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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Studies on geothermal energy utilization: a review

M M Andronache, C Teodosiu
STHPA department, Faculty of Building Services, Technical University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Sustainable development requires the use of sustainable energy systems. Energy use
will increase worldwide, and geothermal energy consumption for both electricity generation and
heating will also increase significantly. Sustainable use of geothermal energy means that it is
produced and used outdoors, which is compatible with the well-being of future generations and
the environment. This paper provides a review of the links between the development of
geothermal energy used in HVAC systems and sustainable development, as well as a review of
the sustainability assessment frameworks currently available.

1. Introduction
Accelerated population growth as well as dependence on modern technology lead to a higher demand
for energy consumption. Currently 40% of total energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions are
attributed to the use of buildings in optimal comfort conditions. Nowadays, there is a growing emphasis
on creating a sustainable environment, which requires the careful use of energy sources. In this regard,
there are two effective solutions to address these concerns, namely, the use of renewable energy
resources and increasing the efficiency of current technologies.
The European Commission has developed several strategies in the field of energy, with a view to a safer,
more sustainable and low-carbon economy. In addition to combating climate change by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, the use of renewable energy sources is likely to result in a more secure energy
supply, greater diversity in energy supply, reduced air pollution, and the possibility of job creation in
the environmental and renewable energy sectors.
In January 2014, the European Commission set several energy and climate targets for 2030, with the
aim of encouraging private investment in low-carbon infrastructure and technologies. One of the key
targets proposed is for the share of renewable energy to reach at least 27% by 2030. These targets are
seen as a step forward in achieving the 2050 greenhouse gas emission targets proposed in the Green
Sheet.
Becoming the world's first climate-neutral continent by 2050 is the greatest challenge and opportunity
of our times. To achieve this goal, on 11 December 2019, the European Commission presented the
European Green Pact the most ambitious package of measures that should enable European citizens and
businesses to benefit from the transition to green and sustainable economy.
Renewable energy sources (RES) help to diversify existing energy sources and will most likely replace
energy sources based on declining fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, crude oil). The use of RES instead of
fossil fuels can substantially reduce greenhouse gases, in particular emissions of CO2 and other
pollutants.
The use of energy from renewable sources has many potential benefits, including a reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions, diversification of energy supply and reduction of dependence on fossil fuel

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

markets (especially the oil and gas market). The development of renewable energy sources can also
boost employment in the EU, by creating jobs in the new ‘green’ technology sector.

The problem of energy consumption in buildings is a growing global concern due to rising living
standards and rapid urbanization [1,2]. Due to the important roles of HVAC systems in ensuring thermal
comfort, energy demand for air conditioning systems in buildings will continue to increase in the future.
The development of energy efficient HVAC systems that are not based on the use of fossil fuels will
play a key role in energy saving [3]. More than 50% of the EU's final energy demand is used for heating
and cooling, with 65% of it being supplied by fossil fuels.

Recent studies aimed at long-term global energy consumption estimate that by 2040 total energy
consumption will increase by 25% compared to 2014 [4], or even by 48% compared to the values
recorded for the year 2012 [5]. In addition, these estimates are anticipated in the context of an increase
in energy efficiency for all major energy consuming sectors (construction, transport and industry). Also,
an analysis of global climate change shows that a new record of global average temperature growth has
been reached based on the values recorded for 2016. In addition, it takes place after other extremely
high temperatures recently recorded on the planet ours, the previous maximums being in the years 2005,
2010, 2014 and 2015 [6].

There are several actions in the European Union (EU), among which we can list the document ‘2030
Framework for Climate and Energy’, approved by the European Council in 2014, which proposes to
reach the following figures by 2030: reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to
1990 levels, increasing the share of renewable energy sources to 27% of total EU energy needs and
improving energy efficiency by at least 27% [7]. These ambitious goals further raise the bar already set
by the EU for 2020, known as the ‘European 20-20-20 Targets’ (20% reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions compared to 1990, 20% increase in energy consumption from renewable energy sources and
20% improvement in energy efficiency) [8].

