Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing Vol.3, No.

1, June 2016

Nurses' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Infection

Control in Operating Rooms in Port Said Hospitals

Samah Mohammed Mohammed Wahba, Prof. Seham Ibrahim Hamouda, Dr. Sanaa
Abd El Azeem Ibrahim, Dr. Mona Abdul El Sabour Hassan
B. Sc of Nursing Suez Canal University, Professor of Nursing Administration Faculty of
Nursing Tanta University, Assistant Professor of Nursing Administration Faculty of Nursing
Port-Said University, Assistant Professor of Family and Community Health Nursing Faculty
of Nursing Port- Said University

ABSTRACT
Background: Nosocomial infections (NI) occur worldwide, affecting both developed
and poor countries and rank as a major killer of patients of all ages. Aim:the aim of
Study was to assess the nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding infection
control in operating rooms in Port Said HospitalsSubject and Methods:the research
Design: a descriptive correlation study design was used in hospitals of three
different health care sector (general, private and health insurance) in Port Said
city.Sample : Tools and Procedure: Data were collected using three tools. The first
tool, a questionnaire sheet, composed of two parts; first part includes personal and
job characteristics, second part covers the nurses' knowledge about infection
control in operating rooms. The second tool includes the nurses' attitudes scale
about infection control in operating rooms. The third tool is an observation
checklist to evaluate the nurses’ practice regarding hospital infection. Results: The
study results revealed that most of the studied nurses had satisfactory knowledge
(80%), while most of them had unacceptable attitude (70%). As regard their
practice, about half of them (52%) had inadequate practice regarding infection
control. Conclusion: it can be concluded from the present study that studied nurses
had satisfactory knowledge, unacceptable attitude and about half of them had
inadequate practice regarding infection control in operating rooms.
Recommendations: continuous training programs, conferences and seminars about
infection control are needed to improve nurses' knowledge that can be translated
into good practices and positive attitudes.

Key Words: Nosocomial infection, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Infection control,

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 Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing Vol.3, No. 1, June 2016

INTRODUCTION

Nosocomial infections (NI), known as hospital acquired infections (HAIs) occurred to

patients during receiving treatment in a hospital. Infections are considered nosocomial if
they first appear within 48 hours or more after hospital admission (Parmeggiani et al.,
2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that among the 190 million
patients who are hospitalized each year worldwide, an average of 9 million individuals
are affected by nosocomial infections and approximately one million patients die each
year because of these infections (Raka et al., 2010). The statistics confirmed that the
incidence of nosocomial infection in developed countries ranges between 5 to 10 per
cent of all admissions to hospitals and health institutions and this percentage will
increase in developing countries to about 10 to 20 per cent (Khalil, 2011).

The operating room is a high risk area for the spread of infection especially surgical
site infections (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010). Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a
major public health problem; it is the third most common health care-associated
infection and contributes to 13–17% of all such infections. Most of SSIs remains a
major cause of morbidity and mortality comprising of 20% of all healthcare associated
infections and at least 5% of patients undergoing surgery develop an SSI despite
improvements in infection control techniques and surgical practice, and impose
substantial demands on health care resources (Raiseaud, 2011; Caroline et al., 2012).

Infection control (IC) is a quality-improvement activity that focuses on improving the

care of patients and protecting the health of staff (Chalmers & Straub, 2006). In
places where infection control programs were implemented, there had been a proven
reduction of morbidity and mortality (Khan, 2009). Raka et al., (2010) claimed that,
the aim of applying infection control practices in the operating room is to decrease
surgical site infections. Effective operative techniques clearly reduce the risk of SSIs.
According to Phillips (2007) sterile technique is the basis of modern surgery and
therefore strict adherence to the recommended practices of sterile technique is
mandatory for the safety of the patient as well as for the personnel in the operating
room.

Nurses working in operating room should be trained to prevent cross infection and
transmission of nosocomial infections by using aseptic technique practice, demonstrate
sound knowledge and attitude in maintaining a sterile field all times to minimize
spread of potential pathogens to other sites, wounds or self and help patients in having
a safe operation (Taylor et al., 2008). There is advancement in infection control
practices such as improved operation room ventilation, sterilization methods, barriers,
surgical techniques, and availability of antimicrobial prophylaxis, but surgical site
infections is still a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized
patients (Klevens & Edwards, 2002). Nurses should implement infection control
principles and apply sterile technique principles in the operating room ( Malan, 2009).

