Anjuman-I-Islam

M.H. Saboo Siddik Polytechnic

DATA COMMUNICATION & COMPUTER NETWORKS

(DCC)
Microproject
Computer Engineering
Department
Co-4i
Title: Network SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Year: 2023-34
Prepared by:
1. Sayyed Abdul Mannan 220447

2. Shaikh Tauheed Abdul Hameed 220457

3. Deepak Ramdarash Yadav 220463

4. Chowdhry Mohd Mujahid Shabbir Ahmed 230481

Under the guidance of: Prof. Mohammad Ali

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Sayyed Abdul Mannan Roll No.
220447 of fourth semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of institute M.H. Saboo Siddik Polytechnic
(Code:0002) has completed microproject satisfactorily in
the subject: DCC (22414) for the academic year 2023-24 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Byculla, Mumbai Enrolment no: 2200020319

Date: ______________ Exam seat no:

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Project guide H. O. D Principal

SEAL OF
INSTITUTE
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Shaikh Tauheed Abdul Hameed
Roll No.220457 of fourth semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of institute M.H. Saboo Siddik Polytechnic
(Code:0002) has completed microproject satisfactorily in
the subject: DCC (22414) for the academic year 2023-24 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Byculla, Mumbai Enrolment no: 2200020360

Date: ______________ Exam seat no:

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Project guide H. O. D Principal

SEAL OF
INSTITUTE
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Yadav Deepak Ramdarash
Roll No. 220463 of fourth semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of institute M.H Saboo Siddik Polytechnic
(Code:0002) has completed microproject satisfactorily in
the subject: DCC (22414) for the academic year 2023-24 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Byculla, Mumbai Enrolment no:2200020343

Date: ______________ Exam seat no:

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Project guide H. O. D Principal

SEAL OF
INSTITUTE
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Chowdhry Mohd Mujahid Shabbir
Ahmed Roll No. 230481 of fourth semester of Diploma in
Computer Engineering of institute M.H. Saboo Siddik
Polytechnic (Code:0002) has completed microproject
satisfactorily in the subject: DCC (22414) for the academic
year 2023-24 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Byculla, Mumbai Enrolment no:23150360351

Date: ______________ Exam seat no:

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Project guide H. O. D Principal

SEAL OF
INSTITUTE
 Acknowledgment
We wish to express our profound gratitude to our guide Mr. Mohammad Ali Sir
who guided us endlessly in the framing and completion of the micro project. He
guided us on all the main points in that micro project. We are indebted to his/her
constant encouragement, cooperation, and help. It was his/her enthusiastic
support that helped us in overcoming various obstacles in the micro-project.

We are also thankful to our Principal, HOD, faculty members and classmates of
Computer Engineering department for extending their support and motivation in
the completion of this micro-project.

Names of Team Members with Roll Nos.

1. Sayyed Abdul Mannan 220447

2. Shaikh Tauheed Abdul Hameed 220457

3. Deepak Ramdarash Yadav 220463

4. Chowdhry Mohd Mujahid Shabbir Ahmed 230481

 Annexure-I
Microproject Proposal
Title of Microproject: Network Switching Techniques

I. Aims/Benefits of microproject
During the preparation of this microproject, our primary objective was to gain insights
into the diverse array of networking devices and their ubiquitous presence in our
everyday lives. This endeavour not only facilitated our understanding of these devices
but also enabled us to classify them based on their functionalities and distinguish
between their respective uses. Furthermore, we encountered practical scenarios where
the selection of appropriate network devices became imperative, providing us with
valuable hands-on experience in real-world applications.

II. Course outcomes addressed

a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services

III. Proposed methodology

1. To search the information about the project. (Collect relevant data from different
sources i.e. books/internet and others through surveys/interviews etc.).
2. To collect all relevant content / materials to complete the project.
3. To prepare the report of micro project.
4. To prepare presentation.
5. To deliver presentation/ appear for viva-voice

- Discussion of the given topic among group members.

