CVE 313: Reinforced Concrete Design “Successful design of a perfect structure can

never be performed only on the basis of

5. Flexure in Reinforced general rules concerning structural system,
dimensions and proportions alone, as long as
Concrete Beams the design lacks in originality and individuality.”

M Christian Menn

Dr. Sami W. Tabsh, P.E.

Christian Menn (born 1927) received his PhD in 1956 from the Federal Institute of Technology,
Civil Engineering Department Switzerland. He led his own engineering company in Chur from 1957–1971. From 1971 until his
retirement in 1992, he was a professor of structural engineering at ETH Zurich. Menn’s earliest
AUS 1 bridges were relatively long-span deck-stiffened arches, but eventually he found out that
prestressing could actually replace the arch itself.
2

Outline 1. Introduction
1. Introduction A beam is any structural member which
2. Behavior at Ultimate resists load mainly by bending (plus shear).
Therefore, it is often called flexural member.
3. Minimum Reinforcement
Reinforced concrete beams can be as short
4. Strength Reduction Factor
as 1 m (e.g. lintel above window opening) and
5. Beam Construction and as long as 10 m. They can have rectangular,
Testing Tee, box or any other cross-section.
6. Beam Detailing Beams can be either statically determinate or
7. Analysis of Beams indeterminate, and are often part of a large
8. Design of Beams 3
frame with monolithic construction. 4
 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Beam

Beam
5
Arrangement of beams within a floor (slab not shown) 6

1. Introduction 1. Introduction
When subjected to bending, regions within a
beam experience tension and compression.
Load Neutral
Concrete is weak in tension but strong in Compression
zone axis
compression. Hence, steel rebars are needed A
Concrete
in the tension zone of a beam since the tensile
capacity of concrete is negligibly small. Steel bars
A Steel bars
Tension
zone Section A-A

Simple beam subjected to positive moment

7 8
1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Steel bars Tension

Load
A zone
Cracking Pattern
Steel bars

Concrete
Neutral A Moment Diagram
axis Compression
Section A-A
zone

Cantilever beam subjected to negative moment)

9 Longitudinal reinforcing steel location 10

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Simple concrete beam reinforcing, including heavy bottom

Beam subjected to positive bending and shear 11 bars, light top hanger bars, and U-shaped shear stirrups.
12
 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Beam before concrete pouring

showing steel reinforcement 13
Flexural testing of a reinforced concrete beams in the lab
14

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

 Consider a
reinforced concrete (a) before initial crack (d) yielding of steel reinforcement

beam subjected to Ultimate

increasing load.
 As the load on the
(b) flexural crack formation (e) crushing of concrete
beam is increased,
the behavior of the
beam goes through
the following 6 (c) propagation of flexural crack (f) Fracture of steel
crushing

stages. 15
fy
16
Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beam
 1. Introduction 1. Introduction
at ultimate Reinforced concrete members subjected to
bending moment are designed at ultimate.

Ultimate Flexural Strain, cu

(crushing of concrete)

This condition in the ACI 318 code

corresponds to a maximum compressive
strain in the concrete cu = 0.003 mm/mm.
Mu
cu

Moment, M
M 
cu=0.003 @ top
0 14 28 42 56 (assumed) M
M
Compressive Strength, f’c (MPa)

-diagram at Ultimate compressive strains in concrete from

17 Curvature,  18
ultimate tests of reinforced concrete members in flexure

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Moment at Midspan

Mu
My
Ultimate
Stage II

Mcr
Stage I

19 20
1. Introduction 2. Behavior at Ultimate

The basic assumptions for flexural behavior of

reinforced concrete beams are:
1. Plane sections remain plain (i.e. strains vary
linearly throughout the cross-section)
2. Perfect bond between concrete and steel
(same strain, no slippage),
3. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored,
4. Maximum useful compressive strain of
concrete is 0.003 mm/mm, and
21
5. Strain hardening of steel is neglected. 22

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

At ultimate, when the maximum compressive
strain due to flexure is 0.003, the actual stress
distribution of the concrete in the compression
zone of a beam can be idealized by a uniform
Plane sections remain plain after bending stress block (Whitney 1937).
actual stress-strain curve fc
f’c 0.85f’c
f’c
0.85f’c

c c a
Whitney’s Stress
Block Actual Approximate

0.003
23 c 24
Concrete stress idealization at c=0.003
Whitney, C.S. (1937) "Design of Reinforced Concrete Members Under Flexure and Combined Flexure and Direct
Compression." ACI Journal, March-April; 33, 483-498. f’c

2. Behavior at Ultimate
Stress
Actual Approximate
f’c (Whitney)
0.85f’c
cu=0.003 Note: idealization
cu f’c Stress-Strain Curve is valid only when
for concrete max=0.003

0.003 Strain

Actual

Ideal

Stress-Strain Curve
for Reinforcing Steel
25 26

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

The nominal flexural capacity of an under-
reinforced concrete member, Mn, is
obtained from: b
0.85f’c
a C
Fx = 0 c
b
0.003 0.85f’c => T = C d N.A.
a d-a/2
c
N.A. As fy = 0.85 f’c a b As
d
As sy As fy T=Asfy
As fy => a =
0.85 f’c b Cross-section -diagram
-diagram
27 28
Section -diagram
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
If the moment is summed at the c.g. of the where
uncracked concrete area, the nominal moment
As = area of steel reinforcement (mm2),
capacity (Mn) of the section can be obtained:
b = beam width (mm),
a
Mcon = 0 => Mn = As fy d – 2
d = effective depth of steel reinforcement
from extreme compression fibers (mm),
On the other hand, if the moment is summed f’c = specified concrete strength (MPa),
at the c.g. of steel area, Mn can be obtained : fy = specified steel yield strength (MPa).
a Note that for typical under-reinforced concrete
Mst = 0 => Mn = 0.85 f’c a b d – 2 29
beams: (d – a/2) ≈ 0.9d 30