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 Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing Vol.3, No. 1, June 2016

Significance of the study

Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) incidence in Egypt is still high, these infections vary
from one hospital to another according to patients' population and procedures (Bonnal
et al., 2010; El-Awady et al., 2010). For example incidence in EL-Mansora
University Hospital is 66%. Additionally in Ain-Shams University Hospital, it ranges
between 60-80% of all surgical patients. Also incidence in Cairo University Hospital
detected an overall SSIs rate of 25.8% (from 4.1% in clean wound to 66.7% in
contaminated wounds), and incidence in Tanta University hospital is 22.6% (66 of 292
cases) (Ahmed, 2003; Afifi et al., 2009; Khaleid et al., 2010). Although the operating
room nurse has an important role in preventing and controlling the infections during
operation, it was noticed that the occurrence of Surgical Site Infections is high in this
area. Therefore, this study is conducted to assess nurses' knowledge, attitude and
practice (KAP) regarding infection control in operating rooms in Port Said Hospitals.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

Assess nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding infection control in
operating rooms in Port Said Hospitals.

SUBJECT AND METHODS:

Research design:

A descriptive correlation design was used. The study was conducted in all operating
rooms in three selected hospitals representing three different health care sectors in Port
Said Governorate, according to the flow rate of surgical admissions namely: Port-
Said General Hospital (Governmental sector), El-Tadamon Hospital (Health insurance
sector), AL-Soliman Private Hospital (Private sector). All nurses who were working
in operating rooms in the pre-mentioned settings were included in the study with a
total number of 50 nurses. Of these, 30 nurses working in four operating rooms in Port
Said General Hospital (Surgical, Orthopedic, Gynecology and Emergency), 10 nurses
working in three operating rooms in EL-Tadamon Hospital (Surgical, Gynecology and
General Endoscope) and 10 nurses working in three operating rooms in AL-Soliman
Hospital (Surgical, Orthopedic and Gynecology).

Tools for data collection

The study data were collected using three tools:
Tool (I): A Questionnaire Sheet composed of two parts: Part (I): includes personal
and job characteristics for nurses, such as name, sex, age, level of education, social
status, years of experience and training course in infection control…..etc., Part (II):
adopted from Tantawy, (2000) and Ahmed, (2003), addressing questions covering the
nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections, infection control, disinfection and
sterilization of surgical instrument, principle and uses of antiseptic solutions, duties of
circulating nurse before surgical operation, duties of scrubbing nurse before surgical
operation, cleaning and disinfection of operating room and personal protective
equipment (PPE). Scoring for Knowledge Items: A correct response was scored

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 Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing Vol.3, No. 1, June 2016

"One" and the incorrect "Zero". For each area of knowledge, the scores of the items
was summed up and the total divided by the number of the items, giving a mean score
for the part. These scores were converted into a percent score. Knowledge was
considered "satisfactory" if the percent score was 60% or higher and "unsatisfactory"
if less than 60% (El-Ghareb, 2011; Ezz-Eldeen, 2011).

Tool (II): Nurses' attitude scale that includes their attitude related to infection
control in operating room, as nurses' behavior when the sterile gloves rupture during
work, nurses' behavior if they have wound in the hand during work, nurses' behavior
if blood spills on the ground in operating room, nurses' behavior when dealing with
non sterile instruments during work (Abd Elaziz, 2009). Scoring for Nurses'
Attitude: The scale was measured on five points Likerat Scales ranging from strongly
agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree respectively. 1 for responses:
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Score of items were
summed up with total score divided by number of items giving mean score for the
attitude. Total score was converted into a percent score, and means and standard
deviations were computed. The attitude was considered "Positive" if percent score
60% or more and "Negative" if less than 60 (Wall, 2009).

Tool (III): Observational Checklist adopted from Taylor et al., (2008) and Perry,
(2010) to evaluate the nurses’ performance in relation to hospital infection. It includes
7 procedures to investigate important infection control measures used in operating
room namely hand washing technique, gloving technique, gowning technique,
preparing sterile work area, role of scrub nurse, role of circulating nurse, cleaning
equipments in preparing for sterilization. Scoring for Observed Performance: The
items observed to be done were scored "One" and the items not done were scored"
Zero". For each area, the scores of the items were summed up and the total divided by
the number of the items, giving a mean score for the part. These scores were converted
into a percent score. The practice was considered "adequate" if the percent score was
60% or more and "inadequate" if less than 60% (Ezz Eldeen, 2011).

