Noun are words that name people, places, things (living and non-living things) animals, events or those

that
perceived by the mind-concepts, feeling, qualities, virtues action.
Kinds of nouns
Concrete Nouns name people, places, and things that can be perceived any of the five senses. These are the one
we see, smell, feel, taste, and hear.
Examples: Chair, Table, Face, Nose, etc.
Common Nouns name, people, things in a general in manner.
Examples: School, Hospital, K-drama, KPOP, etc.
Proper Nouns name particular persons, places or things.
Examples: CHCC, Polyclinic hospital, It’s okay to not be okay, Twice, etc.
Collective Nouns are names of groups or collections of person, animals, or things taken as one.
Examples: A pack of wolves, A group of friends, A bunch of keys, etc.
Compound Nouns are names made up of two or more words but function as a single entity.
Examples: Toothpaste, Firefighter, Classmate, Bookshelf, etc.
Count Nouns are names of person, place, or thing that can be counted individually.
Examples: One apple, Two dogs, 3 people, One person, etc.
Uncountable or Mass Nouns are words that denote things that come in bulk.
Examples: Water, Love, Rice, Happiness, Beauty, Intelligence, etc.
Take note: Mass nouns are often abstract or represent substances or concepts that are not easily quantifiable
as discrete units.
Abstract Nouns are names of concepts or ideas, state of being, actions, emotions, and qualities.
How are Abstract Nouns formed?
1. Noun from Adjectives
2. Noun from Common Nouns
3. Noun from Verbs
Generally, all nouns ending in -ness, -tion, –hood, –ship, –dom, –ment, –ism, –th, –ty, –ce, –cy, are Abstract
Noun: Abstract Noun Formation can be made from Adjectives, Verbs, and Common Nouns. Some Examples of the
formation of Abstract Nouns from Adjectives, verbs, and Common Nouns are added in the following.[ -ness , -tion,
-hood, -ship, -dom, -ment, -ism, -th, -ty, -ce, -cy, ]
Nouns From Adjectives
Wise - Wisdom
Just - Justice
Nouns from Common Nouns
Thief - Theft
Slave - Slavery
Nouns from Verbs
Judge - Judgement
See - Sight
Gender Nouns is the characteristics of noun by which sex is distinguished.
The masculine gender denotes male sex. The feminine gender denotes female sex. The common gender notes
being that of either male or female, but you cannot tell which. The neuter gender notes objects or things without
sex. It also denotes abstract concepts and lower forms of animals.
Example of masculine gender: Man, Boy, King, Uncle, Husband, Son, Lion, etc.
Example of feminine gender: Woman, Girl, Queen, Wife, Actress, Madam, Sister, etc.
Example of neuter gender: Beauty, Germs, Chair, etc.
Note: some languages with grammatical gender, nouns are not assigned a specific gender such as masculine
or feminine. English does not have a dedicated neuter gender for nouns. However, English does use the
pronouns "it" and "its" to refer to inanimate objects, animals of unknown or unspecified gender, or young
animals before their gender is identified.
A PRONOUN is a word used in place of a noun. Its name indicates its definite (for) nouns. This is used to avoid
monotonous repetition of nouns in the s succeeding sentences. Since it would be awkward to use the same names
of person or things every time, we refer to it.
She was very much pleased with herself, and none could make her realize that o e himself as he likes. We let him
sleep all day barrio house where anyone may amuse his idea of enjoying himself.
(Notice, that the pronouns found above do not refer to any noun, is that possible)
My father, whose idea these informal parties was and to whom each of my two you brothers turned for help in all
their games, never failed to share in all our pleasure after we were quite grown up. That made our family life very
attractive to our friend.
ANTECEDENT
Antecedent is the noun for which the pronoun stands for. It usually precede in pronoun. In the selection already
given the antecedents are such words as:
Time, guest, husband, wife, slacks, trousers, newcomers, pairs, lady, sleep, father, brothers, etc.

KINDS OF PRONOUNS
1. Personal Pronouns
PERSONAL PRONOUN is a pronoun used to refer to specific person or thing. It changes its form to indicate
person, number, and case. Reflexive pronouns included in the following table; they are used to provide emphasis in
certain situation as pride of accomplishment, surprise, elation, and the like.
2. Relative Pronoun - The main problem with relative pronouns is distinguishing between who and whom. A
simple way to determine which one needed is to substitute a personal pronoun used is he or she, then who should
be used; if the personal pronoun used is him or her, then whom.
Relative pronouns are pronouns that begin clauses which modify nouns and pronouns. The relative pronouns are
that, who, whose, whom, which, what.