- Literature survey
- Submission of project proposal
- Analysis of data
- Work divided among group members
- Compilation of content
- Representation
- Editing the content as per the instructions
- Report Preparation
- Viva and presentation
 Annexure-I
IV. Action Plan
Planned Name of
Planned
Weeks Details of activity finish responsible
start date
date team members

1& 2 Discussions & finalization of topics

3 Preparation of abstract

4 Literature review

5 Submission of microproject Proposal (Annexure -I)

6 Collection of information on given topic

7 Collection of all relevant contents

8 Discussion and submission of outline of the project

Analysis/execution of collected data/information and

9 Preparation of prototypes/drawings/charts/graphs/
tables/models/circuits/programs etc.

10 Compilation of contents of project

11 Compilation of weekly progress report

12 Preparation of the project report (Annexure II)

13 Viva Voce / Delivery of presentation.

V. Resources required
Name of
Sr. no. Specifications Qty Remarks
resources
Learning resources and
1. Online 5 sites
various websites
Microsoft word, Tools with
2. Desktop 1 for each
internet facility.
Names of Team Members with Roll Nos.

1. Sayyed Abdul Mannan 220447

2. Shaikh Tauheed Abdul Hameed 220457
3. Deepak Ramdarash Yadav 220463
4. Chowdhry Mohd Mujahid Shabbir Ahmed 230481

Approved by:
Sign of Faculty:
Name of faculty: Prof. Mohammad Ali
 Annexure-II
Microproject Report
Title of Micro-Project: Network Switching Techniques
I. Rationale
A data communication and computer networks has been growing with rapid
technological progress. Computer communication through networking becomes
essential part of our life. By considering importance of networking in day today life, it
is essential for students to know the basic concept of networks like network
classification, network topologies. Network devices. This course deal with the
important concepts and techniques related to data communication and enable students
to have an insight in to technology involved to make the network communication
possible.

II. Aims/Benefits of microproject

1) Comprehensive understanding of various network switching techniques.
2) Practical application of network switching concepts in real-world scenarios.
3) Hands-on experience with configuring and managing network switches.
4) Enhancement of problem-solving skills in network design and optimization.

III. Course outcomes achieved

a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.

IV. Literature review

The literature review for this project on network switching techniques encompassed a
thorough examination of academic sources, industry publications, and online
materials. It provided valuable insights into circuit switching, packet switching, and
message switching, exploring their applications and practical implementations. By
analysing case studies and real-world examples, we gained a deeper understanding of
how these techniques are utilized in diverse networking environments, laying a solid
groundwork for our project implementation.

V. Actual Methodology Followed

The methodology for the project on network switching techniques involved thorough
research to understand theoretical concepts. We set up a practical lab to configure and
experiment with network switches, gaining hands-on insights. Collaborating as a team,
we shared findings and addressed challenges collectively, documenting our
methodology and outcomes for clarity and reproducibility.

VI. Actual resources used

Name of
Sr. no. Specifications Qty Remarks
resources
Data Communication &
1. Book 1
Networking
 2. Software MS-Word 1 for each
www.geeksforgeeks.com,
3. Websites www.tutorialspoint.com, 1 for each
www.github.com
Lecture
4. Slides Provided by Professor 1

VII. Outputs of the Microproject

DATA COMMUNICATION
Certainly! Data communication refers to the exchange of data between
devices or systems through a transmission medium such as wires, cables, optical
fibres, or wireless channels. This exchange can occur over short distances (such
as within a computer or between nearby devices) or over long distances (such as
between computers in different geographical locations).

Here are some key concepts related to data communication:

1. Data: Data refers to raw facts or information that needs to be communicated.

It can include text, numbers, images, audio, video, etc.

2. Sender and Receiver: In any communication process, there is a sender who

initiates the transmission and a receiver who receives the transmitted data.

3. Transmission Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path through

which data travels from the sender to the receiver. It can be wired (e.g., twisted-
pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables) or wireless (e.g., radio waves,
microwaves, infrared).

4. Protocols: Protocols are rules and conventions that govern how data is
formatted, transmitted, received, and interpreted during communication.
Examples include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and Ethernet.

5. Data Transmission Modes: Data can be transmitted in different modes:

simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. In simplex mode, communication is
unidirectional (one-way); in half-duplex mode, communication is bidirectional
but only one direction at a time; in full-duplex mode, communication is
bidirectional, allowing simultaneous transmission in both directions.