Operational design:
This includes content validity, reliability of the tool, pilot study and field of work.
Regarding content validity, it entails that tools of data collection were tested for
content validity by a panel of six experts in the Faculty of Nursing in Port Said.
Necessary modifications were done according to the experts’ opinions. Reliability of
the tools was done by using (test and retest) measurement and necessary consumed
time to be sure of the consistency of answers. Reliability of the tool was assured by
means of Cronbach's alpha; it indicated that the tool has a reliability of 0.85 for
knowledge, 0.82 for attitude and 0.88 for practice. A pilot study was carried out after
the development of the study tools, and before the data collection phase. It was carried
out on 10% of the nurses who fulfilled criteria of the study then these nurses were
excluded from the original sample, necessary modification were done for the tool after
pilot study. The actual study was carried out in the period from June to December,
2013. The researcher met the respondents during the three shifts to distribute the

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questionnaire. During these meetings, the researcher explained the purpose of the
study and how to complete the questionnaire and assured the respondents
anonymity of answers, and that information will be used for scientific research
only and will be confidential. The respondents filled the questionnaire sheet
individually by themselves. Completion of nurses' questionnaire sheet took 20-35
minutes. The process of observation was then done during the regular work of the
nurse using the observation checklist. In order to cover all seven checklists, nurses
were observed for three times covering the three shifts according to their schedule.

Ethical Considerations:
A brief explanation of the aim of the study was given to the hospital director, head
nurse, and each nurse included in the study. Stressing on confidentiality of the
collected information, to be familiar with the importance of their participation and to
take their agreement for inclusion in the study. The researcher emphasized that
participation were absolutely voluntary and each nurse has the right to withdraw from
the study any time thereafter with no questioning and confidentiality was assured.

RESULTS:

Table (1): includes personal data and job characteristics of the studied nurses. Results
showed that the majority of the nurses (96%) were females, nearly three quarters
(72%) of them had diploma from nursing school, compared to 8% who had bachelor
degree of nursing, about two third of them (68%) were married, nearly half of them
(48.0%) attended courses about infection control, the majority of them (90%)
mentioned that there is an infection control committee where they work. Moreover
half of them (51.1%) reported that the infection control committee is active.

Table (2): displays knowledge, attitude and practice of the studied nurses regarding
infection control in operating rooms in the studied hospitals. Data revealed that, most
of the studied nurses (80%) had satisfactory knowledge, while most of them (70%)
had unacceptable attitude, as regard their practices more than half of them (52%) had
inadequate practices regarding infection control. The highest percentage of knowledge
regarding infection control in operating room was detected in Al-Tadamon health
insurance hospital, where 90% of the studied nurses had satisfactory knowledge.

Table (3): illustrates relation between nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice
regarding infection control and their personal and job characteristics in the studied
hospitals. Results showed that there was no statistically significant association
between total percentage of nurses' knowledge regarding infection control and their
personal job characteristics, except in relation to sex and if committee of infection
control is active were a statistically significant association were detected. Results also
showed that there was no statistically significant association between personal and job
characteristics and total percentage of nurses' attitude regarding infection control, except
in relation to nursing qualification. In the meantime no statistically significant association
was found between personal job characteristics and total percentage of nurses' practice
regarding infection control.

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Table (4): delineates the correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice
regarding infection control in operating rooms of the total sample of nurses in the
studied hospitals. Results revealed that, nurses' knowledge regarding infection
control was negatively correlated with their attitude regarding infection control in
operating rooms. Also data indicated that attitude of the studied nurses negatively
correlated with their practice.

Table (1): Personal and job characteristics of the studied nurses (n=50)

Personal data and Job characteristics Total (n=50)

No. %
Sex
Male 2 4.0
Female 48 96.0
Age
Mean ± SD 34.02 ± 10.80
Nursing Qualifications
Diploma of nursing school 36 72.0
Bachelor of nursing 4 8.0
Marital status
Married 34 68.0
Single 14 28.0
Widow 2 4.0
Experience
Mean ± SD 15.28 ± 10.36
Attended courses about infection control
Yes 24 48.0
No 26 52.0
Presence of infection control committee
Yes 45 90.0
No 1 2.0
Don’t known 4 8.0
Is the committee active n=45
Yes 23 51.1
No 22 48.9

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Table (2): Knowledge, attitude and practice of the studied nurses regarding infection
control in operating rooms (n=50)

