Acids
Acids are the substances which have sour
taste
Derived from the Latin word acidus which
means sour to taste
PH is less than 7
Change the colour of red litmus to blue
Examples: hydrochloric acid ,sulphuric acid,
acetic acid, nitric acid etc
Indicator
Indicator is a chemical compound which is
added to the solution in very small
amount to detect their acid or basic
nature
An acid-base indicator is that substance
which possesses one colour in acidic
medium and a different colour in alkaline
medium
Litmus
Litmus is a mixture of water soluble dyes
extracted from Lichens.
Litmus solution is a purple coloured dye and
most commonly used in the laboratory
Neutral solution – purple colour
Acidic solution – red
Basic solution - blue
Olfactory indicators
Indicators giving different odours in
acidic and basic medium
Formal definition of acid
All acids in common contain hydrogen.
The hydrogen present in acids is such
that when acid dissolved in water it
gives positively charged hydronium ions.
“A substance which dissociates on
dissolving in water to produce
hydronium ions”
Properties of acids
Acids have sour taste
Acids turn blue litmus to red
Acid solutions conduct electricity
They are corrosive. They destroy clothes, skin and
paper
All of them contain hydrogen
On action with metals they produce hydrogen gas
Acids reacts with carbonates for the formation of
carbon dioxide
Give colourless solution with phenolphthalein and
give red colour with methyl orange
Basicity of an acid(protocity)
The basicity of an acid is the number of replaceable
hydrogen atoms present in a molecule of the acid
Eg: the basicity of HCl =1
basicity of H2SO4 = 2
Monoprotic acid
diprotic acid
Triprotic acid
Classification of acid
On the basis of strength
i. Strong acids
ii. Weak acids
On the basis of amount of acid present
Concentrated acid
Dilute acids
On the basis of strength
Strong acids
Acids when dissolved in water, get almost completely
dissociated to provide hydrogen ions
Eg: sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
Weak acids
Acids when dissolved in water, are incompletely
dissociated to provide hydrogen ions
Eg: acetic acid, phosphoric acid
On the basis of amount of acid present
Concentrated acid
Contains more amount of acid and less amount of
water
Dilute acid
Contains more amount of water and less amount of
acid
While diluting an acid , pour small quantities of acid
slowly into water taken in a beaker, and stir well
Chemical properties of acids
Reaction with metals
Reaction with metal oxides
Reaction of acids with bases
Reaction with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen
carbonates
Reaction of acids with sulphites and bisulphites
Reaction of acids with metal sulphides
Arrhenius concept of acids
1984
Acids are the substances which
dissociate in aqueous solution to give
hydrogen ions(or hydronium ions)
Industrial uses of acids
Hydrochloric acid-used for cleaning metallic items and in
dyestuffs, in tanning and printing industry
Sulphuric acid- manufacture of fertilizers,
chemicals,paints,plastics, synthetic fibres,
detergents ,explosives
Nitric acid- manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, plastics,
drugs and dyes
Acetic acid- used in vinegar
Which element is always present in Arrhenius
acid
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrogen
none of the above
Na2CO3.10H2O is known as –
(A) Baking soda
(B) Baking powder
(C) Washing soda
(D) Bleaching powder
The image shows the pH values of
four solutions on a pH scale.
Which solutions are alkaline in
nature?
(A) A and B
(B) B and C
(C) C and D
(D) A and D
Quiz
Which one of the following is acidic?
a) Leon juice
b) Tomatoes
c) Milk
d) All
PH value less than 7 indicates that the
solution is
a) Acidic
b) Basic
c) neutral
Lactic acid is present in
a) Orange
b) Tea
c) Curd
d) Vinegar
Which of the following are present in a
dilute aqueous solution of HCl?
a) H3O+ + Cl-
b) H3O + OH-
c) Cl- + OH-
Bases
Have bitter taste
Turns red litmus blue
They posses slippery or soapy touch
The solution of bases in water conduct
electricity
Bases react with acids to form salt and water
Bases are metallic oxides or hydroxides
Eg : KOH, NaOH,CuO
What do all bases have in common
Base is a substance when dissolved in water
always produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions)
Eg : sodium hydroxide is a base because it
dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions
along with sodium ions
Types of bases
Strong bases: a base which completely ionises in
water and thus produces a large amount of
hydroxide ions
Eg : NaOH
Weak bases: a base which partially ionises in
water and thus produces a small amount of
hydroxide ions.