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

The “Effective Depth”, d, for b
the beam depends on the If both layers of steel yield,
thickness of the beam, bar then the effective depth, d,
size and amount of concrete h d can be taken as the distance
cover, and can be As from the top of the beam to
db
calculated as follows (for the centroid of both layers of
clr cover
one row of reinforcement): steel, As = As1 + As2
d = h – (clear cover to flexural bars) – db/2
where, h = overall height of beam section d=
31 32

db = diameter of bar carrying tension

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
Metric Diameter
European* metric sizes Area
Bar Size (mm) (mm²)
8 8.0 50.3
10 10.0 78.5
12 12.0 113
14 14.0 154
16 16.0 201
20 20.0 314
25 25.0 491
28 28.0 616
32 32.0 804
33 * Commonly used in the middle-east 34

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Example 1: 300
Determine the nominal
flexural capacity of the
following under-reinforced 500
(steel yield before concrete
6No.25
crushes in flexure) cross-
75
section with 2 layers of 75
steel reinforcement.
All dimensions are in mm
Given:
Typical flexural failure of a R/C beam 35
f’c = 35 MPa & fy = 420 MPa 36
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
Solution: Depth of Whitney block:
The distance from compression fibers to a = Asfy/(0.85f’cb)
centroid of steel reinforcement is: a
(6x491)(420)
d = 500 + 75/2 = 538 mm a=
300 300
0.85(35)(300)
=> a = 139 mm
The nominal flexural capacity is:
500 d
Mn = As fy (d – a/2)
6No.25
6No.25 = (6x491)(420)(538 – 139/2)
75
75 c.g. of As 37
= 580x106 N-mm = 580 kN-m. 38

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

fy=460 MPa
The previous equation
14
If the expression of “a = Asfy/(0.85f’cb)” is
substituted into “Mn = Asfy(d-a/2)”, then: of Mn can be re-written 12
fy=250 MPa
0.59 As fy 0.59 As fy as follows:
Mn = As fy d – = Asfyd 1 –
10

f’c b f’c bd Mn = R (b d2)

Strength R Value, MPa

8

& the steel reinforcement ratio,  is defined as: where

 = As/bd 0.59  fy
6

R = fy 1 –
the nominal flexural capacity, Mn, becomes: f’c 4

0.59  fy Relations between R 2

Mn =  fy 1 – (b d2)
f’c and  for various f’c and 0

Normal range of  is: 0.5% to 2.5%.

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
fy are graphed on right.
39 40

Reinforcement Ratio, 
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
For example, to design a cross-section (with Note that if the depth of Whitney block from
f’c=30 MPa & fy=460 MPa) for Mn=500 kN-m, the extreme compression fibers, a, is known,
we may choose  (say 1%) and get R from: then the depth of the neutral axis, c, may be
R = fy(1 – 0.59fy/f’c) determined from: b
0.85f’c
= 0.01x460(1 - 0.59x0.01x460/30)= 4.18 MPa a
c= c a
bd2 = Mn/R = 500x106/4.18 = 1.12x108 mm3 1 N.A.
d =0

Let b = d/2 => d3/2 = 1.12x108 mm3 where 1 is a As As fy

Thus, d = 620 mm and b = 620/2 = 310 mm function of the
As = bd =0.01(310)(620) = 1922 mm2 (4No.25) 41 concrete strength, f’c. -diagram
42

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

0.85 MPa for f’c ≤ 28MPa
With respect to flexural behavior, there are 3
0.05 (f’c – 28)
1 = 0.85 – for 28MPa < f’c < 56MPa types of reinforced concrete beams,
7
depending on the relative amount of steel
0.65 for f’c ≥ 56MPa
reinforcement with respect to the area of
1
f’c (MPa) 1 concrete within the cross-section.
0.85 under-reinforced beams,
≤ 28 0.85
35 0.80 0.65 Balanced beams, and
42 0.75 Over-reinforced beams.
49 0.70
≥ 56 0.65 28 56
f’c (MPa)
43 44
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
Under-reinforced beams are beams with a
In under-reinforced beams, once the steel
relatively low steel reinforcement ratio, , such
yields, extensive tensile cracks propagate,
that on the onset of failure the steel yields
crack widths widen, and deflection increases
before concrete crushes.
b significantly until concrete finally crushes in
0.003 0.85f’c the compression zone.
c a
N.A. This mode of failure is desirable because
d
such beams possess large ductility and give
As
As fy
adequate warning to occupants of the
sy
structure before final collapse.
-diagram -diagram 45 46

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Balanced beams are characterized by having

the steel bars start yielding at the same
instant when concrete just about to crush.
b
0.003 0.85f’c
c a
N.A.
Just Before Failure At Failure d
As
As fy
Testing of an under-reinforced concrete beam sy
(Notice extensive cracks and large deflection at failure)47
-diagram -diagram 48
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
The steel reinforcement ratio, b, for a balanced
For under-reinforced and balanced concrete
condition can be obtained from similar ’s of -
diagram: 0.003 0.85f’
beams (s ≤y), the nominal flexural strength
c

c a of such beams can be obtained from:

c= 0.003 d where y=fy/Es d
N.A.

0.003 + y Mn = As fy d – a
s=y As fy 2
But c=a/1=(As fy)/(10.85 f’c b) -diagram -diagram
As fy
Equate the two equations and note  = As/bd: where a=
0.85 f’c b
 =>  = 
 0.85 f’c 600 Note that beams with balanced sections are
b 1
fy 600 + fy MPa 49
undesirable due to their inadequate ductility. 50

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Over-reinforced beams have a lot of steel in Using the strain diagram, equilibrium
tension such that concrete crushes before equations and Hooke’s law, it can be shown
steel starts yielding. They have a brittle mode that the stress in the steel reinforcement of
of failure and are undesirable for construction. over-reinforced concrete beams is:
b
0.003 0.85f’c 510 f’c 1
fs = 90000 +  – 300
c a
d N.A.
The above equation is valid for:  > b
As
As f s and the corresponding Mn = As fs (d – a/2)
sy
-diagram -diagram
51
where a = (Asfs)/(0.85f’cb). 52
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Just Before Failure At Failure

Testing of an over-reinforced concrete beam

(Notice the few cracks and small deflection at failure)
53 54

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

 For a given f’c and fy, there are an infinite number
of combinations of the three design variables (b,  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mL0lPKs0kA
d, As) that can give the same Mn for an under-  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK003bTcGr0
reinforced, singly-reinforced concrete section: b  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HQNbTeCJPE
0.59Asfy
Mn = Asfy d – d

f’cb As

The smaller beam requires more steel to achieve the

same moment capacity as the larger beam, but with
less ductility.
The larger beam will have less steel and deflection
than the smaller beam at the same moment capacity. 55 56
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQlIipMokq4
Example 2: 300 mm

Given the cross-section of a

reinforced concrete beam.

