Induction machines
•Induction Motor Introduction
Induction motor is defined as a single excited machine in
which AC current flows directly in the stator and by induction
in the rotor. Therefor
It doesn’t need a commutator, brush mechanism or slip-ring
so the motor is robust, reliable and almost maintenance
free.
the absence of brushes eliminate loss due to the contact
resistance and the mechanical loss due friction which
improve motor efficiency
The induction motor can be seen as rotating
transformer in which the secondary winding
receives energy by induction which it rotates
Induction machine can be used a motor and as a
generator when it is must frequently used as a
motor
The induction generator are seldom used and there
typical application is the wind power plant
Induction Motor
•Construction
Like any rotating machine, the induction motor consists of two main
parts
1. Stationary part called “stator”
2. Rotary part called “rotor”
Between the stator and rotor, there
is an air gap to permit the relative motion
i. Stator construction
(IM stator construction)
Laminated iron core with slots to reduce the eddy
current losses
Slots are equally spaced (distributed) to
accommodate stator winding
Coils are placed in the slots to form three phase or
a single phase winding
The stator core is placed in side a steal or cast iron
frame to provide mechanical support
• Rotor construction
the rotor mounted on shaft, is hollow laminate core having
slots on its outer surface.
The winding is placed in these slots are called rotor winding
and may be one of the following types
Squirrel cage
Slip- ring (wound rotor)
1. Squirrel cage
Laminated iron core with slots
mounted on shaft as shown
in opposite figure
One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot
All these bars are connected together at each end by metal rings called
end (short) ring
The AL. bars are slanted in the small rotor to reduce the noise and
cogging.
Fans are placed on the end rings to work as a fan and improve cooling.
A large rotor also has fans and bars but the bars are not slanted (it is
difficult in fabrication)
2. Slip ring (wound) rotor
Laminated iron core with slots mounted on a shaft
The end of phases are connected to a slip rings three brushes
contact the three slip rings to three star connected resistance.
At starting the external resistance is included in the rotor circuit
to give large starting torque and reduced to zero gradually as the
motor speed up
The resistance increase copper loss that leads to reduction in
efficiency and causing over heating
Main difference between slip rings rotor and squirrel cage rotor
The cage rotor is permanently closed and its characteristic is fixed
while the slip ring winding permits variation of the characteristic by
external resistance.
The cage rotor is self adaptable to any number of stator poles but
the slip rings winding has to be made with the same number of
stator poles
The cage rotor has better space factor for rotor slots and shorter
overhang and hence smaller copper loss and slightly better efficiency
The cage rotor is cheaper and more robust in construction