6. Data Transmission Techniques: Data can be transmitted using various

techniques, including serial transmission (one bit at a time) or parallel
transmission (multiple bits simultaneously), synchronous transmission (data
transmitted in synchronized intervals) or asynchronous transmission (data
transmitted without synchronization), and digital transmission (binary 0s and
1s) or analog transmission (continuous waveforms).

7. Error Detection and Correction: Error detection and correction mechanisms

are used to ensure the accuracy and integrity of transmitted data. Techniques
such as checksums, parity bits, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are
commonly employed for this purpose.

8. Networking: Data communication often involves networking, where multiple

devices are interconnected to share resources and communicate with each other.
Networks can be classified based on their geographical scope (LAN, WAN,
MAN) or their communication technologies (wired, wireless).

Overall, data communication plays a crucial role in modern computing systems,

enabling the exchange of information between devices and facilitating various
applications such as internet browsing, email communication, file sharing, and
real-time multimedia streaming.

COMPUTER NETWORKS
Computer networks refer to interconnected systems of computers and
other devices that can communicate and share resources with each other. These
networks can vary in size, complexity, and purpose, ranging from small local area
networks (LANs) within a single building to vast global networks like the internet.
Here are some key aspects of computer networks:

1. Types of Networks:
- Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN covers a small geographical area, typically
within a single building or campus. It allows devices such as computers, printers,
and servers to communicate and share resources.
- Wide Area Network (WAN): WANs span larger geographical areas, often
connecting multiple LANs across cities, countries, or continents. The internet is
the largest example of a WAN.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MANs cover an intermediate
geographical area, such as a city or metropolitan area, and typically connect
multiple LANs and other networks.
- Wireless Networks: Wireless networks use radio waves or infrared signals to
transmit data instead of physical cables. Examples include Wi-Fi networks and
cellular networks.

2. Network Topologies:
- Bus Topology: In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single
communication line (bus). Data transmitted by one device is received by all other
devices on the bus.
 - Star Topology: In a star topology, each device is connected directly to a central
hub or switch. Data transmitted between devices passes through the hub.
- Ring Topology: In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other
devices, forming a closed loop. Data circulates around the ring until it reaches its
destination.
- Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other
device in the network. This provides redundancy and multiple paths for data to
travel.

3. Networking Devices:
- Router: A router connects multiple networks together and forwards data
packets between them. It operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.
- Switch: A switch connects devices within a single network and forwards data
packets directly to the intended recipient based on the MAC address. It operates
at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
- Hub: A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple devices in a
network, but it simply broadcasts data to all connected devices without any
intelligence.
- Modem: A modem modulates and demodulates digital data to enable
communication over analog communication channels such as telephone lines or
cable systems.

4. Network Protocols:
- TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the fundamental
protocol suite used for communication on the internet and many private networks.
- HTTP/HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol and its secure version are used
for transferring web pages and other data on the World Wide Web.
- FTP: File Transfer Protocol is used for transferring files between computers
on a network.
- SMTP/POP3/IMAP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, Post Office Protocol, and
Internet Message Access Protocol are used for sending and receiving emails.

5. Network Security

6. Network Services:
- Domain Name System (DNS): DNS translates domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): DHCP automatically assigns
IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network.

Overall, computer networks play a crucial role in modern computing, enabling

communication, collaboration, resource sharing, and access to information on a
global scale. Understanding the fundamentals of computer networks is essential
for building and managing efficient and secure network infrastructures.
 MULTIPLEXING: Multiplexing is a method used in telecommunications
and computer networks to transmit multiple signals or streams of data over
a single communication channel. This allows for more efficient use of
resources such as bandwidth or transmission media. There are several types
of multiplexing techniques, each suited to different applications and
scenarios.

NETWORK SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

WHAT IS SWITCHING?
In computer networking, Switching is the process of transferring data packets
from one device to another in a network, or from one network to another,
using specific devices called switches. A computer user experiences switching
all the time for example, accessing the Internet from your computer device,
whenever a user requests a webpage to open, the request is processed through
switching of data packets only.