580 mm
Find the nominal flexural
strength of the section, Mn,
for the following four 3 No. 32
combinations of f’c and fy,
shown on the next slide.
57 58

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Solution:
1. f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 250 MPa First, we find :
2. f’c = 50 MPa and fy = 250 MPa  = As/bd = (3x804)/(300x580) = 0.0139
3. f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 460 MPa and compare it with b. If  ≤ b, then:
4. f’c = 50 MPa and fy = 460 MPa 0.59fy
Mn = fy 1 – (b d2) = R (b d2)
f’c
where b = 300 mm and d = 580 mm
What do you conclude?
0.85 f’c 600
and b= 1
59 fy 600 + fy 60
 2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate
2- For f’c = 50 MPa and fy = 250 MPa:
1- For f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 250 MPa:
R = 0.0139x250(1 – 0.59x0.0139x250/50) = 3.33
0.85 f’c 600
b= 1 = 0.0602 ( > ) & Mn = 3.33(300)(580)2 = 3.36x108 N-mm = 336 kN-m
fy 600 + fy => Under-reinforced
3- For f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 460 MPa:
0.59fy
R = fy 1 – R = 0.0139x460(1 – 0.59x0.0139x460/30) = 5.59
f’c
& Mn = 5.59(300)(580)2 = 5.64x108 N-mm = 564 kN-m
= 0.0139x250 1 – 0.59x0.0139x250 = 3.24 4- For f’c = 50 MPa and fy = 460 MPa:
30
R = 0.0139x460(1 – 0.59x0.0139x460/50) = 5.91
Mn= R (b d2) = 3.24(300)(580)2 & Mn = 5.91(300)(580)2 = 5.97x108 N-mm = 597 kN-m
= 3.27x108 N-mm or Mn = 327 kN-m 61

Note: all beams are under-reinforced (i.e.  < b)

62

2. Behavior at Ultimate 2. Behavior at Ultimate

Mn (kN-m)
fy=460 MPa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdpjUunqel4
Conclusion: 700 fy=250 MPa
Mn is slightly 600 564
597

affected by a 500
change in f’c 400
336
327
(especially when fy 300
is small), but is 200
greatly affected by 100
a change in fy. 0
30 50
f’c (MPa)
63 64
 3. Minimum Reinforcement 3. Minimum Reinforcement

The minimum amount of tensile reinforcement

in a concrete section is controlled by the desire
to avoid a sudden flexural failure initiated by
fracture of steel reinforcement in lightly loaded
beams just after the concrete tensile strength
is reached.
In the ACI 318 code, the minimum tensile
reinforcement limit is indirectly based on a
section with flexural strength 20% larger than
the cracking moment. 65 66

3. Minimum Reinforcement 3. Minimum Reinforcement

The flexural steel reinforcement ratio, , in a
beam should satisfy: If the provided steel is greater than 1.33 times
As the required steel based on analysis [i.e.
 ≥min where  =
bd (As)prov ≥ 4/3(As)req’d ], then the previous
0.25 f’c 1.4 requirement can be waived.
min = ≥ ACI 9.6.1.2
For example, if the required steel in a beam
fy fy
based on analysis is (As)req’d = 300 mm2 and
and f’c and fy are both in MPa & fy is taken less
the (As)min = 500 mm2, then the ACI code
or equal to 550 MPa, even if actual fy > 550.
allows us to put in the beam this much steel:
For T-sections,  is replaced with w, defined (4/3)(300) = 400 mm2
as As/(bwd), where bw is the width of the web.67 68
 3. Minimum Reinforcement 3. Minimum Reinforcement

 Example 3: Solution:
450
Check if the steel in the (a) Actual Reinforcement:
cross-section is larger than Effective reinf’t depth, d = 425 – 75 = 350 mm
the minimum limit of the
 = As/bd = 4(491)/(450x350) = 0.0125

425
ACI 318 code. Also, prove
that the section is under-
4 No. 25 bars (b) Minimum Reinforcement:
75
reinforced and compute min = 0.25 f’c /fy = 0.25 60 /460
All dimensions are in mm
the strain in the steel = 0.00421 > 1.4/fy = 1.4/460 = 0.00304
rebars at ultimate. Therefore,  > min………OK
Given: f’c = 60 MPa and fy = 460 MPa. 69 70

3. Minimum Reinforcement 3. Minimum Reinforcement

The beam is under-reinforced if  is less than Determine the depth of Whitney block:
the reinforcement ratio at balanced b, where: As fy (4x491)460
1 0.85 f’c 600 a= = = 39.4 mm
b = 0.85 f’c b 0.85x60x450
f y 600 + fy
Location of N.A. from extreme top fibers:
Note that 1 = 0.65 for f’c > 56 MPa c = a/1 = 39.4/0.65 = 60.6 mm 0.003
0.65x0.85x60 600 From similar ’s: c=60.6
=> b =
460 600 + 460
s = 0.003(d – c)/c = 0.0143

d=350
or b = 0.0408 >  = 0.0125 > y = fy/E = 460/200,000
Therefore, the beam is under-reinforced. 71
0.0023 s 72
 4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

The strength reduction factor, , is required to dt = distance from extreme compression

determine the design strength, Mn. fibers to centroid of reinforcement
In this part, the following definitions are used: closest to tension face.
s = strain at the centroid of tension ty = yield strength of the longitudinal
reinforcement group, tension steel reinforcement.
t = strain at the centroid of the In the ACI 318 code, flexural ductility is
reinforcement closest to tension face, measured in terms of the strain in the tension
d = distance from extreme compression longitudinal steel reinforcement layer that is
fibers to centroid of tension located on the extreme tension side, t.
reinforcement group, and
73 74