There are also strategies in Romania regarding the energy efficiency of buildings, these being developed
even in the period of pre-accession to the EU [9]. Also, national energy policies were adopted in
Romania after EU integration on January 1, 2007: ‘Romania's Energy Strategy for 2007-2020’ [10],
‘National Strategy for Sustainable Development, Horizons 2013-2020-2030’[11], ‘National Action Plan
for Energy Efficiency (PNAEE III)’ approved by the Government in 2015 [12], a document developed
based on the requirements of Directive 2012/27 / EU [13]. EU Directives on the energy performance of
buildings have also been transposed into national law: Directive 2002/91 / EC [14] has been taken over
in full at national level by Law no. 372/2005 [15] (entered into force on 01.01.2007).

2. Solutions for using geothermal energy

Geothermal energy has a significant potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption and environmental
impact. In order to improve the energy conversion efficiency of geothermal energy systems, numerous
system projects have been proposed and sought to optimize them [16]. Because polygeneration systems
produce various energy products (electricity, heat and / or cooling), it can play key roles in maximizing
the use of geothermal energy. In particular, binary technology polygeneration systems, which can
efficiently produce electricity from geothermal resources at moderate temperatures, have significant
potential for improving overall performance [16].

The transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy systems is becoming
increasingly important for environmental protection and sustainable energy development, due to
increasing global primary energy demand and the need to reduce carbon emissions [17] .

The known equipment in the use of geothermal energy that have been used and studied are heat pumps.
Depending on the depth at which the geothermal source is located, these systems can be: surface, called
‘shallow geothermal’ in which energy can be exploited with both closed systems (vertical, helical or
mixed drilling) and open systems (vertical drilling) and deep boreholes referred to in the literature as
‘deep geothermal’ where energy can only be exploited using open systems.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

The use of geothermal energy in a closed system has the following advantages:

• Operational safety;
• Minimum maintenance costs;
• It does not have a negative impact on the environment;
• Possibility of BTES energy storage and management.

Figure 1. - Schematic of the BTES system [17]

As an inconvenience for the use of this heating/cooling system we can highlight the fact that a large area
of land is needed for the execution of the geothermal sensor.

Regarding the use of geothermal energy in open system, these systems have the following advantages:

• High efficiency heat pumps;

• They have large installation capacities that are limited by the nature of the aquifer;
• It presents the possibility of energy storage and management - ATES.

Figure 2. - Schematic of the ATES system [17]

3. Numerical and experimental approach for determining the performance of geothermal

systems

We further present in this section a review of the works dedicated to experimental and numerical
analyses, mainly related to the use of geothermal energy in buildings.

Geothermal energy pylons, the application of which has become popular in recent years, have a similar
operating principle as vertical trenches [18,19]. In fact, to reduce the additional costs of drilling and
installing heat exchangers with conventional drilling and to take advantage of the fact that piles are
needed to support the superstructures, the heat exchanger pipes are installed directly inside the

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

foundation. According to Lee et al. [20], due to the relatively high drilling costs of the ground heat
exchanger (GHE) of conventional GSHP systems, merging GHE with batteries that support the
structural load of a building can reduce installation costs by 83.7%.

Saaly et al [21] investigated the performance of a proposed geothermal energy storage system for the
energy demand of an institutional building located on the Fort-Garry campus of the University of
Manitoba in Canada. They used the foundations of the building for geothermal pylons, the use of
foundations as heat exchangers with the ground is a relatively new technology. The consistency of the
clay deposit changes from very soft to very rigid with depth. Moreover, the moisture content of the clay
deposit varies from 27% to 61% over the entire profile [22].

HVAC systems, which consisted of fans, underfloor radiant heating and cooling systems, a dedicated
outdoor air system with a heat recovery fan and several air handling units, were modeled in detail.

Figure 3 General view of the model geometry [21]

The variation of soil temperature closer to the geothermal pillars is more intense, as shown in figure 4.
Excessive heat extraction from the ground leads to soil freezing at the interface with piles of concrete.
This can temporarily increase the load-bearing capacity of the pilots. However, thawing in the spring
drastically decreases the load-bearing capacity of these systems.