Port Said
Al-Soliman Al-Tadamon
Item General Total
Hospital Hospital Test of sig.
Hospital (n=50)
(n = 10) (n=10) MCp
(n =30)
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Knowledge
Unsatisfactory (≤60%) 3 30.0 6 20.0 1 10.0 10 20.0
p = 0.548
Satisfactory (>60%) 7 70.0 24 80.0 9 90.0 40 80.0
Mean ± SD 64.24 ± 7.22 66.44 ± 8.83 70.16 ± 6.31 p = 0.260 66.75±8.17
Attitude
Unacceptable (≤60%) 7 70.0 18 60.0 10 100.0 35 70.0
p = 0.046*
Acceptable (>60%) 3 30.0 12 40.0 0 0.0 15 30.0
Mean ± SD 57.14 ± 11.66 59.52 ± 19.23 54.29 ± 6.02 p = 0.611 58.0±14.55
Practice (n = 10) (n = 30) (n = 10)
In adequate (≤60%) 2 20.0 14 46.7 10 100.0 26 52.0
p = 0.001*
Adequate (>60%) 8 80.0 16 53.3 0 0.0 24 48.0
Mean ± SD 81.1 ± 9.58 74.6 ± 18.94 63.5 ± 7.51 p = 0.048* 73.71±16.51
MCP: p value for Monte Carlo test p: p value for F test (ANOVA) for comparing
between the different studied groups
*: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.5

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Table (3): Relation between job characteristics of the studied nurses and their
knowledge, attitude and practice regarding infection control in operating room at the
study hospitals.

Personal data and job

Total knowledge Total attitude Total practice
characteristics
Sex
Male 55.56 ± 16.70 64.29 ± 10.10 73.19 ± 14.06
Female 67.21 ± 7.63 57.74 ± 14.72 73.73 ± 16.74
t
p 0.047* 0.538 0.964
Age
20 > 26 67.92 ± 9.19 55.24 ± 7.38 73.90 ± 19.54
26 > 30 69.01 ± 2.91 63.49 ± 10.38 78.65 ± 13.45
30 > 35 67.94 ± 5.07 50.0 ± 10.10 85.84 ± 3.83
>35 65.07 ± 9.23 58.50 ± 19.64 71.06 ± 15.52
F
p 0.608 0.507 0.495
Nursing qualifications
Diploma of nursing school 65.69 ± 8.24 59.24 ± 10.03 75.74 ± 16.42
Diploma of technical Institute 68.80 ± 8.37 48.57 ± 22.54 71.14 ± 13.10
Bachelor of nursing 67.13 ± 8.19 71.43 ± 11.66 68.83 ± 26.54
F
p 0.574 0.016* 0.598
Marital status
Married 65.74 ± 7.26 57.14 ± 15.15 75.87 ± 15.89
Single 69.11 ± 10.40 56.12 ± 11.84 70.57 ± 18.92
Widow 65.05 ± 7.20 78.57 ± 10.10 60.84 ± 2.56
t F F F
p p = 0.430 p = 0.114 p = 0.334
Experience
0 >5 65.01 ± 10.49 61.22 ± 13.59 67.21 ± 20.68
5 >10 69.58 ± 5.88 56.19 ± 8.48 76.87 ± 14.80
10 >15 67.07 ± 4.44 60.71 ± 7.14 80.12 ± 22.79
>15 65.06 ± 9.34 58.44 ± 19.17 71.0 ± 15.25
F
p 0.408 0.881 0.444
Attended courses about infection
control
No 65.74 ± 10.01 57.14 ± 14.29 75.86 ± 18.70
Yes 67.65 ± 5.94 58.33 ± 15.14 71.54 ± 14.35
t
p 0.423 0.778 0.371
Presence of infection control
committee
No 64.35 ± - 57.14 ± - 88.55 ± -
Yes 66.38 ± 8.36 58.41 ± 15.17 74.94 ± 15.13
Don’t known 71.41 ± 5.83 53.57 ± 7.14 56.17 ± 24.28
t F F F
p p = 90.487 p = 0.821 p = 0.059
Is the committee active
No 63.59 ± 9.29 58.50 ± 15.59 75.85 ± 13.44
Yes 68.98 ± 6.84 58.39 ± 15.48 73.18 ± 16.40
t
p 0.033* 0.980 0.561
F: F test (ANOVA) t: Student t-test *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05

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Table (4): Correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice of total sample (n =
50)
Knowledge Attitude Practice
R - -0.386* 0.046
Knowledge
P - 0.006 0.749
*
R -0.386 - -0.122
Attitude
P 0.006 - 0.398
R 0.046 0.077 -
Practice
P 0.749 0.833 -
r: Pearson coefficient *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05

DISCUSSION:
Nosocomial infections are an important cause of increased morbidity, prolonged
hospitalization and higher health care costs. These infections occur within a health
care facility and may affect both the patient and the health care worker. These
infections are much more serious than those acquired in the community Adinma et al.,
(2009).