4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

b
0.003 It has been stated that the nominal flexural
c capacity of a reinforced concrete member is
M N.A.
dt d determined when the strain in the concrete at
c.g. of steel in As
extreme layer +
c.g. of As s extreme compressive fibers reaches 0.003.
on tension side t b
-diagram 0.003 0.85f’c
c a
From similar triangles:
N.A.
0.003 t 0.003 (dt – c) d dt
= => t = As
c dt – c c t As f s
where c = a/1 75
-diagram -diagram 76
 4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor
If at that instant, the strain in the If the strain in the extreme 0.003
0.003
extreme tension steel layer is tension steel layer is lower c
c
sufficiently large, say t ≥ (ty + than or equal to the yield strain dt
dt
0.003) where ty is the yield stress, (t ≤ ty), then the behavior of
then the flexural behavior of the the member is considered t ≤ ty
member is considered fully ductile t ≥ (ty+0.003) nonductile (according to the  =0.00207 for grade 420 steel
ty
 =0.00230 for grade 460 steel
(according to the ACI 318 code). ACI 318 code). ty

The concrete beam section is referred to as The concrete beam section is referred to as
tension-controlled, with adequate warning prior compression-controlled, with not enough
to failure. 77 warning prior to failure. 78

4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

0.003
Reinforced concrete sections 0.003
with steel reinforcements c
d
falling between the previous dt dt
two categories are denoted
as transition sections. The ty< t<(ty+0.003) t
strain in the extreme tension (ty+0.003) ty
Tension Compression
steel layer in such sections is Controlled Transition Controlled
Notes:
moderate, in the range:
t = 0.003(dt - c)/c
ty < t < (ty + 0.003) ty = fy/Es -diagram
79 80
where Es = 200,000 MPa
 4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor
The amount of steel in a given cross-section In the strength design method, the bending
dictates which category the section is in. moment due to factored loads (Mu) must be
As more steel is added to a section, the N.A. less than the design flexural strength (Mn):
moves down to accommodate more concrete Mu ≤ Mn
compression, thus the section changes from where  = strength reduction factor.
tension-controlled, to transition, and with more The value of  depends on the section type:
added steel to compression-controlled.
Tension-controlled:  = 0.90
Higher factors of safety are required for
t – ty
compression-controlled sections than for Transition:  = 0.65 + 0.25
tension-controlled sections due to the brittle 0.003
nature of such failure. 81 Compression-controlled:  = 0.65 82

4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

  

0.90
0.25(t - ty) 0.90 0.90
=0.65+
0.003

0.65 =0.48+83t 0.65 =0.46+83t

0.65
Compression Transition Tension 0 0.00207 0.00507 t 0 0.0023 0.0053 t
Controlled Controlled

0 ty (ty+0.003) t fty = 420 MPa fty = 460 MPa

t = strain in extreme reinforcement

Flexural strength reduction factors for two
common grades of steel
83 84
layer closest to the tension face.
 4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor
For the design of new flexural members In order to increase the factor of safety against
(beams, slabs & footings) and columns with non-ductile behavior in concrete structures
factored axial compressive load less than reinforced with high strength steel (fy > 550
0.1f’cAg, the ACI code requires the members MPa), the ACI 318 code requires the values
to be tension-controlled (i.e. the tensile strain used in design calculations to not exceed 550
at the extreme steel layer to be at least equal MPa (even if the actual yield strength is more
to (ty+0.003). This condition 0.003 than 550 MPa). Table 20.2.2.4a
causes the steel to yield way c
dt
For example, if fy=600 MPa, then calculations
before concrete crushes and
of “a,” “” and “Mn” must all be based on
ensures adequate ductility. 85
t ≥ (ty+0.003) fy=550 MPa (not 600 MPa). 86

4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

Solution:
Example 4: 300
Check if the beam is under-reinforced:
Find the flexural strength
= As/bd = (6x616)/[300(500+75/2) = 0.0229
reduction factor  for the
under-reinforced concrete b= 1(0.85 f’c/fy)[600/(600 + fy)]
section shown on right. 500 For f’c = 35 MPa
Also, compute the design 1 = 0.85 – 0.05 (f’c – 28)/7
6 No. 28
strength, Mn. = 0.85 – 0.05 (35 – 28)/7 = 0.80
75
Given: f’c = 35 MPa and 75 => b = 0.80(0.85x35/460)[600/(600 + 460)]
fy = 460 MPa. Dimensions are in mm
87 = 0.0293 >  = 0.0229 88
 4. Strength Reduction Factor 4. Strength Reduction Factor

dt = 500 + 75 = 575 mm 
Therefore, the beam is under-reinforced.
=> fs = fy 300 and t = 0.003(dt – c)/c 0.90
?
0.25(t - ty)
=0.65+
and the depth of Whitney block: 0.003

0.003(575 – 238) 0.65

a = (Asfy)/(0.85f’cb) => t =
238
Compression Transition Tension
Controlled Controlled
dt 0 ty (ty+0.003) t

0.00424
(6x616)(460) 6 No. 28 or t = 0.00424
a= = 190 mm
(0.85)(35)(300)
Hence, the section is in transition region since:
Hence, c = a/1 = 190/0.80 = 238 mm ty < t < (ty+0.003)
89
and ty = fy/Es = 460/200,000 = 0.00230 90

4. Strength Reduction Factor 5. Beam Construction and Testing

0.25(t – ty)
=> = 0.65 +
0.003
0.25(0.00424 – 0.0023)
= 0.65 + = 0.812
0.003
The design flexural capacity is:
Mn = As fy (d – a/2)
= (0.812)(6x616)(460)(537.5 – 190/2)
= 611x106 N-mm = 611 kN-m
since d = 500 + 75/2 = 537.5 mm 91
Steel cage in form Concrete mixer 92

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5. Beam Construction and Testing 5. Beam Construction and Testing

Concrete placement Concrete finishing 93

Testing of steel bar Concrete cylinder testing94
http://www.uaf.edu/~asce/2000RCbeam.html
at 28 days

5. Beam Construction and Testing 5. Beam Construction and Testing

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NPQZ78p40w
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BYc_BOe1H4
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUm0xATflG4
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ck_OdtiqQzY
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQED3kDGPCs
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ch5fUjCPH4