Switching takes place at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. This means
that after the generation of data packets in the Physical Layer, switching is
the immediate next process in data communication. In this article, we shall
discuss different processes involved in switching, what kind of hardware is
used in switching, etc.

let's delve deeper into the process of switching in computer networking,

considering its various aspects and implications:

1. Data Link Layer Operation: The Data Link layer in the OSI model is
responsible for framing data packets, error detection, and flow control
between directly connected devices. Switching occurs at this layer,
which sits above the Physical Layer (dealing with raw transmission of
bits) and below the Network Layer (where routing decisions are made).
2. Packet Transfer Mechanism: Switches utilize packet switching, a
method where data is transmitted in discrete units or packets. These
packets contain both data and control information, including source
and destination addresses. The switch's role is to examine the
destination address of each packet and forward it to the appropriate
outgoing port.
3. Forwarding Decision Process: Upon receiving a packet, the switch
inspects the destination MAC (Media Access Control) address in the
packet header. It then consults its forwarding table, also known as a
MAC address table or content addressable memory (CAM) table, to
determine the egress port for the packet.
4. Forwarding Table Management: The forwarding table maintains
mappings between MAC addresses and the corresponding switch ports.
These mappings are learned dynamically through a process called MAC
address learning. When a packet arrives at a port, the switch records
the source MAC address along with the ingress port in its forwarding
table.
5. Hardware Implementation: Switches are specialized hardware devices
designed to handle switching operations efficiently. They feature
multiple ports (e.g., Ethernet ports) to connect devices and ASICs
(Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) optimized for packet
switching. ASICs enable switches to process packets at wire speed,
ensuring high throughput and low latency.
Types of Switching Methods:

1. Store-and-Forward: In this method, the switch buffers the entire

packet before forwarding it to the destination. This allows for error
checking and ensures that only valid packets are forwarded.
2. Cut-Through: Cut-through switching forwards packets as soon as the
destination address is read, without waiting for the entire packet to
arrive. While this reduces latency, it does not perform error checking,
making it more susceptible to forwarding corrupted packets.
3. Fragment-Free: Fragment-free switching is a variation of cut-through
switching where the switch waits for the first 64 bytes of the packet to
arrive before forwarding. This mitigates the risk of forwarding corrupted
packets by ensuring that the packet's beginning, which often contains
critical information, is error-free.
4. Managed vs. Unmanaged Switches: Managed switches offer advanced
features and configurability, allowing network administrators to control
and optimize network traffic. These features include VLAN (Virtual
Local Area Network) support for segmenting networks, Quality of
Service (QoS) settings for prioritizing certain types of traffic, and port
mirroring for network monitoring purposes. Unmanaged switches, on
the other hand, operate with default settings and do not offer
configuration options.

WHAT IS A NETWORK SWITCHING?

A switch is a dedicated piece of computer hardware that facilitates the process
of switching i.e., incoming data packets and transferring them to their
destination. A switch works at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. A switch
primarily handles the incoming data packets from a source computer or
network and decides the appropriate port through which the data packets will
reach their target computer or network.

A switch decides the port through which a data packet shall pass with the
help of its destination MAC(Media Access Control) Address. A switch does this
effectively by maintaining a switching table, (also known as forwarding table).

A network switch is more efficient than a network Hub or repeater because it

maintains a switching table, which simplifies its task and reduces congestion
on a network, which effectively improves the performance of the network.
key points regarding the operation and benefits of switches:

1. Functionality at the Data Link Layer: The Data Link layer is

responsible for the reliable transmission of data between adjacent
nodes on a network segment. Switches operate within this layer,
facilitating the transfer of data packets between devices within the same
network.
2. Handling Incoming Data Packets: When a switch receives incoming
data packets from a source device or network, it analyses the packets'
destination MAC (Media Access Control) address to determine their
intended recipient. This process allows the switch to make intelligent
forwarding decisions based on the destination address.
3. Switching Table: To efficiently route data packets, switches maintain
a switching table, also known as a forwarding table. This table maps
MAC addresses to the corresponding switch ports, enabling the switch
to quickly and accurately determine the outgoing port for each packet.
4. Efficiency Compared to Hubs and Repeaters: Unlike network hubs
or repeaters, which simply broadcast incoming data to all connected
devices, switches use their switching tables to selectively forward
packets only to the appropriate destination. This targeted approach
reduces network congestion and improves overall network performance
by minimizing unnecessary data transmission.
5. Reduced Network Congestion: By selectively forwarding data packets
based on their destination addresses, switches help alleviate network
congestion. This ensures that bandwidth is used more efficiently,
leading to faster and more reliable data transmission for all devices
connected to the network.
 6. Enhanced Security: Switches provide enhanced security compared to
hubs, as they only forward packets to the intended recipients. This
prevents unauthorized devices from intercepting sensitive data
transmitted over the network, helping to protect against potential
security threats.

PROCESS OF SWITCHING
The switching process involves the following steps:
Frame Reception:
o When a device connected to one of the switch's ports sends data, the
switch receives the data frame or packet on that port.
o The switch examines the incoming frame, which includes both the
data payload and header information. The header contains various
fields, including the source and destination MAC addresses.

1. MAC Address Extraction:

o The switch extracts the destination MAC address from the header of
the received frame. The MAC address is a unique identifier assigned
to each network interface card (NIC) or network adapter in a device.
o By inspecting the destination MAC address, the switch determines
the intended recipient of the data frame within the local network.

2. MAC Address Table Lookup:

o Once the destination MAC address is extracted, the switch performs
a lookup in its MAC address table.
o The MAC address table, also known as a forwarding table or
switching table, maintains a record of MAC addresses and their
associated switch ports. This table is dynamically updated as the
switch learns and stores MAC address/port mappings.
3. Forwarding Decision and Switching Table Update:
o If the destination MAC address is found in the MAC address table,
the switch makes a forwarding decision based on the associated port.
o The switch forwards the data frame out of the port corresponding to
the destination MAC address, ensuring direct delivery to the intended
recipient.
o If the destination MAC address is not found in the MAC address table,
the switch initiates a process called flooding.
o During flooding, the switch broadcasts the data frame out of all ports
except the port from which the frame was received. This ensures that
 the frame reaches its destination, even if the switch is initially
unaware of the correct port.
o As part of the flooding process, the switch updates its MAC address
table by recording the source MAC address of the frame and the ports
through which it was forwarded. This allows the switch to learn and
store new MAC address/port mappings for future frame forwarding.
4. Frame Transmission:
o Once the appropriate port for forwarding is determined, the switch
transmits the data frame out of that port.
o The frame is then transmitted across the network to its intended
recipient, such as another device or network segment.

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
o In large networks, multiple paths from sender to receiver exist,
necessitating the selection of the optimal route for data transmission.
Switching techniques facilitate one-to-one communication by efficiently
connecting systems within the network.
o These techniques analyse network conditions and device configurations
to determine the most suitable path for data transfer. By directing data
packets along the most efficient route, switching techniques enhance
network performance and reduce latency.
o This ensures that communication between systems is reliable and
timely, even in complex network environments. Overall, switching
techniques play a crucial role in optimizing data transmission and
maintaining seamless connectivity across interconnected systems.

Classification Of Switching Techniques

CIRCUIT SWITCHING
o Circuit switching is a switching technique that establishes a dedicated
path between sender and receiver.
o In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established
then the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is
terminated.
o Circuit switching in a network operates in a similar way as the
telephone works.
o A complete end-to-end path must exist before the communication takes
place.
o In case of circuit switching technique, when any user wants to send the
data, voice, video, a request signal is sent to the receiver then the
receiver sends back the acknowledgment to ensure the availability of
the dedicated path. After receiving the acknowledgment, dedicated path
transfers the data.
o Circuit switching is used in public telephone network. It is used for
voice transmission.
o Fixed data can be transferred at a time in circuit switching technology.

Communication through circuit switching has 3 phases:

o Circuit establishment
o Data transfer
o Circuit Disconnect

Circuit Switching can use either of the two technologies:

Space Division Switches:

o Space Division Switching is a circuit switching technology in which a

single transmission path is accomplished in a switch by using a
physically separate set of crosspoints.
o Space Division Switching can be achieved by using crossbar switch. A
crossbar switch is a metallic crosspoint or semiconductor gate that can
be enabled or disabled by a control unit.
o The Crossbar switch is made by using the semiconductor. For example,
Xilinx crossbar switch using FPGAs.
o Space Division Switching has high speed, high capacity, and
nonblocking switches.

