92

Methods:

1. Freyssinet system
2. Gifford-Udall system
3. Magnel blaton system
4. Lee-McCall system

Differnces of Prestressed Concrte Over Reinforced Concrete:

1. In prestress concrete member steel plays active role. The stress in steel prevails whether
external load is there or not. But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive role. The stress in steel in
R.C.C members depends upon the external loads. i.e., no external load, no stress in steel.
2. In prestress concrete the stresses in steel is almost constant where as in R.C.C the stress
in steel is variable with the lever arm.
3. Prestress concrete has more shear resistance, where as shear resistance of R.C.C is less.
4. In prestress concrete members, deflections are less because the eccentric prestressing
force will induce couple which will cause upward deflections, where as in R.C.C.,
deflections are more.
5. In prestress concrete fatigue resistance is more compare to R.C.C. because in R.C.C.
stress in steel is external load dependent where as in P.S.C member it is load independent.
6. Prestress concrete is more durable as high grade of concrete is used which are more dense
in nature. R.C.C. is less durable.
7. In prestress concrete dimensions are less because external stresses are counterbalance by
the internal stress induced by prestress. Therefore reactions on column & footing are less
as a whole the quantity of concrete is reduced by 30% and steel reduced by about 60 to
70%. R.C.C. is uneconomical for long span because in R.C.C. dimension of sections are
large requiring more concrete & steel. Moreover as self-weight increases more reactions
acted on columns & footings, which requires higher sizes.
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Comparative Study: Pretension Vs Post-tensioned Member

Pretension member Post-tensioned member

1. In pretensioned prestress concrete, steel is 1. Concreting is done first then wires are
tensioned prior to that of concrete. It is tensioned and anchored at ends. The stress
released once the concrete is placed and transfer is by end bearing not by bond.
hardened. The stresses are transferred all
along the wire by means of bond.
2. Suitable for short span and precast products 2. Suitable for long span bridges
like sleepers, electric poles on mass
production.
3. In pretensioning the cables are basically 3. The post tensioning cables can be aligned in
straight and horizontal. Placing them in any manner to suit the B.M.D due to external
curved or inclined position is difficult. load system. Therefore it is more economical
However the wire’s can be kept with particularly for long span bridges. The curved
eccentrically. Since cables can not be aligned or inclined cables can have vertical component
similar to B.M.D. structural advantages are at ends. These components will reduce the
less compare to that of post-tensioned. design shear force. Hence post-tensioned
beams are superior to pretensioned beams both
from flexural and shear resistances point.
4. Prestress losses are more compare to that of 4. Losses are less compare to pre-tensioned
post-tensioned concrete. concrete
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Lecture Note – 18

Analysis of Prestress Member

Basic assumption
1. Concrete is a homogenous material.
2. Within the range of working stress, both concrete & steel behave elastically,
notwithstanding the small amount of creep, which occurs in both the materials
under the sustained loading.
3. A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending,
which implies a linear strain distribution across the depth of the member.

Analysis of prestress member

The stress due to prestressing alone are generally combined stresses due to the action of
direct load bending from an eccentrically applied load. The following notations and sign
conventions are used for the analysis of prestress members.
PÆPrestressing force (Positive when compressive)
eÆEccentricity of prestressing force
M = PeÆMoment
AÆCross-sectional area of the concrete member
IÆSecond moment of area of the section about its centroid
Z t , Z b ÆSection modulus of the top & bottom fibre respectively
f top , f bot ÆPrestress in concrete developed at the top & bottom fibres
y t , y b ÆDistance of the top & bottom fibre from the centroid of the section
rÆRadius of gyration

(i) Concentric tendon

In this case, the load is applied concentrically and a compressive stress of magnitude
(P/A) will act through out the section. Thus the stress will generate in the section as
shown in the figure below.
 95