Beam testing Setup Beam failure

95 96

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 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing
(a) Adequate clear spacing between the steel The clear spacing between bars, “s” depends
reinforcing bars is needed in order to allow on the concrete side cover, beam width, and
concrete to infiltrate between the number and size of steel bars used. It is
bars and ensure adequate calculated as follows:
bond between the rebars
and surrounding concrete. b – 2 x (clear side cover to bars) – db x (No. of bars)
s=
The clear spacing should db (No. of spaces)
not be less than the bar
diameter db, 25 mm, or 4/3 s where b = beam width
times (Max. aggr. size). ACI 25.2 97  Note that: (No. of spaces) = (No. of bars) – 1 98

6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

When bundled bars are used, clear spacing
between bundled bars should not be less When steel bars are placed
than the equivalent bar diameter, (db)eq, 25 in horizontal layers (due to
mm, or 4/3 times (Max. aggr. size). lack of adequate width of
cross-section), the ACI
db code requires the clear
(db)eq
vertical spacing between
the layers to be at least 25 ≥ 25 mm
Same area
mm, unless the bars are
db
(db)eq = n db bundled together (i.e. in
where n = # of rebars in a bundle s 99
contact with each other). 100
 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

(b) Minimum clear concrete

cover on reinforcement is
needed in order to protect the
steel reinforcing bars from
corrosion, ensure adequate
bond with concrete, reduce
Clear cover
20 mm 30 mm risk of concrete spalling, and Clear cover on stirrup
on long. bar
meet a specified minimum
period of fire resistance. Unnecessarily large
101 concrete cover can cause large crack widths. 102

6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

Minimum clear concrete cover on the steel

reinforcement should be at least:
- Members exposed to weather
≥ No. 20 bars …….. 50 mm
< No. 20 bars …….. 40 mm
- Members Not exposed to weather
Beams .…………… 40 mm
Walls and slabs ….. 20 mm 103 104
Effect of inadequate concrete cover on steel reinforcement.
 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing
(c) The minimum thickness of a beam, h, shall (d) Control of flexural cracking can be achieved
be based on Table 9.3.1.1; otherwise, by limiting the spacing of bars, s, to:
deflection needs to be checked. (380)(280/fs) – 2.5 cc
s ≤ Smaller cc
(300)(280/fs)
where fs = stress in bars at service load, s
taken equal to ⅔ fy (MPa),
h
s = center-to-center spacing of tension
reinforcement nearest to the extreme
tension face (mm), and
cc = least distance from the surface of tension
reinforcement to the tension face (mm).
105 106

6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

 For example, for a beam (e) When the total depth of a beam h > 900 mm,
with reinforcement having a longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be
yield strength equal to 460 uniformly distributed along both side faces of
MPa and with 40 mm clear the member. It shall extend for a distance h/2
cover, the maximum code 40 from the tension face. The maximum spacing
permitted bar spacing is: of the skin reinforcement is the same as in the
s
(380)(280)/[(⅔)(460)] – (2.5)(40) = 247 mm
previous section (d), with cc being the least
s=smaller distance from the surface of the skin
(300)(280)/[(⅔)(460)] = 274 mm reinforcement to the side face. It is permitted
 Maximum rebar spacing requirement does not to include such reinforcement in flexural
govern in beams, but may be critical in slabs.
107
strength computations of the cross-section. 108
 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing
Practical guidelines (for GCC):
1. Use a multiple of 50mm for width of beams,
M+ and a multiple of 50mm if overall depth <
1000mm & 100mm if overall depth > 1000mm.
2. Use 10mm increments for slab thickness.
3. Typical ratios of b/h are between ⅓ and ⅔.
M- 4. Beam width is often governed by the thickness
of the partition wall it is embedded within, but is
seldom less than 150 mm.
109
5. Beam thickness is governed by the deflection 110

criterion, and is rarely taken less than 250 mm.

6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

6. When placing reinforcing bars, maintain 11. For continuous beams, use constant beam
symmetry about a vertical axis at the center. size from span to span, and vary the steel
7. Rebar size ranges from No.14 to 32 in beams. reinforcement as required.
8. Don’t use different size rebars in the tension 12. In order to eliminate rebar interference at
zone of a beam, but rebar size at the top of the beam-column connections, use either a beam
beam can be different than at the bottom. width 50 mm wider than a column width, or a
9. Use at least 2 bars, one in each corner (to column width 50 mm wider than a beam width.
help anchor stirrups), and no more than 5 or 6 13. The maximum number of bars in a single
bars in one layer. layer can be obtained from: Nb ≈ (0.02b – 1.4),
10. Use one layer of steel, if not possible then rounded down to nearest integer, where b =
width of beam (mm).
111 112

bundle bars. Otherwise, use 2 or 3 layers.

 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

Longitudinal steel bars in beams are enclosed

by stirrups that help in carrying vertical shear
(and torsion). The size of stirrups is often No.
8, No. 10, or No. 12.

stirrup

Devices used to support longitudinal reinforcement

113 114
during casting and provide adequate concrete cover

6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

Beam steel reinforcement placement in formwork 115

Typical structural drawing of RC beam 116
 6. Beam Detailing 6. Beam Detailing

Example 5: Solution:
No.12 stirrup
Check if the clear concrete (a) Concrete Cover: ce (cc)bar (cc)st
Distance from center of bar A
vertical cover on the bottom
steel bars and stirrup is to bottom edge = ce = 600 - 525 = 75 mm

525 mm
adequate if the beam is Clear cover on rebar = 75 – db/2

600 mm
exposed to weather. => (cc)bar = 75 – 32/2 = 59 mm
Also, find the minimum width 4 No. 32 > 50 mm OK for No. 32
of the beam “b” such that the Clear cover on stirrup = 75 – db/2 – dst
4 No. 32 bars can fit in one b => (cc)st = 75 – 32/2 – 12 = 47 mm
layer. 117
> 40 mm OK for No. 12 118

6. Beam Detailing 7. Analysis of Beams

(b) Minimum Beam Width:
The analysis of a reinforced concrete flexural
Min. Width = 2x(clear cover) + 2x(dst)
members involves a systematic engineering
+ 4x(db) + 3x(Min. spac.)
examination of an existing or proposed
where Min. spacing between bars is: member, where all geometry, loading,
Larger (db, 25 mm) = 32 mm reinforcement and material properties are
=> Min. b = 2x(40) + 2x(12) + 4x(32) + 3x(32) known. In this case, it is required to either:
= 328 mm (use 350 mm!) Check if the structural design is in conformance
with the code, or
Note: 40 mm clear cover on No. 12 stirrup gives
Determine the maximum load that can be placed
52 mm clear cover on longitudinal bars, 119 on the structure without violating the code rules.
120

which is adequate (since > 50 mm).