Figure 4 Temperature distribution profile at the end of the cooling and heating season [21]

Changing the operation strategy of geothermal pillars can effectively mitigate the thermal imbalance of
the soil, especially for the depths less affected by the heat dissipation of the subsoil. Increasing the length
of geothermal pillars is an effective approach for increasing the length of the heat exchanger pipe and
further increasing the energy supply by geothermal pillars.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Kazemi et al. [23] analyzed numerically the performance of an improved geothermal system in the
sedimentary basin of western Canada. They used two coupled models: a thermo-hydraulic (TH) model
and a hydromechanical (HM) model. Chen et al. [24] established an integrated model comprising the
fractured tank and the double-flash geothermal power plant to compare the heat extraction and electricity
generation of EGS under ‘recharge’ and ‘no flow’ limitation conditions based on the geothermal
characteristics of the pool in China. A series of numerical studies, aimed at investigating the relationship
between injection strategies and the extent of the stimulation area, have been conducted for the
California Geysers Geothermal Field [25 - 28]. The results showed the differences in heat extraction and
electricity production of EGS in the Gonghe basin, in the conditions of ‘recharging’ and ‘adiabatic’,
respectively; the heat extraction potential around the periphery of the tank is overlooked in ‘no flow’
limit conditions.

Ma et al. [29] conducted a study that proposed an improved multi-pillar geothermal system for extracting
heat in HDR (hot dry rock) in fracture mode. The results of previous research have shown that the
arrangement of the well is a key factor affecting the heat extraction performance of HDR mining [30].

Yang [31] developed a mathematical model to describe the process of extracting heat from the HDR
tank in a multiwell production system; the results show that the distance between the wells, the radius
of the well, the thickness of the tank and the pumped flow have a significant effect on the efficiency of
heat extraction in a multi-well system. Lei [32] created an EGS model with three horizontal probes in
the Qiabuqia geothermal field, and the results indicated that distances of 300, 400 or 500 m in Qiabuqia
HDR formation are an appropriate stimulation strategy. Song [33] and Shi [34] proposed a new
multilateral probe EGS and found that the thermal output power, production temperature, heat extraction
ratio and cumulative thermal energy of the multilateral probe EGS are higher than those of EGS with
conventional vertical double shafts. Xia [35] established a model of thermal-hydraulic coupling with
injection well and parallel production well and gave the proposed design parameters for industrial
supply, based on the new model. Zhang [36] discussed the heat extraction performance of multi-well
models and the double-well model; the results indicate that the multi-well model leads to widespread
use and a reasonable arrangement of the well can avoid thermal exposure.

Ma et al. [29] proposed a multi-well injection EGS consists of three injection wells and a production
well. The triangular elements were produced on the fracture surface and then the meshes were made in
the vertical direction towards the opposite upper and lower surface to form hexahedral elements.

Figure 5. Mesh placement scheme [29]

They found that as the operating time increases, the tank temperature gradually decreases, the heat
transfer phenomenon is gradually weakened; the cooling zone starts from the injection wells and is
collected in the production well; the conduction process is more inefficient than the convection process,
convective heat transfer is the key to heat extraction in HDR fracture mode.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Figure 6. Evolution of production temperature [29]

The following table summarize the articles that were considered in this study. Also, in these tables
appear observations related to the studied articles, the discoveries that were made, but also the
conclusions reached after the study. The studies presented in this table include most of the geothermal
systems used in systems that use geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings.

Table 1. Presentation of numerical and experimental studies

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
Despite the heat
loss through the
Performance basement, the underground
analysis of a thermal balance temperatures are
proposed University of of the soil, in the substantially
geothermal pile Manitoba case of the higher than
Saaly et al. 2019 system for heating building, support of the surrounding rural
and cooling geothermal total energy areas due to heat
energy demand for pillars demand of the loss from
a building in cold building by the buildings at
regions geothermal ground level
pillars, cannot be
satisfied
Impacts of
boundary The heat
compared to EGS
conditions on extraction
in adiabatic
reservoir Integrated potential around
boundary
numerical model tank the periphery of
conditions, it was
Chen et al. 2019 simulation and and the tank is
found that under
performance geothermal neglected in
“recharge” it has a
prediction of power plant adiabatic
lifespan of more
enhanced boundary
than 20%
geothermal conditions
systems