The results of the present study showed that the majority of the total studied nurses had
satisfactory knowledge regarding infection control, more than two thirds of them had
unacceptable attitude, while more than half of them had inadequate practices and a
statistical differences in attitude and practice toward infection control were detected
between the three studied hospitals. These results are in agreement with El-Ghareb,
(2011) who reported that most of the studied nurses had a satisfactory level of
knowledge and had unsatisfactory level of practice related to infection control measures.
Similarly they are in accordance, with Taneja et al., (2009) who found that the mean
reported knowledge of staff nurses regarding infection control measures was high. They
are also in the same line with Labeau et al. (2008); Vandijck et al. (2008); Ezz-Eldeen
(2011) who reported that poor attitude could be due to failure to adopt favorable
behavior, attitude during nursing training at school.

Results of the present study are also in agreement with Ezz-Eldeen, (2011) in her
study about assessment of knowledge and practice of emergency nurses regarding
infection control in public and private hospitals in Port Said , who found that none of
these nurses had adequate performance regarding infection control. In the same line,
Taneja et al., (2009) in his study about evaluation of knowledge and practice amongst
nursing staff toward infection control measures in a tertiary care hospital in India,
found that the mean reported practice of staff nurses regarding infection control
measures was low. Similarly, El-Ezaby, (2004) in his study about effect of a training
program developed for nurses about universal precautions for infection control in
health care centers in Port Said, has also reported that most nurses' performance was

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unsatisfactory about infection control. These results are also supported by Younis,
(2000) in his study about assessment of health personnel knowledge, attitude and
practice in relation to infection control in general surgical units.

Nurses' practice in Al-Soliman private hospital, recorded better score than the other
two hospitals, but unfortunately most of nurses in this hospital had unacceptable
attitude regarding infection control. This might be due to sufficient supplies and
resources and adequate follow up, sufficient numbers of staff nurses and presence of
monitoring system as a camera for supervision of the staff nurses, also policy of
punishment for neglecting patient care, and attending training workshop before work
in hospital. Similarly, Siegel et al. (2007); Quiros e al., (2007); Rezae & Rahimi,
(2009) reported that good knowledge is necessary for good practice for infection
control, but it is not sufficient for good attitude. Continuing training, making attitude,
supervision and evaluation of nurses' practices are recommended for infection control,
and a first step is to implement interventions that influence health care workers'
attitudes towards the recommended practice. Moreover, Vought-O'sullivan et al.,
(2007) stressed on the importance of competency-based continuing education and
presence of evaluation system for nurses during their work regarding their knowledge
and practical skills.

The studied nurses in Al-Tadamon health insurance hospital, had the higher score of
knowledge than the other two hospitals, unfortunately all of the nurses had inadequate
practice and unacceptable attitude of infection control, this might be due to
carelessness and absence of motivation, less supervision and absence of role model.
Added to these, are the workload due to shortage of nursing staff, low experience ,
shortage of training courses about infection control and less adherence to hospital
policies. The results are in agreement with Ahmed (2003); Seltzer et al. (2009) who
stated that shortage of staff nurses and increasing nurse's responsibilities lead to
deficient practice and attitude. Also, Qalawa (2009) reported that shortage of staff
has its negative effect on both practice and attitude.

Results showed that there was no statistically significant association between total
percentage of the nurses' knowledge regarding infection control and job
characteristics (as nursing qualifications, age, experience), except in relation to sex
and if infection control committee is active. The result is in agreement with
Monntazeria, (2005); Amerion & Butsashvili et al., (2010); Ezz-Eldeen, (2011)
Who reported that there was no significant relationship between the mean scores of
nurses' knowledge regarding infection control and their clinical experience. On the
other hand, Khorasani, (2003) claimed that the years of employee's experiences do
influence their knowledge. These findings are in accordance with Parmeggiani,
(2010) who reported that lower knowledge is linked to the underuse of appropriate
infection control measures.