3. Interrogative Pronouns - are used in asking questions. They are not special p for this purpose only but
pronouns that can also occur elsewhere: who, whose, what, which.
Keep in mind:
Interrogative Pronouns can function as an adjective in a sentence.
Interrogative Pronouns: Which of them is yours?
Interrogative Adjective: Which picture is your choice?
4. Indefinite Pronouns - are pronouns that do not have definite meanings. They are indefinite, with a wide range
of references and many different uses. Be familiar with this list:

Indefinite Pronouns that are always plural: Both, few, many, others, several.
Indefinite Pronouns that are always singular: Another, anybody, everybody, anyone, everything, little.
Indefinite Pronouns that can be either singular or plural: Any, all, most, more, none, some.
5. Compound Personal Pronouns - are pronouns where the words - self and selves are after added. Notice that
they indicate singular and plural:
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself.
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
These compound pronouns are used in two different ways, both of value in correct in correct and effective
expression.
1. They are used as emphatic pronouns (Intensive Pronouns)
I did it myself.
I myself prepared a lesson.
They themselves are the only persons to be criticized.
2. These compound nouns are used to repeat the meanings already expressed by their antecedents. The subject of
the verb is also the receiver of the action. (Reflexive Pronouns) They emphasize as they repeat.
I have burned myself.
I must wash myself.
6. Possessive Pronouns

7. Demonstrative Pronouns - This, that, these, those.

Demonstrative pronoun - These are ripe mangoes

Demonstrative adjective - These mangoes are ripe.
Verb - a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a
sentence, such as hear, become, happen.
Kinds of verbs
A. Action Verb
1. An Intransitive verb does take a direct object. Instead, it may follow modifiers of the intransitive verb which
answer the question how, where, why, and when.
Pattern: S - IV/ S - IV - Modifier (Subject + Intransitive Verb/ Subject + Intransitive Verb + Modifier)
Example: He sits / He sits carefully.
2. A Transitive verb takes a direct object. It always takes an object to complete its meaning. The direct object can
be a noun, pronoun, or a clause.
Pattern: S - TV - DO (Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object)
Lance took drugs.
She plays scrabble.
Pattern: S - TV - IO - DO (Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)
The manager sent her the reports.
I gave him the money.
Pattern: S - TV - DO - OC (Subject + Transitive Verb - Direct Object + Objective/Object Complement)
She painted the walls blue.
They named him captain.
Linking Verb - is followed by a noun or adjective called as subject complement, which either renames or
describes the subject of the verb. The linking verbs are the forms of verb (am, is, are, was, were) and the verbs of
the senses (appear, feel grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn).
Pattern: S - LV - SC (Noun) (Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (Noun))
Lance is a doctor.
The flower smells sweet.
Pattern: S - LV - SC (adjective) (Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (Adjective))
He seems tired.
The movie appears interesting.
Auxiliary Verbs - are verbs that can be added to another verb to make a verb phrase. They are also called helping
verbs.
Adjective - a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. Its semantic role is to change information
given by the noun.
Descriptive adjectives are words used to describe or modify nouns and pronouns, providing more detail or
information about them.
The blue sky looked beautiful on a sunny day.
In this sentence, "blue" is the descriptive adjective modifying the noun "sky," giving us more information about
its color.
She wore a long dress to the party.
"Long" is the descriptive adjective describing the noun "dress," providing information about its length.
Limiting adjectives, also known as determiners, are words that come before a noun to limit or specify its reference
in some way. They include articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, that, these, those), possessives (my, your, his,
her, its, our, their), quantifiers (some, any, few, several, many, much, etc.), and numbers (one, two, three, etc.).
Here are five examples of limiting adjectives in sentences:
The cat is sleeping on my bed.
In this sentence, "the" is the definite article limiting the noun "cat" to refer to a specific one, and "my" is a
possessive adjective limiting the noun "bed" to show ownership. This car is faster than that one. "This" and "that"
are demonstrative adjectives limiting the nouns "car" and "one," respectively, to specify which ones are being
referred to.
Pronominal adjectives, also known as pronominal determiners or possessive adjectives, are words that function as
both pronouns and adjectives. They indicate possession or ownership and always come before nouns.
Here are five examples of pronominal adjectives in sentences:
Demonstrative Pronoun vs. Demonstrative Adjective:
Demonstrative Pronoun:
Example 1: "This is delicious." (Here, "this" replaces the noun and stands alone as the subject of the sentence.)
Example 2: "Those are expensive." (In this sentence, "those" replaces the noun and stands alone as the subject.)
Explanation: Demonstrative pronouns stand-alone and replace specific nouns. They indicate which things or
people are being referred to without modifying another noun.
Demonstrative Adjective:
Example 1: "This book is interesting." (Here, "this" modifies the noun "book" to specify which book is
interesting.)
Example 2: "Those cookies are delicious." (In this sentence, "those" modifies the noun "cookies" to specify which
cookies are delicious.)
Explanation: Demonstrative adjectives come before a noun to specify or point out which noun is being referred to.
They modify the noun directly.
Possessive Pronoun vs. Possessive Adjective:
Possessive Pronoun:
Example 1: "The phone is mine." (Here, "mine" replaces the noun "phone" to indicate ownership without needing
another noun.)
Example 2: "The house is theirs." (In this sentence, "theirs" replaces the noun "house" to indicate ownership.)
Explanation: Possessive pronouns stand-alone and show ownership or possession without needing to modify
another noun.
Possessive Adjective:
Example 1: "This is my car." (Here, "my" modifies the noun "car" to indicate ownership.) Example 2: "Is this
your pen?" (In this sentence, "your" modifies the noun "pen" to indicate ownership.)
Explanation: Possessive adjectives come before a noun to show ownership or possession. They modify the noun
directly.
Indefinite Pronoun vs. Indefinite Adjective:
Indefinite Pronoun:
Example 1: "Somebody called." (Here, "somebody" stands alone to refer to an unspecified person.)
Example 2: "Is there anything I can do?" (In this sentence, "anything" refers to an unspecified thing.)
Explanation: Indefinite pronouns stand-alone and refer to nonspecific persons or things.
Indefinite Adjective:
Example 1: "Would you like some tea?" (Here, "some" modifies the noun "tea" to indicate an unspecified
quantity.)
Example 2: "I don't have any money." (In this sentence, "any" modifies the noun "money" to indicate an
unspecified amount.)
Explanation: Indefinite adjectives come before a noun to indicate an unspecified quantity or amount. They modify
the noun directly.
Distributive Pronoun vs. Distributive Adjective:
Distributive Pronoun:
Example 1: "Each of us has a different opinion." (Here, "each" stands alone to refer to individual members of the
group.)
Example 2: "Either is fine with me." (In this sentence, "either" stands alone to refer to one of two options.)
Explanation: Distributive pronouns stand-alone and refer to members of a group individually, one at a time.
Distributive Adjective:
Example 1: "Every student should bring their textbook." (Here, "every" modifies the noun "student" to emphasize
each student.)
Example 2: "Each has his way of doing things." (In this sentence, "each" modifies the noun "way" to emphasize
individuality.)
Explanation: Distributive adjectives come before a noun to emphasize individual members or parts within a
group. They modify the noun directly.

