INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 11.

The placebo effect occurs when:

A) Participants know they are in the control group
Multiple Choice Questions (15 items):
B) Participants believe they are receiving
1. What is the main focus of scientific psychology?
treatment but are not
A) The study of emotions and behaviors in childhood
C) The researcher influences the results
B) The scientific study of observable behaviors and mental
D) None of the above
processes
12. The concept of a "good figure" psychology refers to:
C) Developing theories on human intelligence
A) Conditioning behavior
D) Exploring cultural norms and behaviors
B) Self-actualization
2. Who is known as the father of psychology?
C) Holistic perception
A) Sigmund Freud
D) Cognitive processing
B) B.F. Skinner
13. Which perspective emphasizes potential and free will?
C) Wilhelm Wundt
A) Cognitive
D) John B. Watson
B) Humanistic
3. Which method involves observing behaviors in a controlled
C) Behavioral
environment?
D) Psychodynamic
A) Naturalistic observation
14. Which technique involves objective examination of one's
B) Laboratory observation
thoughts?
C) Case study
A) Introspection
D) Survey
B) Natural observation
4. The study of how individuals adapt and function in their
C) Reinforcement
environment is central to:
D) Perception
A) Psychoanalysis
15. What concept refers to the biological bases for behavior?
B) Functionalism
A) Sociocultural perspective
C) Behaviorism
B) Biopsychological perspective
D) Structuralism
C) Evolutionary perspective
5. Which field emphasizes the role of reinforcements in shaping
D) Psychodynamic theory
behavior?
A) Gestalt psychology Identification Questions (10 items):
B) Behavioral perspective
1. Identify the psychological method focused on describing
C) Humanistic perspective
behavior in a natural setting.
D) Psychodynamic theory
Answer:
6. Which of the following is a disadvantage of case studies?
2. Name the process of assigning causes to a behavior.
A) Limited data from small groups
Answer:
B) Lack of control over variables
3. Who proposed the "fight or flight" response?
C) Difficult to generalize results
Answer:
D) All of the above
4. What research method involves detailed examination of a single
7. What research method includes the use of random sampling from
individual?
a larger group?
Answer:
A) Experiment
5. Which type of psychologist deals primarily with diagnosing and
B) Survey
treating mental disorders?
C) Case study
Answer:
D) Naturalistic observation
6. Name the phenomenon where expectations influence a
8. Which of the following focuses on early childhood experiences as
participant's behavior in an experiment.
critical for personality development?
Answer:
A) Behaviorism
7. Which perspective highlights the adaptive function of behavior?
B) Functionalism
Answer:
C) Psychoanalysis
8. Name the technique used to observe behaviors under controlled
D) Humanistic perspective
conditions.
9. The experimental group in a study:
Answer:
A) Receives no treatment
9. What is the term for a tentative explanation that can be tested?
B) Receives the independent variable
Answer:
C) Is not measured
10. Which field of psychology focuses on learning, memory, and
D) Receives a placebo
intelligence?
10. Positive correlation implies:
Answer:
A) No relationship between two variables
B) As one variable increases, the other decreases
C) Both variables increase together
D) One variable causes the other
 Enumeration Questions (10 items): A) Cognitive theory; help the patient identify and change
1. Enumerate the four goals of psychology. irrational beliefs.
Answer: B) Behavioral theory; use conditioning to alter their reactions to
anxiety triggers.
2. List the steps of the scientific method. C) Psychoanalytic theory; explore their unconscious thoughts
Answer: and early experiences.
D) Humanistic theory; focus on helping the patient reach their
3. Identify at least three fields influenced by the focus on full potential.
adaptation and functionality in psychology. 4. You're tasked with studying the effects of social media on self-
Answer: esteem among teenagers. What research method would you use,
and why?
4. Name the main proponents of the humanistic perspective. A) Naturalistic observation to see how teenagers behave online.
Answer: B) Experimental method, manipulating the amount of social
media exposure.
5. Enumerate three disadvantages of using surveys in psychological C) Case studies of individual teenagers
research. D) Conduct surveys asking teenagers how they feel
Answer: about their social media usage.
5. During a study, some participants report improved outcomes
6. Provide the types of descriptive research methods used in after taking a nonmedicated pill. What phenomenon does this
psychology. illustrate, and how would you adjust the study to ensure accurate
Answer: results?
A) Placebo effect; implement a double-blind procedure so
7. Enumerate the ethical guidelines that must be followed when participants don’t know if they received a real treatment.
conducting research with human participants. B) Experimenter bias; change the experimenter for each group to
Answer: avoid influencing results.
C) Sampling error; ensure a larger, more diverse participant pool.
8. List at least three types of psychological professionals. D) Participant bias; instruct participants not to expect any
Answer: results from the treatment.
6. A person claims they are often afraid of dogs, despite never
9. Identify the characteristics of a positive correlation. having been harmed by one. What perspective might you use to
Answer: explain this, and what kind of therapy could help them?
A) Behavioral perspective; use systematic desensitization to
10. Name the types of variables involved in an experimental setup. reduce the fear.
Answer: B) Cognitive perspective; help them reframe their thoughts
about dogs.
C) Biological perspective; examine their brain activity during fear
Situational Questions (15 items):
responses.
1. A company wants to improve employee motivation. As a
D) Humanistic perspective; encourage them to explore their
psychologist, how would you design an experiment to measure the
personal growth.
impact of reward systems on performance?