Results showed that there was no statistically significant association between nurses'
attitude regarding infection control and job characteristics, and also, data revealed
that there was no statistically significant association between nurses' practice
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 Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing Vol.3, No. 1, June 2016

regarding infection control and job characteristics, except in relation to nursing

qualification. The result is in the same line with, Burns et al., (2001) who reported
that the higher the level of nursing education, the more positive the nurses’ attitudes
become, and certificate nurses had higher mean positive attitude than degree nurses.
The finding in contradict with McCann et al. (2006) who reported that older and
more qualified nurses had more supportive attitudes than younger and less
experienced nurses. Meanwhile, Pittet (2000); Jumaa (2005) found that educational
background is one of the factors influencing compliance with good practices; indeed,
education works synergistically with other factors, attitude and practice.

Results revealed that, nurses' knowledge regarding infection control was negatively
correlated with their attitude. Also data indicated that nurses' attitude regarding
infection control was negatively correlated with their practice of the studied nurses
regarding infection control in operating rooms. This result is in agreement with,
Hadley & Roques (2007); Najeeb & Taneepanichsakul (2008) who revealed that
negative correlation was found between knowledge and attitude regarding infection
control. The result is supported by Collins (2008) who found that, practice and
attitude are influenced by knowledge. On the same line, Grota et al. (2009); Ezz-
Eldeen (2011) reported that barriers such as attitude, lack of motivation, supervision
and lack of some knowledge interfere with healthy infection prevention practice. The
result is in contrast with Behiry (2010) who found that a significant improvement of
infection control practice with knowledge improvement.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that:

Studied nurses had unacceptable practice and attitude regarding infection control in
operating rooms in Port Said Hospitals. A negative correlation is found between
nurses' knowledge and nurses' attitude regarding infection control in operating rooms
in the studied hospitals as well as a negative correlation between nurses' practice and
nurses' attitude.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Based on the study findings it is recommended: to develop a system for periodical

nurses' evaluation to determine strategies for upgrading their knowledge and
enhancing their practices. Continuous and strict follow up for nurses during work and
continuous evaluation of their practice and correction of poor practices are needed.
Also developing strict system for reward and punishment would be of great value.

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 ‫‪Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing‬‬ ‫‪Vol.3, No. 1, June 2016‬‬

‫تـقـيـيـم مـعـرفـة واتـجـاهـات ومـمـارسـات المـمـرضـات المـتـعـلقـة بـمـكافـحة الـعذوى فـي‬

‫غـرف الـعمليات بـمستشفـيـات بـورسـعـيذ‬

‫صًاح يحًذ يحًذ ْٔبت ‪ ,‬ا‪ .‬د‪ /‬صٓاو إبشاْ‪ٛ‬ى حًٕدة‪ ,‬ا‪.‬و‪ .‬د ‪ /‬صُاء عبذ انعظ‪ٛ‬ى إبشاْ‪ٛ‬ى‪ ,‬ا‪.‬و‪ .‬د ‪ /‬يُٗ عبذ انظبٕس‬
‫حضٍ‬
‫بكانٕس‪ٕٚ‬س حًش‪ٚ‬غ جايعت قُاة انضٕ‪ٚ‬ش ‪ -‬أصخار إداسة انخًش‪ٚ‬غ كه‪ٛ‬ت انخًش‪ٚ‬غ جـايعت ؽُطا ‪ -‬أصخار يضاعذ إداسة‬
‫انخًش‪ٚ‬غ كه‪ٛ‬ت انخًش‪ٚ‬غ جـايعت بٕسصع‪ٛ‬ذ ‪ -‬أصخار يضاعذ حًش‪ٚ‬غ طحت األصشة ٔ انًجخًع كه‪ٛ‬ت انخًش‪ٚ‬غ جايعت‬
‫بٕسصع‪ٛ‬ذ‬

