Formulation of Alternative Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus Sanguineus) Repellent

Shampoo Infused with Makabuhay Plant (Tinospora Rumphii) Extracts

A SYNTHESIS PAPER

AGCOPRA, AYLA SHANE

ANDOY , CHLOE
BADOLES, DIVINA BIANCA
BALVESTAMIN, HOWARD HAROLD
CAMILO, RAINIER JOHN
DABLIO, MARIANNE
ESCAMOS, ALYANA
MAGBANUA, JOHN ANDRE
PAROJINOG, XHYRIL GRACE
SALIOT, ELAINE JANE
VILLAMOR, LORAINE JOY

GRADE 12 STEM - 7 GROUP 1

OCTOBER 21, 2024

 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Efficacy of Makabuhay(Tinospora rumphii) as a Insect Repellent

According to Gutierrez (2015) effectivity of MAKABUHAY leaf extract as an

alternative grain protectant against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais M. The study aims
to determine whether makabuhay has a potential impact on reducing insect damage in
grains and establish some practical approach or way how it can be incorporated with
other strategies.
In the same study, it is also discussed that The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais
M., is one of the primary pests in stored-grain agriculture that causes economic losses
and also affects both quantity as well quality of grains. Traditional approaches to maize
weevil management, such as the use of chemical pesticides or physical barriers can be
damaging to both the environment and may pose health risks. Hence, investigation of
natural products like plant extracts could be a promising strategy for sustainable and
eco-friendly grain protection. In a series of laboratory and field experiments, the study
assesses the grain protectant potential from Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii) extract
against maize weevils. The inhibitory effect of the extract on maize weevil infestations,
grain damage and population growth were also determined experimentally. These
findings are further dissected to decipher the best potency and mode of extract
application for full grain protection. That concludes that the Makabuhay, Tinospora
rumphii extract have great potential as grain protectant against maize weevil. This study
also contributes to sustainable and environment-friendly agriculture practices by
investigating natural alternatives such as Makabuhay extract, which could decrease the
dependency on chemical pesticides and advertise eco-friendly grain protection
strategies.

The study by Bangal et al. (2023) . Plant-based biopesticides offer a promising

approach, and this study evaluates the potential of Panyawan (Plant-based
biopesticides offer a promising approach, and this study evaluates the potential of
Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii L.) leaf extract as cockroach killer against American
cockroaches in both laboratory tests. T rumphii leaf extract) as cockroach killer against
American cockroaches in both laboratory tests. To determine the knock-down time and
toxicity of Panyawan leaf extract, a series of experiments was conducted by these
researchers and the extract was considered to be highly poisonous in all cockroaches is
LC50 vlaue. The findings from research suggested that Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii
L.) leaf extract could utilize as a biological and friendly approach to decrease the
population of cockroach. These results, which show the remarkable effectiveness of
plant extracts for pest control and an ecologically safe alternative to chemical methods
that are in wide use nowadays. However, more studies are essential on the
development of efficient extraction methods for producing this antimicrobial compound
in an industrial scale and long-lasting effect towards pests as well as non-target
organisms.

2.2 Mechanism of Action of Makabuhay(Tinospora rumphii) Extracts

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii), more commonly known in Indonesia as an

Indonesian vine and climber, exhibits a wide variation in its chemical composition, such
as ascolombine, picroretine, and diterpenes (e.g., tinotufolin D and vitexilactone), along
with flavonoids, triterpenes, and lignans. Although the tick-repellent properties of
Makabuhay have not been thoroughly documented compared to its other medicinal
uses, its bitter principles and diterpenes demonstrate toxic effects against numerous
pests, suggesting it may possess insecticidal activities, including the potential to repel
mosquitoes, bugs, or ticks. Furthermore, its long-term application as a bio-pesticide on
certain rice insect species implies it could be effective against other parasites. However,
the specific mechanisms through which Makabuhay extracts affect tick control have yet
to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, various pathways have been proposed, based on
the plant's complex chemical composition, which is known to include anticancerous
elements (Stuart 2019).

In addition, a study by Kumar & Singh (2016) recorded the ethnobotanical uses
of Tinospora cordifolia, noting its traditional use by indigenous people for
anti-insecticidal activities. This suggests a possible effect on ticks, potentially interfering
with their feeding process. Moreover, Garg & Kaur (2017) evaluated the insecticidal
activities of Tinospora cordifolia (Tamiflu), highlighting its efficacy against several insect
pests and postulating that it may similarly exhibit insecticidal effects on ticks.