7. Imagine you’re conducting a study to see if there’s a correlation
A) Use surveys to ask employees how they feel about their work.
between stress levels and physical health. How would you ensure
B) Assign one group to receive rewards and compare their
that your results are reliable?
performance to a group without rewards.
A) Conduct interviews with participants about their health
C) Conduct interviews with employees about their job
history.
satisfaction.
B) Use standardized scales to measure both stress and physical
D) Observe employees in their natural work environment without
health.
interference.
C) Compare stress levels only among friends and family
2. Imagine you're observing children in a park to understand their
members.
social interactions. How would you reduce observer bias in your
D) Rely on anecdotal reports from participants.
observations?
8. In a therapy session, a client mentions they feel stuck in life and
A) Use a video camera to record their behavior.
unsure of their purpose. What psychological perspective could
B) Ask the children to report their feelings after the
guide your approach to helping them?
observation.
A) Psychodynamic perspective; explore their unconscious
C) Have multiple observers record their observations
conflicts.
independently.
B) Behavioral perspective; set goals to change their behavior
D) Introduce yourself to the children before observing.
patterns.
3. A patient shows symptoms of anxiety but insists there is no
C) Cognitive perspective; challenge and change negative
physical cause. What psychological theory might explain this, and
thought patterns.
how would you address it?
 D) Humanistic perspective; help them explore self-actualization 14. During a group therapy session, you notice that the dynamics of
and free will. behavior change when a new member joins. Which psychological
9. A researcher hypothesizes that memory improves with increased theory could explain this?
hours of sleep. How would you test this hypothesis using the A) Psychodynamic theory; focus on unconscious group conflicts.
scientific method? B) Cognitive theory; examine how individuals think about group
A) Survey participants about their sleep habits and compare roles.
memory test scores. C) Behavioral theory; consider how reinforcement patterns
B) Conduct an experiment where one group sleeps more and change.
another group sleeps less, then test both groups' memory. D) Social psychology; analyze how group membership influences
C) Interview participants about their dreams and memory recall. behavior.
D) Observe participants during sleep and record their brain 15. A study you’re conducting finds that as physical exercise
activity. increases, symptoms of depression decrease. What type of
10. You are analyzing the behavior of two groups of students, one correlation is this, and how would you report these findings?
with a structured study schedule and one without. What are the A) Positive correlation; report that exercise causes a decrease in
variables in this experiment, and how would you measure their depression.
impact on performance? B) Negative correlation; report that higher exercise is associated
A) Independent variable: study schedule; dependent variable: with lower depression.
test scores. C) No correlation; report that there is no relationship between
B) Independent variable: test scores; dependent variable: study exercise and depression.
schedule. D) Causal relationship; report that more exercise directly reduces
C) Control variable: class subject; dependent variable: how much depression symptoms.
students enjoy studying.
D) Confounding variable: student motivation; independent BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
variable: study habits. Multiple Choice Questions (15 items):
11. You’re asked to help a school manage bullying. Which 1. Which part of the body is responsible for carrying information
psychological perspective would be most useful in understanding to and from all parts of the body?
the behavior of bullies and victims? A) Circulatory system
A) Psychodynamic perspective; analyze unconscious motives of B) Endocrine system
both bullies and victims. C) Nervous system
B) Behavioral perspective; focus on the reinforcements bullies D) Respiratory system
receive from their behavior. 2. What cell structure is responsible for receiving messages from
C) Cognitive perspective; assess how thoughts and beliefs other cells?
contribute to bullying behavior. A) Soma
D) Humanistic perspective; explore each individual’s potential B) Dendrites
for change. C) Axon
12. A psychologist observes that people tend to behave differently D) Myelin
when they know they are being watched. What is this effect called, 3. What part of the nervous system restores the body to normal
and how could it impact the study’s findings? functioning after a stressful event?
A) Observer bias; it could lead the researcher to misinterpret A) Sympathetic division
results. B) Parasympathetic division
B) Demand characteristics; participants might behave in ways C) Somatic division
they think the researcher wants. D) Central nervous system
C) Experimenter effect; the experimenter’s expectations may 4. Which brain structure is involved in forming long-term
influence participant behavior. memories?
D) Observer effect; participants may change their behavior A) Thalamus
simply because they are being observed. B) Hippocampus
13. If you were tasked with helping an athlete improve performance C) Amygdala
by focusing on mental processes, which perspective would guide D) Medulla
your approach? 5. Which part of the brain regulates vital functions such as
A) Behavioral perspective; use reinforcement techniques to breathing and heart rate?
improve performance. A) Cerebellum
B) Cognitive perspective; focus on the athlete’s thought patterns B) Hypothalamus
and mental strategies. C) Medulla
C) Psychodynamic perspective; explore unconscious motives D) Pons
behind the athlete’s performance. 6. What imaging technique is best suited for examining soft
D) Humanistic perspective; encourage the athlete to reach their tissues and the brain?
full potential through self-awareness. A) CT-Scan
B) MRI
C) PET Scan
 D) Xray Identification Questions (10 items):
7. Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing 1. What brain structure is responsible for fear responses and
auditory information? memory of fear?
A) Frontal lobe Answer:
B) Parietal lobe 2. Identify the section of the nervous system that carries
C) Occipital lobe information from sensory organs to the brain.
D) Temporal lobe Answer:
8. The thick band of neurons that connects the two hemispheres 3. What brain region processes visual information from the eyes?
of the brain is called: Answer:
A) Cerebral cortex 4. Name the structure that relays sensory information from
B) Limbic system lower brain areas to the cortex.