 7. Analysis of Beams 7. Analysis of Beams
In this case, b, d, As, f’c, and fy are given. It is Step 2:
required to find Mn. a = (As fs)/(0.85 f’c b) and c = a/1
Step 1: Step 3:
0.003(dt – c)
Find  and compare it with b, where: Compute: t = c
A 0.85 f’c 600 If t ≤ ty =>  = 0.65
 = bds and b= 1 fy 0.25(t – ty)
600 + fy
If y < t < (ty+0.003) =>  = 0.65+
0.003
If  > b => fs = 90000 + 510f’c1/ – 300 If t ≥ (ty+0.003) =>  = 0.90
Otherwise, fs = fy Note: fy ≤ 700 MPa 121
where ty = fy/Es and Es = 200,000 MPa 122

7. Analysis of Beams 7. Analysis of Beams

Step 4: Note that all the following sections under
The nominal flexural capacity, Mn, is: positive bending are analyzed as rectangular
Mn = As fs (d – a/2) sections of width “b” since the concrete
compression area is rectangular in shape.
and the design flexural capacity, Mn, is:
b b b/2 b/2 b
Mn =  As fs (d – a/2)
a
Step 5:
If the maximum load that can be applied on d
the structure is needed, then equate Mn to Mu As
and solve for the unknown load. 123
As As As As 124
 7. Analysis of Beams 7. Analysis of Beams
Pu
Example 6: 1
The reinforced concrete  Solution:
beam shown is made 1.  = As/bd = (4x616)/(300x525) = 0.0156
with f’c = 35 MPa and fy 1 3m Now, check  against b:
= 460 MPa. Find the
300 mm b= 1(0.85 f’c/fy)[600/(600 + fy)]
maximum factored load,
Pu, that the beam can 75 mm where 1 = 0.85 - 0.05(35 - 28)/7 = 0.80
support according to ACI 4 No. 28
=> b = 0.8(0.85x35/460)[600/(600+460)]
318. Use a load factor 525 mm
= 0.0293 > 
equal to 1.2 on the self-
weight of the beam. Section 1-1
125 Hence, under-reinforced: fs = fy = 460 MPa 126

7. Analysis of Beams 7. Analysis of Beams

2. The depth of Whitney block is: 4. Mn = Asfy(d – a/2)
a = (As fy)/(0.85 f’c b) = (4x616)(460)(525 - 127) = 5.23x108 N-mm
= [(4x616)(460)]/(0.85x35x300) = 127 mm 2
or Mn = 523 kN-m
and c = a/1 = 127/0.80 = 159 mm 5. The flexural design strength is:
3. Strain in the steel layer is: Mn = 0.90(523) = 471 kN-m
t = 0.003(dt-c)/c=0.003(525-159)/159=0.00691 The last step is to determine the maximum
and ty = fy/Es = 460/200000 = 0.0023 factored load Pu.
=> t > (ty+0.003) = (0.0023+0.003) = 0.0053
Hence,  = 0.90. 127 128
 7. Analysis of Beams 8. Design of Beams
Pu
6. The design moment 1.2wD
Structural design is the
capacity (Mn) is equated methodical creation of a member
to the applied factored (dimensions & reinforcement) to
moment (Mu): Mu 3m meet certain requirements.
Nominal self-weight, The basic objective of structural design is to
wD = 0.6x0.3x24 = 4.32 kN/m produce a cross-section and reinforcement
capable of resisting all applied factored loads
=> Mu = 3Pu + 1.2wD(3)2/2
Mu without failure during its intended life span.
but Mu = Mn = 471 kN-m M-diag.
Unlike analysis, there could be many good
=> Pu = (471 – 1.2x4.32x32/2)/3 = 149 kN 129
structural design solutions for a given scenario.
130

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

In flexural design, typically the load on the
beam is given and we need to find b, d (or h),
Examples
& As for selected material properties.
Step 1:
Select f’c and fy based on experience and local
practice.
Step 2:
Select a beam depth “h” larger (by 25-30%, if
possible) than the minimum from ACI Table
9.3.1.1 and assume “b” between h/3 and 2h/3. 131 132

Round “h” and “b” to appropriate values.

 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
Step 3: Note that the previous Eq. was derived from:
Compute the factored Mu from the applied loads Mu = Mn = [0.85f’cba(d – a/2)] and solving
and self-weight of the beam (= 24 kN/m3). the quadratic Eq. for the unknown “a”.
Step 4: Step 5:
Assume d = h – 65mm, or calculate it based on Find c = a/1 and compute t from:
an assumed bar size (e.g. 1 layer of No. 25): t = 0.003(dt – c)/c
d = h – cover – dstir – db/2 Verify that t ≥ (ty+0.003) i.e. tension-contr.
Determine the depth of Whitney block from: If t ≥ (ty+0.003), then proceed to Step 6.
If t < (ty+0.003), then go back to Step 2 and
2 Mu where = 0.90 increase the beam depth (h).
a = d – d2 –
0.85 b f’c 133
Note: fy ≤ 700 MPa
134