Eg : Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH
Acidity or hydroxicity of base
Number of hydroxide ions furnished by a
base molecule in its aqueous solution
after complete dissociation
Mono-acidic bases
Di-acidic bases
Tri-acidic bases
Chemical properties of bases
Reaction of base with metals
Reaction with acids
Reaction with non-metal oxides
Reaction with heavy metal salts
Arrhenius concept of bases
Bases are the substances which
dissociate in aqueous solution to
generate hydroxide ions.
Industrial uses of bases
Sodium hydroxide:
manufacture of soap,paper,synthetic
fibre.
Used in petroleum refining.
Used as laboratory reagent
Potassium hydroxide:
Calcium hydroxide:
Manufacture of bleaching powder
Softening of hard water
Neutralising acid in soil
Magnesium hydroxide
Used as antacid
Ammonium hydroxide
Removing grease stains from cloths
Quiz
Rain is called acid rain when its
a) PH falls below 7
b) PH falls below 6
c) PH falls below 5.6
d) PH is above 7
Sodium hydroxide is a
a) Weak base
b) Weak acid
c) Strong base
d) Strong acid
Which of the given is used as an antacid?
a) Sodium hydrocarbonate
b) Sodium hydroxide
c) Magnesium hydroxide
d) None of the above
Which one of the given is the PH value of pure
water?
a) 0
b) 7
c) 8
d) 1
SALTS
Salt is the result of neutralisation reaction.
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
When hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
are combined, sodium chloride and water are
formed.
Eg : sodium carbonate, copper sulphate,
ammonium chloride
Types of salts
1.Normal salt
The salts formed from strong acids and strong base
2.Neutral salts
The salts formed by the reaction of a weak acid with a
weak base
3.Acidic salt
Salt formed by the reaction between strong acid and
weak base
4.Basic salt
Salts formed by the reaction of strong base and weak
acid.
Family of salts
The salts of hydrochloric acid-chlorides
The salts of sulphuric acid-sulphates
The salts of nitric acid-nitrates
The salts of carbonic acid-carbonates
The salts of acetic acid-acetates
Mixed salts
Double salts
What do acids and bases have in
common?
Uses of salts
Sodium chloride is an essential requirement
of our food. It is also used in making freezing
mixture and in the manufacture of soap.
Sodium carbonate- washing soda for cleaning
clothes, used in fire extinguishers,
manufacture of glass and paper
Sodium bicarbonate is used as baking soda
Potash alum is used to purify water
Potassium nitrate-gun powders, fire works
and glass
pH scale
1909,Sorensen
The strength of an acid or base is
measured on a scale of numbers called pH
scale
0-14
Lower the pH- stronger the acid
Higher the pH- stronger the base
pH can be defined as the logarithm of
reciprocal of H3O+ ions in aqueous solution
Importance of pH in daily life
Comparison of relative acidic and basic
strengths of acids and bases
pH of our digestive system
pH change leads to tooth decay
Self defence by animals and plants
through chemical warfare
Soil pH and plant growth
Ammonium sulphate salt is
a) Basic salt
b) Acidic salt
c) Neutral salt
When sulphuric acid reacts with egg shell it
produces
a) Hydrogen gas
b) Nitrogen gas
c) Carbon monoxide
d) Carbon dioxide
When more and more water is added
to an acid its H+ ion concentration will
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Remains the same
d) None of the above
Some important acids, bases and salts
Sodium hydroxide
Chemical formula
Common name
Action on litmus
Solubility in water
Pure sodium hydroxide
Physical properties
Chemical properties
a) Action of atmosphere
b) Strong alkali nature
c) Action on amphoteric metals
d) Action on ammonium salts
e) Action of carbon monoxide
Uses of NaOH
Laboratory reagent
Soap manufacturing, purification of
bauxite, manufacture of rayon
Used to neutralise acids
Polyvinyl chloride is produced as a by-
product in the manufacturing of NaOH