Space Division Switches can be categorized in two ways:

o Crossbar Switch
o Multistage Switch

Crossbar Switch

The Crossbar switch is a switch that has n input lines and n output lines. The
crossbar switch has n2 intersection points known as crosspoints.

Disadvantage of Crossbar switch:

The number of crosspoints increases as the number of stations is increased.

Therefore, it becomes very expensive for a large switch. The solution to this is
to use a multistage switch.

Multistage Switch

o Multistage Switch is made by splitting the crossbar switch into the

smaller units and then interconnecting them.
o It reduces the number of crosspoints.
o If one path fails, then there will be an availability of another path.

Advantages Of Circuit Switching:

o In the case of Circuit Switching technique, the communication channel

is dedicated.
 o It has fixed bandwidth.

Disadvantages Of Circuit Switching:

o Once the dedicated path is established, the only delay occurs in the
speed of data transmission.
o It takes a long time to establish a connection approx. 10 seconds during
which no data can be transmitted.
o It is more expensive than other switching techniques as a dedicated
path is required for each connection.
o It is inefficient to use because once the path is established and no data
is transferred, then the capacity of the path is wasted.
o In this case, the connection is dedicated therefore no other data can be
transferred even if the channel is free

Application Of Circuit Switching:

o Telephony: Circuit switching is the foundation of traditional landline

telephone networks. When you make a phone call, a dedicated circuit
is established between your phone and the recipient's phone for the
duration of the call. This ensures reliable, real-time communication
without packet delays.
o Video Conferencing: In some video conferencing systems, especially
those used for high-quality, real-time communication, circuit switching
may be employed to ensure consistent audio and video quality
throughout the call. Dedicated circuits can help prevent jitter and
packet loss, which can degrade the quality of video and audio streams.
o Broadcast Television: Circuit switching is used in broadcast television
distribution networks, where dedicated circuits are established to
transmit live events, such as sports games or news broadcasts, from
the event location to television networks' studios for broadcasting to
viewers.
o Critical Communication Systems: In environments where reliability
and low latency are paramount, such as emergency communication
 systems or military networks, circuit switching may still be utilized to
ensure uninterrupted communication between critical endpoints.
o Legacy Data Networks: While packet switching has largely replaced
circuit switching for data transmission in modern computer networks,
there are still some legacy systems where circuit switching is used for
specific applications, such as legacy dial-up internet connections or
leased line services.

MESSAGE SWITCHING
o Message Switching is a switching technique in which a message is
transferred as a complete unit and routed through intermediate nodes
at which it is stored and forwarded.
o In Message Switching technique, there is no establishment of a
dedicated path between the sender and receiver.
o The destination address is appended to the message. Message
Switching provides a dynamic routing as the message is routed through
the intermediate nodes based on the information available in the
message.
o Message switches are programmed in such a way so that they can
provide the most efficient routes.
o Each and every node stores the entire message and then forward it to
the next node. This type of network is known as store and forward
network.
o Message switching treats each message as an independent entity.

Advantages Of Message Switching

 o Data channels are shared among the communicating devices that
improve the efficiency of using available bandwidth.
o Traffic congestion can be reduced because the message is temporarily
stored in the nodes.
o Message priority can be used to manage the network.
o The size of the message which is sent over the network can be varied.
Therefore, it supports the data of unlimited size.