Similarly, their study also investigated the ethnobotanical uses of Tinospora

cordifolia for protection against various insects, which could also apply to Makabuhay.
They conducted research on Tinospora cordifolia to assess its anti-inflammatory
properties, discussing its relevance to tick-borne diseases. Thus, Makabuhay might
possess additional therapeutic value beyond tick deterrence. Additionally, they
evaluated the pharmacological properties of Tinospora cordifolia and suggested its
possible use in treating various diseases, including those related to ticks. This indicates
that Makabuhay may contain a variety of compounds responsible for its tick-repellent
properties.

In support of this, Adenubi et al. (2016), highlighting the use of plant extracts
against ticks were additionally applied in veterinary and medical applications. This
research, along with previous studies on Tinospora species, underscores the need for
further exploration of Makabuhay's anti-tick potential and its prospect for sustainable tick
control.

2.3 Brown Dog Tick(Rhipicephalus sanguineus) Behavior and Infestations

Patterns

In the study of Thom Do et al. (2024), brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus

sanguineus) are recognized for spreading bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which
presents a significant danger to both human health and animal husbandry. Specifically,
they are responsible for transmitting numerous infections that lead to babesiosis,
hepatozoonosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis, and rickettsiosis in dogs across
Southeast Asia. Moreover, domestic dogs have a 3.71 times higher likelihood of
experiencing tick infestation compared to exotic dogs. In addition, the study indicates
that small dogs are two times less likely to get tick infestations than those of medium or
large sizes. Notably, dogs with outdoor lifestyles were significantly correlated with tick
detection, exhibiting a tenfold increase in the risk of tick infestation compared to those
living indoors.

Transitioning to management challenges, controlling this tick presents specific

obstacles as it is capable of completing its entire life cycle indoors and has
demonstrated resistance to acaricides. Consequently, control measures for brown dog
ticks involve the application of chemicals and the use of collars containing slow-release
acaricides. However, researchers have reported the development of resistance to
chemical acaricides by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in recent years (Eiden et al.,
2015; Koc et al., 2022). Furthermore, it is important to note that the use of chemical
acaricides may have toxic effects on dogs, resulting in some products not being
approved for use on dogs and other domestic pets by authorities (Adekoya et al., 2020;
Salman et al., 2022).

In exploring the factors influencing tick infection in dogs, the likelihood of

infestation was found to vary based on age, breed, body size, lifestyle, and bathing
frequency. Significantly, the primary variable associated with tick infestations was the
lifestyle group. The study discovered that dogs allowed to wander freely outdoors were
more susceptible to tick infestations compared to those kept indoors. This increased
vulnerability is due to their higher chance of encountering ticks as a result of greater
exposure to the environment and contact with tick-infested wild animals nearby. Notably,
research conducted in ASEAN nations has shown a tick incidence of over 80% in stray
animals (Khovand et al., 2022; Yan et al., 2024).

Finally, according to Acharya and Bennett (2021), the majority of dogs with ticks
were brought to hospitals in the summer and fall months in the Northern region, which is
known for its hot, humid weather and high precipitation. Furthermore, they indicate that
ectoparasites like R. sanguineus are more active during these periods due to climate
conditions that favor the survival and reproduction of blood-feeding arthropods such as
ticks. Additionally, the study by Thom Do et al. (2024) revealed that R. sanguineus ticks
prefer to deposit their eggs in temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C.

2.4 Formulation Processes of Herbal Shampoos

The raw ethanolic extract was partially purified using column chromatography. A
RP-HPLC analysis revealed the presence of four main anthraquinones—aloe-emodin,
emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion—in the extract and shampoo formulation.
Furthermore, the development of the formulation was assessed for its composition,
physical characteristics, and its ability to combat fungal infections caused by
Microsporum canis. The findings suggested that 20% sodium lauryl ether sulfate was a
suitable detergent, along with 4-6% cocamidopropyl betaine as a foam enhancer.
Notably, polyethylene glycol-120 methyl glucose (2-3%) was identified as a thickening
agent, while 6-7% propylene glycol functioned as a co-solvent and humectant. This
shampoo exhibited significant antifungal activity against M. canis, outperforming a
commercial shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole (with %inhibition of 75.27 and 85.85,
respectively). The clear formulation was a dark brown liquid with a delicate and stable
foam, and it demonstrated effective cleaning action. Although this shampoo
experienced a decrease in pH and viscosity during the heating and cooling acceleration
test, it remained efficient in inhibiting the growth of M. canis by 69.10%. However, it still
requires further long-term stability testing and some optimizations (Laksana et al.,
2020).