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

Step 6: Step 7:
Determine the required steel rebars area from: If  < min, then increase As to meet min (or
0.85 a b f’c consider going back to Step 2 and reduce “b”
As = and/or “h” if the difference is very large).
fy
and corresponding , and check it with min: If  ≥ min, then select rebar sizes based on As,
and verify that the selected bars can fit within
0.25 f’c /fy the beam width. If not, you need to either
 = As/(bd) ≥ min = Larger enlarge “b”, bundle bars, or use more than one
1.4/fy layer of steel and adjust the beam depth “h”.
in which fy is taken ≤ 550 MPa. 135
Both actions require going back to Step 2. 136
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
Step 8:
The previous procedure must be repeated for
Check the design capacity of the beam:
? as many other locations of critical moments
 Mn =  As fy (d – a/2) ≥ Mu along the beam as needed.
where a = (As fy)/(0.85 f’c b), c = a/1 &  = 0.9
Check if t = 0.003(dt – c)/c ≥ (ty + 0.003) (As)1

If not, increase beam depth & go to Step#2. (As)2

Step 9: (Mu)2
Sketch the beam with all details, showing the +
width, total depth, clear concrete cover, - -
number of bars and size of bars. (Mu)1 Factored Moment Diagram
138

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

Example 7:
A simply supported beam is subjected to Solution:
service superimposed dead load wSDL = 5 kN/m 1. Both f’c and fy are given.
and live load wLL = 10 kN/m along its length. 2. From Table 9.3.1.1 (for a simple beam):
Design the beam (not exposed to weather) Multiplier = 0.4+fy/700 = 0.4 + 460/700 = 1.06
using f’c = 35 MPa (N. wt.) and fy = 460 MPa. (h)min= 1.06L/16 = 1.06x6000/16 = 397 mm
Consider the beam’s weight. Assume the beam Round up “h” to: 400 mm (max. acceptable!)
thickness is limited to 400 mm. and choose b = h/2 = 400/2 = 200 mm
1
w
No.10
3. Self Wt. = (0.2)(0.4)(24 kN/m3) = 1.92 kN/m
≤ 400mm
=> wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
6m 1 139
= 1.2(1.92 + 5.0) + 1.6(10) = 24.3 kN/m 140

Section 1-1
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
wu
Mu =wuL2/8 2(1.09x108)
a = 337 – 3372 –
= 24.3x62/8 = 109 kN-m 0.85x0.9x200x35
Mu => a = 67.1 mm
= 1.09x108 N-mm
M-Diagram
4. d = h – cover – dstir – db/2 5. c = a/1 = 67.1/0.80 = 83.8 mm
0.003(dt – c)
=> d = 400 – 40 – 10 – 25/2 = 337 mm t =
c
(assuming one layer of No. 25 bars)
= 0.003(337 – 83.8) = 0.00906 > (ty+0.003)
Determine the depth of Whitney block from: 83.8
2 Mu since (ty+0.003)=(460/200000+0.003)=0.0053
a = d – d2 – where  = 0.90
0.85 b f’c 141
6. Now, determine the steel rebars area from: 142

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

As = 0.85 a b f’c 7. Select rebar sizes based on As, and verify that
fy the selected rebars can fit:
=> As = 0.85x67.1x200x35/460 = 868 mm2 If No. 25 bars are used, then we need:
and  = As/(bd) = 868/(200x337) = 0.0129 n = 868/491 = 1.77 bars => Try 2 No. 25 bars.
Now check min from: (Note: 3No. 20 will not fit within 200 mm, but
0.25 f’c /fy 4No.18 with 2-bar bundles may work). 200mm
min = Larger Find clear spacing between bars: No.10
1.4/fy
s = 200 - 40x2 - 2x10 - 2x25 = 50 mm
40mm
0.25 f’c /fy = 0.25 35 /460 = 0.00322 < 0.0129 > smin = Larger [db, 25] = 25 mm
No.25
1.4/fy = 1.4/460 = 0.00304 (doesn’t govern) 143
=> Minimum bar spacing is satisfied. 144
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
8. Check  Mn =  As fy (d – a/2)
where a = (As fy)/(0.85 f’c b) 9. Sketch the beam:
(2x491)(460) 200 mm
=> a = = 75.9 mm
0.85(35)(200)
No. 10 stirrups
c = a/1 = 75.9/0.8 = 94.9 mm
t = 0.003(337 – 94.9)/94.9 = 0.00767 400 mm
> (ty+0.003) = 0.0053. Hence, = 0.90
2No.25
=>Mn = 0.9(2x491)(460)(337 – 75.9/2)(1/106) 40 mm
clear cover
= 121 kN-m > Mu = 109 kN-m O.K. 145 146

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

Example 8: Solution:
In addition to the self weight, a 3m-long 1. f’c and fy are given.
cantilever beam (not exposed to weather) is 2. From Table 9.3.1.1 (for a cantilever beam):
subjected to nominal uniform load wL = 20 (h)min= L/8 = 3000/8 = 375 mm
kN/m along its length. Design the beam using => Try h = 1.3x375 = 487.5 say 500 mm
f’c = 25 MPa (N.W.) & fy = 420 MPa. Let b = h/2 = 500/2 = 250 mm
1 Self wt.+wL wu
3. wD = A = (24)(0.25)(0.5)
No.10 = 3.0 kN/m
1
=> wu = 1.2x3 + 1.6x20
Section 1-1 147 Mu
M-Diagram 148

3m = 35.6 kN/m
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
Mu = wuL2/2 = 35.6x32/2 =160 kN-m @ support
5. c = a/1 = 84.8/0.85 = 99.8 mm (since f’c < 28)
4. Assume 1 layer of No. 25 bars:
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c
d = h – cover – dstir – db/2
or t = 0.003(437.5 – 99.8)/99.8 = 0.0102
=> d = 500 – 40 – 10 – 25/2 = 437.5 mm
> (ty+0.003) = (420/200000+0.003) = 0.0051
Determine the depth of Whitney block from:
and  = 0.90 (tension-controlled, as assumed)
2 Mu
a=d– d2 – 6. Now, determine the steel rebars area from:
0.85 b f’c
0.85 a b f’c 0.85x84.8x250x25
As = = = 1073mm2
2x160x106 fy 420
= 437.5 – d2 – = 84.8 mm
0.85x0.9x250x25 =>  = As/(bd) = 1073/(250x437.5) = 0.00981
149 150