Disadvantages Of Message Switching

o The message switches must be equipped with sufficient storage to

enable them to store the messages until the message is forwarded.
o The Long delay can occur due to the storing and forwarding facility
provided by the message switching technique

Application Of Message Switching

o Email Systems: Traditional email systems often utilize message

switching. When an email is sent, it's stored in an email server and
forwarded to the recipient's inbox when they're available. This allows
for asynchronous communication where users don't need to be online
at the same time to send and receive messages.
o Telecommunication Networks: In telecommunication networks,
message switching can be used for transmitting text messages,
multimedia messages, and other forms of communication between
users. The messages are stored and forwarded between nodes until they
reach their destination.
o Satellite Communication: Message switching is commonly used in
satellite communication systems where there may be significant delays
in transmission due to the long distances involved. By storing and
forwarding complete messages, satellite networks can handle
communication between distant locations more effectively.
o Emergency Communication Systems: During emergencies or
disasters, message switching can be valuable for delivering critical
information between emergency responders, command centers, and
 affected individuals. The messages can be stored and forwarded even if
there are disruptions in communication infrastructure.
o Data Centers: In large-scale data centers, message switching can be
used for interconnecting servers and storage systems. Messages, such
as requests for data retrieval or processing, can be forwarded between
servers to optimize resource utilization and workload distribution.
o Military Communication: Message switching has applications in
military communication systems for transmitting sensitive information
securely. By storing and forwarding messages, military networks can
ensure that communication is resilient and robust, even in challenging
environments.

PACKET SWITCHING
o The packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is
sent in one go, but it is divided into smaller pieces, and they are sent
individually.
o The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets and packets
are given a unique number to identify their order at the receiving end.
o Every packet contains some information in its headers such as source
address, destination address and sequence number.
o Packets will travel across the network, taking the shortest path as
possible.
o All the packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order.
o If any packet is missing or corrupted, then the message will be sent to
resend the message.
o If the correct order of the packets is reached, then the acknowledgment
message will be sent.
Approaches Of Packet Switching:
There are two approaches to Packet Switching:

Datagram Packet switching:

o It is a packet switching technology in which packet is known as a

datagram, is considered as an independent entity. Each packet
contains the information about the destination and switch uses this
information to forward the packet to the correct destination.
o The packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order.
o In Datagram Packet Switching technique, the path is not fixed.
o Intermediate nodes take the routing decisions to forward the packets.
o Datagram Packet Switching is also known as connectionless switching.
Virtual Circuit Switching

o Virtual Circuit Switching is also known as connection-oriented

switching.
o In the case of Virtual circuit switching, a preplanned route is
established before the messages are sent.
o Call request and call accept packets are used to establish the
connection between sender and receiver.
o In this case, the path is fixed for the duration of a logical connection.

Let's understand the concept of virtual circuit switching through a

diagram:

o In the above diagram, A and B are the sender and receiver respectively.
1 and 2 are the nodes.
o Call request and call accept packets are used to establish a connection
between the sender and receiver.
o When a route is established, data will be transferred.
o After transmission of data, an acknowledgment signal is sent by the
receiver that the message has been received.
o If the user wants to terminate the connection, a clear signal is sent for
the termination.
 DIFFERENCES B/W DATAGRAM APPROACH AND
VIRTUAL CIRCUIT APPROACH

Datagram approach Virtual Circuit approach

Node takes routing decisions to Node does not take any routing decision.
forward the packets.

Congestion cannot occur as all the Congestion can occur when the node is busy,
packets travel in different directions. and it does not allow other packets to pass
through.

It is more flexible as all the packets It is not very flexible.

are treated as an independent entity.

Advantages Of Packet Switching:

o Cost-effective: In packet switching technique, switching devices do not

require massive secondary storage to store the packets, so cost is
minimized to some extent. Therefore, we can say that the packet
switching technique is a cost-effective technique.
o Reliable: If any node is busy, then the packets can be rerouted. This
ensures that the Packet Switching technique provides reliable
communication.
o Efficient: Packet Switching is an efficient technique. It does not require
any established path prior to the transmission, and many users can
use the same communication channel simultaneously, hence makes
use of available bandwidth very efficiently.