P P

L
S tr e s s = P /A

C o n c e n tr ic p r e s tr e s s in g

(ii) Eccentric tendon

T en d o n
A n ch o rag e T en d o n Jack
S u p p o rt fo rce B eam

H o ld d o w n fo rce

B eam w ith b en d ten d o n

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e P
L

Cross section

P/A Pe/Zb P/A + Pe/Z

Bending stress Resultant stress

Direct stress

Fig. Stress distribution for eccentric prestressing

Thus the stresses developed at the top & bottom fibres of the beam can be written as:
⎛ P Pe ⎞ P ⎛ eyb ⎞ ⎛ P Pe ⎞ P ⎛ eyt ⎞
fbot = ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜1 + 2 ⎟ ; ftop = ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ A Zb ⎠ A⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ A Zt ⎠ A ⎝ r ⎠
 97

Pe/Zt Md/Zt Ml/Zt

Case 1
Resultant
Stress
Pe/Zb (Prestress)
Md/Zb (DL) Ml/Zb (LL)

Md/Zt Ml/Zt

Resultant
Case 2 Stress
Prestress Md/Zb (DL) (LL)
Ml/Zb

Ml/Zt
Md/Zt
Resultant
Case 3 Stress

Md/Zb (DL) Ml/Zb (LL)

Prestress

Example
A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30 cm deep and 20 cm wide is prestressed
by means of 15 wires of 5 mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and
3 wires of diameter of 5 mm, 2.5 cm from the top. Assuming the prestress in the steel as
840 N/mm2, calculate the stresses at the extreme fibers of the mid-span section when the
beam is supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m. If a uniformly distributed live load
of 6kN/m is imposed, evaluate the maximum working stress in concrete. The density of
concrete is 24kN/m3.

Solution:-
Data Provided:
Cross section of beam: 30 cm × 20 cm
Prestressed by ; 15 no. 5 mm diameter wires (6.5 cm from bottom)
3 no. 5mm diameter wires (2.5 cm from top)
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Prestress in steel: 840 N/mm2

Span of the beam: 6m
Density of concrete: 24 kN/mm2

200 mm
LL=6kN/m
25 mm

6m 300
mm

y 65 mm

Distance of the centroid of prestressing force from the base

⎛ (15 × 65) + (3 × 275) ⎞
y=⎜ ⎟ =100mm
⎝ 18 ⎠
Eccentricity, e = 150-100= 50 mm
Prestressing force, P = (840 × 18 × 19.7 ) = 3 × 10 5 N
Area of concrete section, A = (300 × 200) = 45 × 105mm2
Second moment of area, I = 200 × 3003/12 = 45 × 107mm4
Section modulus (Zt & Zb) = (45 × 107/150)=3 × 106 mm3
Self weight of the beam = (0.2 × 0.3 × 24) = 1.44kN/m
⎛ 1.44 × 6 2 ⎞
Moment due to self weight, Md = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.48 kNm
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎛ 6×6 ⎞
2
Live load Moment Ml = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 27kNm
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 3 × 10 ⎞
5
⎜
Direct stress due to prestress ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 5N/mm2
4 ⎟
⎝ A ⎠ ⎝ 6 × 10 ⎠
⎛ Pe ⎞ ⎛ 3 × 10 × 50 ⎞
5
Bending stress due to prestress ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5N/mm2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
Z 3 × 10 6
⎠
Md ⎛ 6.48 ×106 ⎞
Self weight stress, = = 2.16 N/mm2
Z ⎜ 3 ×106 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
M ⎛ 27 ×10 ⎞
6
Live load stress l = ⎜ 6 ⎟
= 9N/mm2
⎝ 3 ×10 ⎠
Z

The resultant working stresses due to (self weight + prestress + LL) in the concrete
=11.16N/mm2 (compressive) and 1.16N/mm2 (tensile)
 99

11.16
5.0 5.0 2.16 9.0

5.0 5.0 2.16 9.0 1.16

Prestress Self weight Live load Resultant
Stress Stress
Stress