C) Corpus callosum Answer:
D) Reticular formation 5. What part of the neuron is responsible for sending messages
9. What function is primarily associated with the right to other cells?
hemisphere of the brain? Answer:
A) Speech and language 6. Identify the system responsible for controlling involuntary
B) Emotional expression and spatial perception muscles, organs, and glands.
C) Logical reasoning Answer:
D) Analytical thought 7. Which brain lobe is involved in decision-making and higher
10. What term describes the electrical impulse that travels along mental processes?
the neuron to transmit information? Answer:
A) Synapse 8. What is the term for the process where neurons retrieve
B) Action potential chemicals from synaptic vesicles?
C) Receptor signal Answer:
D) Neurotransmission 9. What brain structure controls coordination and fine motor
11. Which part of the nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements?
movements? Answer:
A) Somatic nervous system 10. Name the part of the brain responsible for selective
B) Autonomic nervous system attention.
C) Sympathetic division Answer:
D) Parasympathetic division
12. Which structure in the brain is most responsible for
Enumeration Questions (10 items):
regulating sleep and arousal?
1. Enumerate the four main parts of a neuron.
A) Pons
Answer:
B) Medulla
C) Hypothalamus
2. List the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
D) Thalamus
Answer:
13. Damage to which area of the brain may cause difficulty in
speech production?
3. Enumerate the steps involved in neuron communication.
A) Wernicke’s area
Answer:
B) Broca’s area
C) Occipital lobe
4. List the two main parts of the central nervous system.
D) Cerebellum
Answer:
14. Which of the following processes helps insulate axons and
speed up neural impulses? 5. Identify three methods used to study brain structure and
A) Neurotransmitters function.
B) Synapse formation Answer:
C) Myelination
D) Corticalization 6. Enumerate the functions of the parasympathetic nervous
system.
15. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible Answer:
for the "fight or flight" response?
A) Somatic nervous system 7. List the four lobes of the brain.
B) Parasympathetic division Answer:
C) Sympathetic division
D) Central nervous system 8. Enumerate the types of cells involved in producing myelin.
Answer:
9. List the components of the limbic system. D) Cerebellum
Answer: 9. A doctor wants to stimulate certain parts of a patient's brain
to map out functional areas. Which method would likely be used?
10. Enumerate three imaging techniques used for brain scanning. A) Deep lesioning
Answer: B) ESB (Electrical Stimulation of the Brain)
C) TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
D) PET scan
Situational Questions (15 items): 10. A person's brain scan shows damage to the left hemisphere,
1. A person has difficulty coordinating their motor movements and they are having trouble with speech and logical reasoning.
and balance. Which part of the brain might be affected? Which hemisphere is likely involved?
A) Pons A) Right hemisphere
B) Cerebellum B) Left hemisphere
C) Medulla C) Both hemispheres
D) Hippocampus D) Frontal lobe
2. A patient reports difficulty forming new memories but can 11. A researcher is examining how neurons transmit electrical
recall past events. Which brain structure is most likely damaged? signals. Which structure is the researcher most likely focusing
A) Thalamus on?
B) Amygdala A) Soma
C) Hippocampus B) Axon
D) Cerebellum C) Dendrites
3. During a stressful situation, a person's heart rate increases D) Synapse
and they feel a surge of energy. Which division of the nervous 12. After damage to their cortex, a patient cannot recognize
system is responsible for this? objects in their left visual field. Which condition does this likely
A) Somatic represent?
B) Central A) Wernicke’s Aphasia
C) Sympathetic B) Broca’s Aphasia
D) Parasympathetic C) Spatial Neglect
4. A person’s ability to understand language is impaired, but they D) Corticalization
can still speak. Which part of the brain might be damaged? 13. If a person is experiencing problems with their day-to-day
A) Broca’s area organ functions after arousal, which division of the nervous
B) Wernicke’s area system might be malfunctioning?
C) Temporal lobe A) Parasympathetic division
D) Parietal lobe B) Somatic nervous system
5. A researcher is studying how different parts of the brain C) Sympathetic division
communicate during decision-making. Which imaging technique D) Central nervous system
would be best suited for this? 14. After a stroke, a person can no longer speak fluently but
A) CT-scan understands language perfectly. Which brain area might be
B) MRI damaged?
C) EEG A) Temporal lobe
D) PET scan B) Broca’s area
6. A patient cannot feel sensations on their left side, but their C) Occipital lobe
motor skills are intact. Which brain lobe might be affected? D) Wernicke’s area
A) Frontal lobe 15. A person feels an involuntary reaction when exposed to
B) Parietal lobe extreme heat. Which nervous system division is responsible for
C) Temporal lobe this?
D) Occipital lobe A) Somatic
7. After a head injury, a person has difficulty identifying and B) Sympathetic
processing visual information. Which part of the brain could be C) Central
damaged? D) Parasympathetic
A) Occipital lobe
B) Temporal lobe
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
C) Parietal lobe
D) Frontal lobe Multiple Choice Questions (15 items):
8. A person experiences intense fear during a routine activity. 1. What process allows the brain to interpret external stimuli as
Which part of the brain might be responsible for this emotional meaningful experiences?
response? A) Perception
A) Hippocampus B) Adaptation
B) Amygdala C) Sensation
C) Thalamus D) Transduction
2. Which sense organ is responsible for detecting chemical 12. The constant small movements of the eyes that prevent
substances through taste? sensory adaptation to visual stimuli are called:
A) Skin A) Microsaccades
B) Eyes B) Perceptual shifts
C) Taste buds C) Sensory thresholds
D) Nose D) Transductions
3. What phenomenon allows a person to detect the smallest 13. What theory explains the perception of color using three
change between two stimuli? different types of light-sensitive cells?