Interrogative Pronoun vs. Interrogative Adjective:

Interrogative Pronoun:
Example 1: "Who is at the door?" (Here, "who" introduces the question about a person.) Example 2: "Which do
you prefer?" (In this sentence, "which" introduces the question about a choice among options.)
Explanation: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions about nouns.
Interrogative Adjective:
Example 1: "Whose bag is this?" (Here, "whose" modifies the noun "bag" to ask about possession.)
Example 2: "Which book do you prefer?" (In this sentence, "which" modifies the noun "book" to ask about
choice.)
Explanation: Interrogative adjectives come before a noun to ask questions about the noun directly.
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES

ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
- the adjective is before the noun.
EX:
- The blue ( adj. ) sky ( noun ) stretched endlessly above us.

PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
copulative v = linking verb
- The adjective comes after the LV
EX:
- Paulland is handsome.
- She is poetic.

OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
- uses transitive verb - modifies name
EX:
- We named our daughter Alice.

ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES.

1. DETERMINERS - articled and other limiters.

• Articles - the (uses for definite nouns) a/an (uses for indefinite nouns)
• Possessives - my, yours, his, hers, its
• Quantifiers - many, several, few, one, two, etc.
• Demonstrative - this, these, that, those

2. OBSERVATION -OPINION
3. SIZE AND SHAPE - denotes the measurement
4. AGE - denotes age
5. COLOR - denotes color
6. ORIGIN- source of noun. (French, Korean, Japan, Philippines, etc.)
7. MATERIAL - what its made of (woolen, wooden, metallic)
8. QUALIFIER - purpose

ADJECTIVES MAKING COMPARISON.

1. Compare equal or in the same way. ( Shows similarities )

The world's biggest bull is as big as a small elephant.
The weather this summer is as bad as last year.

2. Negative form. Not as, quite ( Shows differences )

Her presentation was not as captivating as his.
This novel is not as interesting as the one I read last week.
3. Common Modifiers - close (nearly/almost)
She's nearly as tall as her sister,
The movie is almost as thrilling as the book

Degrees of Adjectives
POSITIVE - BIG,
COMPARATIVE - BIGGER
SUPERLATIVE - BIGGEST,
• Count the syllables.
If more than 2 syllables use ( most & more )
If one ( er and ost )
Subject Complement:
A subject complement is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb (such as "is," "seems," "becomes") and
provides additional information about the subject. It renames or describes the subject.
Subject complements can be nouns, pronouns, or adjectives.
Subject complements are typically found with linking verbs, which connect the subject to the complement, often
expressing a state of being or condition.
She is a teacher. ("teacher" is a subject complement that renames the subject "she")
Object Complement:
An object complement is a word or phrase that directly follows and modifies the direct object of a verb. It
provides additional information about or completes the meaning of the direct object.
Object complements typically describe, rename, or modify the direct object of the verb.
Object complements are not found in all sentences and are only present when there is a direct object.
She considered him a friend. ("a friend" is an object complement that describes the direct object "him")