6
The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
the thermal
Thermal
Groundwater conductivity of
performance of a
inlet and drainage the two-well SCW
standing column SCW type
wells can be geothermal heat
well geothermal geothermal
Lee 2019 improved to exchanger was 4.0
heat exchanger heat
achieve high times higher than
system using re- exchanger
thermal that of a well-type
injection of
performance SCW geothermal
bleeding water
heat exchanger
2 coupled
models:
Performance thermohydraul The introduction
The existence of
Evaluation of an ic (double of a more
the fault at 60 °
Enhanced thermal permeable area (a
to the main flow
Kazemi et Geothermal performance) defect) on the
2019 direction has a
al. System in the and flow path between
reduced effect on
Western hydromechani the wells does not
the life of the
Canada cal shorten the life of
system
Sedimentary Basin (deformation the useful tank
of matrix
blocks)
Increasing the
number of
fracturing steps
Numerical study on
contributes to the a more uniform
heat extraction EGS system
improvement of the flow in each
performance of with triple
Han et al. 2020 cumulative thermal perforation can lead
multistage fracturing horizontal well
production power, to better thermal
Enhanced arrangement
but generally leads efficiency
Geothermal System
to a decrease in the
operating time of
the EGS.
Numerical study on
The model with flat
heat extraction Mechanical
fracture networks
performance of a hydraulic Natural fractures
overestimates the
multilateral-well thermal coupled should be
production
Shi et al. 2019 Enhanced 3D model; considered when
temperature and
geothermal system 11 networks of estimating EGS
thermal power of
considering complex complex performance
multilateral EGS
hydraulic and fractures
with wells
natural fractures
The thermal
conductivity of the
cement sheath has a
Numerical analysis
CBHE system - remarkable
of heat extraction The outlet
finite difference influence on the
performance of a temperature drops
method thermal process, and
Song et al. 2018 deep coaxial a lot in the initial
validated with the partial
borehole heat phase, and remains
experimental cementation with
exchanger relatively stable
data cement with high
geothermal system
thermal
conductivity is
favorable.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
Techno-economic
performance 4 CHP System
The combined
comparison of systems that performance
heating and power
enhanced use varied with
system based on
Meng et al. 2020 geothermal system geothermal temperature and
the classic double
with typical cycle water for dryness of the
flash cycle had the
configurations for heating and geothermal
highest efficiency
combined heating electricity liquid;
and power
Experimental
study on flow and
injection
heat transfer
Multi-pillar temperature and
characteristics of
Hydraulic injection system injection mass
water flowing
model in HDR can achieve high flow are important
Ma et al. 2020 through a rock
tank with heat extraction parameters that
fracture induced
fractures ratio after 30 influence heat
by hydraulic
years extraction
fracturing for an
performance
enhanced
geothermal system
Numerical DBHE provides
CFD The deep
simulation of a more heat, shows
Modeling - geothermal
T. Renaud Deep Borehole an improvement
2019 Ansys Fluent doublets in the
et al. Heat Exchanger in of 2-3%
CFD 17.1.0, open system
the Krafla compared to the
Darcy Law depend on the site
geothermal system standard design
Synergetic
mechanism of
The evaporation
fracture properties the increase of
temperature of
and system fracture spacing
the system should
configuration Fist and has a negative
be reduced
on techno- second law of impact on the
accordingly
Meng et al. 2020 economic thermodynami power generation
during the life
performance of cs, numerical performance and
cycle to maintain
enhanced model economic
the optimal
geothermal system performance of
performance of
for systems
the system.
power generation
during life cycle
The COP of a
CCHP system
Thermodynamic
Compared to the coupled with PV is
performance A hospital
CCHP systems higher than that of
analysis and multi- building in
with a solar the other solar
criteria optimization Harbin; hybrid
resource, the assisted CCHP
Chen et al. 2020 of a hybrid CHP system
hybrid CHP system systems, because
combined heat and coupled with
coupled with the electric output
power system geothermal
GSHP has the has a higher exergy
coupled with resource
highest AR, 6.40%. level than solar hot
geothermal energy
water output.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
The
thermodynamic
parameter analysis
Is proposed a results show that an
new geothermal optimal flash the exergy
Performance
combined pressure about 300 efficiency of Geo-
investigation of a
cooling, heating kPa and an optimal CCHP system could
new geothermal
Wang et al. 2020 and power generator achieve 43.69%
combined cooling,
(Geo-CCHP) temperature about under the condition
heating and power
system, 120 ℃ exist, which of 170 ℃
system
numerical could yield the geothermal water.
simulation maximal exergy
efficiency of
system
respectively.
The injection the reservoir
Numerical
temperature and temperature
simulation study on multi-well
the injection mass gradually decreases,
the heat extraction injection EGS,
flow rate both are the cooling zone
Ma et al. 2020 performance of numerical
the key parameters starts from the
multi-well injection simulation,
affecting the heat injection wells and
enhanced Darcy law
extraction collects into the
geothermal system
performance production well
Analysis of The injection
influencing factors temperature and