A) Sensory adaptation A) Opponent-process theory
B) Just noticeable difference B) Trichromatic theory
C) Absolute threshold C) Absolute threshold theory
D) Subliminal perception D) Bottom-up processing theory
4. Which part of the body is responsible for processing sound? 14. Which sense is most directly linked to the limbic system and
A) Eyes can trigger strong memories and emotions?
B) Ears A) Vision
C) Skin B) Hearing
D) Nose C) Smell
5. What kind of receptors are responsible for detecting changes D) Touch
in pressure and temperature on the skin? 15. What theory suggests that our perceptions are influenced by
A) Auditory receptors prior experiences, expectations, and knowledge?
B) Olfactory receptors A) Top-down processing
C) Sensory receptors B) Sensory adaptation
D) Taste receptors C) Absolute threshold
6. The sensation of dizziness or nausea when experiencing D) Habituation
conflicting visual and body signals is caused by:
A) Motion sickness Identification Questions (10 items):
B) Sensory adaptation 1. What type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting
C) Habituation vibrations through the air?
D) Absolute threshold Answer:
7. Which of the following can explain how we recognize patterns 2. Name the psychological concept that involves the brain
and make sense of complex images? attending to constant, unchanging information.
A) Adaptation theory Answer:
B) Perception theory 3. Which part of the ear is responsible for amplifying sound
C) Figure-ground principle vibrations?
D) Threshold theory Answer:
8. When a person becomes less responsive to constant, 4. What is the term for the visual ability to perceive objects in
unchanging stimuli, this is known as: three dimensions?
A) Sensory adaptation Answer:
B) Perception 5. Identify the visual receptors that are responsible for night
C) Transduction vision.
D) Sensory conflict Answer:
9. What type of taste receptor is responsible for detecting savory 6. What kind of stimulus is below the level of conscious
or brothy flavors? awareness but can still affect behavior?
A) Sweet Answer:
B) Umami 7. Which receptors are responsible for the sensation of pain,
C) Bitter pressure, and temperature on the skin?
D) Sour Answer:
10. What process is involved in converting stimuli such as light 8. What sense is primarily involved when detecting chemical
or sound into neural activity? substances from the environment?
A) Adaptation Answer:
B) Habituation 9. Name the process that explains how external stimuli become
C) Transduction neural signals interpreted by the brain.
D) Perception Answer:
11. Which part of the brain receives and processes sensory 10. What visual illusion causes motion to appear in static
signals related to smell? images?
A) Cochlea Answer:
B) Olfactory bulbs
C) Retina
D) Auditory canal
 Enumeration Questions (10 items): A) Dark adaptation
1. Enumerate the five basic tastes detected by the human tongue. B) Sensory conflict
Answer: C) Light adaptation
D) Sensory transduction
2. List three parts of the ear involved in hearing. 5. A person who has difficulty distinguishing red from green
Answer: might have which condition?
A) Opponent-process dysfunction
3. Name the two main photoreceptor types in the human eye. B) Trichromatic blindness
Answer: C) Color blindness
D) Rod dysfunction
4. Identify the three primary colors proposed in the trichromatic 6. After listening to loud music for hours, a person temporarily
theory. hears ringing in their ears. This condition is likely due to:
Answer: A) Sensory adaptation
B) Auditory nerve damage
5. Enumerate at least three examples of sensory organs. C) Conductive hearing loss
Answer: D) Temporary nerve impairment
7. When a person walks into a room and immediately smells
6. List the steps involved in detecting an external stimulus and perfume, but after a few minutes no longer notices it, what has
turning it into a neural signal. occurred?
Answer: A) Habituation
B) Subliminal perception
7. Enumerate three causes of hearing impairment. C) Sensory conflict
Answer: D) Sensory adaptation
8. A person who loses their balance after spinning quickly is
8. Name the five layers of skin involved in sensing touch and likely experiencing:
temperature. A) Vestibular disruption
Answer: B) Auditory nerve impairment
C) Sensory adaptation
9. List three factors that can affect the perception of pain. D) Olfactory malfunction
Answer: 9. When viewing a series of images, a person perceives a rotating
circle despite the images being static. What is this an example
10. Name three visual illusions and briefly describe each. of?
Answer: A) Visual adaptation
B) Motion illusion
C) Sensory transduction
Situational Questions (15 items): D) Gestalt principle
1. A person is unable to recognize the difference between two 10. A person feels nausea and dizziness while on a boat but feels
slightly different sounds. Which concept might best explain this? better when looking at the horizon. What theory explains this
A) Sensory adaptation experience?
B) Just noticeable difference A) Sensory adaptation theory
C) Absolute threshold B) Sensory conflict theory
D) Subliminal perception C) Motion sickness theory
2. During a routine eye exam, the doctor shines a light in a D) Sensory transduction theory
patient’s eyes to check for pupil constriction. Which structure 11. After being exposed to a bright light, a person's pupils
controls the size of the pupil? constrict. Which part of the eye is responsible for this automatic
A) Cornea response?
