joist depth based on the project limitations, onprojects
the where
project the specifying
limitations, like
like
professional
building clear
building wants
clear height to maximize
height requirements.
requirements. the joist depth based on the project limitations, like
building clear height requirements.
CJ-Series
CJ-Series
CJ-Series composite
CJ-Series,
CJ-Series, composite joists,
joists, are
are another
another option
option for
for floor
floor systems.
systems. The The joists
joists are
are connected
connected
CJ-Series,
to the slab composite
above using joists,
headedare another
steel stud option
anchorsfor floor
such
to the slab above using headed steel stud anchors such that the joist and slabsystems.
that the The
joist joists
and areact
slab connected
act together
together
to
as the
one slab above
structural using
element. headed
For steel
longer stud anchors
bays, such
greater that
than
as one structural element. For longer bays, greater than 30 to 40 feet, CJ-Series 30the
tojoist
40 and
feet, slab act
CJ-Series together
joists
joists
as
are one
very structural
economical. element. For
CJ-Series longer
joists bays,
have greater
several than
other 30 to 40
advantages
are very economical. CJ-Series joists have several other advantages as well, including feet,as CJ-Series
well, joists
including
are
fewer very
fewer framingeconomical.
framing pieces
pieces to CJ-Series
to erect,
erect, open joists
open webs have
webs for several
for MEP,
MEP, and other advantages
and excellent
excellent vibration as well, including
vibration performance.
performance.
fewer
The framing
SJI Catalog pieces
on to erect,
CJ-Series open
joists webs
(SJI for MEP,
2020b)
The SJI Catalog on CJ-Series joists (SJI 2020b) contains information and
contains excellent vibration
information on performance.
on their
their design
design andand
The SJI Catalog
their application.
their on CJ-Series
application. Information
Information includes joists (SJI
includes the 2020b)
the design contains information
design specifications
specifications for compositedesign
on their
for composite and
joists and
joists
their application.
design
design examples.Information
examples. A
A free
free pdf includes
pdf version
version ofthe
of the design
the 2nd specifications
2nd Edition
Edition Catalog
Catalog can for composite
can be
be downloaded
downloaded joistsfrom
and
from
design
the SJI
the examples.
SJI website, A free pdf
website, www.steeljoist.org. version
www.steeljoist.org. of the 2nd Edition Catalog can be downloaded from
the SJI website, www.steeljoist.org.
6
6
6
6
Shown in Table 1.3 is a partial table from the SJI Catalog, which can be used to assist the
engineer in specifying a CJ-Series joist. CJ-Series joists are only designed using LRFD.
Tables are provided for both normal-weight and lightweight concrete. Joist seat depths
are provided using cell shades of blue, white, and green for depths of 2.5 inches, 5 inches,
and 7.5 inches, respectively. Spans are provided (60 feet in this table). Various suitable
joist depths are also given. A description of the terms and abbreviations used in the weight
tables are as follows:

• hr the nominal deck rib height (in.)

• tc the thickness of concrete above the top of the deck (in.)
• Js the joist spacing (ft.)
• TL the total factored uniform load applied to the composite steel joist (plf)
• Wt the weight of the composite steel joist (plf)
• W360 the composite load, plf applied after the concrete has cured that produces
an approximate deflection of 1/360 of the span.
• N-ds the number of shear studs required/span - the diameter of the shear stud.
• Ieff the composite moment of inertia (in.4)

The CJ-Series Specification (SJI 2020b) permits a span-to-depth ratio of 30 as opposed

to 24 for K-Series, LH-Series, DLH-Series, and Load/Load joists.

Table 1.3
CJ-Series Weight Table

7
7
Composite joists are specified to the joist manufacturer as shown below:
Composite joists are specified to the joist manufacturer as shown below:
The composite
The composite steel
steel joist designation: 30
joist designation: 30 CJ
CJ 2188
2188 // 1168
1168 // 420
420
30 CJ 2188 1168 420
30
30 CJ
CJ 2188
2188 1168
1168 420
420
1 Total Factored Total Factored Total Factored
1
Depth (in.) Composite Joist Series 1 Total Factored
Total Factored Total Factored
Total Factored Total Factored
Total Factored
Depth (in.)
Depth (in.) Composite Joist
Composite Joist Series
Series Composite Design Load Composite Live Load Composite Dead Load
Composite Design
Composite Design Load
Load Composite Live
Composite Live Load
Load Composite Dead
Composite Dead Load
Load
(plf) (plf) (plf)
1
Total Factored Composite Design Load = Total Factored (plf)
Composite
(plf) Live Load + Total (plf)
Factored
(plf) Composite Dead (plf)
Load
(plf)+ Total
1
Total Factored Composite Design Load = Total Factored Composite Live Load + Total Factored Composite Dead Load + Total
1 Total Factored Composite Design Load = Total Factored Composite Live Load + Total Factored Composite Dead Load + Total
1
1 Factored Non-Composite Dead Load.
1 Factored Non-Composite
Factored Non-Composite Dead
Dead Load.
Load.

In
In this
this case, the desired
case, the desired joist
joist depth
depth is
is 30
30 inches.
inches. The
The total
total required
required load
load per
per foot
foot is
is 2188,
2188,
the total factored live load is 1168 plf, and the total factored composite dead load is 420
the total factored live load is 1168 plf, and the total factored composite dead load is 420
plf. The
plf. The note
note indicates
indicates that
that the
the total
total factored
factored composite
composite design
design load
load equals
equals thethe total
total
factored composite live load (that is, the factored live load acting on the composite joist)
factored composite live load (that is, the factored live load acting on the composite joist)
plus the
plus the total
total factored
factored composite
composite deaddead load
load (any
(any dead
dead loads
loads acting
acting on
on the
the composite
composite joist)
joist)
plus the total factored non-composite dead load (this consists of the concrete weight
plus the total factored non-composite dead load (this consists of the concrete weight
before hardening).
before hardening). TheThe total
total factored
factored non-composite
non-composite load
load isis not
not shown
shown in in the
the table
table but
but
can be determined as 600 plf (2188 - 1168 - 420). The joist manufacturer
can be determined as 600 plf (2188 - 1168 - 420). The joist manufacturer uses these uses these
loads to design the optimum joist for the depth requested.
loads to design the optimum joist for the depth requested.
Top Chord Extensions (TCX) and Extended Ends
Top Chord Extensions (TCX) and Extended Ends
Occasionally, top
Occasionally, top chords
chords must
must bebe extended
extended atat the
the support
support location
location to
to carry
carry additional
additional
loads. See Figure 1.5. Bottom chords can also be extended. Some top chord extensions
loads. See Figure 1.5. Bottom chords can also be extended. Some top chord extensions
are referred
are referred to
to as
as “S”
“S” Type
Type and
and have
have only
only the
the two
two top
top chord
chord angles
angles extended.
extended. Top
Top chord
chord
extensions are the most economical solution to support overhanging loads. If the “S” Type
extensions are the most economical solution to support overhanging loads. If the “S” Type
does not
does not have
have sufficient
sufficient strength,
strength, then
then the
the “R”
“R” Type
Type should
should be
be specified.
specified. The
The “R”
“R” Type
Type
(extended end) has the standard bearing seat extended. If the 2.5 inch extension does
(extended end) has the standard bearing seat extended. If the 2.5 inch extension does
not have sufficient strength, the specifying professional can specify a deeper seat to be
not have sufficient strength, the specifying professional can specify a deeper seat to be
used
used so
so that
that the
the extension
extension isis a
a deeper
deeper member.
member.

Figure 1.5
Figure 1.5
1.5
Joist TopFigure
Chord Extensions
Joist
Joist Top
Top Chord
Chord Extensions
Extensions
8
8
8
Contained in the SJI Catalog are ASD and LRFD load tables for top chord extensions
(“S” Type and “R” Type). See Table 1.4 for “R” Type extensions.

Table 1.4
(“R” Type) Top Chord Extention Load Table

Joist Substitutes and Outriggers

Joist substitutes are 2.5 inch deep members commonly used for uniformly loaded simple
spans up to 10 feet in length. For members less than 8 feet, joist substitutes should be
used instead of open web joists. Joist substitutes can also be specified with cantilever
outriggers up to 6 feet in length.

The SJI Catalog contains load data for joist substitutes and outriggers for ASD and LRFD.
See Table 1.5 for ASD joist substitutes.

9
9
 Table 1.5
Table 1.5
Load Table for Table
2.5 1.5Joist Substitute
Inch
Load Table for 2.5 Inch Joist Substitute
Load Table for 2.5 Inch Joist Substitute

Special Profile
Special Profile JoistsJoists
Special Special profile
Profile JoistsLH joists are non-standard configurations and require special design beyond
Special profile
the SJI LH joists are(SJI
Specifications non-standard configurations
2020a). See SJI Technical Digestand requireProfile
7 - Special special
Steeldesign
Joists beyond
Special profile LH
the SJI Specifications joists are
(SJI
and Joist Girders.
non-standard
The2020a).
configurations
See SJI Technical
common non-standard
and
Digest
configurations
require
are7shown
special
- Special design
Profile
in Figure
beyond
1.6. Steel Joists
the SJI Specifications
and Joist Girders. The common non-standard configurations are shown in Figure 1.6.Joists
• Scissor (SJI 2020a). See SJI Technical Digest 7 - Special Profile Steel
and•Joist Girders.
• Arch The
Scissor Chordcommon non-standard configurations are shown in Figure 1.6.
•• Scissor• Bowstring
Arch•Chord
Double Pitch
•• Arch Chord
Bowstring
• Multi Pitch
•• Bowstring
Double PitchPitch
• Single
•• Double Pitch
Multi Pitch
•• Multi
SinglePitch
Pitch
• Single Pitch

10

10
10

10
 Figure 1.6
Figure
Non-standard 1.6
Configurations
Non-standard Configurations
Figure 1.6
Non-standard Configurations
Special profile joists are only available for LH joists. K-Series joists do not have special
Special profile joists
configurations. The depthare only available
of the special for LH joists.
profile K-Series
LH joists can bejoists
deeper do than
not have special
48 inches. If
Special profile joists
configurations. The are only
depth of available
the special for LH joists.
profile LH K-Series
joists can be joists
deeper do than
not have
48 special
inches. If
the specifying professionals wish to use deep special profile joists, e.g., 8 feet deep, they
configurations.
the The depth of the special profile LH joists can be deeper than 48 inches. If
can specifying
contact a professionals
manufacturer wish about to shipping
use deepimpact
specialandprofile joists,
depth e.g., 8 feet
limitations. The deep, they
shipping
the specifying
can contact a professionals
manufacturer wish
about to shipping
use deepimpact
specialandprofile joists,
depth e.g., 8 feet
limitations. The deep, they
shipping
impacts and depth restrictions will vary depending on the jobsite location.
can contact
impacts and adepth
manufacturer
restrictionsabout shipping
will vary impactonand
depending the depth
jobsitelimitations.
location. The shipping
impacts and depth restrictions will vary depending on the jobsite location.
Special profile LH joists generally require a deeper end-bearing seat. The minimum seat
Special
depth willprofile LH on
depend joiststhegenerally require
type of joist, the aslope
deeper end-bearing
of the top chord,seat. the The
needminimum
for top chordseat
Specialwill
depth profile LH on
depend joiststhe generally
type of require
joist, the aslope
deeperof end-bearing
the top chord, seat.
the The
need minimum
for top seat
chord
extensions, and the type of supporting member. Required LH-Series seat depths for sloped
depth will
extensions, depend
andshownon
the type the type of joist,
of supporting the slope of the top chord, the need for top chord
conditions are in Table 2.2-2 in member.
the SJI CodeRequired LH-Series
of Standard seat depths for sloped
Practice.
extensions,are
conditions andshown
the type of supporting
in Table 2.2-2 in member.
the SJI CodeRequired LH-Series
of Standard seat depths for sloped
Practice.
conditions are shown in Table 2.2-2 in the SJI Code of Standard Practice.
Special profile joists can also be designed as bottom chord bearing joists. For example, a
Special profile joists
double-pitched canbe
joist can also be designed
designed as bottom
as bottom chord chord
bearing bearing joists.
to create For example,
a gabled joist. Thea
Special profile joists
double-pitched joist canbe
can also be designed
designed as as bottom
bottom chord chord
bearing bearing
to joists.
create a For example,
gabled joist. a
The
specifying professional should be aware that bottom chord bearing joists, both standard
double-pitched
specifying joist can be designed as bottom chord bearing to create a gabled joist. The
and specialprofessional
profile, requireshould be aware
X-bridging that bottom
adjacent chord bearing
to the support joists,
to stabilize theboth
joist.standard
specifying
and specialprofessional
profile, requireshould be aware
X-bridging that bottom
adjacent chord bearing
to the support joists,
to stabilize theboth
joist.standard
and special profile, require X-bridging adjacent to the support to stabilize the joist.
Often a minimum end depth of 18 inches or more is needed. This minimum depth
Often a minimum
requirement allows theendmanufacturer
depth of 18toinchesconfigureor the
morewebs is of
needed.
the joistThisat theminimum
end support. depthA
Often a
requirementminimum end depth of 18 inches or more is needed. This minimum depth
rule of thumballows
for thethe manufacturer
minimum end depthto configure
of specialthe webs
profile of the
joists (injoist at the
inches) end support.
is (span A
in feet)/4
requirement
rule of thumb allows
for the the manufacturer
minimum end to configure
depth of special the webs
profile of the
joists (injoist at the
inches) is end support.
(span in A
feet)/4
with an 18-inch minimum. For example, a 76-foot joist should have a minimum end depth
rule
with of thumb for the minimum end depth of special profile joists (in inches) is (span in feet)/4
equalanto18-inch
76 feet/4 minimum.
= 19 inches. For The
example, a 76-foot
specifying joist should
professional shouldhave a minimum
contact end depthif
a manufacturer
with an
equal 18-inch minimum. For The
example, a 76-foot joist should have a minimum end depth
end depths less than 18 inches are desired for a specific project to determine if a shallowerif
to 76 feet/4 = 19 inches. specifying professional should contact a manufacturer
equaldepths
end to 76 feet/4
less = 1918inches.
than inches The
are specifying
desired forprofessional
a specific shouldtocontact
project determinea manufacturer
if a shallowerif
depth is possible.
end depths less
depth is possible. than 18 inches are desired for a specific project to determine if a shallower
depth is possible.

11
11
11
11
Scissor and Arched Chord
Care must be taken for the supporting structure design for scissor and arched chord joists.
When these members deflect vertically under gravity loads, the end-supports translate
outward (horizontal deflection), as seen in Figure 1.7. Depending on the joist’s loading and
the configuration, the horizontal deflection can be significant.

Figure 1.7
Loaded Scissor Joist

Scissor joists are typically designed with one of two end connections, pinned/roller or
pinned/pinned. The end reaction will not be truly pinned or truly a roller. Pinned/roller
connections allow the end of the joist to slide, as illustrated in Figure 1.7.

The supporting structure must accommodate the horizontal deflection with this type of
connection. Pinned/pinned connections at the ends of the joist will restrain the horizontal
deflection of the joist. This restraint imparts a horizontal thrust to the supporting structure.
The supporting structure may be able to withstand the thrust loads with this type of
connection. For projects with scissor or arched chord joists, it is beneficial for the specifying
professional to contact a joist manufacturer during the design phase for assistance in
determining the horizontal reactions or the horizontal deflections for the proposed design.
This allows the specifying professional to make an informed decision about what type of
support connection to use and the implications to the support structure. If the specifying
professional must limit the horizontal deflection due to the supporting structure’s needs, it
may impact the joist design. The more stringent the horizontal deflection requirement, the
heavier the joist will have to be to have a large enough moment of inertia to satisfy the
criteria. If the horizontal deflection criteria are too stringent, it may not be possible to design
a stiff enough joist to meet the criteria. Coordinating with a joist manufacturer early in the
design phase can help avoid this issue.

The construction documents should clearly indicate the type of support used for scissor or
arched chord joists, whether pinned/roller or pinned/pinned. For the pinned/roller case, the
specifying professional must indicate the horizontal deflection criteria on the plans. This is
typically done by specifying the maximum horizontal deflection in inches.

12
12
Pitched Joists
Pitched Joists
For single pitched joists, a simple way to specify the joist is to use a modification of the
For single
Pitched
Load/Load pitched
Joists joists,The
designation. a simple waydesignation
modified to specify the joist isthe
indicates to use a modification
depth at each end ofof the
the
Load/Load
For single designation.
pitched joists,The
a modified
simple way designation
to specify indicates
the joist isthe
to depth
use a at each end
modification
joist. This modified designation conveys the depth requirements. The following is an of the
joist. Thisofmodified
Load/Load
example the singledesignation
designation. conveys
The modified
pitched the depth
designation
Load/Load requirements.
indicates
designation. the depthThe following
at each is the
end of an
example
joist. Thisofmodified
the singledesignation
pitched Load/Load
conveysdesignation.
the depth requirements. The following is an
example of the single pitched Load/Load designation.

Similarly, for a double pitched joist, the depth at the left end, ridge, and right end can be
Similarly,
included inforthe
a double pitched
Load/Load joist, the depth
designations. at the left end,
This designation is asridge, and right end can be
follows:
included in the Load/Load designations. This designation is as follows:
Similarly, for a double pitched joist, the depth at the left end, ridge, and right end can be
included in the Load/Load designations. This designation is as follows:

Joist Girders
Joist girders
Joist Girderssupport joist reactions at their panel points. Joist girders are designed as
Joist
Joist girders
simpleGirders support
span truss joist reactions
members (not loaded at their
betweenpanel points.
panel Joist
points) girders
unless are designed
specified as
otherwise.
simple
Joist span truss
girders
Joist girders vary members
support
in depth (not 20
from loaded
joist reactions between
toat120
their panel
inches. panel points)
points.
The Joist
standard unless
seat specified
girders are is
depth otherwise.
designed
7.5 as
inches
Joist
simplegirders
span vary
truss in depth
members from
(not 20 to
loaded 120 inches.
between The
panel standard
points) seat
unless depth is
specified
and 10 inches when the self weight exceeds 150 pounds per foot. Spans range from 20 to 7.5 inches
otherwise.
and
Joist10
120 feet.inches
girders when
Thevary
panel the self
inpoint
depth weight
from
loading forexceeds
20 toASD 150from
120range
inches. pounds
The pertofoot.
standard
6 kips Spans
100seat range
kipsdepth
and frominches
is LRFD
for 7.5 20 to
from
120
and feet.
10 The
inches panel
when
9 kips to 150 kips. point
the loading
self for
weight ASD
exceeds range
150 from 6
poundskips to
per 100
foot. kips
Spansand for
range LRFD
from from
20 to
9 kips
120 to 150
feet. The kips.
panel point loading for ASD range from 6 kips to 100 kips and for LRFD from
9 kips to 150 kips.
The web configurations of joist girders can vary: G, BG or a VG configurations are common.
The
See web configurations
Figure 1.9. At the of joist girders can
manufacturer’s vary: G, BG
discretion the or a VG
web configurations
configurations are vary
may common.
from
See
The Figure
thoseweb
shown 1.9. At the1.9.
configurations
in Figure manufacturer’s
of joist
Thegirders
D/S ratios discretion
can vary:
in theG, the or
BG
figure web
a VG
are configurations
configurations
approximate may
only. are vary from
common.
thoseFigure
See shown1.9.
in Figure
At the1.9. The D/S ratios
manufacturer’s in the figure
discretion the are
webapproximate only.
configurations may vary from
those shown in Figure 1.9. The D/S ratios in the figure are approximate only.

