Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

ME 166 Applied Thermodynamics

ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT

D. A. QUANSAH
 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Energy
• A system may posses several types of energy:
✓ Kinetic Energy: K . E = 1 mV 2
2
✓ Potential Energy: P.E = m.g.h
✓ Internal Energy: U
The Internal Energy is the energy associated with the
translation, rotation, and vibration of the molecules, electrons,
protons, and neutrons, and the chemical energy due to bonding
between atoms and between subatomic particles.
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Conservation of Energy
✓ The law of conservation of energy states that the
energy of an isolated system remains constant.
✓ Energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated
system; it can only be transformed from one form to
another.

𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 + 𝑈 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑉 2
+ 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑈 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2 www.knust.edu.gh
 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT

WORK
• Work, designated W, is often defined as
the product of a force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force: the
mechanical definition of work.
• Thermodynamic work (a broader sense of
work) is done by a system if the sole
external effect on the surroundings could
be the raising of a weight. www.knust.edu.gh
 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT

Work

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT

Sign Convention
Work is +ve if done on the surroundings
Work is -ve if done on the system by the environment

Example
A piston compressing a fluid
is doing negative work on
the system, whereas a fluid
expanding against a piston is
doing positive work.
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Expansion Work

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Work as a Path Function

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Analysis of PdV Work
𝑉2
𝑊1−2 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

To evaluate this integral analytically, one has to establish

a relationship between P and V during the expansion or
compression process. Typically, the relation is given as:

𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
A quasi-equilibrium process described by such an
expression is called a polytropic process, n is the
polytropic index, and is constant for a given process.
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Analysis of PdV Work
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
When:
✓ n=0: P=constant i.e. isobaric process
✓ n=1: PV=constant, which is an isothermal process for a
perfect gas
✓ n=∞: results in V=constant i.e. isochoric (Proof??)
✓ n=ϒ: which is a reversible adiabatic process for a perfect
gas.
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Analysis of PdV Work

0 to 1= constant pressure heating,

0 to 2= constant volume heating,
0 to 3= reversible adiabatic compression,
0 to 4= isothermal compression,
0 to 5= constant pressure cooling,
0 to 6= constant volume cooling,
0 to 7= reversible adiabatic expansion,
0 to 8= isothermal expansion.
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Analysis of PdV Work

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑊 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =න 𝑛
𝑑𝑉
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉21−𝑛 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉11−𝑛
=
1−𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃2 𝑉2𝑛 𝑉21−𝑛 − 𝑃1 𝑉1𝑛 𝑉11−𝑛 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
= =
1−𝑛 1−𝑛
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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Other work modes: Electrical Work

Rate of Electrical Work (Power), W

Electrical Work , J, over Δt is:

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Other work modes: Shaft work

Power transmitted from shaft to surroundings is:

tangential force Ft and radius R; velocity at the

point of application of the force is V=Rω,
ω is the angular velocity. www.knust.edu.gh
 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Other work modes: Shaft work

The work transferred in a given time t is given

by

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
Other work modes: Spring work

The work necessary to stretch a linear spring with spring

constant K from a length x1 to x2 can be found by using
the relation for the force:

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
HEAT
✓ Heat is energy transferred across
the boundary of a system due to a
difference in temperature between
the system and the surroundings of
the system.
✓ A process in which there is zero
heat transfer is called an adiabatic
process.
SIGN CONVENTION
✓ Heat transfer to system: +ve
✓ Heat transfer from system: -ve www.knust.edu.gh
 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
HEAT

➢There are three heat transfer

modes: conduction, convection, and
radiation
➢Heat is a path function and is
usually denoted as Q

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 ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT
HEAT

RECALL
✓ The unit for energy, both as heat
and work is the Joule (J).
✓ The rate of transfer (of heat or
work) is measured in J/s or W,
which is Power.

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 Question 1
A 2200-kg automobile traveling at 90 km/h (25 m/s) hits the rear of a stationary, 1000-kg
automobile. After the collision the large automobile slows to 50 km/h (13.89 m/s), and the
smaller vehicle has a speed of 88 km/h (24.44 m/s). What has been the increase in internal
energy, taking both vehicles as the system?

The kinetic energy before the After the collision the kinetic energy is:
collision is: 1 1
KE2 = ma Va 2 + mb Vb 2
1 2 2
1 1
KE1 = ma Va 2 = × 2200 × 13.892 + × 1000 × 24.442
2 2 2
1 = 510 900 J
= 2 × 2200 × 252
= 687 500 J The conservation of energy requires that:
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑈1 = 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2
𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝐾𝐸1 − 𝐾𝐸2
= 687 500 − 510 900 = 176 600 J

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 Question 2

The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 100 N.m of torque as it rotates at 3000 rpm.
Calculate the power transmitted.

The power (or work rate) is found from the expression:

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
Where:
T is torque and ω is angular velocity expressed in rad/s

2𝜋
𝜔 = 3000 × = 314.2 𝑟𝑎 𝑑Τ𝑠
60
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 = 100 × 314.2 = 31 420 𝑾
31 420
P= = 42.1 𝒉𝒑
746

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 Question 3 (1/2)

The air in a 10-cm-diameter cylinder The pressure in the cylinder is initially found
shown is heated until the spring is from a force balance as shown on the free-body
compressed 50 mm. Find the work diagram:
done by the air on the frictionless 𝑃1 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 + 𝑊
piston. The spring is initially
unstretched, as shown. 𝑃1 𝜋 × 0.052
= 100 000 × 𝜋 × 0.052 + 50 × 9.81

∴ 𝑷1 = 162 500 𝐏𝐚

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 Question 3 (2/2)
To raise the piston a distance of 50 mm, without the
The air in a 10-cm-diameter cylinder
spring, the work required would be force times
shown is heated until the spring is
compressed 50 mm. Find the work done distance:
by the air on the frictionless piston. The 𝑊 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑑
spring is initially unstretched, as shown.
= 162 500 × 𝜋 × 0.052 × 0.05
= 63.81 J
The work required to compress the spring is calculated as:
1 1
𝑊 = 𝐾 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 = × 10 000 × 0.052 = 12.5 𝐉
2 2

The total work is then found by summing the two values:

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 63.81 + 12.5 = 76.31 𝐉

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 Question 4
But for an isothermal process:
Energy is added to a piston-cylinder PV = C
arrangement, and the piston is withdrawn in such
a way that the temperature remains constant. The We may therefore compute the constant C
initial pressure and volume are 200 kPa and 2 as:
m3, respectively. If the final pressure is 100 kPa, C = P1 V1
calculate the work done by the ideal gas on the = 200 × 2 = 400 kJ
piston. Also:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1 200 × 2
Assuming the expnsion to be a quasi-equilibrium 𝑉2 = = = 4 m3
𝑃2 100
process, the work may be determined as:
4
400 4
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐶 𝑊1−2 =න 𝑑𝑉 = 400 ln = 277 kJ
𝑊1−2 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = න 𝑑𝑉 2 𝑉 2
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉

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