of the production well spacing have a
performance of an large im- pact on
Numerical increasing the
enhanced production
simulation, the injection flow rate
Zhou et al. 2019 geothermal system temperature,
TOUGH2- results in a high
(EGS) with followed by
EOS1 CODES production rate
numerical fracture per-
simulation and meability and
artificial neural injection
network (ANN) temperature.
The tank
A longer length of
temperature
the injection section
Production directly affects the
is beneficial for
performance of a long-term
Numerical significantly
novel open loop operating
Wang et al. 2020 simulation, improving the
geothermal system temperature of the
COMSOL production
in a production and
temperature and
horizontal well determines the
reducing the
average thermal
injection pressure.
power.
The spatial
Numerical modeling Properties related
extension of the
of a coaxial Numerical to the heat transfer
tank temperature
borehole heat simulation, of water and rock
drop during
exchanger to exploit COMSOL, have a significant
geothermal
Hu et al. 2020 geothermal energy analytical influence of the
production with a
from abandoned model - outlet temperature
coaxial BHE in an
petroleum wells in Ramey’s during the
abandoned oil well
Hinton, equation production of
increases with
Alberta geothermal energy
operating time.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
A higher
permeability can
lead to a
significant
increase in
the injection rate
Numerical thermal power
around the drill is
investigation on and a marked
Numerical much higher than
heat extraction decrease in
simulation, in most regions of
Wang et al. 2019 performance of an injection
Comsol, the reservoir,
open loop pressure, the
Darcy law which can lead to
geothermal system permeability of
a large increase in
in a single well the tank is an
injection pressure.
extremely
important factor
to improve the
performance of
OLGS.
at a certain depth in
Numerical numerical Thermal power and the ascending
simulation study on simulation, outlet temperature section, the working
the heat extraction Computer and increase both fluid temperature
Song et al. 2020 performance of programming linearly with reaches the highest
multi-well injection Matlab, increasing length value, which is
enhanced Ramey’s of the horizontal higher than that of
geothermal system equation section. the surrounding
formation.
Over a 30-year heat
extraction period,
multilateral pylon the proposed EGS
Numerical
EGS had an system model with
simulation of heat
average production multilateral pillars
extraction Numerical
temperature, output has proven to be an
performance in simulation,
Song et al. 2019 heat output, heat efficient and low-
enhanced Comsol, Darcy
extraction ratio, cost method to
geothermal system law
and accumulated exploit hot dry rock.
with multilateral
heat extracted a high production
wells
higher than rate
conventional
double-well EGS.
The maximum the proposed
total daily natural passive renewable
Impact a
heating and energy systems
combination of
ventilated air are for ventilation and
geothermal and geothermal
achieved in case heating of rooms
solar energy system
of solar chimney in buildings have
systems on coupled with a
Elghamry without PV while proven their
2020 building photovoltaic
et al. their daily ability to heat a
ventilation, system,
minimum values room ventilation
heating and output experimental
occur in case of compared to the
power: simulation
solar chimney forced system,
Experimental
including PV at and in addition
study
inclination angle they produce
30. energy.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
Geothermal
systems have a
high initial cost and
Ground heat
a long construction
exchangers are
general study time, but their
usually coupled to
A comprehensive on the use of advantages over
heat pumps, unlike
Soltany et study of geothermal geothermal other renewable
2019 ambient air
al. heating and cooling energy in energy sources
temperature, ground
systems heating and make geothermal
temperature is
cooling systems energy more
always less
suitable in many,
seasonally variable.
perhaps in the vast
majority of
applications.
The extracted
thermal power can
be kept stable if the
the most effective
temperature and
way to solve the
Performance of the injection speed
Experimental problem of fog
geothermal single change and thus the
Bu et al. 2019 study, Formula caused by winter
well for intermittent imbalance of the
Dittus-Boelter heating is to use
heating extracted thermal
geothermal energy
power between
to heat buildings.
different heating
seasons can be
adjusted..
GTPP's energy
performance is
mainly affected by
environmental
A rigorous The variation of the
UniSim Design conditions, rather
simulation model of air flow, as
Vaccari et (version R440), than by the effort
2020 geothermal power explained above,
al. Process Flow required to stay
plants for emission depends only on the
Diagram (PFD) within the emission
control weather conditions
limit values and to
achieve
environmental
performance.
The MFHW
geothermal system
increases the
conductivity the speed in
Evaluation of
between injection fractures is 6 orders
geothermal energy
and production, of magnitude higher
extraction in
significantly than that in the
Enhanced Numerical
increases the matrix, which
Gong et al. 2019 Geothermal simulation,
volume of the shows that fractures
System (EGS) with Comsol
stimulated tank and are the main
multiple fracturing
the heat exchange channels for heat
horizontal wells
area, which has exchange and fluid
(MFHW)
proven to be an flow.
efficient method of
extracting
geothermal energy.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