13
13
13
13
 Figure 1.9
Figure
Joist Figure
Girder 1.9 1.91.9
1.9Configurations
Figure
Figure
Joist Joist
Girder Figure
Girder 1.9
Configurations
Configurations
Joist
Joist
Girder
Girder
Configurations
Configurations
Joist Girder Configurations

The designation of the joist girder is referenced by the depth in inches, the number of joist
The The
spaces
designation
designation
TheThe and of
designation
thethe
designation ofjoist
load
the joist
atgirder
of joist
of
the the girder
joist
each ispanel
joist is referenced
referenced
girder
girder is is by
Forthe
referenced
point. referenced bydepth
ASD
the
byby depth
the indepth
the
design,
in inches,
inches,
deptha in
K inthe
inches, the the
number
isinches,
used
number
the
afternumber of joist
ofnumber
joist
the of of
load joist
joist
The
spacesdesignation
and the of the
load at girder
each is
panel referenced
point. by
ForFor the
ASD depth
design, in inches,
ais Kused the
isaK used number
after of
the joist
load
spaces and
spaces
spaces
designation, the load
and and
andloadtheat
the each
load
for LRFD load panel
at at
each
an F eachpoint.
panel
is used.panel For
point.ASD
point.
Example: design,
For ASD ASD
48G8N9K a K
design,
design,
or for a LRFD Kisafter
is
used the
used load
after
48G8N13.5F. afterthe theloadload
spaces
designation,and the at each
LRFD panel point. For ASD design, or a for K isLRFD used48G8N13.5F.
after the load
designation, and and
designation,
designation, for LRFDfor
and and for an
for F
LRFD an F
anis
is used.
LRFD anFused.
Example:
is
F is
used. Example:
used. 48G8N9K
Example: 48G8N9K
Example: 48G8N9Kor for LRFD
48G8N9K or or
for 48G8N13.5F.
LRFD
for LRFD 48G8N13.5F.
48G8N13.5F.
designation, and for LRFD an F is used. Example: 48G8N9K or for LRFD 48G8N13.5F.
For various spans, panel designations, depths, and panel point loads (ASD and LRFD) SJI
ForFor
For various various
For spans,
various spans,
various panel
spans, panel
spans, paneldesignations,
designations,
panel depths,
designations,
designations, depths,and
depths, andand
panel
depths, panel
point
and panel point
loads
panel point loads
(ASD
point loads (ASD
and
loads (ASDandand
LRFD)
(ASD LRFD)
andSJI
LRFD) SJI SJI
LRFD)
provides
For various
provides
joist
joist
girder
spans,
girder
weight
panel
weight
tables
designations,
tables
with
with
estimated
depths,
estimated
weights
andweights
panel for
point
for
joist
loads
joist
girders.
(ASD
girders. and LRFD) SJI SJI
providesprovides
joist girderjoist
provides weight tables with estimated weights weights
forweights
joist girders.
provides joist joist
girder girder
girder
weight weight
weight
tables tables
tables
with with withestimated
estimated estimated
weights forfor
for joist joist
joist
girders. girders.
girders.
The bracing of joist girders is typically done using angles from the bottom chord of the girder
TheThe
The bracing bracing
The bracing of joist
of bracing
joist girders
of of girders
joist is
joistgirdersis typically
typically
girders done
is The
is
typicallydone
typicallyusing
doneusing
angles
done usingangles
usingfrom
angles from
the
angles the
bottom
fromfrom bottom
the chord
thebottom chord
bottomofchord
the ofgirder
the
chord girder
ofgirder
of
the thegirder
girder
to the
The joists
bracing atjoist
of the panel
girders points.
is typically size
done ofusing
the angles
angles will
from depend
the bottomon the girder
chord of depth,
the the
to thetojoists
the
to tojoists
the at
the the atpanel
joists the
joists at atpanel
the points.
thepanelpoints.
panel The
points.The
size
points. Thesize
of
The the ofsize
size the
angles
of ofangles
the will
theangleswill will
depend
angles depend
will on
depend the
dependongirder
the
on ongirder
the depth,
the depth,
girder the
girderdepth,the thethe
depth,
girder
togirder loading,
the joists at the the joist points.depth, The and sizethe joist end panelwill length. The number of bracesthe will
girder loading,
girderloading,
girder the
loading, thepanel
joist
loading, joist
depth,
the the depth,
joist and
joistdepth, and
the
depth, andthe
joist
and
of the
joist
end
the the end
joist
angles
panel
joist panel
end length.
end panel
panel
depend
length.The
length. The
length.
onnumber
numberThe
the girder
The of
number of depth,
braces
number braces
of will
of
braces will willwill
braces
depend
girder on thethe
loading, girder loading.
joistloading.
depth, and Additional
the joist braces may be
end panel required
length. Thefor for joist girders
number of braces withwill
net
dependdependon
depend
dependon girder
the the
on on girder
the loading.
the girder
girder loading. Additional
Additional
loading. braces
Additional braces
Additional may
braces may
bethe
braces maybe
required
may required
be be for
required joist joist
required girders
for for girders
joist
joistwith
girderswith
netwith
girders net
withnetnet
wind
depend uplift loading,
on loading,
the girder depending on
loading. Additional the magnitude
braces may of net
benet uplift
required loads.
for joist girders with net
windwind
uplift uplift
loading, depending depending on theon the magnitude
magnitude of the of the
net uplift uplift
loads. loads.
windwind wind
uplift uplift
uplift
loading,loading,
loading, depending
depending dependingon the onon thethe
magnitudemagnitude
magnitudeof the of net
of
thethe netnet
uplift upliftuplift
loads. loads.
loads.
A portion of the joist girder weight table is shown in Table 1.6.
A portion
A portion A of
A the
portion ofjoist
portion the joist
girder
of joist
of
the the girder
joist weight
joist weight
girder
girdertable table
weight is shown
weight is shown
isin in Table
Table in1.6. 1.6.1.6.
A portion of the girder weight tabletable istable
shown is
shown
shown
in Table in
Table Table
1.6. 1.6.

14
14 14 1414
14
14
 Table 1.6
Portion of the Joist Girder Weight Table

15
15
 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER
CAMBER 2
AND BRIDGING
CAMBER AND BRIDGING

Camber
Camber is used to counteract some or all dead load deflection. Since joists are typically
cambered, it is not appropriate to specify total load deflection.

The Steel Joist Institute Specification tabulates the approximate camber for K, LH and DLH
joists and joist girders. Camber is solely based on length and ranges from 1/4 inch for a 20-
foot joist, to 4 1/4 inches for a 100-foot joist. For joists over 100 feet, the camber is span/300.
All parallel chord joists receive standard camber unless specified otherwise. Joists and joist
girders up to 100 feet are manufactured in fixtures that follow the arc of a circle with a radius
of 3,600 feet. See Table 4.6-1 in the SJI Catalog for approximate cambers.

Manufacturers do not typically camber joists where the top chord is pitched two inches or
more per foot, because deflections are minimal for such joists.

Joists can be cambered to specified requirements, but this is expensive and should be
avoided. In cases where it is desired to camber joists for dead load, standard SJI camber
will be used. Joists can also be built with no camber when the circumstance warrants.

Erection and detailing problems can occur with LH and DLH joists because these joists
have a significant amount of camber. For example, if the deck is to be connected to a shear
wall at the end of the building and a joist is placed next to the end wall, then allowance must
be made for camber in the edge joist to connect the deck to the wall system.

The specifying professional can specify a special camber for the end joists allowing for a
gradual transition in elevation. Consideration must also be made for the anticipated live
load deflection which may take place under a full design load condition possibly in the
future. Keep in mind that special camber will increase the cost of the joist since it must be
set up differently to achieve the special camber specified.

The specifying professional must also pay attention to different length joists that are parallel
to one another. These joists will have different standard cambers, which can cause detailing
and deck installation problems.

16
16
Bridging
Bridging is designed by the joist manufacturer to provide bracing of joists for the
following reasons:
1. To align the joists during erection
2. To provide stability for the joist during erection
3. To provide gravity load stability for joists with standing seam roofs
4. To provide bracing for the bottom chord for wind uplift and axial loads
5. To control the slenderness ratio of the bottom chord
6. To assist in stabilizing the web system

In typical situations, the size, type, and number of rows of bridging required depend on
the length, spacing, and designation of the joists in the area under consideration. The
bridging requirements are also affected by wind uplift loading and the type of deck
supported by the joists.

The two types of bridging are horizontal or diagonal. Horizontal bridging consists of
continuous angles connected to the top and bottom chords. Diagonal bridging consists of
pairs of angles that cross diagonally from the top chord to the bottom chord in the space
between each joist. For typical situations, the required number of rows of bridging is given
in tabular form in the SJI Standard Specifications for K, LH and DLH-Series joists. The
SJI Standard Specifications also indicate when diagonal bridging is required. It is best to
note in the structural drawings that only standard SJI bridging be sized and furnished.
Any other bracing required would not be standard bridging and should be designed by
the specifier and provided by others.

Bridging for all joists requires positive anchorage at the end of the bridging line. When a
beam or a wall exists at the end of the bridging line, the bridging is normally anchored to
the beam or the wall. When a joist exists at the end of the bridging line, X-bridging should
be used in addition to horizontal bridging between the last two joists. This condition often
exists at expansion joints and when joists are used in lieu of beams at end walls.

Standard bridging is required to laterally stabilize the top chord of the joists until the
permanent deck is attached. Construction loads must not be applied to the joists until the
bridging is attached to the joists and anchored at its ends.

Floor and roof decks usually have adequate stiffness to provide lateral stability to the top
chord of joists subjected to design loads. The most common exception is standing seam
roof systems. The specifying professional should assume that the standing seam roof has
no diaphragm capability and specify that enough bridging is provided to laterally brace
the joists under design loads. The standing seam roof may be able to stabilize the top
chord of the joist, but this should be substantiated with test data. If the roof does not have
sufficient diaphragm stiffness to brace the top chord, the joist and bridging design (size
and spacing) must be adjusted to provide sufficient lateral bracing for the design loads.
However, if the standing seam roof is applied over conventional deck (re-roof systems),
the lateral stability from the conventional deck is probably adequate.

17
17
Wind loading on joists will affect the design of the bridging. Under net uplift, the bridging is
required to provide lateral stability to the bottom (compression) chord. The SJI
Specifications require that the bridging design account for the uplift forces. The
Specifications require that joists subjected to uplift have a line of bridging near each of the
first bottom chord panel points. Depending on the actual amount of uplift, additional bridging
may be required. For roof systems subjected to uplift, the authors recommend against
designating the number of rows of bridging. Rather, the uplift should be specified on the
design documents.

The specifying professional and the joist manufacturer should also be aware of the
requirements for “Early Suppression Fast Response Fire Sprinkler Systems” (ESFR).
ESFR sprinkler systems can affect the bridging layout. These systems are primarily used
in warehouses where high-piled storage is used. ESFR systems are designed to ‘suppress
a fire’ meaning they are designed to “knock” the fire down to its point of origin. NFPA 13
(NFPA 2019) does not allow obstructions of any size in the area 1 foot to each side and 2
feet below a pendent ESFR sprinkler. Contact with small obstructions can cause significant
disruption to the discharge pattern and will cause failure of the system to function properly.

18
18
 3
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
DESIGNOF
OFROOFS
ROOFS

The most common roof systems use open web steel joists. Warehouses, industrial plants,
offices, commercial shops/malls, academic facilities, civic/institutional structures, and large
clear span structures such as fieldhouses and convention centers all use steel joist
systems. See Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1
Roof Construction

Bay Dimensions
The designer may or may not have the opportunity to select the bay size for a proposed
project. Owner requirements and functional requirements often dictate a certain bay size.
In addition, the building footprint, which is often dictated by the building site, impacts the
bay size selected. In general, for single-story buildings, bay sizes ranging from 30x30 feet
to 60x60 feet have proven to be economical. Square bays have been shown to provide
greater economy than rectangular bays. Gravity loads have the greatest impact on the
optimum bay size if the size is not dictated by one of the items mentioned above. Lighter
roof loads allow larger bays without cost penalty. Larger bay sizes are more attractive to
potential building tenants and more valuable to building owners.

19
19
In general, soil conditions will not have a major impact on the selection of the bay size
when shallow foundations can be used. However, if very poor soils exist and deep
foundations are required, larger bays will tend to be more economical, because of the
reduced number of deep foundations. This assumes that the floor slab can be placed on
grade and a structural floor system is not required.

The member type used for a given bay size depends on loading and member span. For
very short spans, the use of HSS or channels is often more economical. Note that 2 inches
is the minimum flange width for deck support. The International Building Code, ICC, (2021)
requires a minimum roof slope of 1/4 inch per foot. This may control the orientation of the
deck, joists, and joist girders.

Direction of Joist Span

One question that often occurs is whether it is best to span the joist in the long direction or
the shorter direction when a rectangular bay has been selected. The designer is
encouraged to examine alternate framing schemes for a given project using the “SJI Roof
Bay Analysis Tool”. The tool is available for free download from the SJI website,
www.steeljoist.org.

Joist Spacing
Joist spacing should be maximized depending on the type of deck being used. Typically,
a fewer number of pieces that need to be erected will reduce the steel erection cost.
Longer joists should be spaced further apart since they require more significant shop
labor. The joists should be spaced to maximum values of the deck, but with spaces no
greater than those recommended for construction practice as contained in the Steel Deck
Institute (SDI) Standard for Steel Roof Deck, (SDI-2022). In addition, the designer should
also check to see if FM Global requirements must be followed (FM Global 2018). If so,
then the FM Global recommended joist spacings should be followed.

If a standing seam roof is being used, typically a 5-foot joist spacing is used. This is since
UL 90 uplift requirements for most standing seam roof systems can only be met with a 5-
foot joist spacing.

Sprinkler systems can affect joist spacing. Branch lines pass through the webs of the joists.
The typical maximum branch line spacing is 10 feet, thus, when possible, a 10-foot spacing
should be used. The spacing of the lines must be coordinated with the joist supplier. Evenly
spaced branch lines can be easily accommodated. Unequally spaced branch lines can be
accommodated but will significantly increase complexity and cost of the joists.

20
20
The sprinkler mains are larger, and the loads must be noted on the contract documents as
they are considerably heavier than the branch lines. Hanger locations are not typically
specified in the structural drawings. However, the specifying professional could require
hanger spacings at shorter intervals than required by the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) requirements to reduce individual hanger reactions to the roof system.
The NFPA provides guidelines for the support of sprinkler systems in their publication NFPA
13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 2019). The specifying
professional should provide details to ensure that the pipe hanger loads are located at joist
panel points and do not induce bending in the joist chords. Alternately, a concentrated load
can be specified to occur at any location on the joist. The contractor installing the piping
should be familiar with the NFPA requirements regarding hanger locations and the
permissible types of hangers.

Joist and Joist Girder Depth

The optimum joist girder depth in inches is approximately equal to the span of the girder
in feet. The designer should generally follow this rule of thumb. However, for expensive
wall systems, such as architecturally treated, tilt-up and precast systems, a one-foot
savings in the height of structure may prove more economical as compared to the extra
cost of shallower joist girders.

Joist depth should be selected based on the Economical Joist Guide contained in the SJI
Catalog, but the designer should also examine bridging requirements for the selected
joist. It may be that by selecting a slightly heavier joist, a line of bridging can be eliminated
thus resulting in a substantial decrease in the total cost of erected steel. If possible, joist
selections should also be made so that X-bridging is not required.

The reader is referred to the SJI website, www.steeljoist.org, for additional information on
joists and joist girders.

Unbalanced Loads on Joist Girders

Proper design of details can reduce or even eliminate the torsional effects of unbalanced
loads on a joist girder under the action of unequal joist end reactions applied from each
side of the girder. When joists frame into the supporting member from one side only (such
as with a typical perimeter condition) it is desirable to center the joist end reaction over
the center of the support. This can be achieved by increasing the clear bearing length by
increasing the seat depth or staggering opposing joists (usually by 6 inches) so that each
joist may extend beyond the centerline. If, for some reason, the joists cannot be staggered
or the seat depth cannot be increased, the induced twist can be resisted by adding braces
from the joist to the bottom chord of the joist girder (or bottom beam flanges) on the side
of the larger joists only. The braces must be designed and specified on the structural
drawings by the building designer.

In summary, roof systems with joist girders should be configured to eliminate the possible
twist in the joist girder Since the manufacturer may not know the full intent, the designer
must designate the offsets and increased seat depths on the structural drawings.

21
21
SJI Roof Bay Analysis Tool
For gravity loads, the SJI Roof Bay Analysis Tool is an excellent resource for determining
optimum roof bay size, joist spacing, joist size, joist girder size, and bridging requirements.
In addition, the tool can be used to evaluate the stability of the bay for ponding. The reader
is referred to the SJI Technical Digest 3 (SJI 2018) for further information on ponding.

The tool can be used for both ASD and LRFD design. The spreadsheet can be used to
study bays with Joists and Joist Girders, Joists and WF Girders, and Beams & WF Girders.

The cells shaded yellow are used for input data. If hovered over, the cells containing a
small red triangle provide information on the input (these are not visible for the screen
shots). The cells indicated as OPTIONAL INCREASED LOAD DATA are typically used
when using the ponding analysis.

Cost data can be entered by the user in the “Cost Tab”. Since the cost data varies with time
and site location, it is not included in the tool. The user can obtain cost data from joist
suppliers, fabricators, and erectors.

Shown in Figure 3.2 is the Cost Tab. The example shown in Figure 3.3 is the analysis for
a 40x40 foot bay. The ponding analysis is shown in Figure 3.4.

COST DATA CLEAR COSTS

Purchase Installation
Item $ / Ton $ / Unit Unit
Deck 1700 70 square
K-Joists, LH-Joists ≤ 60' 2000 200 piece
LH-Joists > 60',
1800 250 piece
DLH-Joists, Joist Girders
X-Bridging 1700 3.50 foot
H-Bridging 1500 2.00 foot
Beams piece
WF Girders piece
Consult with general contractor / joist manufacturer / erector for cost data.

Figure 3.2
Cost Tab

22
22
 Roof Bay Analysis with Joists and Joist Girders
(SJI Load Tables / SDI Specification)
Pull down menu to select ASD or LRFD
Project Name: TD 1
Project Number: 2022xyz
Engineer: XYZ Date: 12/19/2022

Design Methodology ASD ('LRFD' - Load and Resistance Factor Design, 'ASD' - Allowable Strength Design)
Minimum Design Loads ASCE 7-22

TYPICAL INTERIOR BAY LAYOUT

Pull down menu, ASCE 7-16 or 7-22
Bay Width / Joist Span 40.0 ft.
Bay Length / Joist Girder (JG) Span 40.0 ft.