B) Retina A) Retina
C) Iris B) Iris
D) Lens C) Lens
3. A patient has trouble hearing high-pitched sounds after D) Cornea
prolonged exposure to loud noises. What part of the ear is likely 12. A patient can recognize the outline of objects but cannot
damaged? distinguish colors. What part of the eye is likely malfunctioning?
A) Cochlea A) Rods
B) Eardrum B) Cones
C) Hammer C) Iris
D) Auditory canal D) Retina
4. After stepping out of a dark room into bright sunlight, a person 13. A person suffers from difficulty hearing because of damage
squints and takes a few moments to adjust. What process is to their eardrum. What type of hearing loss is this?
taking place? A) Conductive hearing loss
 B) Nerve hearing impairment 8. Sleep deprivation refers to:
C) Auditory nerve damage A) Sleeping too much
D) Frequency hearing loss B) Losing quality of sleep
14. Someone struggles to process taste after burning their C) Lack of sleep
tongue. What part of the mouth has likely been affected? D) Dreamless sleep
A) Olfactory bulbs 9. What is the term for a physical dependence where more of the
B) Taste buds drug is needed to achieve the same effect?
C) Sensory receptors A) Withdrawal
D) Nerve fibers B) Tolerance
15. A person is unable to sense pain from a mild cut. Which C) Addiction
receptor might be malfunctioning? D) Overdose
A) Olfactory receptors 10. Which drug is considered a depressant?
B) Auditory receptors A) Cocaine
C) Skin receptors B) Nicotine
D) Gustatory receptors C) Alcohol
D) LSD
CONSCIOUSNESS 11. Which brain structure controls the sleep-wake cycle?
A) Cerebellum
Multiple Choice Questions (20 items):
B) Hypothalamus
1. What is the term for awareness of everything going on around
C) Hippocampus
you and inside your head at any moment?
D) Amygdala
A) Sleep
12. Narcolepsy is a condition where a person:
B) Consciousness
A) Sleeps for long periods of time
C) Altered state
B) Cannot fall asleep
D) Hypothalamus
C) Falls into REM sleep without warning
2. Which state involves clear and organized thoughts, feelings,
D) Stops breathing while asleep
and sensations?
13. What are sleep spindles?
A) REM sleep
A) Delta waves
B) Altered consciousness
B) Sudden muscle jerks
C) Waking consciousness
C) Brief bursts of brain activity during sleep
D) Deep sleep
D) Hallucinations
3. What occurs during an altered state of consciousness?
14. Which drug is derived from opium and used to treat severe
A) Clear thinking
pain?
B) Organized behavior
A) Morphine
C) A shift in mental activity
B) Cocaine
D) Physical activity decreases
C) Marijuana
4. Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and affects
D) Caffeine
sleep patterns?
15. Hallucinogens cause:
A) Cortisol
A) Increased energy
B) Serotonin
B) Altered reality and false sensory messages
C) Melatonin
C) Pain suppression
D) Dopamine
D) Reduced stress
5. What is the deepest stage of sleep, characterized by delta
16. What is REM behavior disorder?
waves?
A) Sleep paralysis
A) Stage 1
B) Dreamless sleep
B) Stage 2
C) Acting out dreams during REM sleep
C) Stage 3
D) Insomnia
D) REM sleep
17. What neurotransmitter is most affected by stimulants like
6. Which sleep disorder involves moving around during deep
amphetamines?
sleep?
A) Serotonin
A) Night terrors
B) Dopamine
B) Sleepwalking
C) GABA
C) Narcolepsy
D) Acetylcholine
D) Insomnia
18. What is a hypnic jerk?
7. Which type of sleep is associated with most of a person’s
A) A sudden muscle contraction during sleep
dreaming?
B) A brief hallucination
A) Non-REM sleep
C) A sleep disorder
B) REM sleep
D) A type of dream
C) Deep sleep
D) Light sleep
19. Which drug is considered both a stimulant and hallucinogen? Answer:
A) MDMA
B) Alcohol 6. List the physical symptoms of withdrawal.
C) Morphine Answer:
D) Caffeine
20. What term describes the mental activity when thoughts, 7. Enumerate two types of depressants.
feelings, and sensations are clear? Answer:
A) Circadian rhythm
B) Waking consciousness 8. List three examples of hallucinogens.
C) REM sleep Answer:
D) Hypnagogic state
9. Enumerate the symptoms of REM behavior disorder.
Identification Questions (10 items): Answer:
1. Identify the hormone secreted by the pineal gland that
regulates sleep. 10. List two types of psychoactive drugs and their effects.
Answer: Answer:
2. What is the term for the cycle that takes "about a day" to
complete and controls sleep patterns?
Answer: Situational Questions (10 items):
3. Name the deepest stage of sleep where delta waves dominate. 1. You are studying for an exam and feel tired. Suddenly, your
Answer: body jerks as you are about to fall asleep. What just happened?
4. Identify the disorder where a person stops breathing for A) Hypnagogic state
nearly half a minute or more during sleep. B) Sleep spindles
Answer: C) Hypnic jerk
5. What term refers to drugs that suppress the sensation of pain D) REM behavior disorder
by stimulating the nervous system's natural receptors? 2. A person wakes up suddenly in the middle of the night,
Answer: screaming and running around the room in fear but doesn’t
6. Name the powerful synthetic hallucinogen commonly known remember it. What condition might they be experiencing?
as LSD. A) Night terrors
Answer: B) Sleepwalking
7. What is the name of the disorder where a person experiences C) REM sleep
extreme fear during deep sleep and runs around without fully D) Nightmares
waking up? 3. A student complains of being excessively sleepy during the
Answer: day and suddenly falls asleep during class without warning.
