ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS ➢ Frequently used by traffic and leads

to vital areas such as major cities

Part 1
and installations
Introduction ➢ Example: Highway (can
accommodate greater traffic volume),
Road Definition
Avenue, Boulevard
➢ A road is a structure that link barangays 2. Minor Roads
and cities in the country ➢ Roads which are local in nature as it
➢ It serves as medium in transporting goods serves only the interest of the
and commodities from one place to locality such as a street (serves
another service area connecting to highways).
➢ It also serves as communication link which ➢ Less frequently used by traffic.
brings economic development to a nation C. According to Surface Course
1. Earth Road
Classifications of Road
➢ It is the simplest form of road
A. According to Usage constructed by shaping and
1. National Road smoothing the natural soil traversed
a. Primary National Road – the main by the road line.
highway trunk line system that is ➢ A trail that has been developed with
continuous in extent that goes from use over a number of years can be
province to proving and region to purposely converted into a road that
region. has a properly designed and
b. Secondary National Road – engineered alignment, cross section
connects a provincial or national and drainage.
road to a public wharf or railway ➢ One of the most important aspects of
station. the design of a road is the provision
2. Provincial Road – connects two made for protecting the road from
municipalities or cities within a surface water or ground water.
province. ➢ The road surface must be
3. City Road – street within the urban area constructed so that it drains rainwater
of the city. away quickly to drainage ditches.
4. Municipal Road – street within the ➢ The formation of the road must be
población area of a municipality. raised above the level of the local
5. Barangay Road – street located outside water table to prevent it from being
the población area of a municipality or soaked by ground water.
urban area of a city and those outside 2. Gravel Road
industrial, commercial areas, or ➢ Constructed from natural gravel
residential subdivisions. together with a sufficient amount
B. According to Importance of good quality soil to serve as
1. Major Roads binder.
➢ Those roads of national importance.
 ➢ It is sometimes termed as an all ➢ This is moderately strong in itself, and
weather road and used to construct has the quality binding sand and
Farm to Market Roads (FMR) which stones into rigid masses with great
serves to connect rural and strength.
agricultural areas to market towns. ➢ Cement and water are mixed with
➢ These routes serve as a better clean sand to produce mortar, which
quality road, usually a highway is used chiefly as a binder and filler
which allows farmers to transport between bricks, stones, and blocks;
their products to market towns and with sand and graded sizes of
and/or distribution centers. crushed rock or similar material to
3. Asphalt Road (Asphalt Concrete make concrete.
Pavement) D. According to Traffic Volume
➢ It is frequently described as flexible 1. For Heavy Traffic Load
pavement implying its ability to 2. For Medium Traffic Load
absorb the stresses imposed by 3. For Light Traffic Load
traffic and weather without cracking.
Main Road Components
➢ The tensile strength of an asphalt
pavement enables resistance to 1. Subgrade
displacement and the flexibility to ➢ It is the upper layer of natural soil which
conform to minor irregularities of may be the undistributed local
the base without failure. materials, or soil excavated elsewhere
➢ It is composed of hot-mix to placed as fill.
combination of asphalt cement, ➢ In either case, it is compacted during
crushed stone, sand fines, and a construction for road stability.
small amount of air. 2. Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses
4. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement ➢ Are individual stabilizing layers of
Road (PCCP) selected material and designed thickness
➢ It is sometimes termed rigid placed on top of the subgrade to
pavement because it is strong in distribute the load transmitted from the
resisting compressive load but surface course.
weak in resisting tensile stresses. 3. Surface Course
➢ Concrete pavement resting on a ➢ It is the uppermost structural
weak subgrade and base courses is component of the roadway, which
considered weak in carrying heavy provides resistance to wear and
load associated with impact forces. shearing stress due to traffic load.
➢ Portland cement is the essential ➢ It also provides an even skid resistance
ingredient in rigid pavements, and in surface with comfortable durability and is
most structural concrete. appropriately crowned to prevent rain
➢ It is a fine dry powder which when water from penetrating into the
combined with water, forms a paste subgrade.
that sets into a stone-like substance.
4. Shoulders
➢ These are located beside the carriage
way which is the total width available for
passing vehicles
➢ It is used to receive lateral clearance to
protect major structures on the roadside,
to secure safety and comfort of both
motorists and pedestrians and for
emergency stopping purposes.
5. Drainage Structures
➢ These are located beneath or alongside
the roadway
➢ Used in collecting, transporting, and
disposing of surface water originating in
or near the road right-of-way.
➢ These can be lateral drainage such as U-
shaped, V-shaped line canal or
Perforated Drain Canal.
6. Slope Protection Structures
➢ These are constructed along the side of
the roadway to stabilize the slopes.
7. Retaining Walls
➢ These are constructed along the side of
the roadway if there are space
restrictions.
➢ Erosion and sediment controls are
constructed to prevent detrimental
effects.