ROOF NOMINAL LOADS CLEAR INPUT Press to clear loads to input all new data.
Dead Load, D
Roofing Material 8.00 psf Live Load Lr 20.00 psf
Deck 2.00 psf Live Load Reduction (Per Code) N (Y or N)
Joists & Bridging 3.00 psf Snow Load * S 24.00 psf
Joist Girders (JG) 2.00 psf Wind Downward Load W 0.00 psf
Collateral 3.00 psf * Or "Rain on Snow" Load

ROOF DECK PROFILE, GAGE & JOIST SPACES

Deck Profile & Gage WR22 'IR' - Intermediate Rib (F deck), 'WR' - Wide Rib (B deck), 'DR' - Deep Rib (N deck)
Joist Spaces 8

ROOF DECK CHECK Pull down menu to select deck type.

Deck Deck Max Deck Deck Moment
Profile Span Span * Moment Interaction
& Gage ft. ft. inch-lb Check
WR22 5.00 6.92 1125 0.32 OK
. * Maximum Deck Construction Span (two or more) per SDI

Figure 3.3
Roof Bay Analysis

23
23
DEPTH DATA DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Joist Min Depth: Default 20 in. Deck - Total Service Load Span / 240 0.25 in.
Joist Min Depth: Manual in. Joist - Lr or S Load Span / 240 2.00 in.
Joist Max Depth: Default 40 in. JG - Lr or S Load Span / 240 2.00 in.
Joist Max Depth: Manual in. Loads considered are unfactored service loads.
JG Min Depth: Default 20 in.
JG Min Depth: Manual in.
JG Max Depth: Default 48 in. X-BRIDGING
JG Max Depth: Manual 36 in. Minimize X-Bridging for Spans ≤ 60 ft. Y (Y or N)
Minimum depths are span/24. If "Y", the lightest joist without x-bridging is selected, if adequate.

OPTIONAL INCREASED LOAD DATA Member I Ieff = I/1.15

Joist Load lb / ft 24K 7 247 215 in.4
JG Panel Point Load kips 36G8N7.6K 2344 2038 in.4

DECK SUMMARY
Deck Deck Allowable Serv. Load Used for Ponding Analysis revisions.
Profile & Weight Deflection Deflection
Gage psf in. in.
WR22 1.78 0.25 0.06
OK

JOIST SUMMARY (Total Loads)

Joist Joist Required Available Joist Allowable Lr Load Snow Load
Designation Spacing Load Load Weight Deflection Deflection Deflection
ft. lb / ft lb / ft lb / ft in. in. in.
24K 7 5.00 180 253 9.0 2.00 0.89 1.07
OK OK OK

BRIDGING SUMMARY
X-Bridging Number Length of Weight of H-Bridging Number Length of Weight of
Req'd of rows X-Bridging X-Bridging Req'd of rows H-Bridging H-Bridging
(Y or N) X-Bridging ft. plf (Y or N) H-Bridging ft. plf
N 0 0.00 0.00 Y 3 240.00 0.70 OK

JOIST GIRDER SUMMARY (Total Panel Point Loads)

Joist Girder Joist Required Load Used to Joist Girder Allowable Lr Load Snow Load
Depth Spaces Load Estimate Wt. Weight Deflection Deflection Deflection
in. kips kips lb / ft in. in. in.
36 8 7.6 8.0 36 2.00 0.75 0.90
JG Designation: 36G8N7.6K OK OK OK

WEIGHT CHECK - ESTIMATED VS ACTUAL

Deck Joists & Bridging Joist Girders
Estimated Actual Estimated Actual Estimated Actual
psf psf psf psf psf psf Update buttons allow the
2.00 1.78 3.00 1.91 2.00 0.90 user to use the actual weight.
OK OK OK
UPDATE UPDATE UPDATE

Figure 3.3
Roof Bay Analysis (Continued)

24
24
WEIGHT RESULTS
Deck K-Joist, DLH-Joist, X-Bridging H-Bridging Joist Girder
Weight LH ≤ 60' LH > 60' Weight Weight Weight
Weight Weight
1.78 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.90 psf
1.42 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.72 tons / bay

COST DATA
Purchase Installation
Item $ / Ton $ / Unit Unit
Deck 1700 70 square
K-Joists, LH-Joists ≤ 60' 2000 200 piece
LH-Joists > 60',
1800 250 piece
DLH-Joists, Joist Girders
X-Bridging 1700 3.50 foot
H-Bridging 1500 2.00 foot
Consult with general contractor / joist manufacturer / erector for cost data.

COST RESULTS
Deck Joists Bridging Joist Girders
Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation
$1.51 $0.70 $1.80 $1.00 $0.08 $0.30 $0.81 $0.16 $ / sf
$2,421 $1,120 $2,880 $1,600 $126 $480 $1,296 $250 $ / bay

FINAL TOTALS
Cost OK
Weight
Purchase Installation Total
Design is acceptable and within the
4.59 psf $4.20 $2.16 $6.36 $ / sf
limits of this program.
3.67 tons / bay $6,723 $3,450 $10,173 $ / bay

RUN DATA
Design Methodology ASD
Joist Span, ft. 40.0
Joist Girder Span, ft. 40.0
Deck Profile & Gage WR22 COPY TO TABLE
Deck Span, ft. 5.00
X-Bridging Rows 0
H-Bridging Rows 3 CLEAR TABLE
Joist Size 24K 7
Joist Seat Depth, in. 2.5
Joist Girder Size 36G8N7.6K
Weight, psf 4.59
Cost, $ / sf $6.36 Can be used to compare different runs.

RUN COMPARISONS
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Run 7 Run 8
Design Methodology ASD
Joist Span, ft. 40.0
Joist Girder Span, ft. 40.0
Deck Profile & Gage WR22
Deck Span, ft. 5.00
X-Bridging Rows 0
H-Bridging Rows 3
Joist Size 24K 7
Joist Seat Depth, in. 2.5
Joist Girder Size 36G8N7.6K
Weight, psf 4.59
Cost, $ / sf $6.36

Figure 3.3
Roof Bay Analysis (Continued)
25
25
 Roof Bay Ponding Analysis
(SJI Load Tables / SDI Specification / 15th Edition AISC Manual)

Project Name: TD 1
Project Number: 2022xyz
Engineer: XYZ Date: 12/19/2022

Case Joists & Joist Girders

General Input (Defined in Joists & Joist Girders spreadsheet)

Design Methodology ASD
Minimum Design Loads ASCE 7-22
Primary Member Type Joist Girder
Secondary Member Type Joist
Joist Span 40.00 ft
Joist Girder Span 40.00 ft
Joist Size 24K 7
Joist Girder Size 36G8N7.6K
Number of Joist Spaces 8 Echo from bay analysis input
Dead Load Supported by Deck 10.00 psf
Dead Load Supported by Joists 16.00 psf
Joist Girder Self Weight 80.00 lb/ft
Snow Load 24.00 psf

z = 0.000 in. z = 0.000 in.

z = -10.000 in. z = -10.000 in.

Member Available Strength Data

Joist Load-Carrying Capacity 253 lb/ft
Beam Shear Strength n/a kips
Beam Flexural Strength n/a kip-ft
Joist Girder Panel Point Capacity 7.6 kips
WF Girder Shear Strength n/a kips
WF Girder Flexural Strength (Cb = 1.0) n/a kip-ft
WF Girder Flexural Strength (plastic) n/a kip-ft

Figure 3.4
Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis

26

26
 Ponding
PondingSpecific
SpecificInput
Input
Water
Water level
levelrelative
relativetotozerozerodatum:
datum: -5.20-5.20 in. in.
Compute load on deformed
Compute load on deformed roof:
roof: Y Y (Y or(Y N)or N)
Snow
Snowdensity,
density,γγs :s : 17.00
17.00 lb/ft3 lb/ft3
Concurrent
Concurrentsnow snowload loadfactor, ksk
factor, : : 0.750.75 --- ---
s
Top of roof elevation:
Top of roof elevation:
Top Left 0.000 in.
Top Left 0.000 in.
Top Right 0.000 in.
Top Right 0.000 in.
Bottom Left -10.000 in.
Bottom Left -10.000 in.
Bottom Right -10.000 in.
Camber: Bottom Right -10.000 in.
Camber: Joist 0.667 in.
Joist override: 0.667 in. in.
Top Joist Girder override: 0.000 in. in. SJI TD 3 is helpful in explaining.
Top Joist Girder
override: 0.000 in. in. SJI TD 3 is helpful in explaining.
Bottom Joist Girder override: 0.667 in. in.
Bottom Joist Girder
override: 0.667 in. in.
Bay is mirrored: override: in.
Bay is mirrored: Left Y (Y or N)
Right
Left Y Y (Y or(Y
N)or N)
Top
Right N Y (Y or(Y
N)or N)
Bottom
Top Y N (Y or(Y
N)or N)
Joist support is wall:
Bottom Y (Y or N)
Top Y (Y or N)
Joist support is wall:
Bottom N (Y or N)
Top Y (Y or N)
Joist is rigid:
Bottom N (Y or N)
Joist 1 (Leftmost) N (Y or N)
Joist is rigid: Joist 9 (Rightmost) N (Y or N)
Effective moment of inertia:Joist 1 (Leftmost) N (Y or N)
Joist Joist
9 (Rightmost) 215.0 N in.4 (Y or N)
Effective moment of inertia: override: in.4
Joist 215.0 in.4
Joist Girder 2,038 in.4
4
override:
override: in.4 in.
Joist Girder 2,038 in.4
override: in.4
RUN ANALYSIS
Water Depth Output
RUN ANALYSIS Press to run ponding analysis.
Maximum Water Depth in Bay 5.72 in.
Water Depth
Maximum Output
Water Depth on Top Joist Support 0.00 in. Press to run ponding analysis.
Maximum Water Depth on Bottom Joist Support 5.72 in.
Maximum WaterDepth
Maximum Water DepthoninLeftmost
Bay Joist 4.805.72 in. in.
Maximum WaterDepth
Maximum Water DepthononRightmost
Top JoistJoist
Support 4.800.00 in. in.
Maximum Water Depth on Bottom Joist Support 5.72 in.
Deck Output
Maximum Water Depth on Leftmost Joist 4.80 in.
Maximum Water Depth on Rightmost Joist 4.80 in.
Deck Moment of Inertia 0.1473 in.4/ft
Deck
Deck Output
Moment of Inertia Limit 0.0156 in.4/ft
Moment of Inertia Check OKAY
Deck Moment Strength 3565 lb-in./ft
in.4/ft
Deck Moment of Inertia 0.1473 Deck selection meets ponding criteria.
Maximum Moment 1624 lb-in./ft4
Deck Moment of Inertia Limit 0.0156 in. /ft
Moment Strength Ratio 0.456
Moment of Inertia Check OKAY
Strength Check OKAY
Deck Moment Strength 3565 lb-in./ft
Deck selection meets ponding criteria.
Figure 3.4 Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis (Continued)
Maximum Moment 1624 lb-in./ft
Moment Strength Ratio 0.456
Strength Check OKAY 27
Figure 3.4 Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis (Continued)
Figure 3.4
Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis (Continued)
27
27
Joist Output
Joist Max Shear Equiv. Load Shear Max Moment Equiv. Load Moment Strength
Number kips lb/ft Strength Ratio kip-ft lb/ft Strength Ratio Check
1 3.77 188.3 0.744 33.11 185.9 0.735 OKAY
2 3.82 190.8 0.754 33.47 188.4 0.745 OKAY
3 3.89 194.5 0.769 33.98 191.9 0.759 OKAY
4 3.94 197.0 0.779 34.35 194.4 0.769 OKAY
5 3.96 198.0 0.783 34.49 195.3 0.772 OKAY
6 3.94 197.0 0.779 34.35 194.4 0.769 OKAY
7 3.89 194.5 0.769 33.98 191.9 0.759 OKAY
8 3.82 190.8 0.754 33.47 188.4 0.745 OKAY
9 3.77 188.3 0.744 33.11 185.9 0.735 OKAY

Joists meet ponding criteria.

NOTES: 1. Loads and load effects correspond to ASD load combinations.

2. Shear strength ratio computed assuming shear capacity equal to 12.5% of the end reaction for
shear reversals, see Note 15 on the Ponding Instructions spreadsheet.

Figure 3.4
Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis (Continued)

28
28
 Joist Girder Output Joist Girder size can be revised by inputting larger loads in the ''optional increased load
data'' section of the Joists & Joist Girders spreadsheet
Joist Girder Output Joist Girder size can be revised by inputting larger loads in the ''optional increased load
Top Joist Girderdata'' section of the Joists & Joist Girders
Bottomspreadsheet
Joist Girder
Joist Joist React. Panel
Top Joist GirderPoint Load Joist React. Panel
Bottom Joist Point Load
Girder
Number
Joist Joistkips
React. kips Load
Panel Point Joistkips
React. kips Load
Panel Point
2
Number 3.10
kips kips 3.82
kips 8.03
kips
3
2 3.12
3.10 3.89
3.82 8.18
8.03
4
3 3.14
3.12 3.94
3.89 8.28
8.18
5
4 3.15
3.14 3.96
3.94 8.32
8.28
6
5 3.14
3.15 3.94
3.96 8.28
8.32
7
6 3.12
3.14 3.89
3.94 8.18
8.28
8
7 3.10
3.12 3.82
3.89 8.03
8.18
8 3.10 3.82 8.03

Panel point loads exceed the original

panel
Panel point
point load
loadsofexceed
7.6 kips.
the original
panel point load of 7.6 kips.

Max Shear (kips): N/A (WALL) Max Shear (kips): 28.65

Shear Strength Ratio:
Max Shear (kips): N/A (WALL)
N/A (WALL) Shear Strength Ratio:
Max Shear (kips): 1.091
28.65
Max Moment
Shear Strength (kip-ft):
Ratio: N/A
N/A (WALL)
(WALL) Max Moment
Shear Strength (kip-ft):
Ratio: 329.37
1.091
Moment Strength
Max Moment Ratio:
(kip-ft): N/A
N/A (WALL)
(WALL) Moment Strength
Max Moment Ratio:
(kip-ft): 1.083
329.37
Strength
Moment Check:
Strength Ratio: N/A
N/A (WALL)
(WALL) Strength
Moment Check:
Strength Ratio: NO1.083
GOOD
NOTES: 1. Loads Strength
and load effects
Check: correspond to ASD load
N/A (WALL) combinations.Strength Check: NO GOOD
NOTES: 2.
1. Highlighted paneleffects
Loads and load point loads may cause
correspond to ASDa local
load overstress, see notes in Ponding Instructions.
combinations.
2. Highlighted panel point loads may cause a local overstress, see notes in Ponding Instructions.
OPTIONAL INCREASED LOAD DATA New input in Analysis Tab
to
Newmodify
inputjoist girder stiffness.
in Analysis Tab
OPTIONAL
Joist Load INCREASED LOAD DATAlb / ft
JG Panel to modify joist girder stiffness.
Joist LoadPoint Load 8.5 kips
lb / ft
JG Panel Point Load 8.5 kips

Figure 3.4
Roof Bay Analysis - Figure
Ponding3.4Analysis (Continued)
Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Analysis (Continued)

29
29
29
 Joist Girder Output New analysis after revising the girder loads.
Joist Girder Output New
Topanalysis after revising the girder loads.Bottom Joist Girder
Joist Girder
Joist Joist React. Panel Point Load Joist React. Panel Point Load
Top Joist Girder Bottom Joist Girder
Number kips kips kips kips
Joist Joist React. Panel Point Load Joist React. Panel Point Load
2 3.09 3.80 8.00
Number kips kips kips kips
3 3.11 3.86 8.12
2 3.09 3.80 8.00
4 3.13 3.90 8.20
3 3.11 3.86 8.12
5 3.13 3.92 8.23
4 3.13 3.90 8.20
6 3.13 3.90 8.20
5 3.13 3.92 8.23
7 3.11 3.86 8.12
6 3.13 3.90 8.20
8 3.09 3.80 8.00
7 3.11 3.86 8.12
8 3.09 3.80 8.00

Max Shear (kips): N/A (WALL) Max Shear (kips): 28.43

Shear Strength Ratio: N/A (WALL) Shear Strength Ratio: 0.966
Max Shear (kips): N/A (WALL) Max Shear (kips): 28.43
Max Moment (kip-ft): N/A (WALL) Max Moment (kip-ft): 326.48
Shear Strength Ratio: N/A (WALL) Shear Strength Ratio: 0.966
Moment Strength Ratio: N/A (WALL) Moment Strength Ratio: 0.960
Max Moment (kip-ft): N/A (WALL) Max Moment (kip-ft): 326.48
Strength Check: N/A (WALL) Strength Check: OKAY
Moment Strength Ratio: N/A (WALL) Moment Strength Ratio: 0.960
NOTES: 1. Loads and load effects correspond to ASD load combinations.
Strength Check: N/A (WALL) Strength Check: OKAY
NOTES: 1. Loads and load effects correspond to ASD load
Figure 3.4combinations.
Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Re-Analysis (Continued)
Figure 3.4
Connections Roof Bay Analysis - Ponding Re-Analysis (Continued)
For roof construction,
Connections an example of the basic connection at column lines is shown in Figure
3.5. Thisconstruction,
For roof detail is used
an unless
example lateral
of thewind
basicorconnection
seismic frames are lines
at column required. For in
is shown moment
Figure
frames in one and two-story structures, the connections shown in the
3.5. This detail is used unless lateral wind or seismic frames are required. For moment SJI Moment
Connection
frames in one Tools aretwo-story
and suggested. See Chapter
structures, the 7connections
of this technical digest.
shown in the SJI Moment
Connection Tools are suggested. See Chapter 7 of this technical digest.

Figure 3.5
The Basic Connection
Figure 3.5
The Basic30
Connection

30
30
 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER
DESIGN 4
OF FLOORS
DESIGN OF FLOORS

Bay Dimensions
Economical bay sizes are generally smaller than those for roof construction unless the
owner wants column-free areas. For spans less than 30 feet, non-composite joists may
be the most economical, whereas for spans longer than 30 feet, composite joists may be
the most economical solution.

As is the case with roofs, soil conditions will not have a major impact on the selection of
the bay size when shallow foundations can be used. However, if very poor soils exist and
deep foundations are required, larger bays will tend to be more economical because of
the reduced number of deep foundations.

As with roof bays, the member type used depends on loading and span.

Direction of Joist Span

The designer is encouraged to examine alternate framing schemes for a given project
using the “SJI Floor Bay Analysis Tool”. The tool is available for free download from the
SJI website, www.steeljoist.org.

Joist Spacing
Joist spacing should be maximized depending on the type of deck being used. For most
floor systems, composite deck should be used for optimal economy and better vibration
behavior. Typically, costs can be reduced by having fewer pieces to erect. As mentioned
in the roof bay discussion, longer joists should be spaced further apart.