8. Identify the synthetic stimulant drug often referred to as What condition might this student have?
“Ecstasy” or “X.” A) Insomnia
Answer: B) Narcolepsy
9. What is the natural substance derived from opium that is C) Sleep apnea
extremely addictive? D) Night terrors
Answer: 4. You notice that a person close to you frequently experiences
10. Name the part of the hypothalamus that produces melatonin brief stops in breathing while asleep. What disorder could they
and acts as the internal clock. be suffering from?
Answer: A) Insomnia
B) Sleep apnea
Enumeration Questions (10 items): C) Narcolepsy
1. Enumerate three stages of sleep, starting from light sleep to D) REM behavior disorder
deep sleep. 5. A patient is prescribed a drug that increases the functioning
Answer: of their nervous system. Which type of drug is this?
A) Depressant
2. List the effects of a psychoactive drug. B) Stimulant
Answer: C) Narcotic
D) Hallucinogen
3. Enumerate two types of brain waves seen in deep sleep. 6. After prolonged use of a drug, a person feels that they need
Answer: higher doses to get the same effect. What is this phenomenon
called?
4. List three common sleep disorders. A) Withdrawal
Answer: B) Tolerance
C) Psychological dependence
D) Physical dependence
5. Enumerate three types of stimulants and their sources.
7. A friend of yours experiences extreme fear and confusion after D) Working memory
using a substance, and they begin seeing things that aren’t 6. What is the difference between recall and recognition tasks?
there. What kind of drug might they have taken? A) Recall involves identifying information, while recognition
A) Depressant involves producing it
B) Hallucinogen B) Recall involves producing information, while recognition
C) Stimulant involves identifying it
D) Narcotic C) Both are types of retrieval tasks with no distinction
8. A person with a history of alcohol use is frequently anxious D) Recognition requires deeper memory processing than recall
and restless. What type of drug might be appropriate to reduce 7. What type of memory is used when you recall a fact or word
their anxiety and stress? consciously?
A) Stimulants A) Implicit memory
B) Benzodiazepines B) Nondeclarative memory
C) Hallucinogens C) Explicit memory
D) Narcotics D) Working memory
9. Someone is feeling intense euphoria and bursts of energy 8. What type of amnesia involves the inability to remember
after taking a substance. What type of drug might they have events after a traumatic incident?
taken? A) Retrograde amnesia
A) Depressant B) Anterograde amnesia
B) Narcotic C) Infantile amnesia
C) Stimulant D) Explicit memory loss
D) Hallucinogen 9. Which process helps in organizing information into
10. A person has vivid dreams but is unable to move their body. manageable units for better memory retention?
What stage of sleep are they likely in? A) Recoding
A) Stage 1 B) Chunking
B) Stage 2 C) Retrieval
C) REM sleep D) Encoding
D) Stage 3 10. Which of the following refers to a brief memory task involving
the recall of numbers in order?
MEMORY A) Digit span task
B) Recall task
Multiple Choice Questions (20 items):
C) Serial position task
1. What is the first stage of memory, where information enters
D) Flashbulb memory
through the sensory systems?
11. Which term describes the storage of information to be kept
A) Long-term memory
more or less permanently?
B) Sensory memory
A) Sensory memory
C) Short-term memory
B) Short-term memory
D) Working memory
C) Working memory
2. What term refers to the phenomenon of focusing on one
D) Long-term memory
conversation despite other conversations happening around?
12. What is the active system that receives, organizes, and
A) Cocktail party phenomenon
retrieves information?
B) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
A) Long-term memory
C) Selective attention
B) Sensory memory
D) Recognition
C) Memory
3. Which memory process involves organizing and storing
D) Short-term memory
information for later retrieval?
13. What happens when misleading information becomes part of
A) Encoding
an actual memory, affecting its accuracy?
B) Chunking
A) Selective attention
C) Storage
B) Flashbulb memory
D) Retrieval
C) Misinformation effect
4. What is the phenomenon where people can remember the
D) Serial position effect
beginning and end of a list better than the middle?
14. What memory concept explains the difficulty in recalling a
A) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
fact even though it seems close to the surface of conscious
B) Serial position effect
thought?
C) Cocktail party phenomenon
A) Working memory
D) Recall
B) Chunking
5. Which term refers to memories of highly emotional events that
C) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
seem vivid and detailed?
D) Primacy effect
A) Flashbulb memory
15. Which disorder is characterized by progressive memory loss
B) Implicit memory
and dementia in older adults?
C) Selective attention
 A) Alzheimer’s disease Answer:
B) Retrograde amnesia 9. What term refers to the severe loss of explicit memory?
C) Anterograde amnesia Answer:
D) Misinformation effect 10. Name the task that measures memory through identifying
16. What term refers to the inability to remember events from previously learned items.
very early childhood? Answer:
A) Infantile amnesia
B) Anterograde amnesia Enumeration Questions (10 items):
C) Retrograde amnesia 1. Enumerate the three main processes involved in memory.
D) Tip of the tongue phenomenon Answer:
17. Which of the following types of memory is used when you
unconsciously use information from memory without realizing 2. List the two types of memory retrieval tasks.
it? Answer:
A) Declarative memory
B) Explicit memory 3. Enumerate three stages of memory.