According to the study by Kumar et al. (2023), herbal shampoo was made using
a straightforward mixing procedure. The physicochemical characteristics of the herbal
shampoo were examined. Visual examination, pH measurement, solubility testing,
cleaning action, and calculating the percentage solid content are a few of the
techniques. A highly effective dry powder shampoo has been made possible by the
combination of numerous such herbal components. To guarantee its safety and
effectiveness, the formulation was completed at the laboratory scale and assessed for a
variety of factors.
 In the study of Luong Lam & Vu Thi (2021), Between November 2019 and May
2020, 35 kilograms of neem fruits were gathered and processed to obtain essential oil.
Four different formulations were prepared by incorporating the neem extract in varying
concentrations (0ml, 5ml, 10ml, 15ml) and were tested on 40 households with dogs or
cats for a duration of 2 weeks to assess the animals' chemical properties and physical
performance. Surveys using four different formulas to test neem shampoo on
consumers indicated effective cleansing and detergency. Notably, formula 3 (comprising
neem oil 10ml, glycerine 40g, bamboo vinegar 5ml, distilled water 150ml, coconut oil
25ml, coco betaine 40ml, vitamin E 4.7mg, and pomelo flavor 2g) was chosen for its
successful treatment of skin diseases, ticks, and fleas, without causing irritation to
people or pets. Therefore, further research and development will be necessary to
evaluate its optimal quality and safety.

Based on the study of Remolin et al. (2019), To extract the makabuhay extract,
the stem was cut and cooked in 1000 milliliters of distilled water for ten minutes. The
extract of madre de cacao was obtained by boiling five hundred leaves in one liter of
water for fifteen minutes. Body wash A contained 50% makabuhay and 25% madre de
cocoa extract, body wash B contained 75% makabuhay and 25% madre de cacao
extract, and body wash C contained 25% makabuhay and 75% madre de cacao extract.
These extracts were added to the combination to create the soap. Since one hundred
brown dog ticks were eliminated, there are 10 brown dog ticks each experiment. The
compositions were put through the same testing and iterations as a commercially
available body wash.

2.5 How safe is Makabuhay(Tinospora rumphii) to Dogs?

A study by Angeles et al. (2015) examines the potential of Tinospora rumphii

(Makabuhay), a plant that is traditionally used in the Philippines for skin disease. The
researchers tested its effectiveness against dogs that are infected with scabies mites,
researchers prepared an ointment from a crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay stems.
They found 25% concentration that showed the highest scabicidal activity, this study
pinpoints the potential of the Makabuhay as a natural cure for the scabies.

Based on the study of Obedencio, et al. (2021) that a significant number of

natural treatments have been described as specific to treating dermal lesions in
domestic animals, few of these studies had shown exclusive use for the treatment of
mange in domestic animals. Three plants that have been used on scabies are V.
negundo, A. indica, and T. rumphii. These three are widely available locally and had
been mentioned in anecdotal evidence to have effects on canine mange and all of the
leaf extracts showed acaricidal properties but varied in efficacy. Among the three
mentioned plants, T. rumphii showed the promising potential in killing adult S. scabiei
var canis with percentage efficacies of 73.33% in 10% concentration level and 93.33%
in 50% concentration level, followed by V. negundo with percentage efficacies of
63.33% and 93.33% in 10% and 50% concentration levels, respectively.

Additionally in the same research, it is also explored about the potential of three
plants which is, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora rumphii and Vitex negundo, as a natural
cure for canine mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. This study specifically explores the
effectiveness against scabie in dogs. The researchers found that these three showed a
good acaricidal activity, while 50% concentration of T. rumpii and V, showing the most
promising results. While the negundo extract showed a comparable efficacy like the
commercial acaricide solution. But the study suggested that these plants could be a
valuable source for a natural treatment for canine mange.

The study of Flores et al. (2010) explored the traditional use of herbs for treating
canine skin problems in the Philippines. Through interviews with dog owners, traditional
healers, and a review of existing literature, the researchers identified a wide range of
herbs commonly used for various skin conditions, including wounds, fungal infections,
and parasitic infestations. The study highlights the use of herbs like aloe, comfrey,
guava, and makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii) for specific ailments
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