Joist and Joist Girder Depth

The SJI Economy Load Tables most likely cannot be used for floor systems because of
higher floor loads than roofs. One can select the most economical joists from the LH
Tables or the CJ-Series Weight Tables; however, using the SJI Floor Bay Analysis Tool
is an excellent way to determine economical bay size, joist spacing, and joist type. Also,
since no floor design is complete without checking floor vibration, the tool can be easily
used to check this after selecting optimum bays and joists. AISC Design Guide 11 (AISC
2016) and SJI Technical Digest 5 (SJI 2015) Vibration of Steel Joist - Concrete Floors are
excellent references on vibration control.

The specifying professional is responsible for investigating and communicating vibration

requirements in terms of minimum moments of inertia to the joist manufacturer. The
specifying professional must indicate whether the moments of inertia to be supplied are
effective or gross.
31
31
Connections
Joists can be supported on the top chord of the joist girders, as is typically done in roof
ConnectionsAt the columns, joist girders are supported by stiffened or unstiffened seats.
construction.
Joists canfor
Connections
The seats bethesupported on the
joist girders are top chord
usually of the joist
connected girders,
to the column asflanges
is typically donecolumn
to reduce in roof
construction.
Joists
bending can beAt
stresses the
forcolumns,
supported joist
on the
unbalanced top girders
joistchord are
girder supported
ofreactions.
the by stiffened
joist girders, or unstiffened
as is typically done in seats.
roof
The seats for the joist girders are usually connected to the column flanges
construction. At the columns, joist girders are supported by stiffened or unstiffened seats. to reduce column
bending
The
When seatsstresses
for is
there for
theajoist unbalanced
girdersabout
concern joist
are usually girder
reducing reactions.
connected to the heights,
floor-to-floor column flanges to reduce
flush-frame column
connections
bending
should bestresses
considered.for unbalanced
Flush-framejoist girder reactions.
connections, see Figure 4.1, can have several economic
When there is a concern about reducing floor-to-floor
advantages. For a given building height, reduced floor-to-floor heights,
heightflush-frame
can result connections
in additional
should
stories be
When there considered.
is a more
and, thus, Flush-frame
concern connections,
aboutspace.
rentable reducing see Figure
For afloor-to-floor
given number 4.1, can
heights, have several
flush-frame
of stories, reduced economic
connections
floor-to-floor
advantages.
should
height results For
be considered.a given
in reduced building
Flush-frame height, reduced
connections,
overall structure floor-to-floor
height, see
whichFigure height
4.1, can
decreases can result
haveloads
lateral in
several additional
andeconomic
reduces
stories
the costand,
advantages. thus,
of theFor amore
given
curtain rentable
building
wall space.
system.height,For a given
reduced number of height
floor-to-floor stories,can
reduced
result floor-to-floor
in additional
height
stories results in reduced
and, thus, overall structure
more rentable space. For height,
a givenwhich decreases
number lateral
of stories, loads and
reduced reduces
floor-to-floor
the
Othercost
height of theincurtain
results
advantages reduced walloverall
system.
of flush-frame structure height,are:
connections which decreases lateral loads and reduces
the ▪costSimplified
of the curtain
deckwall system.
installation.
Other advantages of flush-frame
▪ Girders can be designed deeper connections
and/orare:
composite.
▪
Other Simplified
advantages deck
of
▪ Easy MEP installation. installation.
flush-frame connections are:
Girders
▪▪ Simplified
Excellent can be designed
deck deeper
installation.
vibration response and/or composite.
as compared to seated connections.
▪ Easy MEP installation.
Girders can be designed deeper and/or composite.
▪ Excellent
Easy MEPvibration response as compared to seated connections.
installation.
▪ Excellent vibration response as compared to seated connections.

Figure 4.1
Joist with Flush-Frame Connection
Figure 4.1
Joist with Flush-Frame Connection
Figure 4.1
Joist with Flush-Frame Connection

32
32
32
32
SJI SJI Floor
Floor BayBay Analysis
Analysis ToolTool

Floor
Floor
BayBay
Analysis
Analysis
(SJI
(SJI Load
(SJI
Load Tables
Load Tables
Tables // SDI
SDI Specification
/ SDI Specification
Specification and
and Floor
andDeck
Floor FloorDesign
Deck Deck Design
Design Manual)
Manual)Manual)

Project
ProjectProject
Name:
Name:Name: TD
TD 1
1 TD 1
ProjectProject
Project Number:
Number:Number: 123 123
123
Engineer:
Engineer:
Engineer: XYZ
XYZ XYZ Date: Date:
Date: 12/18/2022
12/18/2022
12/18/2022

DesignDesign
Design Methodology
Methodology LRFD LRFD
Methodology LRFD OK
OK OK LRFD LRFD
LRFD -- Load
Load -and
and
Load
Resistance
and Resistance
Resistance FactorFactor
Factor Design,
Design,
Design, ASD -- ASD
ASD Allowable
- Allowable
Allowable Strength
Strength
Strength DesignDesign
Design

TYPICAL
TYPICAL
TYPICAL BAY LAYOUT
BAY LAYOUT
BAY LAYOUT JOISTJOIST
JOIST DESIGN
DESIGN DESIGN
CRITERIA
CRITERIA
CRITERIA
Bay Length
Bay Length
Bay Length
// Joist
Joist /Span
Span
Joist Span 40.0 40.0ft.
40.0 ft. ft. Comp.Comp.
Comp. or Non-Comp.
or Non-Comp.
or Non-Comp.Non-Comp
Non-Comp Design
Non-Comp DesignDesign
for Non-composite
for Non-composite
for Non-composite
Bay
Bay Width
Bay Width
Width // Joist
Joist /Girder
Joist Girder
Girder (JG)
(JG) Span
(JG) Span
Span 30.0
30.0 30.0ft.
ft. ft. Steel
Steel Yield
SteelStress
Yield Yield Stress
Stress 50
50 50ksi joists
ksi joists
ksi joists
Stud Diameter
Stud Diameter
Stud Diameter 3/4 3/4
3/4
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete Strength,
Strength,
Strength, f'c
f'c f'c 4
4 4 Pull
Pull down
Pull down
down to
to select
to select
select
composite
composite
composite or
or non-composite
or non-composite
non-composite
JOISTJOIST
JOIST GIRDER
GIRDER GIRDER
EDGEEDGE
EDGE CONDITIONS joistsjoists
joists
CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
Top JG
Top JGTop
at Edge
at Edge
JG at Edge No
No No
Joist
Joist Extension
Joist Extension
Extension 12
12 12in.
in. in.
BottomBottom
Bottom JG at
JG at Edge
Edge
JG at Edge No
No No
Joist
Joist Extension
Joist Extension
Extension 24
24 24in.
in. in.

NOMINAL
NOMINALNOMINAL
FLOOR
FLOOR FLOOR
LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS CLEAR
CLEARCLEAR
INPUT
INPUT INPUT NOMINAL
NOMINAL NOMINAL
FLOOR
FLOOR FLOOR
DEAD DEAD
DEAD LOADS
LOADS LOADS
Live Load
Live
Live Load Load 80
80 80 psf
psf psf Deck
Deck & &Deck
Concrete
& Concrete
Concrete Slab
Slab Slab 51 51 51psf
psf psf
Moveable
Moveable
Moveable Partitions
Partitions
Partitions 0
0 0 psf
psf psf Joists Joists
Joists & Bridging
& Bridging
& Bridging 3.26 3.26psf
3.26 psf psf
Total Live
Total Live
Total
Load
Live Load
Load 80
80 80psf
psf psf Joist Girders
Joist Girders
Joist Girders 1.43 1.43psf
1.43 psf psf
Live
Live Load
LiveReduction
Load Load Reduction
Reduction Y
Y Y(Y
(Y or
or N)
(Y or N)
N) Partitions
Partitions
Partitions psf
psf psf
Live loads
Live loads
Live that
that
loads
exceed
that exceed
exceed 100 psf
100 psf100
arepsf
are notare
not reducible.
not reducible.
reducible. Mechanical
Mechanical
Mechanical & Electrical
& Electrical
& Electrical 22 2 psf
psf psf
Fireproofing
Fireproofing
Fireproofing 2
2 2 psf
psf psf
DECK
DECKDECK&
& CONCRETE
& CONCRETE
CONCRETE SLAB
SLAB SLAB
DESIGN
DESIGN DESIGN
CRITERIA
CRITERIACRITERIA Floor
Floor Covering
Floor Covering
Covering 2
2 2 psf
psf psf
Deck Profile
Deck Profile
Deck Profile
& Gage
& Gage& Gage 3 -- 20
3 20 Gage
Gage
3 - 20 Gage OK OK OK Ceilings
CeilingsCeilings 2
2 2 psf
psf psf
Is
Is Deck
DeckIs Galvanized?
Deck Galvanized?
Galvanized? Y
Y Y(Y
(Y or (Y or N)OK
or N)
N) OK OK Other
Other Deck
OtherLoad
Deck Deck Load
Load psf
psf psf
Comp.
Comp.Comp.
or
or Non-Comp.
or Non-Comp. Comp.
Non-Comp. Comp.Comp. OK
OK OK Total Dead
Total Load
Total Dead LoadDead Load 63.68
63.68 63.68
psf
psf psf
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Reinforcement 6x6-W6.0xW6.0
6x6-W6.0xW6.0OK
6x6-W6.0xW6.0 OK OK
NW
NW ororNW
LW
LW or
Concrete
LW Concrete NW
Concrete NW NW OPTIONAL
OPTIONAL
OPTIONAL INCREASED
INCREASED
INCREASED LOAD
LOAD LOAD
DATA
DATA DATA
Total Slab
Total Slab
TotalDepth
Depth
Slab Depth 5.5 5.5in.
5.5 in. in. Joist Load
Joist Load
Joist Load lb // ft
lb OK
ft lb / ft OK OK
Construction
Construction
Construction Live Load
Live Load
Live Load 20
20 20psf
psf psf Top JG
Top JGTop
Panel
JG Point
Panel Point
Panel Point kips kips OK
kips OK OK
Joist
Joist Spaces
Joist Spaces
Spaces per
per Bay
Bayper Bay 3 3 3 Bottom
BottomBottom
JG
JG PanelJG Point
Panel Panel Point
Point kips kips OK
kips OK OK

Figure
Figure Figure
4.2
4.2 4.2
FloorFloor
Floor Bay
Bay Analysis
Bay Analysis
Analysis -- Non-Composite
- Non-Composite
Non-Composite Joist
JoistJoist

33 33
33
DEPTH DATA DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Joist Min Depth: Default 20 in. Deck - Concrete Weight Min: Span/180 or 3/4 in. 0.67 in.
Joist Min Depth: Manual 36 in. Joist - Live Load Span / 360 1.33 in.
Joist Max Depth: Default 40 in. JG - Live Load Span / 360 1.00 in.
Joist Max Depth: Manual in. Loads considered are unfactored nominal loads.
JG Min Depth: Default 20 in.
JG Min Depth: Manual in. X-BRIDGING
JG Max Depth: Default 36 in. Minimize X-Bridging for Spans ≤ 60 ft. N (Y or N)
JG Max Depth: Manual in. If "Y", the lightest joist without x-bridging is selected, if it's adequate.
Minimum depths are span/24 for non-composite joists & Joist Girders.

DECK AND CONCRETE SLAB SUMMARY (Superimposed Loads)

Deck Total Slab Deck Max Deck Required Available Deck Conc Weight Deflection
Profile & Depth & Span Span * Load Load Weight Allowable Actual
Gage Conc Type ft. ft. psf psf psf in. in.
3 - 20 Gage 5.5 in. NW 10.00 11.74 194 293 2.14 0.67 0.23
* Maximum Deck Construction Span (Three Span) per SDI OK OK

JOIST SUMMARY (Total Loads)

Joist Joist Required Available Joist Allowable Live Load
Designation Spacing Load Load Weight Deflection Deflection
ft. lb / ft lb / ft lb / ft in. in.
36LH13 10.00 1746 1956 30.0 1.33 0.63
OK OK

BRIDGING SUMMARY
X-Bridging Number Length of Weight of H-Bridging Number Length of Weight of
Req'd of rows X-Bridging X-Bridging Req'd of rows H-Bridging H-Bridging
(Y or N) X-Bridging ft. plf (Y or N) H-Bridging ft. plf
N 0 0.00 0.00 Y 2 120.00 2.57 OK

TOP JOIST GIRDER SUMMARY (Total Panel Point Loads)

Joist Girder Joist Required Load Used to Joist Girder Allowable Live Load
Depth Spaces Load Estimate Wt. Weight Deflection Deflection
in. kips kips lb / ft in. in.
36 3 59.1 60.0 57 1.00 0.36
JG Designation: 36G3N59.1F OK OK

BOTTOM JOIST GIRDER SUMMARY (Total Panel Point Loads)

Joist Girder Joist Required Load Used to Joist Girder Allowable Live Load
Depth Spaces Load Estimate Wt. Weight Deflection Deflection
in. kips kips lb / ft in. in.
36 3 59.1 60.0 57 1.00 0.36
JG Designation: 36G3N59.1F OK OK

WEIGHT CHECK - ESTIMATED VS ACTUAL

Joists & Bridging Joist Girders
Estimated Actual Estimated Actual
Press to use actual weights rather than estimated
psf psf psf psf
weights. If estimated weight is less than actual weight,
3.26 3.26 1.43 1.43
an error appears and the user must “UPDATE”.
OK UPDATE OK UPDATE

WEIGHT RESULTS
Reinforce- Deck K-Joist, DLH-Joist, X-Bridging H-Bridging Joist Girder
ment Weight LH ≤ 60' LH > 60' Weight Weight Weight
Weight Weight Weight
0.82 2.14 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 1.43 psf
0.49 1.28 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.86 tons / bay

Figure 4.2 Floor Bay Analysis - Non-Composite

Figure 4.2 Joist (Continued)
Floor Bay Analysis - Non Composite Joist (Continued)
34
34
COST DATA CLEAR COSTS

Purchase Installation
Item $ / Unit Unit $ / Unit Unit User must input cost data
Normal Weight Concrete 85 if cost analysis is desired.
cubic yards 260 100 sf
Light Weight Concrete 115
6x6-W1.4xW1.4 37
6x6-W2.1xW2.1 44
6x6-W2.9xW2.9 53
6x6-W4.0xW4.0 63
100 sf 20 100 sf
6x6-W6.0xW6.0 81
4x4-W2.9xW2.9 63
4x4-W4.0xW4.0 81
4x4-W6.0xW6.0 105
Rebar 900 900 ton
Deck 1700 70 100 sf
K or LH-Joists ≤ 60' 2000 ton 200 piece
LH-Joists > 60',
1800 250 piece
DLH-Joists, Joist Girders
3/8" Studs 1.10 1.00
1/2" Studs 1.20 1.00
piece piece
5/8" Studs 1.50 1.00
3/4" Studs 1.40 1.00
X-Bridging 1700 3.50 foot
ton
H-Bridging 1500 2.00 foot
Consult with general contractor / joist manufacturer / erector for cost data.

COST RESULTS
Concrete Reinforcement Deck
Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation
$1.06 $2.60 $0.81 $0.20 $1.82 $0.70 $ / sf
$1,273 $3,120 $972 $240 $2,183 $840 $ / bay

Joists Studs Bridging Joist Girders

Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation
$3.00 $0.50 $0.00 $0.00 $0.19 $0.20 $1.28 $0.21 $ / sf
$3,600 $600 $0 $0 $231 $240 $1,539 $250 $ / bay

FINAL TOTALS
Cost Concrete Reinf Steel Weight
Purchase Installation Total Volume Weight (w/o Reinf)
$8.17 $4.41 $12.57 $ / sf cu yd/bay 0.82 6.82 psf
$9,798 $5,290 $15,088 $ / bay 15.0 0.49 4.09 tons / bay

OK
Design is acceptable and within the limits of this
program.

Figure 4.2
Floor Bay Analysis - Non-Composite Joist (Continued)

35
35
 Floor Bay Analysis
(SJI Load Tables / SDI Specification and Floor Deck Design Manual)

Project Name: TD 1
Project Number: 123
Engineer: XYZ Date: 12/18/2022

Design Methodology LRFD OK LRFD - Load and Resistance Factor Design, ASD - Allowable Strength Design

TYPICAL BAY LAYOUT JOIST DESIGN CRITERIA Design for

Bay Length / Joist Span 40.0 ft. Comp. or Non-Comp. Comp composite joist
Bay Width / Joist Girder (JG) Span 30.0 ft. Steel Yield Stress 50 ksi
Stud Diameter 3/4 in.
Concrete Strength, f'c 4 ksi

JOIST GIRDER EDGE CONDITIONS

Top JG at Edge No
Joist Extension 12 in.
Bottom JG at Edge No
Joist Extension 24 in.

Only LRFD is permitted for

composite joists.