C) Implicit memory Answer:
D) Working memory
18. Who discovered the disease that causes dementia and 4. List the two effects involved in the serial position effect.
memory loss, characterized by plaques and tangles in the brain? Answer:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Alois Alzheimer 5. Enumerate two types of amnesia.
C) Jean Piaget Answer:
D) Ivan Pavlov
19. What process allows people to track one conversation while 6. List three features of working memory.
ignoring background noise? Answer:
A) Serial position effect
B) Cocktail party phenomenon 7. Enumerate two common memory disorders.
C) Retrieval Answer:
D) Flashbulb memory
20. Which of the following is NOT a process in memory? 8. List two types of long-term memory.
A) Encoding Answer:
B) Storage
C) Recognition 9. Enumerate three causes of memory deficits.
D) Retrieval Answer:

Identification Questions (10 items): 10. List the key brain changes found in Alzheimer’s disease.
1. What is the name of the memory task where subjects recall Answer:
numbers in order?
Answer:
2. Identify the memory disorder that results in the inability to Situational Questions (10 items):
remember events after a traumatic incident. 1. You are at a party and hear multiple conversations. However,
Answer: you can focus on just one person speaking to you. What
3. What term describes memories that seem vivid due to strong phenomenon is occurring?
emotional associations? a) Serial position effect
Answer: b) Cocktail party phenomenon
4. What is the process of moving activated elements in and out c) Flashbulb memory
of temporary memory storage? d) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Answer: 2. After learning a long list of words, you remember the first and
5. What is the phenomenon where misleading information last few words better than the middle ones. What memory effect
affects the accuracy of a memory? are you experiencing?
Answer: a) Recency effect
6. Name the type of memory that stores information for a long b) Primacy effect
time, more or less permanently. c) Serial position effect
Answer: d) Tip of the tongue phenomenon
7. What term refers to the effect where people remember the first
items in a list better than the middle? 3. A person you know cannot remember anything that happened
Answer: after they were in a car accident. What condition might they
8. Identify the memory disorder where events immediately prior have?
to trauma are not well remembered. a) Retrograde amnesia
b) Anterograde amnesia
 c) Alzheimer’s disease d) A spontaneous behavior
d) Infantile amnesia 2. What does a reflex represent in the context of learning?
4. You try to recall the name of a movie, and although it feels like a) A learned response
you almost remember, it just won’t come to you. What b) A voluntary reaction
phenomenon are you experiencing? c) An unlearned, involuntary response
a) Chunking d) A deliberate decision
b) Tip of the tongue phenomenon 3. What is a stimulus?
c) Cocktail party phenomenon a) A learned behavior
d) Serial position effect b) A type of reinforcement
5. You are learning a phone number and decide to break it into c) Any object or event that causes a response
smaller groups to remember it better. What memory strategy are d) A behavior followed by a consequence
you using? 4. In classical conditioning, what is the Unconditioned Stimulus
a) Encoding (UCS)?
b) Retrieval a) A learned stimulus
c) Chunking b) A stimulus that leads to a voluntary response
d) Storage c) A stimulus that automatically triggers an
6. A person suddenly remembers vivid details about a significant involuntary response
event in their life, as if they are reliving it. What type of memory d) A stimulus paired with a conditioned response
might this be? 5. Which type of conditioning involves learning voluntary behavior
a) Implicit memory based on consequences?
b) Flashbulb memory a) Classical conditioning
c) Working memory b) Operant conditioning
d) Tip of the tongue memory c) Reflex conditioning
7. A patient shows confusion and memory loss, and their brain is d) Taste aversion
found to have plaques and tangles. What condition might this 6. What is positive reinforcement?
indicate? a) The removal of an unpleasant stimulus
a) Retrograde amnesia b) The addition of a pleasurable stimulus
b) Anterograde amnesia c) The elimination of a learned behavior
c) Alzheimer’s disease d) The punishment of a behavior
d) Misinformation effect 7. In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule involves
8. You are asked to list the capitals of several countries. You can a fixed amount of time before reinforcement?
produce the names without any cues. What type of memory task a) Fixed ratio
is this? b) Variable ratio
a) Recognition c) Fixed interval
b) Recall d) Variable interval
c) Implicit memory 8. What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
d) Primacy effect a) Behaviors followed by punishment are more likely to be
9. You remember how to ride a bike, but you are not consciously repeated
aware of the steps involved. What type of memory is being used? b) Behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences tend to be
a) Explicit memory repeated
b) Declarative memory c) Stimuli can cause reflexes
c) Implicit memory d) Behaviors followed by rewards are extinguished
d) Flashbulb memory 9. What is extinction in classical conditioning?