250
8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
40 2No.28
Now check min from: Check clear spacing between
No.10
0.25 f’c /fy the No. 28 bars:
min = Larger
1.4/fy s = 250 – 40x2 – 10x2 – 28x2 = 94 mm
0.25 f’c /fy = 0.25 25 /420 = 0.00298 > smin = Larger [db, 25 mm] = 28 mm OK
1.4/fy = 1.4/420 = 0.00333 < 0.00981 OK 8. Check  Mn =  As fy (d – a/2)
7. Select rebar sizes and verify clear spacing: As fy (2x616)(420)
=> a = = = 97.4 mm
No. 20: n = 1073/314 = 3.42 or 4 bars 0.85 f’c b 0.85(25)(250)
No. 25: n = 1073/491 = 2.19 or 3 bars c = a/1 = 97.4/0.85 = 115 mm
No. 28: n = 1073/616 = 1.74 or 2 bars (select)
151
and d = 500 – 40 – 10 – 28/2 = 436 mm 152
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c Example 9:
= 0.003(436 – 115)/115 = 0.00841 > 0.0051 A 4m-long cantilever beam (not exposed to
Hence, = 0.90 weather) is subjected to service concentrated
loads of PD = 10 kN and PL = 20 kN at the free
=>Mn = 0.9(2x616)(420)(436 – 97.4/2)
end. Design the beam using f’c = 25 MPa
= 180x108 N-mm 250 mm (normal weight) and fy = 250 MPa.
40 mm
> Mu = 160 kN-m OK clear cover
P
2No.28 1
9. Sketch the beam: Self wt.
500 mm No.10
No.10 closed
stirrups 1
Section 1-1 154
4m
153

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

Solution:
wu = 1.2 A = 1.2(24)(0.25)(0.5) = 3.6 kN/m
1. f’c and fy are given.
Mu = PuL + wuL2/2 = 44x4 + 3.6x42/2
2. From Table 9.3.1.1 (for a cantilever beam):
Multiplier: 0.4 + fy/700 = 0.4 + 250/700 = 0.76 = 205 kN-m = 2.05x108 N-mm (@ support)
(h)min= 0.76xL/8 = 0.76x4000/8 = 380 mm 4. Assume 1 layer of No. 25 bars:
=> Try h = 1.3x380 = 494 say 500 mm d = h – cover – dstir – db/2
Pu
Let b = h/2 = 500/2 = 250 mm wu => d = 500 – 40 – 10 – 25/2 = 437.5 mm
3. Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Determine the depth of Whitney block from:
= 1.2(10) + 1.6(20) 2 Mu
Mu a=d– d2 –
= 44 kN M-Diagram
155
0.85 b f’c
156
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

a = 437.5 – 437.52 –
2(2.05x108) As = 0.85 a b f’c
0.85x0.9x250x25 fy
=> a = 112.5 mm => As = 0.85x112.5x250x25/250 = 2391 mm2
5. c = a/1 = 112.5/0.85 = 132.4 mm and  = As/(bd) = 2391/(250x437.5) = 0.0219
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c Now check min from:
or t = 0.003(437.5 – 132.4)/132.4 = 0.00691 0.25 f’c /fy
min = Larger
> (ty+0.003) = (250/200000+0.003) = 0.00425 1.4/fy
and  = 0.90 (as assumed) 0.25 f’c /fy = 0.25 25 /250 = 0.00500
6. Now, determine the steel rebars area from: 157
1.4/fy = 1.4/250 = 0.00560 < 0.0219 158

8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams 250 mm

40mm
7. Select rebar sizes based on As, and verify that s = (250 – 2x40 – 2x10 – 3x32)/2 s
the selected rebars can fit: = 27 mm < 32 mm N.G. No.10

If No. 28 bars are used, then we need: => we need to enlarge beam width
n = 2391/616 = 3.88 bars (i.e. 2x2bar bundles) by at least 10 mm. Try 300 mm wide beam.
If No. 32 bars are used, then we need: (alternatively, keep the same 250 mm width
but bundle vertically 2x2No.28 bars)
n = 2391/804 = 2.97 bars (i.e. 3 bars)
If b = 300 mm => Go back to Step 2.
Try 3No. 32 bars, and check if they can fit
wu = 1.2 A = 1.2(24)(0.3)(0.5) = 4.32 kN/m
within the 250 mm beam width:
Mu = PuL + wuL2/2 = 44x4 + 4.32x42/2
Note: smin = Larger [db, 25 mm] = 32 mm 159
= 210.5 kN-m = 2.105x108 N-mm
160
 8. Design of Beams 8. Design of Beams

d = 500 – 40 – 10 – 32/2 = 434 mm 8. Check  Mn =  As fy (d – a/2)

2(2.105x108) As fy (3x804)(250)
a = 434 – 4342 – = 94.9 mm => a = = = 94.6 mm
0.85x0.9x300x25 0.85 f’c b 0.85(25)(300)
c = 94.9/0.85 = 112 mm c = a/1 = 94.6/0.85 = 111 mm
t = 0.003(434–112)/112 = 0.00863 (>0.00425) t = 0.003(dt – c)/c
As = 0.85x95.2x300x25/250 = 2428 mm2 = 0.003(434 – 111)/111 = 0.00873 > 0.00425
&  = As/bd = 2428/(250x434) = 0.0224 Hence, = 0.90
> min = 0.0056 =>Mn = 0.9(3x804)(250)(434 – 94.6/2)
Use 3No. 32 bars (As = 2412 mm2, <1% diff) 161
= 2.10x108 N-mm = 210 kN-m ≈ Mu 162

8. Design of Beams Exercise

9. Sketch the beam: For the 300mmx700mm cross-section shown
300 mm with f’c = 35 MPa & fy = 460 MPa, determine the:
(a) Design flexural strength (Mn) if the 300 mm
40 mm section is reinforced with minimum
3No.32 bars clear cover steel for flexure.
(b) Design flexural strength (Mn) if the

630 mm
longitudinal steel is 4No.20 bars.
500 mm (c) Design flexural strength (Mn) if the
strain in the longitudinal steel is
equal to the minimum allowed by
No.10 closed
the code for new designs.
stirrups (d) Required area of flexural steel (As) if 70 mm

163
the section is subjected to a 550 kN- 164
m factored moment.