NOMINAL FLOOR LIVE LOADS CLEAR INPUT NOMINAL FLOOR DEAD LOADS
Live Load 80 psf Deck & Concrete Slab 51 psf
Moveable Partitions 0 psf Joists & Bridging 2.33 psf
Total Live Load 80 psf Joist Girders 1.43 psf
Live Load Reduction Y (Y or N) Partitions psf
Live loads that exceed 100 psf are not reducible. Mechanical & Electrical 2 psf
Fireproofing 2 psf
DECK & CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN CRITERIA Floor Covering 2 psf
Deck Profile & Gage 3 - 20 Gage OK Ceilings 2 psf
Is Deck Galvanized? Y (Y or N) OK Other Deck Load psf
Comp. or Non-Comp. Comp. OK Total Dead Load 62.76 psf
Reinforcement 6x6-W6.0xW6.0 OK
NW or LW Concrete NW OPTIONAL INCREASED LOAD DATA
Total Slab Depth 5.5 in. Joist Load lb / ft OK
Construction Live Load 20 psf Top JG Panel Point kips OK
Joist Spaces per Bay 3 Bottom JG Panel Point kips OK

Figure 4.3
Floor Bay Analysis - Composite Joist

36
36
DEPTH DATA DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Joist Min Depth Allowed: 16 in. Deck - Concrete Weight Min: Span/180 or 3/4 in. 0.67 in.
Input Joist Depth: 36 in. Joist - Live Load Span / 360 1.33 in.
Joist Max Depth Allowed: 40 in. JG - Live Load Span / 360 1.00 in.
Loads considered are unfactored nominal loads.
JG Min Depth: Default 20 in.
JG Min Depth: Manual in. X-BRIDGING (Optimization for Non-Composite Joists only)
JG Max Depth: Default 36 in. Minimize X-Bridging for Spans ≤ 60 ft. N (Y or N)
JG Max Depth: Manual in. If "Y", the lightest joist without x-bridging is selected, if it's adequate.
Minimum depths are span/30 for composite joists & span/24 for Joist Girders.
DESIGN COMPLETED
DECK AND CONCRETE SLAB SUMMARY (Superimposed Loads)
Deck Total Slab Deck Max Deck Required Available Deck Conc Weight Deflection
Profile & Depth & Span Span * Load Load Weight Allowable Actual
Gage Conc Type ft. ft. psf psf psf in. in.
3 - 20 Gage 5.5 in. NW 10.00 11.74 194 293 2.14 0.67 0.23
* Maximum Deck Construction Span (Three Span) per SDI OK OK

JOIST SUMMARY (Total Loads)

Joist Joist Required Available Joist Allowable Live Load
Designation Spacing Load Load Weight Deflection Deflection
ft. lb / ft lb / ft lb / ft in. in.
36CJ1734/999/96 10.00 1734 1734 19.4 1.33 0.57
OK OK

BRIDGING SUMMARY
X-Bridging Number Length of Weight of H-Bridging Number Length of Weight of
Req'd of rows X-Bridging X-Bridging Req'd of rows H-Bridging H-Bridging
(Y or N) X-Bridging ft. plf (Y or N) H-Bridging ft. plf
N 0 0.00 0.00 Y 2 120.00 3.06 OK

TOP JOIST GIRDER SUMMARY (Total Panel Point Loads)

Joist Girder Joist Required Load Used to Joist Girder Allowable Live Load
Depth Spaces Load Estimate Wt. Weight Deflection Deflection
in. kips kips lb / ft in. in.
36 3 58.6 60.0 57 1.00 0.36
JG Designation: 36G3N58.6F OK OK

BOTTOM JOIST GIRDER SUMMARY (Total Panel Point Loads)

Joist Girder Joist Required Load Used to Joist Girder Allowable Live Load
Depth Spaces Load Estimate Wt. Weight Deflection Deflection
in. kips kips lb / ft in. in.
36 3 58.6 60.0 57 1.00 0.36
JG Designation: 36G3N58.6F OK OK

WEIGHT CHECK - ESTIMATED VS ACTUAL

Joists & Bridging Joist Girders
Estimated Actual Estimated Actual
psf psf psf psf
2.25 2.25 1.43 1.43
OK OK

WEIGHT RESULTS
Reinforce- Deck Composite Composite X-Bridging H-Bridging Joist Girder
ment Weight Joist ≤ 60' Joist > 60' Weight Weight Weight
Weight Weight Weight
0.82 2.14 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.31 1.43 psf
0.49 1.28 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.86 tons / bay
Figure
Figure 4.3 Floor Bay Analysis 4.3
- Composite Joist (Continued)
Floor Bay Analysis - Composite Joist (Continued)
37
37
COST RESULTS
Concrete Reinforcement Deck
Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation
$1.06 $2.60 $0.81 $0.20 $1.82 $0.70 $ / sf
$1,273 $3,120 $972 $240 $2,183 $840 $ / bay

Joists Studs Bridging Joist Girders

Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation Purchase Installation
$1.94 $0.50 $0.06 $0.05 $0.23 $0.20 $1.28 $0.21 $ / sf
$2,330 $600 $76 $54 $276 $240 $1,539 $250 $ / bay

FINAL TOTALS
Cost Concrete Reinf Steel Weight
Purchase Installation Total Volume Weight (w/o Reinf)
$7.21 $4.45 $11.66 $ / sf cu yd/bay 0.82 5.81 psf
$8,648 $5,344 $13,992 $ / bay 15.0 0.49 3.49 tons / bay

OK
Design is acceptable and within the limits of this
program.

RUN COMPARISONS
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4
Design Methodology LRFD LRFD
Joist Span, ft. 40.0 40.0
Joist Girder Span, ft. 30.0 30.0 For proper comparison,
Deck Profile & Gage 3 - 20 Gage 3 - 20 Gage design the non-composite
Tot. Slab Depth & Type 5.5 in. NW Comp. 5.5 in. NW Comp. joist using LRFD.
Reinforcement 6x6-W6.0xW6.0 6x6-W6.0xW6.0
Deck Span, ft. 10.00 10.00
X-Bridging Rows 0 0
H-Bridging Rows 2 2
Joist Size 32LH13 32CJ1735/999/96
Studs/bay & Diameter 0 (60) 3/4" Studs
Joist Seat Depth, in. 5 5
Top JG Size 36G3N59.1F 36G3N58.6F
Bottom JG Size 36G3N59.1F 36G3N58.6F
Concrete, cu yd/bay * 15.0 15.0 Comparison between non-composite
Reinf Weight, psf 0.82 0.82 joist and composite joist.
Stl Wt (w/o Reinf), psf 6.82 5.90
Total Cost, $ / sf $12.57 $11.75
* Concrete volumes are based on SDI's conservative slab weight estimates. The volumes are not precise.

Figure 4.3
Floor Bay Analysis - Composite Joist (Continued)

38
38
 Walking Vibration Analysis Using Vibration Tab. See SJI TD 5
(SJI Technical Digest 5 and AISC Design Guide 11) for information on vibration.
Project Name: TD 1
Project Number: 123
Engineer: XYZ Date: 12/18/2022

DECK, CONCRETE, AND STUD DATA LOAD DATA

Deck Height 3 in. Design Methodology LRFD
Concrete Strength, f'c 4 ksi Occupancy Electronic Office
Total Concrete Depth 5.5 in. Deck and Concrete Slab Weight 51.0 psf
Concrete Thickness above Deck 2.5 in. Other Dead Load 4.0 psf
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity, Ec 3,492 ksi Total Live Load 80.0 psf
Dynamic Modular Ratio, n 6.15 Live Load Reduction Y
Stud Diameter 3/4 in. Live Load for Vibration Analysis 8.0 psf

FLOOR PARAMETERS JOIST GIRDER DATA Top Bottom

Floor Length 150.00 ft Edge Member No No
Floor Width 105.00 ft Cladding Connection
Designation 36G3N58.6F 36G3N58.6F
MODAL DAMPING RATIOS Depth 36 36 in.
Structural System 0.010 Span, Lg 30.00 30.00 ft
Electronic Office Occupancy 0.005 Joist Spaces, N 3 3
Ceiling and Ductwork Yes 0.010 Panel Point Load, P 58.6 58.6 kips
Drywall Partitions 0.000 Moment of Inertia, Ichords 3,039 3,039 in.4
Total Modal Damping Ratio, β 0.025
JOIST GIRDER CALCULATIONS Top Bottom
JOIST DATA Effective Concrete Width above Deck 144.00 144.00 in.
Edge Member No Effective Concrete Width in Deck 72.00 72.00 in.
Cladding Connection None Trans Concrete Width above Deck 23.41 23.41 in.
Designation 36CJ1734/999/96 Trans Concrete Width in Deck 11.70 11.70 in.
Depth Pull down 36 in. Trans Concrete Area above Deck 58.52 58.52 in.2
Span, Lj choices are 2.5,40.00 ft Trans Concrete Area in Deck 35.11 35.11 in.2
Spacing, S
5, 7.5, or Flush. 10.00 ft Composite Moment of Inertia, Icomp 8,796 8,796 in.4
Available Load 1,734 lb/ft
4
Moment of Inertia, Ichords 1,395 in. JOIST GIRDER FREQUENCY Top Bottom
Seat Depth/Type 5 in. Span to Depth Ratio, L/D 10.00 10.00
Cr 0.755 0.755
JOIST CALCULATIONS g 0.324 0.324
Effective Concrete Width 120.00 in. Effective Moment of Inertia, Ig 2,855 2,855 in.4
Effective Concrete Depth 2.50 in. Equivalent Uniform Load, wg 2,648 2,648 lb/ft
Transformed Concrete Width 19.51 in. Midspan Deflection, Δg 0.583 0.583 in.
Transformed Concrete Area 48.77 in.2 Natural Frequency, fg 4.63 4.63 Hz
Composite Moment of Inertia, Icomp 3,531 in.4
JOIST GIRDER MODE PROPERTIES Top Bottom
JOIST FREQUENCY JG Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Dg 71.4 71.4 in.4/ft
Span to Depth Ratio, L/D 13.33 Cg 1.6 1.6
Cr 0.841 JG Effective Width, Bg 64.9 64.9 ft
g 0.189 JG Effective Panel Weight, W g 128.9 128.9 kips
Effective Moment of Inertia, Ij 2,389 in.4
Uniform Load, wj 649 lb/ft COMBINED MODE PROPERTIES Top Bottom
Midspan Deflection, Δj 0.540 in. JG Reduced Deflection, Δ'g 0.478 0.478 in.
Natural Frequency, fj 4.81 Hz Effective Panel Weight, W 110.9 110.9 kips
Natural Frequency, fn 3.34 3.34 Hz
JOIST MODE PROPERTIES Acceptance
Slab Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Ds 10.40 in.4/ft FINAL VIBRATION EVALUATION Top Bottom Criteria
Joist Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Dj 238.9 in.4/ft Peak Acceleration Ratio, ap/g 0.729% 0.729%
Cj 2.0 Tolerance Acceleration Ratio, ao/g 0.5% - 0.55% 0.5% - 0.55%
Joist Effective Width, Bj 36.55 ft
Joist Effective Panel Weight, W j 94.9 kips NG

Figure 4.4a
Composite Joist Vibration Analysis - 5 Inch Seat

39
39
 Walking Vibration Analysis
(SJI Technical Digest 5 and AISC Design Guide 11)

Project Name: TD 1
Project Number: 123
Engineer: XYZ Date: 12/18/2022

DECK, CONCRETE, AND STUD DATA LOAD DATA

Deck Height 3 in. Design Methodology LRFD
Concrete Strength, f'c 4 ksi Occupancy Electronic Office
Total Concrete Depth 5.5 in. Deck and Concrete Slab Weight 51.0 psf
Concrete Thickness above Deck 2.5 in. Other Dead Load 4.0 psf
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity, Ec 3,492 ksi Total Live Load 80.0 psf
Dynamic Modular Ratio, n 6.15 Live Load Reduction Y
Stud Diameter 3/4 in. Live Load for Vibration Analysis 8.0 psf

FLOOR PARAMETERS JOIST GIRDER DATA Top Bottom

Floor Length 150.00 ft Edge Member No No
Floor Width 105.00 ft Cladding Connection
Designation 36G3N58.6F 36G3N58.6F
MODAL DAMPING RATIOS Depth 36 36 in.
Structural System 0.010 Span, Lg 30.00 30.00 ft
Electronic Office Occupancy 0.005 Joist Spaces, N 3 3
Ceiling and Ductwork Yes 0.010 Panel Point Load, P 58.6 58.6 kips
Drywall Partitions 0.000 Moment of Inertia, Ichords 3,039 3,039 in.4
Total Modal Damping Ratio, β 0.025
JOIST GIRDER CALCULATIONS Top Bottom
JOIST DATA Effective Concrete Width above Deck 144.00 144.00 in.
Edge Member No Effective Concrete Width in Deck 72.00 72.00 in.
Cladding Connection None Trans Concrete Width above Deck 23.41 23.41 in.
Designation 36CJ1734/999/96 Trans Concrete Width in Deck 11.70 11.70 in.
Depth 36 in. Trans Concrete Area above Deck 58.52 58.52 in.2
Span, Lj 40.00 ft Trans Concrete Area in Deck 35.11 35.11 in.2
Spacing, S 10.00 ft Composite Moment of Inertia, Icomp 6,722 6,722 in.4
Available Load 1,734 lb/ft
4
Moment of Inertia, Ichords 1,395 in. JOIST GIRDER FREQUENCY Top Bottom
Seat Depth/Type Flush Span to Depth Ratio, L/D 10.00 10.00
Cr 0.755 0.755
JOIST CALCULATIONS g 0.324 0.324
Effective Concrete Width 120.00 in. Effective Moment of Inertia, Ig 3,913 3,913 in.4
Effective Concrete Depth 2.50 in. Equivalent Uniform Load, wg 2,648 2,648 lb/ft
Transformed Concrete Width 19.51 in. Midspan Deflection, Δg 0.425 0.425 in.
Transformed Concrete Area 48.77 in.2 Natural Frequency, fg 5.42 5.42 Hz
Composite Moment of Inertia, Icomp 3,531 in.4
JOIST GIRDER MODE PROPERTIES Top Bottom
JOIST FREQUENCY JG Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Dg 97.8 97.8 in.4/ft
Span to Depth Ratio, L/D 13.33 Cg 1.8 1.8
Cr 0.841 JG Effective Width, Bg 67.5 67.5 ft
g 0.189 JG Effective Panel Weight, W g 134.0 134.0 kips
Effective Moment of Inertia, Ij 2,389 in.4
Uniform Load, wj 649 lb/ft COMBINED MODE PROPERTIES Top Bottom
Midspan Deflection, Δj 0.540 in. JG Reduced Deflection, Δ'g 0.349 0.349 in.
Natural Frequency, fj 4.81 Hz Effective Panel Weight, W 139.1 139.1 kips
Natural Frequency, fn 3.60 3.60 Hz
JOIST MODE PROPERTIES
Slab Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Ds 10.40 in.4/ft FINAL VIBRATION EVALUATION Top Bottom
Joist Trans Moment of Inertia / ft, Dj 238.9 in.4/ft Peak Acceleration Ratio, ap/g 0.530% 0.530%
Cj 2.0 Tolerance Acceleration Ratio, ao/g 0.5% - 0.55% 0.5% - 0.55%
Joist Effective Width, Bj 36.55 ft
Joist Effective Panel Weight, W j 142.4 kips Engineering judgment required to determine if acceptable

Figure 4.4b Some engineers want

Composite Joist Vibration Analysis - Flush-Frame Connection this to be 0.5% or less.

40
40
 5
CHAPTER 5
LATERAL LOAD5 DESIGN
CHAPTER
LATERAL LOAD DESIGN
For lateral load design, the three basic options are:
1. Roof and floor diaphragm systems with vertical bracing
2. X-braced roof systems with vertical bracing
3. Moment frames

The systems can be mixed to provide the optimum structure such as diaphragms in one
direction with x-bracing in the perpendicular direction. As a rule, horizontal roof diaphragms
or floor diaphragms combined with vertical bracing provide the most economical framing
system. This should be the specifying professional’s first choice as a system.

Diaphragm Considerations
Although the design of roof and floor diaphragms are not discussed in this digest, they
often provide the most economical means of transferring in-plane loads to moment frames
or vertical bracing. Diaphragms with a span-to-depth ratio exceeding 4-to-1 can be
problematic for high diaphragm shear values. Ratios of 1-to-1, 2-to-1, and 3-to-1 are
preferred. To achieve these ratios, internal vertical bracing will usually have to be added
rather than just using perimeter bracing.

Joists and joist girders may also act as chords and collectors in diaphragms. Chords and
collectors must be designed for the load combinations in the applicable building code.
The requirement to design for load combinations which include overstrength factors
applies to structures in seismic design categories C and higher.

The overstrength factor can often cause the drag load on collectors to exceed the capacity
of the joist. The overstrength factor can also cause the drag load to be large enough that
the connections to transfer the load between joists or joist girders become impractical. In
these cases, a beam can be used for the collector members.

41
41
Expansion joints can interrupt diaphragms. The National Roofing Contractors Association
(NRCA, 2015) gives the following recommendations for the location of roof expansion joints.
1. Where expansion or contraction joints are provided in the structural system.
2. Where steel framing, structural steel, or deck material change direction.
3. Where separate wings of L, U, T, or similar configurations exist.
4. Where the type of deck material changes; for example, where a precast concrete
deck and a steel deck abut.
5. Where additions are connected to existing buildings.
6. At junctions where interior heating conditions change, such as a heated office
abutting an unheated warehouse, canopies, etc.
7. Wherever differential movement between vertical walls and the roof deck may occur.

If expansion joints are required, it may be necessary to use additional vertical bracing or
moment frames. Careful consideration of bridging termination is also required.

Future Expansion
Usually, future expansion considerations only influence the vertical lateral force resisting
system. The frame line at the expansion may have to be designed for the additional load
if the expansion connects to the existing structure. The number of bays used for a braced
frame may be limited at the expansion location. It may require a moment frame system
to be used at the future expansion grid line.

Vertical Bracing
Vertical bracing (structural steel systems or shear walls) in single-story frames is
generally located at the perimeter of the structure. Overhead doors and exits must be
avoided. The X-bracing configuration, either with rods or angles, is very common.

Much like diaphragms, the economical layout and the number of braced frame bays will
greatly depend on the building geometry. When the length-to-width ratio between braced
frame lines exceeds about 4-to-1, lateral forces become large. The drag strut loads that
must be transferred to the frames also become large. When the lateral loads become
large, multiple braced frame bays are often necessary for each frame line. This helps
reduce the size of the members in the braced frames. It also reduces the column uplift
forces due to overturning, reducing foundation costs. To reduce uplift forces, it is
recommended that braced frames be placed in adjacent bays rather than separated. This
allows the downward forces of one frame to be used to resist the uplift forces of the
adjacent frame, hence minimizing uplift and reducing foundation costs. When the length-
to-width ratio of the building exceeds 4-to-1, the specifying professional should discuss
the cost advantages of interior braced frame bays with the client.

For multi-story buildings, braced frame systems can also provide an economical option.
However, braced frames are not always allowed around the perimeter of the building. This
is due to their interference with windows. On occasion, braced frames can be in bays where
stairwells and elevator shafts are positioned at the perimeter bays. Depending on the
building size and geometry, it may be possible to coordinate with the owner and architect

42
42
to determine perimeter bays that can be used for the braced frames. It will often be a
compromise between the structural needs of the building and the end use of the building.

Moment Connections
The first consideration is to determine whether moment frames are required in both
framing directions. When moment frames are required in only one direction, the framing
scheme should be such that the joist girders are part of the moment frames. If moment
frames are required in both directions, the framing scheme that creates the smallest end
moments in the joists should be examined first.

For multi-story projects, moment frames are best placed around the perimeter of the
building. Deep joists and joist girders on the perimeter do not interfere with headroom
requirements for the building interior. In addition, the exterior joists and joist girders can
act as the spandrel system for the structure. Moment connections are not always required
in the roof. In some cases, the lateral forces can be transferred from the roof plane to the
story below through cantilever columns extending from the floor below.

Seismic Criterion
Joists and joist girders are commonly used to resist seismic forces. Joists and joist girders
can be used as the beams in ordinary moment frame-type systems, the beams in ordinary
braced frame-type systems, as chords/collectors of the diaphragm system, and as
continuous ties in the wall anchorage system. When designing a structure to resist
seismic forces, the engineer must first select a Seismic Force Resisting System (SFRS).
Refer to ASCE 7 “Design Coefficients and Factors for Seismic Force-Resisting Systems”
for distinct types of SFRS.

As an aid to the specifying professional, SJI provides “Technical Digest 11 Design of

Lateral Load Resisting Frames Using Steel Joists and Joist Girders”, which can be
downloaded from the SJI website, www.steeljoist.org.

SJI Connection Design Tools

A spreadsheet can be downloaded from the SJI website for the design of moment
connections, for joist girders framing into wide flange columns, and into HSS columns.
The following connection designs are available:
1. SJI HSS Knife Plate
2. SJI HSS Top Plate
3. SJI W Shape Intermediate
4. SJI W Shape Knife Plate
5. SJI W Shape Strong Axis Top Plate
6. SJI W Shape Weak Axis Top Plate

Screenshots of the SJI W Shape Strong Axis Top Plate are shown in Figures 5.1, 5.2,
and 5.3.