10. A person forgets all events that happened before a head a) The weakening of a conditioned response due to the removal of
injury. What type of memory loss are they experiencing? the unconditioned stimulus
a) Retrograde amnesia b) The strengthening of the conditioned response
b) Anterograde amnesia c) Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned
c) Infantile amnesia response
d) Dementia d) The generalization of the conditioned response to other
stimuli

10. What type of reinforcement occurs when a stimulus increases

LEARNING the likelihood of a response reoccurring?
a) Primary reinforcement
Multiple Choice Questions (20 items):
b) Negative reinforcement
1. What is learning defined as?
c) Positive punishment
a) A temporary change in behavior
d) Operant conditioning
b) A reflex response to stimuli
11. What is a conditioned emotional response?
c) A relatively permanent change in behavior due
a) A learned reflex behavior
to experience or practice
 b) An emotional response learned through conditioning 3. Name the type of reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing, such as
c) An automatic reflex hunger or thirst.
d) A biological reaction to stimuli Answer:
12. Which of the following refers to the development of a nausea 4. What term is used to describe the learned emotional responses
response to a particular taste after a single bad experience? developed through conditioning?
a) Operant conditioning Answer:
b) Taste aversion 5. Identify the term for an event that decreases the likelihood of a
c) Stimulus discrimination response being repeated.
d) Extinction Answer:
13. What is stimulus generalization? 6. What is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned
a) Responding only to a specific stimulus response after it has been extinguished?
b) A decrease in response to a new stimulus Answer:
c) Responding to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned 7. Name the type of reinforcement where an unpleasant stimulus
stimulus is removed to increase behavior.
d) Extinction of a conditioned response Answer:
14. What is an example of negative reinforcement? 8. Identify the phenomenon where a conditioned response
a) Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior disappears after the unconditioned stimulus is removed.
b) Adding a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior Answer:
c) Adding an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior 9. What is the term for a learned response to a conditioned
d) Removing a pleasurable stimulus to decrease a behavior stimulus?
15. What is spontaneous recovery? Answer:
a) The extinction of a conditioned response 10. Identify the phenomenon where responses to stimuli similar to
b) The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction the conditioned stimulus occur.
c) A behavior that is punished Answer:
d) A behavior reinforced after an interval
16. In operant conditioning, what does punishment do? Enumeration Questions (10 items):
a) Increases the likelihood of a response 1. Enumerate the four elements of classical conditioning.
b) Decreases the likelihood of a response Answer:
c) Strengthens the conditioned response
d) Prevents spontaneous recovery 2. List the two types of reinforcement.
17. What is higher-order conditioning? Answer:
a) Using a conditioned stimulus to reinforce another stimulus
b) Pairing a new neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus 3. Enumerate three schedules of reinforcement.
c) Removing the conditioned stimulus to weaken a response Answer:
d) Generalizing the conditioned response to other stimuli
18. What is a secondary reinforcer? 4. List two types of punishment.
a) A naturally reinforcing stimulus, like food Answer:
b) A stimulus paired with a primary reinforcer, like money or
praise 5. Enumerate three factors that make punishment effective.
c) A stimulus that weakens a response Answer:
d) A reflexive response to a stimulus
19. What does fixed ratio reinforcement depend on? 6. List three differences between positive and negative
a) A set amount of time reinforcement.
b) A varying number of responses Answer:
c) A specific number of responses
d) The removal of an unpleasant stimulus 7. Enumerate two forms of behavior extinction in classical and
20. What is vicarious learning? operant conditioning.
a) Learning that occurs by directly experiencing a stimulus Answer:
b) Learning by watching someone else respond to a stimulus
c) Extinguishing a conditioned response 8. List three examples of primary reinforcers.
d) Responding to only a specific stimulus Answer:

Identification Questions (10 items):

9. Enumerate the stages of classical conditioning.
1. Identify the law that explains how behaviors followed by
Answer:
pleasurable consequences are repeated.
Answer:
10. List the types of responses explained by Thorndike's Law of
2. What type of conditioning occurs when learning is based on the
Effect.
consequences of voluntary behavior?
Answer:
Answer:
 Situational Questions (10 items): a) Fixed interval
1. You receive a bonus at work for completing a project on time, b) Variable interval
and this encourages you to meet future deadlines. What concept is c) Fixed ratio
this? d) Variable ratio
a) Positive punishment 10. You watch someone else successfully complete a task, and as a
b) Positive reinforcement result, you feel more confident in trying it yourself. What learning
c) Negative reinforcement concept does this illustrate?
d) Fixed ratio reinforcement a) Classical conditioning
2. A student studies hard to avoid failing a class, which they b) Vicarious learning
previously experienced as unpleasant. What learning process is at c) Positive punishment
work? d) Fixed interval
a) Positive punishment
b) Positive reinforcement
c) Negative reinforcement
d) Extinction
3. You hear a bell that signals food is ready, and your mouth starts
watering because you associate the sound with eating. What
process are you experiencing?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Spontaneous recovery
d) Vicarious learning
4. After having food poisoning from eating shrimp once, you feel
nauseous whenever you smell shrimp. What is this an example of?
a) Positive reinforcement
b) Classical conditioning
c) Taste aversion
d) Spontaneous recovery
5. A child stops throwing tantrums after they are no longer
rewarded with attention for doing so. What learning process does
this represent?
a) Extinction
b) Positive reinforcement
c) Negative reinforcement
d) Stimulus generalization
6. A dog receives a treat for sitting, and this behavior increases
over time. What process is at play?
a) Negative reinforcement
b) Positive reinforcement
c) Positive punishment
d) Extinction
7. A person hears a fire alarm and quickly leaves the building to
avoid the unpleasant noise. What type of reinforcement is this?
a) Positive reinforcement
b) Negative reinforcement
c) Positive punishment
d) Fixed interval reinforcement

8. A person stops doing a behavior after being reprimanded and

embarrassed in front of peers. What has likely occurred?
a) Positive reinforcement
b) Positive punishment
c) Extinction
d) Stimulus discrimination
9. You study for your exam on a regular schedule, knowing that
tests always happen at the end of each month. What kind of
reinforcement schedule are you following?