Study
conditions
Authors Year Objectives and Conclusions Discoveries
metrology
used
The energy
saving rate of the
integrated system Available
compared to that temperature
Utilizing shallow of the differences
System built
geothermal energy conventional between
on the
Lyu et al. 2020 to develop an GSHP system is undisturbed soil
platform
energy efficient about 29%, and and building tires,
TRNSYS
HVAC system the reduction of as well as fresh air
CO2 emissions is can often exceed
more than 7 kg 20⁰C
per square meter
of surface.
the GWHP system
The proposed can offer more
Shallow the geothermal GWHP results in competitive prices
geothermal energy system that a 30% reduction for thermal energy
integration in belongs to a in primary energy compared to the
Kljajic et
2019 district heating public from the existing existing HWCB
al.
system: An company in HWCB system, system due to the
example from the city of given that SHW use of shallow
Serbia Pancevo consumption is geothermal energy
unchanged.. and cheap
electricity.
Research and
research and
development
development
A review of should focus on
should focus on
geothermal energy the following
review of the use of a hybrid
resources, aspects: technical
geothermal system integrated
development, and development of
Zhu et al. 2019 energy with geothermal
applications in EGS projects,
resources in energy and the
China: Current low costs and
China sustainability of
status and scale
operation and use
prospects development for
of geothermal
geothermal
tanks
energy generation
For 30 years of
heat extraction,
multilateral pylon
Numerical
EGS had a higher
simulation of heat
average the low
extraction Numerical
production temperature zone
performance in simulation,
Song et al. 2020 temperature, heat in the multilateral
enhanced Darcy’s law,
output, heat EGS tank was
geothermal system Comsol
extraction ratio funnel-shaped
with multilateral
and accumulated
wells
heat extracted
than conventional
double-well EGS.

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The 7th Conference of the Sustainable Solutions for Energy and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 664 (2021) 012072 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/664/1/012072

4. Conclusions
Energy consumption due to buildings represents more than 40% of final energy consumption, and
carbon dioxide emissions are due to buildings in a proportion of 36%, with a massive growth potential.
Given the current situation, which is far from ideal in most countries, renewable energy is the number
one substitute for this problem, being a viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint left in the
atmosphere. The use of energy from renewable sources has many potential benefits, including a
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, diversification of energy supply and reduction of dependence on
fossil fuel markets. Solutions that can help reduce the energy consumption of buildings and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions include the use of geothermal energy as a heating agent for cooling / heating
systems. Geothermal energy is a largely carbon-free renewable energy source available in almost every
location. Geothermal energy has important advantages: it will not be affected by climate change and has
the potential to become the lowest source of sustainable thermal fuel in the world. Geothermal energy
can also be expected to replace more emissive fossil energy resources with a key role in climate change
mitigation strategies. Some of the methods of using geothermal energy have been presented above.

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