43
43
 Moment
Moment Connection- Sidewall
Connection - Sidewall Strong
Strong Axis
AxisWWColumn
Column- Top Plate
- Top Plate

Figure 5.1
Sidewall Column Variables

Figure 5.1
Sidewall Column Variables

44

44
44
 Moment
Moment Connection
Moment
Connection -- Sidewall
Connection Sidewall Strong
- Sidewall
Strong Axis
Strong
Axis W
W Column
Axis Column -- Top
W Column Top Plate
- Top
Plate
Plate
(SJI Specification / AISC Specification 360-16 - LRFD)
(SJI Specification
(SJI Specification
/ AISC/ AISC
Specification
Specification
360-16
360-16
- LRFD)
- LRFD)

Project Name: TD 1
Project
Project
Name:Name: TD 1TD 1
Project Number: 123
Project
Project
Number:
Number: 123 123
Engineer: ABC Date: 12/20/2022
Engineer:
Engineer: ABC ABC Date:Date: 12/20/2022
12/20/2022

Design Methodology LRFD ( 'LRFD' - Load and Resistance Factor Design, 'ASD' - Allowable Stress Design )
Design
Design Methodology LRFD
Methodology LRFD
( 'LRFD'
( 'LRFD'
- Load
- Load
and Resistance
and Resistance
Factor
Factor
Design,
Design,
'ASD''ASD'
- Allowable
- Allowable
Stress
Stress
Design
Design
) )

COLUMN DATA CLEAR STIFFENED SEAT CONNECTION

COLUMN
COLUMN
DATA DATA CLEAR
CLEAR STIFFENED
STIFFENED SEATSEAT CONNECTION
CONNECTION
W Shape Column Designation W18X50 Seat Plate Thickness tp=
W Shape
W Shape
ColumnColumn
Designation
Designation W18X50
W18X50 Seat Seat
PlatePlate
Thickness
Thickness
(2)
t p = t p =0.5000
0.5000
in.
0.5000
in. in.
Column Yield Stress Fy = Seat Plate Width (2) (2) Wp=
Column
Column
Yield Yield
StressStress Fy = Fy = 50 ksi
50 50 ksi ksi Seat Seat
PlatePlate
WidthWidth W p =W p = 7.000 in.
7.0007.000in. in.
Column Tensile Strength Fu = ts=
Column
Column
Tensile
Tensile
Strength
Strength Fu = Fu = 65 65 ksi
65
ksi ksi
Stiffener Thickness
Stiffener
Stiffener
Thickness
Thickness
0.5000
t s = t s =0.5000 in.
0.5000
in. in.
Pull down
PullPull
down for
for all
down all
for all
Stiffener Width
Stiffener
Stiffener
WidthWidth
Ws=
W s =
W s =
5.000
5.000
in.
5.000
in. in.
(3)
Depth
DepthDepth AISC
AISC W
W sections.
AISCsections.
W sections.d=
d=
18.00
d 18.00
= 18.00
in.
in. in.
Stiffener Length (3) (3)
Stiffener
Stiffener
Length
Length
Ls=
L s =L s = 7.0007.000in.
7.000
in. in.
Web Thickness tw = Fy =
Web Web
Thickness
Thickness tw = tw 0.355
=
0.3550.355
in.
in. in.
Yield Stress
Yield Yield
StressStress Fy = Fy = 50 ksi
50 50 ksi ksi
Flange Width bf = 7.50 in. Tensile Strength Fu = 65 ksi
Flange
Flange
WidthWidth bf = bf =
7.50 7.50in. in. Tensile
Tensile
Strength
Strength Fu = Fu = 65 65 ksi ksi
Flange Thickness tf = 0.570 in. Seat Plate to Stiffener Weld
Flange
Flange
Thickness
Thickness tf = tf0.570
= 0.570 in. in. Seat Seat
PlatePlate
to Stiffener
to Stiffener
WeldWeld
Seat Plate Weld * wp= 0.3125 in.
Seat Seat
PlatePlate
WeldWeld
* * w p =w p =0.3125 0.3125
in. in.
COLUMN CAP PLATE Stiffener Plate to Column Weld
COLUMNCOLUMNCAP CAP
PLATEPLATE Stiffener
Stiffener
PlatePlate
to Column
to Column
WeldWeld
Cap Plate Thickness t cap = 0.7500 in. Stiffener Weld * ws= 0.3125 in.
Cap Plate
Cap Plate
Thickness
Thickness t capt=cap =0.7500
0.7500
in. in. Stiffener
Stiffener
WeldWeld
* * w s =w s =0.3125 0.3125
in. in.
Yield Stress Fy = 50 ksi
Yield Yield
StressStress Fy = Fy = 50 50 ksi ksi
Tensile Strength Fu = TOP CHORD - TOP PLATE CONNECTION
Tensile
Tensile
Strength
Strength Fu = Fu = 65 ksi
65 65 ksi ksi TOPTOPCHORDCHORD - TOP - TOP
PLATE
PLATE
CONNECTION
CONNECTION
Cap Plate to Column Web Weld Plate Thickness t tp = 0.6250 in.
Cap Plate
Cap Plate
to Column
to Column
Web Web
WeldWeld PlatePlate
Thickness
Thickness t tp =t tp =0.62500.6250
in. in.
Cap Plate Weld * w ccp = 0.3750 in. Plate Width (4)
(4) (4) W tp = 5.000 in.
Cap Plate
Cap Plate
WeldWeld
* * w ccpw=ccp =0.37500.3750
in. in. PlatePlate
WidthWidth W tp W = tp = 5.0005.000in. in.
Plate Yield Stress Fy = 50 ksi
PlatePlate
Yield Yield
Stress Stress Fy = Fy = 50 50 ksi ksi
WELD DATA Tensile Strength Fu =
WELDWELD
DATA DATA Tensile
Tensile
Strength
Strength Fu = Fu = 65 ksi
65 65 ksi ksi
Weld Electrodes E__xx 70 Top Plate to Joist Girder Top Chord Welds
WeldWeld
Electrodes
Electrodes E__xx
E__xx 70 70 Top Plate
Top Plate
to Joist
to Joist
Girder
Girder
Top Chord
Top Chord
Welds Welds
JG TC Weld * w tc = 0.3125 in.
JG TCJGWeld
TC Weld
* * w tc =w tc =0.3125 0.3125
in. in.
JOIST GIRDER DATA ** JG TC Weld Length L tc = 8.0000 in.
JOIST JOIST
GIRDERGIRDER
DATA DATA
** ** JG TCJGWeld
TC Weld
Length Length L tc =L tc =8.0000 8.0000
in. in.
Joist Girder Depth d= 36.00 in. Top Plate to Column Cap Plate Welds
Joist Joist
GirderGirder
DepthDepth d = d =36.0036.00 in. in. Top Plate
Top Plate
to Column
to Column
Cap Plate
Cap Plate
Welds Welds
Distance / Gap between Chords gap = 1.0000 in. Cap PL Weld * w cp = 0.3125 in.
Distance
Distance
/ Gap/ between
Gap betweenChordsChords gap =gap =1.0000 1.0000
in. in. Cap PL
CapWeld
PL Weld
* * w cp w = cp =0.3125 0.3125
in. in.
Joist Girder Top Chord Cap PL Weld Length L cp = 8.0000 in.
JoistJoist
GirderGirder
Top Chord
Top Chord Cap PL
CapWeld
PL Weld
Length Length L cp =L cp =8.0000 8.0000
in. in.
Top Chord Equal Leg Angle Size B tc = 3.50 in.
Top Chord
Top Chord
EqualEqual
Leg Angle
Leg Angle
Size Size B tc =B tc = 3.50 3.50in. in.
Top Chord Angle Thickness t tc = BOTTOM CHORD - STABILIZER PLATE
Top Chord
Top Chord
AngleAngle
Thickness
Thickness t tc =t tc =0.3125
0.3125
in.
0.3125
in. in. BOTTOM
BOTTOM CHORD CHORD
- STABILIZER
- STABILIZERPLATEPLATE
Joist Girder Bottom Chord Plate Thickness t st = 0.7500 in.
JoistJoist
GirderGirder
Bottom
BottomChord Chord PlatePlate
Thickness
Thickness t st =t st =0.75000.7500
in. in.
Bottom Chord Equal Leg Angle Size B bc = 3.00 in. Plate Width W st = 8.000 in.
BottomBottom
Chord Chord
EqualEqual
Leg Angle
Leg Angle
Size Size
B bc = B bc = 3.00 3.00in. in. PlatePlate
WidthWidth W st W= st = 8.0008.000in. in.
Bottom Chord Angle Thickness t bc = 0.3750 in. Plate Yield Stress Fy = 50 ksi
BottomBottom
Chord Chord
AngleAngle
Thickness
Thickness t bc =t bc =0.3750 0.3750
in. in. PlatePlate
Yield Yield
StressStress Fy = Fy = 50 50 ksi ksi
Tensile Strength Fu =
Joist Girder End Bearing Seat
JoistJoist
GirderGirder
End Bearing
End Bearing Seat Seat Tensile
Tensile
Strength
Strength Fu = Fu = 65 ksi
65 65 ksi ksi
(1)
Bearing Seat Length (1) (1) N= 4.000 in. Bottom Chord to Stabilizer Plate Welds
Bearing
Bearing
Seat Seat
LengthLength N = N =4.0004.000 in. in. BottomBottom
Chord Chord
to Stabilizer
to Stabilizer
PlatePlate
Welds Welds
Bearing Seat Width (1)(1) (1) W= 7.000 in. JG BC Weld * w bc = 0.3125 in.
Bearing
Bearing
Seat Seat
WidthWidth W = W =7.0007.000 in. in. JG BCJGWeld
BC Weld
* * w bc w= bc =0.3125 0.3125
in. in.
Setback Clearance setback = 1.0000 in. JG BC Weld Length L bc = 8.0000 in.
Setback
Setback
Clearance
Clearance setback
setback
= =1.0000
1.0000
in. in. JG BCJGWeld
BC Weld
LengthLength L bc =L bc =8.0000 8.0000
in. in.
** Note: Stabilizer Plate to W Column Welds
** Note:
** Note: Stabilizer
Stabilizer
PlatePlate
to Wto Column
W ColumnWelds Welds
The Specifying Professional shall coordinate the Joist Girder Data Stabilizer Plate Weld * w sp = 0.5000 in.
The Specifying
The Specifying
Professional
Professional
shall coordinate
shall coordinate
the Joist
the Girder
Joist Girder
Data Data Stabilizer
Stabilizer
PlatePlate
WeldWeld
* * w sp w= sp =0.5000 0.5000
in. in.
with the Joist Girder Manufacturer / Supplier.
with the
withJoist
the Girder
Joist Girder
Manufacturer
Manufacturer
/ Supplier.
/ Supplier.
* Weld size must be compatible with material thick ness.
* Weld
* Weld
size must
size must
be compatible
be compatible
with material
with material
thick ness.
thick ness.

Figure
Figure 5.2
Figure
5.2 5.2
Sidewall Moment
Sidewall
Sidewall Connection
Moment
Moment with
Connection
Connection Top
withwith Plate
TopTop Plate
Plate

45
45 45
45
JOIST
JOIST GIRDER & COLUMN
GIRDER & COLUMN DESIGN
DESIGN LOAD
LOAD DATA
DATA CLEAR
CLEAR
JOIST GIRDER
JOIST GIRDER COLUMN Remarks:
COLUMN Remarks:
LOAD
LOAD Ru
Ru Mu
Mu Pu tc
Pu tc Pu bc
Pu bc Pu
Pu (1)See
(1) SeeSJISJISpecifications
Specificationsfor
forminimum
minimum
(5)
COMB.
COMB. (kips)
(kips) (kip-ft.)
(kip-ft.) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips) (5) (2) Not to exceed column flange
(2) Not to exceed column flange width width
1
1 49.00
49.00 290.00
290.00 (3) Not to encroach on stabilizer
(3) Not to encroach on stabilizer
2
2 (4)Less
(4) Lessthan
thanJG
JGTC
TCwidth
widthminus
minusweld
weldshelf
shelfdimension
dimension
3 (5)Includes
(5) IncludesJoist
JoistGirder
Girderend
endreactions
reactions
4
5
6

Note: '+' downward/gravity

Ru, End Reaction: '+' downward/gravity and
and '-''-' upward/uplift
upward/uplift
'+' clock
Mu, End Moment: '+' clockwise
wise
Pu tc, Top Chord Axial
Axial Force:
Force: '+'
'+' tension
tension on on chord
chord
Chord Axial
Pu bc, Bottom Chord Axial Force:
Force: '+' '+' tension
tension on
on chord
chord
Force for
Pu, Column Axial Force for Web
Web Panel
Panel Zone
Zone Shear
Shear Calculations:
Calculations: '+'
'+'compression
compression

SUMMARY RESULTS for MOMENT

MOMENT CONNECTION
CONNECTION

STIFFENED SEAT CONNECTION

CONNECTION O.K.
O.K.

Seat Plate Width W pp == 7.000

7.000 in.
in. O.K.
O.K.
Stiffener Width W ss == 5.000
5.000 in.
in. O.K.
O.K.

Seat
Seat Plate
Plate Stiffener
Stiffener
LOAD Reaction Shear
Shear Uplift
Uplift Plate
Plate Plate
Plate Bearing
Bearing Shear
Shear Eccentric
Eccentric Eccentric
Eccentric
COMB. Ru Yielding
Yielding Loading
Loading Weld
Weld Thickness
Thickness Strength
Strength Yielding
Yielding Loading
Loading Weld
Weld
(kips) Ru / ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru // ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru // ϕRn
ϕRn treq
treq//tt Ru
Ru//ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn Ru Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn
1 49.00 0.408
0.408 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.000
1.000 0.363
0.363 0.467
0.467 0.465
0.465 0.598
0.598
2 0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
3 0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
4 0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
5 0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
6 0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000

TOP CHORD
TOP CHORD CONNECTION
CONNECTION O.K.
O.K.

Top Plate
Top Plate Width
Width W tp =
W tp = 5.000
5.000 in.
in. O.K.
O.K.

JG
JG TC
TC TC
TC Top
TopPlate
Plate Column
Column
LOAD
LOAD Moment
Moment Axial
Axial Force
Force Plate
Plate Plate
Plate JG
JG Cap
CapPlate
Plate Shear
Shear Cap
CapPlate
Plate Cap
CapPlate
Plate
COMB.
COMB. Mu
Mu Pu
Pu tc
tc Ru
Ru Yielding
Yielding Rupture
Rupture Weld
Weld Weld
Weld Yielding
Yielding Thickness
Thickness Weld Weld
(kip-ft.)
(kip-ft.) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
(kips) Ru
Ru // ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru//ϕRn
ϕRn Ru Ru//ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn Ru
Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn treq
treq/ /t t Ru
Ru/ /ϕRn
ϕRn
1
1 290.00
290.00 0.00
0.00 100.87
100.87 0.717
0.717 0.779
0.779 0.906
0.906 0.906
0.906 0.526
0.526 0.381
0.381 0.627
0.627
2
2 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
3
3 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
4
4 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
5
5 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
6
6 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000

Note: Joist
Note: Joist Girder
Girder top
top chord
chord shear
shear lag
lag factor
factor is
is 0.78.
0.78. To
To reduce
reducethe
theeffect
effecton
onthe
theJoist
JoistGirder,
Girder,increase
increasethe
theweld
weldlength.
length.
JG Supplier
JG Supplier to
to review
review chord
chord effective
effective area
area (shear
(shear lag)
lag)
Figure
Figure 5.2
5.2
Sidewall
Sidewall Moment
Moment Connection
Connection with
withTop
TopPlate
Plate(Continued)
(Continued)

46
46

46
BOTTOM CHORD CONNECTION O.K.
BOTTOM CHORD CONNECTION O.K.

Stabilizer Plate Width W st = 8.000 in. O.K.

Stabilizer Plate Width W st = 8.000 in. O.K.

JG BC BC Stabilizer Plate Column

JG BC BC Stabilizer Plate Column
LOAD Moment Axial Force Plate Plate JG Plate Yielding Crippling P.Z. Shear
LOAD Moment Axial Force Plate Plate JG Plate Yielding Crippling P.Z. Shear
COMB. Mu Pu bc Ru Yielding Rupture Weld Weld J10.2 J10.3 J10.6
COMB. Mu Pu bc Ru Yielding Rupture Weld Weld J10.2 J10.3 J10.6
(kip-ft.) (kips) (kips) Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn
(kip-ft.) (kips) (kips) Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn Ru / ϕRn
1 290.00 0.00 -100.87 0.374 0.000 0.453 0.377 0.442 0.528 0.585
1 290.00 0.00 -100.87 0.374 0.000 0.453 0.377 0.442 0.528 0.585
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Note: Joist Girder bottom chord shear lag factor is 0.85. To reduce the effect on the Joist Girder, increase the weld length.
Note: Joist Girder bottom chord shear lag factor is 0.85. To reduce the effect on the Joist Girder, increase the weld length.
JG Supplier to review chord effective area (shear lag)
JG Supplier to review chord effective area (shear lag)

DETAILED RESULTS for MOMENT CONNECTION

DETAILED RESULTS for MOMENT CONNECTION

WELDS
WELDS
Strength Rn = 42.0 ksi
Strength Rn = 42.0 ksi
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.75
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.75
Design Strength ϕRn = 31.5 ksi
Design Strength ϕRn = 31.5 ksi

STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION

STIFFENED SEATED CONNECTION

Seat Plate Stiffener

Seat Plate Stiffener
Shear Bearing Eccentric Shear Vertical Horizontal Resultant
Shear Bearing Eccentric Shear Vertical Horizontal Resultant
Yielding Contact Loading Yielding Weld Weld Weld
Yielding Contact Loading Yielding Weld Weld Weld
LOAD Reaction Eq. 5-16 Eq. 5-11 Eq. 5-12 Eq. 5-17 Comp. Comp. Eq. 5-15
LOAD Reaction Eq. 5-16 Eq. 5-11 Eq. 5-12 Eq. 5-17 Comp. Comp. Eq. 5-15
COMB. Ru tp ts ts ts Ruv Ruh Ru
COMB. Ru tp ts ts ts Ruv Ruh Ru
(kips) (in) (in) (in) (in) (kips/in) (kips/in) (kips/in)
(kips) (in) (in) (in) (in) (kips/in) (kips/in) (kips/in)
1 49.00 0.2042 0.1815 0.2323 0.233 2.465 3.353 4.162
1 49.00 0.2042 0.1815 0.2323 0.233 2.465 3.353 4.162
2 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
These equations are from SJI Technical Digest 11
These equations are from SJI Technical Digest 11

Figure
Figure 5.2
5.2
Sidewall
Sidewall Moment
Moment Connection
Connection with
with Top
Top Plate
Plate (Continued)
(Continued)