‫الخالصة‬
‫انًشاكم ف‪ ٙ‬انًؤصضاث انظح‪ِ ٛ‬ت حٕل انعانى‪ْ .‬ذف انذساص ِت ْٕ حُق‪َ ّٛٛ‬ى يعشفتَ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫انعذٖٔ ْ‪ ٙ‬إحذٖ أْى‬
‫ٔاحجاْاث ٔ يًاسصاث فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ انًخعهقت بًكافحّ انعذٖٔ ف‪ُ ٙ‬غ َش ِ‬
‫ف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث ف‪ ٙ‬يضخشف‪ٛ‬اث‬
‫ث سعا‪ٚ‬ت طح‪ِ ٛ‬ت يخخهف ِت (عا ّو ٔخاصّ ٔ حأي‪ٍٛ‬‬‫بٕسصع‪ٛ‬ذ ٔحًج ْزِ انذساص ِت ف‪ ٙ‬ثالثت قطاعا ِ‬
‫ًَهج انذساص ِت عهٗ ‪ 05‬يًشػت ٔيًشع ْ‪ ٙ‬كم انقٕٖ انبشش‪ٚ‬ت انخ‪َ ٙ‬ك ْ‬
‫اَج حَعًْ ُم ف‪ٙ‬‬ ‫طح‪ٔ .)ٙ‬اشخ ْ‬
‫ُغ َش ِ‬
‫ف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث ف‪ ٙ‬انًضخشف‪ٛ‬اث انًخخاس ِة‪ .‬حى جًع انب‪ٛ‬اَاث باصخخذاو ثالد أدٔاث يخخهفت‪ ,‬األداة‬
‫األٔل ْ‪ ٙ‬اصخًاسة اصخب‪ٛ‬اٌ ٔحَحخٕ٘ عه‪ ٙ‬جزئ‪ ,ٍٛ‬انجزء األٔل ‪ٚ‬خكٌٕ يٍ انبُٕد راث انظهت‬
‫بانخظائض انشخظ‪ٛ‬ت نفش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ ٔانجزء انثاَ‪ٚ ٙ‬غطٗ يعهٕياث عٍ فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ حٕل‬
‫انض‪ٛ‬طشة عهٗ انعذٖٔ‪ٔ .‬االصخًاسة انثاَ‪ٛ‬ت حغطٗ احجاِ فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ حٕل انض‪ٛ‬طشة عهٗ انعذٖٔ‬
‫ف‪ ٙ‬غشف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث‪ .‬األدا ِة انثانثت عباسة عٍ اصخًاسة يالحظّ نخَق‪ٛٛ‬ى أدا ِء فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ ف‪ًٛ‬ا ‪ٚ‬خعهق‬
‫بًكافحّ انعذٖٔ ف‪ ٙ‬غشف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث‪ٔ .‬قذ أظٓشث ََخائِ ُج انذساصتَ بأٌ أغهب فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ نذ‪ٓٚ‬ى‬
‫يعشفتُ كاف‪ٛ‬ت عٍ يكافحّ انعذٖٔ ف‪ ٙ‬غشف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث‪ ,‬ب‪ًُٛ‬ا َكاٌَ يعظًٓى نذ‪ٓٚ‬ى احجاْاث صهب‪ٛ‬ت عٍ‬
‫يكافحّ انعذٖٔ ‪ٔ ,‬كاٌ أكثش يٍ َِظْ ِ‬
‫فٓى بقه‪ٛ‬م ‪ٚ‬ضخخذو يًاسصاث غ‪ٛ‬ش كاف‪ِ ٛ‬ت نًكافحت انعذٖٔ‬
‫بغشف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث بًضخشف‪ٛ‬اث بٕسصع‪ٛ‬ذ‪ ,.‬نزا أٔطج انذساصت بؼشٔسة انعًم عهٗ ححض‪ ٍٛ‬يعشف ِت‬
‫ٔاحجاْاث ٔيًاسصاث فش‪ٚ‬ق انخًش‪ٚ‬غ انًخعهقت بًكافحّ انعذٖٔ ف‪ ٙ‬غشف انعًه‪ٛ‬اث‪ٔ .‬كزنك يٍ‬
‫خالل انبشايج ٔانذٔساث انخذس‪ٚ‬ب‪ٛ‬ت ٔانًؤحًشاث ٔانُذٔاث انًضخًشة بًكافحت انعذٖٔ نك‪ ٙ‬حضاعذْى‬
‫عهٗ ححض‪ ٍٛ‬يعشفخٓى ٔيًاسصخٓى ٔاحجاْاحٓى بظفت يضخًشة‪.‬‬

‫الكلمات االسترشادية ‪ :‬انًعشفت‪ٔ ,‬انًًاسصت‪ ,‬يكافحت انعذٖٔ‪ ,‬انًخعهقّ بانًضخشف‪ٛ‬اث ‪.‬‬

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