Disadvantages Of Packet Switching:

o Packet Switching technique cannot be implemented in those

applications that require low delay and high-quality services.
o The protocols used in a packet switching technique are very complex
and requires high implementation cost.
o If the network is overloaded or corrupted, then it requires retransmission of lost
packets. It can also lead to the loss of critical information if errors are nor
recovered.
Application Of Packet Switching:

o Internet Communication: Packet switching is the underlying

technology that powers the internet. When you send an email, browse
a website, or stream a video, data is broken down into packets and sent
across the network using packet-switched protocols like TCP/IP.
o Voice over IP (VoIP): VoIP services, such as Skype and Zoom, use
packet switching to transmit voice data over the internet. Voice signals
are digitized, segmented into packets, and sent across the network,
allowing for real-time communication.
o Video Streaming: Services like Netflix, YouTube, and Twitch leverage
packet switching to deliver video content over the internet. Video data
is divided into packets, which are transmitted independently and
reassembled at the destination, enabling seamless streaming.
o Cloud Computing: Packet switching is integral to cloud computing
infrastructure, enabling data transmission between clients and cloud
servers. Cloud-based applications and services rely on packet-switched
networks for efficient data transfer and communication.
o File Transfer: When transferring files over the internet or a local
network, packet switching ensures reliable and efficient delivery. File
data is divided into packets, which are transmitted individually and
reassembled at the destination, allowing for large files to be transferred
quickly
o Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs use packet switching to create
secure tunnels for transmitting data over public networks. Packets are
encrypted and encapsulated, ensuring privacy and security during
transmission.
o Online Gaming: Online gaming platforms utilize packet switching for
real-time multiplayer gaming. Game data, such as player actions and
updates, are segmented into packets and transmitted over the network,
enabling synchronous gameplay experiences.
o Remote Access and Telecommuting: Packet switching enables remote
access to corporate networks and telecommuting. Employees can
securely access company resources and collaborate with colleagues
from anywhere with an internet connection.
VIII. Skills developed/ Learning outcomes
- Derive: Derive different possible solutions creatively.
- Data Collection: Collect relevant data from different sources (books/the internet/the
market/suppliers/experts and others through surveys/interviews)
- Designing- Designing microproject with minimum required resources and at low cost.
- Teamwork- Learning to work in team and boost individual confidence.
- Time management- Completion of microproject as scheduled.
- Technical writing- Preparing a report of proposed plan and report.
- Presentation and communication skills: Giving working model presentation of the
micro project.
- Confidence: Confidently, answer the questions asked about the project.
- Efficiently gathering details from research papers.

IX. Applications of this microproject

1. Industry Relevance: Understanding network switching techniques prepares students
for careers in networking and telecommunications industries, where such knowledge
is in high demand.
2. Practical Skills Development: Hands-on experience with configuring and managing
network switches equips students with practical skills applicable in real-world
networking environments.
3. Problem-Solving Abilities: By encountering and troubleshooting network issues
during the project, students develop problem-solving skills crucial for addressing
challenges in network design and optimization.
4. Academic Enrichment: The microproject enhances students' academic knowledge by
providing opportunities to apply theoretical concepts in practical scenarios,
reinforcing learning and deepening understanding.
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: Sayyed Abdul Mannan Abdul Salam Enrolment No: 2200020319
Name of programme: Computer Engineering Semester: 4th
Course title: Data Communication and Computer Networks Code: 22414
Title of microproject: Network Switching Techniques
Course outcomes achieved:
a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.

Comments/Suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communication

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of teacher: _____________________________________________

Dated signature: ______________________
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: Shaikh Tauheed Abdul Hameed Enrolment no: 2200020360

Name of programme: Computer Engineering Semester: 4th
Course title: Data Communication and Computer Networks Code: 22414
Title of microproject: Network Switching Techniques
Course outcomes achieved:
a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.

Comments/Suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communication

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of teacher: _____________________________________________

Dated signature: ______________________
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: Yadav Deepak Ramdarash Enrolment no:2200020343

Name of programme: Computer Engineering Semester: 4th
Course title: Data Communication and Computer Networks Code: 22414
Title of microproject: Network Switching Techniques

Course outcomes achieved:

a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.

Comments/Suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communication

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of teacher: _____________________________________________

Dated signature: ______________________
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: Chowdhry Mohd Mujahid Shabbir Ahmed Enrolment no: 23150360351
Name of programme: Computer Engineering Semester: 4th
Course title: Data Communication and Computer Networks Code: 22414
Title of microproject: Network Switching Devices
Course outcomes achieved:
a) Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.

Comments/Suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communication

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of teacher: _____________________________________________

Dated signature: ______________________