47
47
47
Seat Plate - Shear Yielding Stiffener - Local Buckling
(Eq. 5-16) min. tp = 0.2042 in. AISC J10.8(b) min. t = 0.5000 in.
Strength Rn = 120.0 kips
Resistance Factor ϕ= 1.00 Stiffener - Bearing Strength on Contact Area
Design Strength ϕRn = 120.0 kips (Eq. 5-11) min. ts = 0.1815 in.
Bearing Strength Rn = 180.0 kips
Seat PlateSeat Plate -Loading
- Uplift Shear Yielding Stiffener
Resistance- Local Buckling
Factor ϕ= 0.75
(Eq. 5-16) min. tp = 0.2042 in. AISC J10.8(b) min. t = 0.5000 in.
REF: SJI Technical Digest 6 - Table 5.3 Design Strength ϕRn = 135.0 kips
Strength Rn = 120.0 kips
Joist Girder Seat - 2
Resistance Bolt Connectionϕ with
Factor = washers
1.00 Stiffener - Bearing Strength on Contact Area
Bolt GageDesign Strength g=ϕRn =5.00 120.0 in.kips Stiffener
(Eq. 5-11) - Shear Yielding
min. ts = 0.1815 in.
Seat Plate Bending - consider 45 degree projection (Eq. 5-17)
Bearing Strength Rnmin.
= ts180.0
= 0.2333
kips in.
Seat Plate
Plate effective width- Uplift Loading
beff = 4.0000 in. Resistance
Strength Factor ϕ = Rn0.75
= 105.0 kips
REF: SJI Technical Digest 6 - Table 5.3 Design Strength ϕRn = 135.0 kips
Flexural Strength Mn = 12.50 kip-in. Resistance Factor ϕ= 1.00
Joist Girder Seat - 2 Bolt Connection with washers
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.90 Design Strength ϕRn = 105.0 kips
Bolt Gage g= 5.00 in. Stiffener - Shear Yielding
Design Strength ϕRn = 10.0 kips
Seat Plate Bending - consider 45 degree projection (Eq. 5-17) min. ts = 0.2333 in.
Plate effective width beff = 4.0000 in. Stiffener - Eccentric Loading
Strength Rn = 105.0 kips
Joist Girder bolted
Flexural end seat connection
Strength Mn = 12.50shall kip-in. (Eq. 5-12)Factor
Resistance min.
ϕ = ts1.00
= 0.2323 in.
Resistance
be specified Factor
by the ϕ=
specifying professional0.90 Design
Width Strength ϕRn = w105.0
= kips
5.000 in.
Design
including bolt Strength
material grade andϕRn 10.0
bolt= diameter. kips Eccentricity es = 3.000 in.
Stiffener - Eccentric Loading
Strength Rn = 140.6 kips
Joist Girder bolted end seat connection shall (Eq. 5-12) min. ts = 0.2323 in.
Weld - Seat Plate toby
be specified Stiffener Plateprofessional
the specifying Resistance
Width Factor w= ϕ5.000 0.75
= in.
Strength including bolt material Rn = and111.4
grade kips
bolt diameter. Design Strength
Eccentricity es =ϕRn3.000
= 105.5
in. kips
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.75 Strength Rn = 140.6 kips
Design Weld
WeldStrength ϕRn = Plate
- Seat Plate to Stiffener 83.5 kips StiffenerFactor
Resistance - Thickness to develop
ϕ= Fillet Welds
0.75
Strength Rn = 111.4 kips Design Strength
(Eq. 5-13, 5-14) ϕRn = ts105.5
min. kips
= 0.4759 in.
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.75
Design Weld Strength ϕRn = 83.5 kips Stiffener - Thickness to develop Fillet Welds
Stiffener - Eccentric Weld
(Eq. 5-13, 5-14)
Group to Column
min. ts = 0.4759 in.
Strength provided rn = 9.279 kips / in.
(Eq. 5-15
Stiffener modified)Weld Group
- Eccentric max.toRu =
Column 4.162 kips / in.
Resistance
Strength Factor
provided rn = ϕ9.279
= 0.75
kips / in.
(Eq. 5-15Strength
Design modified) max. Ru =ϕRn4.162
= kips / in. kips / in.
6.960
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.75
Design Strength ϕRn = 6.960 kips / in.
JOIST GIRDER CHORD FORCES Top Chord Connection
JG
JOIST GIRDER TC FORCESBC
CHORD TC BC TopTopPlate Weld to
Chord Connection Weld to
LOAD Moment * JG Axial TC AxialBC Force
TC Force
BC TopYielding
Plate Weld JG
to TCWeld toCap Plate
COMB. LOAD Mu MomentPu* tc Axial Pu bc
Axial Ru
Force Ru
Force tp
Yielding min. L Cap
JG TC tot Plate
min. L tot
COMB.
(kip-ft.) Mu (kips) Pu tc (kips)
Pu bc Ru
(kips) Ru
(kips) tp (in) min. L tot(in) min. L tot (in)
1 290.00 (kip-ft.) 0.00 (kips) 0.00(kips) 100.87
(kips) (kips)
-100.87 (in)
0.4483 (in) 14.49 (in) 14.49
1 290.00 0.00 0.00 100.87 -100.87 0.4483 14.49 14.49
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00
3 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0000 0.00
4 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0000 0.00
5 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0000 0.00
6 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.0000
0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
* Note: Moment Chord Force = Moment / (JG Depth - (Angle Size / 2))
* Note: Moment Chord Force = Moment / (JG Depth - (Angle Size / 2))

Figure 5.2
Figurewith
Sidewall Moment Connection 5.2 Top Plate (Continued)
Sidewall Moment Connection with Top Plate (Continued)

48

48

48
TOP CHORD CONNECTION
TOP CHORD
Top Plate CONNECTION
- Yielding Weld - Top Plate to Joist Girder Top Chord
Min.
Topthickness
Plate - Yielding min. tp = 0.4483 in. Design
Weld - Strength ϕRnTop
Top Plate to Joist Girder 6.960
= Chord kips / in.
Strength
Min. thickness min.Rntp = 0.4483
156.3 kips
in. Design Strength ϕRn = 111.4
6.960 kips / in.
Resistance
Strength Factor Rn ϕ = 156.3
0.90 kips Weld Length
Design Total
Strength min. LϕRn
tot = 14.49
111.4 in.
kips
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 140.6
0.90 kips Weld Length per
TotalSide min.
min. L=
L tot 7.25
14.49 in. / side
Design Strength ϕRn = 140.6 kips Weld Length per Side min. L = 7.25 in. / side
Top Plate - Tensile Rupture Weld - Top Plate to Column Cap Plate
Shear Lag at
Top Plate JG
- Tensile Rupture U = 0.85 Design
Weld - Strength
Top Plate to Column CapϕRn =Plate6.960 kips / in.
Shear Lag at JGCap Plate U= 0.85 Design Strength ϕRn = 111.4
6.960 kips / in.
Strength
Shear Lag at Cap Plate Rn U = 172.7
0.85 kips Weld
DesignLength Total
Strength min. LϕRn
tot = 14.49
111.4 in.
kips
Resistance
Strength Factor Rn ϕ = 172.7
0.75 kips Weld Length per
TotalSide min.
min. L=
L tot 7.25
14.49 in. / side
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 129.5
0.75 kips Min.
Weldthickness
Length per Side min. tcap
min. L = 0.2379
7.25 in. / side
Design Strength ϕRn = 129.5 kips Min. thickness min. tcap = 0.2379 in.
Column - Shear Yielding Column Cap Plate - Weld to Column Web
Strength
Column - Shear Yielding Vn = 191.7 kips Weld
Columnlength Column,
Cap Plate - Weld T = Web
to Column 15.50 in.
Web Shear Coefficient
Strength Cv1
Vn = 191.7
1.00 kips Min. thickness
Weld length min. tcap
Column, T = 0.2855
15.50 in.
Resistance
Web Shear Factor
Coefficient Cv1 ϕ= 1.00 Min. thickness min.
min. tw = 0.2855
tcap 0.5710 in.
Design Strength
Resistance Factor Vcx ϕ = 191.7
1.00 kips Strength
Min. thickness min.Rn 214.6
tw = 0.5710 kips
in.
Design Strength Vcx = 191.7 kips Resistance Factor
Strength Rnϕ= 0.75
214.6 kips
Joist Girder - Shear Lag Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRnϕ= 160.9
0.75 kips
Eccentricity
Joist Girder - Shear Lag x bar = 0.99 in. Design Strength ϕRn = 160.9 kips
Shear Lag Factor
Eccentricity x barU= 0.78
0.99 in.
Shear Lag Factor U= 0.78 Weld - Joist Girder Bottom Chord to Stabilizer Plate
BOTTOM CHORD CONNECTION Min.
Weld thickness min.Chord
- Joist Girder Bottom t st = to0.4759
Stabilizerin.
Plate
BOTTOM
Stabilizer CHORD CONNECTION
Plate - Yielding Strength
Min. thickness min. tRn 296.9
st = 0.4759 kips
in.
Plate Effective
Stabilizer Width
Plate - Yielding W eff = 8.000 in. Resistance Factor
Strength Rnϕ= 0.75
296.9 kips
Strength
Plate Effective Width W Rn
eff = 300.0
8.000 kips
in. Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ= 222.7
0.75 kips
Resistance Factor
Strength Rn ϕ = 300.0
0.90 kips Design Strength ϕRn = 222.7 kips
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 270.0
0.90 kips Weld - Stabilizer Plate to W Column Flange
Design Strength ϕRn = 270.0 kips Strength Rn = Flange
Weld - Stabilizer Plate to W Column 356.3 kips
Stabilizer Plate - Block Shear Rupture Strength Resistance Factor
Strength Rnϕ= 0.75
356.3 kips
Strength
Stabilizer Plate - Block Shear RnRupture
= 448.125 kips
Strength Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ= 267.2
0.75 kips
Resistance Factor
Strength Rn ϕ = 448.125
0.75 kips Design Strength ϕRn = 267.2 kips
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 336.1
0.75 kips
Design Strength ϕRn = 336.1 kips
Joist Girder - Shear Lag
Eccentricity
Joist Girder - Shear Lag x bar = 0.89 in.
Shear Lag Factor
Eccentricity x barU= 0.85
0.89 in.
Shear Lag Factor U= 0.85
CONCENTRATED FORCES AT COLUMN
CONCENTRATED FORCES AT COLUMN
J10.2 Web Local Yielding J10.5 Web Compression Buckling
Strength
J10.2 Web Local Yielding Rn = 228.3 kips Strength
J10.5 Web Compression Buckling Rn = N/A kips
Resistance Factor
Strength Rn ϕ = 228.3
1.00 kips Resistance Factor
Strength Rnϕ= N/A kips
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 228.3
1.00 kips Design
Resistance Strength
Factor ϕRnϕ= N/A
N/A kips
Design Strength ϕRn = 228.3 kips Design Strength ϕRn = N/A kips
J10.3 Web Crippling J10.6 Web Panel-Zone Shear
Strength
J10.3 Web Crippling Rn = 254.6 kips J10.6J10-9
Eqs. Weband Panel-Zone
J10-10 areShear
used in this calculation.
Resistance
Strength Factor Rn ϕ = 254.6
0.75 kips It is assumed
Eqs. J10-9 andthat the effect
J10-10 of panel-zone
are used deformation on
in this calculation.
Design Strength
Resistance Factor ϕRn ϕ = 191.0
0.75 kips Itframe stabilitythat
is assumed wasthe
noteffect
considered in the analysis.
of panel-zone deformation on
Design Strength ϕRn = 191.0 kips frame stability was not considered in the analysis.
Available Axial Strength Pc = 735.0 kips
Design Strength
Available Axial Strength ϕRn
Pc = See Table Below
735.0 kips
Resistance
Design Factor
Strength ϕRnϕ = See0.90Table Below
Resistance Factor ϕ= 0.90
Column Panel Zone Design
LOAD Axial
Column Shear
Panel Zone Strength
Design
COMB.
LOAD Pr
Axial Pr / Pc Shear
Ru ϕRn
Strength Ru / ϕRn
COMB. (kips)
Pr Pr / Pc (kips)
Ru (kips)
ϕRn Ru / ϕRn
1 0.00
(kips) 0.000 100.9
(kips) 172.5
(kips) 0.585
2
1 0.00 0.000 0.0
100.9 172.5 0.000
0.585
3
2 0.00 0.000 0.0 172.5 0.000
4
3 0.00 0.000 0.0 172.5 0.000
4
5 0.00 0.000 0.0 172.5 0.000
5
6 0.00 0.000 0.0 172.5 0.000
6 0.00 0.000 0.0 172.5 0.000
Figure 5.2
Figure with
Sidewall Moment Connection 5.2 Top Plate (Continued)
Sidewall Moment Connection with Top Plate (Continued)
49
49
49
 Moment Connection
Moment Connection- Sidewall
- Sidewall Strong AxisWWColumn
Strong Axis Column - Top
- Top Plate
Plate
(SJI(SJI Specification/ /AISC
Specification AISC Specification
Specification 360-16
360-16- LRFD)
- LRFD)

ProjectProject
Name:Name:TD 1TD 1
Project Number: 123
Project Number: 123
Engineer: ABC Date: 12/22/2022
Engineer: ABC Date: 12/22/2022

0.625" x 5" TOP PLATE

5/16 8 0.625" x 5" TOP PLATE
5/16 5/16
8 8
5/16 8 1" 5/16 8
1" 5/16
5/16 88
0.75" CAP PLATE
5/16 8
0.75" CAP PLATE
4"

4"
3/8
3/8 7" 0.5" x 7" SEAT PLATE
3/8 5/16
3/8 0.5" x 7" SEAT PLATE
5/16
7"

36"
5/16
5/16
5" 5/16
5/16

36"
0.5" STIFFENER
5/16 PLATE WITH
5" 3/4" CLIP,
5/16FINISH TO BEAR

0.5" STIFFENER
5/16 8
PLATE WITH
3/4" CLIP,
5/16 FINISH
8 TO BEAR
8"

5/16 8
5/16 8
W18X50 COLUMN
8"

0.75" BOTTOM CHORD STABILIZER PLATE

W18X50 COLUMN
1/2
1/2
0.75" BOTTOM CHORD STABILIZER PLATE

Figure 5.3
1/2
Sidewall Column Results
1/2

Figure 5.3
Sidewall Column Results

50

50

50
 6
CHAPTER 6 6
CHAPTER
SPECIFYINGLOADS
SPECIFYING LOADS

It must be understood that the joist manufacturer does not establish the loading requirements
for the steel joists and joist girders. The specifying professional shall provide the magnitude
and location of all loads for which the joists and joist girders should be designed.

Specifying Joists with Concentrated Loads Greater than 100 Pounds

The following statement is included in the SJI Catalog. “For nominal concentrated loads
between panel points, which have been accounted for in the specified uniform design loads,
a "strut" to transfer the load to a panel point on the opposite chord shall not be required,
provided the sum of the concentrated loads within a chord panel does not exceed 100
pounds and the attachments are concentric to the chord.” See Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1
Field Applied Struts

When concentrated loads do not meet the above criteria, and the specifying professional
indicates the exact locations and magnitudes for the concentrated loads, the joist
manufacturer will design for the loads and load combinations provided, without the need
for additional field applied web members at the specified locations.

Specifying Add-Loads and Bend-Check Loads

Add-loads and bend-check loads are tools for dealing with concentrated loads. The SJI
Code of Standard Practice provides definitions for both. An add-load is “a single vertical
concentrated load that occurs at any one panel point along the joist chord. This load is in
addition to any other gravity loads specified.” A bend-check load is “a vertical concentrated
load used to design the joist chord for the additional bending stresses resulting from this
load being applied at any location between the joist panel points. This load shall already be
accounted for in the specified joist designation load, uniform load, or add-load, and is used
only for the additional bending check in the chord and does not contribute to the overall
axial forces within the joist.” Bend-check loads can be specified for the top chord, the bottom
chord, or for both. The magnitude of the top chord and bottom chord bend-check do not
have to be the same. Add-loads and bend-check loads can be used in conjunction or
separate, depending on the concentrated load type and design method used to specify the
load. See section “Specifying Joists with Concentrated Loads Greater than 100 Pounds”.
51
51
Add-loads are a good way to build in extra capacity for joists. They allow a future load to
be installed at any location along the joist, since the shear and moment envelope are
covered by the add-load. If the future load does not occur at a panel point, field installed
web members can be installed to transfer the load to an existing panel point on the
opposite chord. Using an add-load will also make evaluating a joist when the future load
is installed easier than if additional uniform loads were added to the designation to provide
additional capacity.

Specifying Traveling Loads

For a traveling load with no specific location, specifying the traveling load as an add-load
is often the best option. This allows the joist manufacturer to design for the worst case for
both the shear and bending moment. If the traveling load occurs between panel points,
there are two common options. The first is for the construction documents to specify that
field installed webs be installed at the final load location. The second is to require the joist
to be designed for a bend-check load equal to the traveling load. This way, the bend-
check covers localized bending between panel points and the add-load covers global
shear and bending on the joist.

In some cases, a traveling load will only be supported by the top chord of a joist or only
by the bottom chord. The specifying professional could specify the chord (top or bottom)
be designed for a traveling load at any panel point. If the load can occur between panel
points, either field installed webs should be called out or a bend-check load required on
the specific chord (top or bottom). For example, if a joist is to have a 300 pound High
Volume Low Speed (HVLS) fan hung from the bottom chord of the joist, but the final
location is not known and may be between panel points, the specifying professional could
call out the joist to be designed for a 300 pound traveling load at any bottom chord panel
point and a 300 pound bend-check load on the bottom chord.

Specifying Axial Loads

Information that the specifying professional must provide to the joist manufacturer:
1. Magnitude of the axial load in kips (kN) and whether these values are ASD or LRFD.
2. Whether this load is due to wind or seismic.
3. If axial load is to be resisted by the top or bottom chord of the joist.
4. Means of axial load transfer into or out of the joist or joist girder.

Specifying Uplift Loads

When net uplift is specified for simple loading, it shall already take into account possible
reduced dead loading present in order to create the largest net uplift load combination. For
more complex loading or when the dead load varies greatly for use in load combinations,
gross uplift should be specified with the minimum and maximum dead load values clearly
defined. If the uplift cannot be assigned in pounds per linear foot, a diagram can be shown
for joist loading using pounds per square foot.

Since there are frequently different zones of uplift magnitudes on a large roof, it may be
beneficial to provide a joist loading diagram or a key plan diagram providing the zone
dimensions and uplift values in pounds per square foot. (e.g., Figure 6.4). Note that when
52
52
the uplift values are being determined using ASCE/SEI 7, the joists are normally to be
considered as “components and cladding” while the joist girders are part of the “Main Wind
Force Resisting System (MWFRS)”. The difference in the uplift values determined can be
quite significant.

The specifying professional is referred to the SJI COSP for additional information on
designation and or specification of all other loads.

Specifying Flush-Frame Connections

When specifying flush-frame connections (see Figure 4.1), the specifying professional has
several items to consider and has various design requirements. Coordination with the joist
manufacturer is encouraged. The design requirements and considerations for the specifying
professional are:
1. Determine minimum width and length of shear tab (extended/non-extended)1.
2. Design the bolt group for the moment due to the eccentric reaction.
3. Determine if the joist end reaction should be carried through the center of the
girder web or the bolt line.
4. Do not design the bolts as slip-critical (unless considered necessary).
5. For conditions at the building perimeter, consider including additional bracing
for the girder to minimize rotation.
6. Consider adding crack-control rebar over the girder.

Typical prescriptive design requirements suggested by the joist manufacturer:

1. Use A325 or A490 1 inch diameter bolts.
2. Use 3 bolts minimum.
3. Use a single line of bolts.
4. Typical joist end plate is 1 inch thick.
5. Provide short slots in either the shear tab or joist end plate.

Information that the design professional must provide to the joist manufacturer:
1. Girder size and the joist reaction.
2. Location of top bolt from the top of girder.
3. Distance from girder centerline to bolt line and bolt pitch.
4. If short slots are being provided in the shear tab.

The joist manufacturer also has several design requirements. These include:
1. Design the joist end plate to the joist for all forces and moments.
2. If the specifying professional specifies the joist end reaction is to be carried through
the center of the girder web, the joist manufacturer will design the joist for the full
eccentric moment in addition to all other loading, unless otherwise specified.
3. Depending on the magnitude of the eccentric moments, the joist manufacturer
may call out braces to minimize the design effects on the joist.

1An extended shear tab is where the vertical row of bolts is beyond the flange of the girder. A non-extended
1shear tab is where the vertical row of bolts is within the flange of the girder.
53
53
Joist and Joist
Joist and Joist Girder
Girder Diagrams
Diagrams with
with Non-Uniform
Non-Uniform LoadsLoads
When K, LH, and DLH-Series joists and joist girders
When K, LH, and DLH-Series joists and joist girders are not are not subjected
subjected toto uniform
uniform loading,
loading,
a load diagram may be the best way to convey the loading information
a load diagram may be the best way to convey the loading information to the joist to the joist
manufacturer. Typical
manufacturer. Typical diagrams
diagrams are
are shown
shown inin Figures
Figures 6.2
6.2 and
and 6.3.
6.3. The
The design
design professional
professional
must clearly indicate if the loading is ASD or
must clearly indicate if the loading is ASD or LRFD.LRFD.

Figure
Figure 6.2
6.2
Joist
Joist Load
Load Diagrams
Diagrams

Figure
Figure 6.3
6.3
Joist
Joist Girder
Girder with
with End
End Moments
Moments Load
Load Diagram
Diagram

54
54
54
 Sample Joist Schedules
Using a joist schedule is an efficient way to convey loading requirements. A schedule allows
Sample
the loading Joist Schedules
to be consolidated in one place, preventing the drawings from being cluttered.
Using
It is common to haveisthe
a joist schedule an efficient
same joist way designation
to convey loading used requirements.
in more than Aone schedule allows
bay. With a
the loading to be consolidated in one place, preventing the
schedule, the specifying professional can call out the mark number (e.g., J1) in appropriate drawings from being cluttered.
It is common
bays in lieu ofJoist
Sample to have
calling outthe
Schedules thesame joist designation
designation in each bay.used Having in the
more than one inbay.
designation With a
a schedule
schedule,
decreases
Using athethe specifying
joistchances
schedule is professional
ofanerrors
efficient can
because call
way to convey out the
the designationmark number (e.g.,
and any Aother
loading requirements. J1) in
required
schedule appropriate
allows loading
baysnoted
are in lieu
the loadingof calling
once to outmultiple
the designation
be consolidated
and not intimes. It in
one place, is each bay. the
preventing
recommended Having
drawings
thatthethe
designation
from infrom
a schedule
being cluttered.
schedules the SJI
decreases
It is
website be used. the
common chances
to have of errors
the same because
joist the
designation designation
used in and
more any
than other
one required
bay. With a loading
schedule,
are noted once theand
specifying professional
not multiple times. canIt call out the mark number
is recommended that (e.g., J1) in appropriate
the schedules from the SJI
bays in lieu of calling out the designation in each bay. Having the designation in a schedule
website
The be used.of a schedule will vary by project. Schedules are adjustable to have as
complexity
decreases the chances of errors because the designation and any other required loading
manyare ornoted
as few onceheadings as required.
and not multiple times. It is With the loadthat
recommended combinations
the schedules from in building
the SJI codes
The complexity
becomingwebsite more of a schedule will vary by project. Schedules
complex, a schedule is a clear way to convey all the different types
be used. are adjustable to of
have as
loads.
many or as few headings as required. With the load
When the specifying professional breaks out all the different load types in a schedule, the combinations in building codes
becoming
bidders Thecan more
complexity complex,
design of
the a schedule
a joist
schedule
for the is aby clear
will appropriate
vary way
project.
load tocombinations.
conveyare
Schedules all adjustable
the different typesasof loads.
to have
many or as few headings as required. With the load
When the specifying professional breaks out all the different load types in a schedule, combinations in building codes the
bidders becoming
can designmore complex, a schedule is a clear way to convey all the different types of loads.
It is When
important for the
the specifying
joist for the appropriate
theprofessional
specifying professional
breaks
loadto combinations.
out all the differentmakeload sure
types inthe schedule
a schedule, the clearly
conveys bidders thecan load information,
design theappropriate
the joist for the load type,load and whether the design will use ASD or
combinations.
It is important
LRFD for the specifying professional to make sure the schedule clearly
load combinations.
conveys It is the load information,
important for the specifying the load type, and
professional whether
to make surethe thedesign
schedule use ASD or
willclearly
LRFD load combinations.
Shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 are schedules which are in the SJI Code of Standardor
conveys the load information, the load type, and whether the design will use ASD Practice
LRFD load combinations.
(COSP). The tables can be downloaded from the SJI website for use,
Shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 are schedules
http://www.steeljoist.org/Professional which are in the SJI Code of Standard Practice
Resources.
Shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 are schedules which are in the SJI Code of Standard Practice
(COSP). The tables can be downloaded from the SJI website for use,
(COSP). The tables can be downloaded from the SJI website for use,
http://www.steeljoist.org/Professional
http://www.steeljoist.org/Professional Resources.
Resources.
Load Schedule (all loads are to be shown as unfactored)
Designation(1) Loading(2) W Wind Add-Load(6) Bend-Check(7)
(TL/LL) Load Load
DL Schedule
(3) Schedule
LL (4) (all
(all loads
loads
Down Net are
are toto
(5) bebe shown
shown
TL/LL as Dunfactored)
as unfactored) D
Mark Designation (1) Loading (2) W Wind Add-Load Bend-Check
(6) (6) (7) Remarks
Designation
Joists (plf)(1) Loadingor Lr/S/R
(2) wardW WindUplift Add-Load Bend-Check
TC BC (7)
(TL/LL) DL LL Down Net (5) TL/LL
TL/LL D (kips) D D (kips)
(3) (4) (5)
Girders
Mark (TL/LL)
(kips) DL
(plf)
(3) LL
(plf)
(4) Down
(plf) Net
(plf) (kips/kips) D Remarks
Mark Joists (plf) or Lr/S/R ward Uplift TC BC Remarks
J1 Joists
18KSP(plf)
Girders (kips) 120 (plf) or Lr/S/R
185(plf) ward
(plf) Uplift
180
(plf) 1.0/0.6 TC
(kips/kips) (kips) (kips) 0.3
BC Axial Loads
J2 Girders
J1 24KSP(kips)
18KSP (plf)
85120 (plf)
155185 (plf) (plf)
180 (kips/kips) (kips)0.3 (kips) Axial Loads
1.0/0.6 Wind Moments
J3
J1 J2 28LHSP
18KSP 24KSP 11085
120 355
185155 175
180 1.0/0.6
0.5 0.3 Wind Drift Loads,
Axial Loads
Moments see diagram
J2 J3 24KSP 28LHSP 85110 155355 175 0.5 Wind
Drift Loads, see Moments
diagram
G1
J3 36G5N6.5K/3.5K
28LHSP 110 355 360
175 0.5 Drift Loads,
End Moments
see diagram
G1 36G5N6.5K/3.5K 360 End Moments
G1 (36G5N6.5K/3.5K
1) Joist 360Provide both total and live loads. End Moments
(1) designation loads
Joist designation include
loads allalluniform
include uniform gravity loads.
gravity loads. Provide both total and live loads.
(2) Loading values
(2) Loading are not
values required
are not required if ifdesignation loadingvalues
designation loading values areare correct
correct for deflection
for deflection and
and load load combinations.
combinations.
((3)
1) When
Joist standard
(3) designation
When SJI
standard designations
loads include allare
SJI designations are used,
uniformused, the design
the design
gravity dead
dead
loads. load
load
Provide isboth
required
is required for
for load
total and load
livecombinations
loads.with windwith
combinations wind or seismic.
or seismic.
(4)
(2) The(4)floor
Theor roof
floor or live load,
roof live snow,
load, snow, or orrain
rainload.
load.
Loading values are not required if designation loading values are correct for deflection and load combinations.
(5) (5) When
When net uplift
net uplift is specified
is specified forfor simpleloading,
simple loading, itit shall
shallalready
already take intointo
take account
account possible reduced
possible dead loading
reduced dead present
loading present
(3) When standard
in order to SJI
create designations
the largest areuplift
net used, thecombination.
load design dead For load
more is complex
required for load
loading or combinations
when the deadthewith
load wind
variesor seismic.
(4) in order
The floor to
or create
roof livethe largest
load, snow, net oruplift
rain load
load. combination. For more complex loading or when dead load varies
greatly for use in load combinations below, gross uplift should be specified with the reliable/permanent dead load
(5) greatlyvalues
When foruplift
net use in specified
is
clearly
load combinations
defined. Iffor thesimple below,begross
loading,
uplift cannot shalluplift
itassigned already should
in pounds takeperbe
into specified
account
lineal
with
foot, apossible
the reliable/permanent
key planreduced dead loading
diagram including
dead load
the present
values
in order clearly
to create
dimensions defined.
of the If the
largest
all zones shalluplift
net cannot
be uplift
provided load becombination.
assigned
showing in For
the loading pounds moreper
in pounds perlineal
complex square foot,
foot.a key
loading plan diagram
or when the deadincluding the
load varies
dimensions
(6) Design of
forall
a zones
concentratedshall be
load provided
located showing
at any one the
panel loading
point in
along pounds
the
greatly for use in load combinations below, gross uplift should be specified with the reliable/permanent dead load joist. per
In square
the absencefoot.
of a live load value of
(6) Designthe
values foradd-load,
clearlya concentrated
the add-load
defined. If theload located
will takenat
be cannot
uplift asanydead
be one
load.
assignedpanelinpoint
pounds along perthe joist.foot,
lineal In the absence
a key of a live load
plan diagram valuethe
including of
the(7)add-load,
Chord membersthe shall bewill
add-load designed
be takenfor additional
as dead bending
load. stresses created by this concentrated total load.
dimensions of all zones shall be provided showing the loading in pounds per square foot.
(7)
(6) Chord
Designmembers shall be designed
for a concentrated load located for additional
at any one bending
Table
panel 6.1stresses
point along created
the joist.by this concentrated
In the absence oftotal load.
a live load value of
the add-load, the add-load will be taken asSJI COSP
dead Load Schedule
load.
Table 6.1
(7) Chord members shall be designed for additional bending
SJI COSP Loadstresses created by this concentrated total load.
Schedule
55 6.1
Table
SJI COSP Load Schedule
55

55
55
 A key plan diagram is shown in Figure 6.4.
A key plan diagram is shown in Figure 6.4.

A key plan diagram is shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4
Key Plan for Uplift
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.4
Key Plan for Uplift
Key Plan for Uplift
Axial End Moments
Designation Live Load Lateral Moments (k-ft.) Transfer
Min. Details(1)
Mark
(TL/LL)
I W EAxial Em
Axial Continuity End Moments
End Moments
Live Load
MomentsLoad Lateral Moments Transfer Transfer
Joists Designation
(plf)
Designation In. 4 Min.Wind Seismic Live W Wind Lateral E (k-ft.) (k-ft.)
Moments Em Details(1)
Girders (TL/LL) Min.
(kips) W E (kips) E Continuity
(kip-ft.)
Continuity Details(1)
Mark (TL/LL) I (kips)
W Wind(kips)
E Em m Moments
Mark Joists (plf) I
In. Seismic Moments W Wind E Em
Joists (plf)
Girders (kips)In.4
4
Wind(kips)
Seismic
(kips) (kips)
L (kip-ft.)R LW WindR L E R L Em R L R
Girders (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kip-ft.)R
L L R L R L R L R
J1 18KSP 18.0 21.8 9/S8 None
J1 18KSP 18.0 21.8
L R L R L R L R
9/S8
L
None
R
J2 24KSP 40 40 35 35 6/S6 4/S6
J1 18KSP
J2 24KSP 18.0 21.8 40 40 35 35 6/S6 9/S8
4/S6 None
G1 36G5N6.5K/3.5K 985 75 95 55 60 11/S8 12/S8
J2 24KSP
G1 36G5N6.5K/3.5K 985 40
75 40
95 5535 60 35 11/S8 6/S6
12/S8 4/S6
G1 36G5N6.5K/3.5K 985 75 95 55 60 11/S8 12/S8

(1) Transfer
(1) Transfer detailsdetails
shall shall be defined
be defined at both
at both theleft
the leftand
and right
right ends
endsofofthe joist
the or joist
joist girder
or joist indicating
girder the force
indicating thetransfer
force transfer
methodmethod as applicable.
as applicable.
(1) Transfer details shall be defined at both the left and Table
right6.2
ends of the joist or joist girder indicating the force transfer
method as applicable. SJI COSP Axial andTable 6.2
End Moment Load Schedule
SJI COSP Axial and End Moment Load Schedule
Table 6.2
When special loads asSJI COSPinAxial
shown Tablesand 6.1
Endand Moment Load
6.2 are Schedulethe load combinations
specified,
Whentospecial
be usedloads asand
for joist shown in Tables
joist girder 6.1
design andbe6.2
shall are specified, the load combinations
provided.
to be used for joist and joist girder design shall be provided.
When special loads as shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 are specified, the load combinations
to be used for joist and joist girder design shall 56 be provided.
56
56
56
 7
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTERDIGESTS
TECHNICAL 7
TECHNICAL
ANDDIGESTS
TOOLS AND TOOLS
Available Technical Digests

▪ Technical Digest 1 Utilizing and Specifying Open Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 2 Bridging and Bracing of Steel Joists and Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 3 Structural Design of Steel Joist Roofs to Resist Ponding Loads

▪ Technical Digest 4 Guidance for Building Design Using Steel Joists

▪ Technical Digest 5 Vibration of Steel Joist – Concrete Floors

▪ Technical Digest 6 Design of Steel Joist Roofs to Resist Uplift Loads

▪ Technical Digest 7 Special Profile Steel Joists and Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 8 Welding of Open Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 9 Handling and Erection of Steel Joists and Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 10 Design of Fire-Resistive Assemblies with Steel Joists

▪ Technical Digest 11 Design of Lateral Load Resisting Frames Using Steel Joists and

Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 12 Evaluation and Modification of Open Web Steel Joists and

Joist Girders

▪ Technical Digest 13 Specification and Design of Composite Steel Joists

57
57
Available Tools
All the listed tools can be downloaded for free from the SJI website:
https://steeljoist.org/professional-resources/design-tools/

The following three tools are pertinent to this technical digest. A brief description is provided.
Roof Bay Analysis Tool
This design tool assists the specifying professional with selecting optimal bay sizes
and framing options. The tool provides several input options allowing for
customization based on project criteria and designer preference as well as owner and
code requirements and a ponding analysis option.

Floor Bay Analysis Tool

This floor bay analysis tool assists the specifying professional with selecting optimal
bay sizes and framing options. The tool provides several input options allowing for
customization based on project criteria, and designer preference and owner, and code
requirements. The tool includes the floor bay vibration analysis.

Joist Girder Moment Connection Design Tools

Six different joist girder to column connection designs are included in this tool.
Connection designs are presented for single-story and multi-story columns. These
design tools assist the specifying professional, the connection designer, and the steel
fabricator with the complex task of designing appropriate connections between joist
girders and columns. The tools can be utilized for wide flange and HSS columns.

The following six tools are also helpful.

Steel Joist Uplift Analysis Tool.
This tool assists the structural engineer with the evaluation of open web steel joists
for uplift. It considers uniform net uplift on symmetrical joists with Warren or
modified Warren configurations.

Joist Girder Analysis Tool

The joist girder analysis tool assists the specifying professional in determining the
strength of each member within existing joist girders. The tool is applicable for G- or
VG-type joist girders, which may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical at the ends.

Joist and Joist Girder Reinforcement Tool

This design tool assists the specifying professional and steel fabricator with the
complex task of reinforcing open web steel joists and joist girders to increase their
strength to accommodate added loads for which they were not originally designed.

Historical Load Tables

The historical load tables originally appeared in the SJI Specification and Load Tables
catalogs starting in 1932. Specifications and load tables for the longspan, SJ, S, J, K,
LA, LH, LJ, DLH, and DLJ-Series are available.

58
58
 Virtual Joists
The virtual joists table provides the approximate section properties for virtual joists for
use by the specifying professional in preparing the building structural models.

Virtual Joist Girders

The virtual joist girder table provides the approximate section properties for virtual joist
girders for use by the specifying professional in preparing the building structural models.

Additional Information
Additional topics and information on the utilization and design of steel joists, joist girders,
and steel deck can be found in the book, Designing with Vulcraft Steel Joists Joist Girders
Steel Deck, published by Nucor Corporation, www.vulcraft.com/Literature.

Additional helpful tools can be found by visiting the SJI members’ websites shown below:

Canam Steel Corporation; www.cscsteelusa.com

New Millennium; www.newmill.com
Vulcraft; www.vulcraft.com

The SJI website contains a list of all SJI members. To view specific information about each
member company, the link www.steeljoist.org/members brings up a map on which member
locations are shown. By clicking on the member location, specific information about each
member can be obtained.

59
59
 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
REFERENCES

AISC (2016) Design Guide 11, “Vibrations of Steel-Framed Structural Systems Due to
Human Activity”, Chicago, IL; www.aisc.org

ANSI/SJI 100-2020 (SJI 2020), Standard Specification for K-Series, LH-Series, and DLH-
Series Open Web Steel Joists and for Joist Girders, Effective July 1, 2020, Steel Joist
Institute, Florence, SC; www.steeljoist.org

ASCE (2022), Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-22, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA;
www.asce.org

FM Global (2018), Approval Guides, “A Guide to Equipment, Materials, and Services

Approved by Factory Mutual Research for Property Conservation,” FM Global, Johnston,
RI; www.fmapprovals.com

ICC (2021a), 2021 International Building Code, International Code Council, Inc.,
Washington, D.C; www.iccsafe.org

NFPA (2019), Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13, National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA; www.nfpa.org/

SDI (2022), Standard for Steel Deck, ANSI/SDI SD-2022, Steel Deck Institute, Glenshaw,
PA; www.sdi.org

SJI (2015) Technical Digest 5, “Vibration of Steel Joist – Concrete Floors”, Steel Joist
Institute, Florence, SC; www.steeljoist.org

SJI (2018) Technical Digest 3, “Structural Design of Steel Joist Roofs to Resist Ponding
Loads”, Steel Joist Institute, Florence, SC; www.steeljoist.org

SJI (2020a) 45th Edition Catalog, K-Series, LH-Series, DLH-Series, Joist Girders, Steel
Joist Institute, Florence, SC; www.steeljoist.org

SJI (2020b) 2nd Edition, CJ-Series Composite Steel Joists, Steel Joist Institute, Florence,
SC; www.steeljoist.org

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