I. THERE IS…/THERE ARE …/ HOW MANY…?

1. There is: Used to talk about the existence of something in the singular.
E.g: There is a cat on the roof. (Có một con mèo trên mái nhà.)
2. There are: Used to talk about the existence of many things, in plural.
E.g: There are two cats on the roof. (Có hai con mèo trên mái nhà.)
3. How many Used to ask about the quantity of objects or people, usually accompanied
by plural and countable nouns.
E.g: How many apples are there on the table? (Có bao nhiêu quả táo trên bàn?).
When answering the question with "how many," We use "there is" or "there are"
E.g: How many chairs are there in the room? (Có bao nhiêu cái ghế trong phòng?)
There are six chairs in the room. (Có sáu cái ghế trong phòng.)
Note:
There is + singular noun. (danh từ số ít)
There are + plural noun. (danh từ số nhiều)
How many + plural countable noun. (danh từ số nhiều đếm được để hỏi về số lượng)
III. SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES (SO SÁNH NHẤT CỦA TÍNH TỪ)
1. Definition:
Superlative adjectives are used to compare one person or thing to all other objects in a group.
2. Use:
Used when you want to say an object has the most outstanding characteristic in a comparison
group.
S + be + the + superlative adjective + in/of + group.
E.g:
She is the tallest in the class. (Cô ấy là người cao nhất trong lớp.)
This is the most interesting book of all. (Đây là cuốn sách thú vị nhất trong tất
cả.)
3. Structure:
- For short adjectives (1 syllable): Adjective + _est
E.g: small → smallest (nhỏ nhất), tall → tallest (cao nhất).
- For two-syllable adjectives ending in "-y": Change "-y" to "-iest."
E.g: happy → happiest (vui vẻ nhất), easy → easiest (dễ nhất).
- For long adjectives (2 or more syllables): The most + long adjective
E.g: beautiful → the most beautiful (đẹp nhất), expensive → the most expensive (đắt
nhất).
*Some irregular adjectives:
good → the best (tốt nhất)
bad → the worst (tệ nhất)
far → the farthest hoặc the furthest (xa nhất)
4. Example:
- Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (Núi Everest là ngọn núi cao nhất thế
giới.)
- This restaurant serves the most delicious food in town. (Nhà hàng này phục vụ món ăn ngon
nhất trong thị trấn.)
- He is the best player on the team. (Anh ấy là cầu thủ giỏi nhất trong đội.)
Note:
- Always use "the" before the superlative adjective.
- For large groups of objects, we use "in" (e.g., "in the world"), and for small groups or sets,
we use "of" (e.g., "of the three").
V. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS AND COUNTABLE NOUNS (DANH TỪ KHÔNG ĐẾM
ĐƯỢC VÀ DANH TỪ ĐẾM ĐƯỢC)
1. COUNTABLE NOUNS (DANH TỪ ĐẾM ĐƯỢC)
1.1 Definition: Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted in whole numbers (1, 2, 3,...).
They can be singular or plural.
1.2 Use:
- When singular, use the article "a/an" or a quantity word (one, two, etc.).
- When plural, add "s" or "es" to the noun and can be accompanied by quantity words
such as "some," "many," or "a few."
1.3 Structure:
A/an + singular noun
Plural noun + s/es
1.4 Example:
A book (một cuốn sách), two books (hai cuốn sách)
 An apple (một quả táo), three apples (ba quả táo)
2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (DANH TỪ KHÔNG ĐẾM ĐƯỢC):
2.1 Definition: Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted with whole numbers.
They are usually substances, liquids, or abstract definitions. These nouns are always singular
and do not have a plural form.
2.2 Use:
Don't use the article "a/an" before uncountable nouns. Instead, use quantity words like
"some," "much," "a little," or units of measurement (cup of, piece of, etc.).
2.3 Structure:
Uncountable noun + some/much/little
Unit of measurement + of + uncountable noun
2.4 Example:
Water (nước), some water (một ít nước)
Rice (gạo), a bowl of rice (một bát cơm)
Music (âm nhạc), a piece of music (một bản nhạc)
Note
- Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable:
Chicken (thịt gà - uncountable) vs. a chicken (một con gà - countable)
Light (ánh sáng - uncountable) vs. a light (một cái đèn – countable)
- Use “how much” for uncountable nouns and “how many” for countable nouns:
E.g:
How much sugar do you need? (Bạn cần bao nhiêu đường?)
How many books do you have? (Bạn có bao nhiêu cuốn sách?)
VI. SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF
1. SOME
1.1 Definition: "Some" is used to refer to a certain quantity, usually an unspecified amount.
1.2 Use:
Used in affirmative sentences with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Used in auestion when inviting or suggesting.
1.3 Structure: Some + plural countable noun / uncountable noun
1.4 Example:
 I have some apples. (Tôi có vài quả táo.)
There is some milk in the fridge. (Có một ít sữa trong tủ lạnh.)
Would you like some coffee? (Bạn có muốn uống cà phê không?)
2. ANY
2.1 Definition: "Any" is also used to refer to an unspecified quantity, often used in negative
and question sentences.
2.2 Use: Used in Negative and Question sentences with plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns.
2.3 Structure: Any + plural countable noun / uncountable noun
2.4 Example:
I don't have any money. (Tôi không có tiền.)
Do you have any books? (Bạn có quyển sách nào không?)
3. MUCH
3.1 Definition: "Much" is used with uncountable nouns to refer to large quantities.
3.2 Use:
- Used in Negative and Question sentences.
- In spoken language, "much" is rarely used in Affirmative sentences, except when
accompanied by "so," "too," or "as."
3.3 Structure: Much + uncountable noun
3.4 Example:
How much water do you drink every day? (Bạn uống bao nhiêu nước mỗi ngày?)
There isn't much sugar left. (Không còn nhiều đường.)
4. MANY
4.1 Definition: "Many" is used with plural countable nouns to refer to large quantities.
4.2 Use: Used in Negative, Question, and sometimes in Affirmative sentences.
4.3 Structure: Many + plural countable noun
4.4 Example:
How many students are in your class? (Có bao nhiêu học sinh trong lớp của bạn?)
There aren't many apples left. (Không còn nhiều táo.)
5. A LOT OF
 5.1 Definition: " "A lot of" is used to indicate a large quantity and can be used with both
countable and uncountable nouns.
5.2 Use: Used in Affirmative, Negative and Question sentences.
5.3 Structure: A lot of + countable noun / uncountable noun
5.4 Example:
I have a lot of books. (Tôi có rất nhiều sách)
She doesn't have a lot of money. (Cô ấy không có nhiều tiền)
Do you have a lot of friends? (Bạn có nhiều bạn không?)
Summary:
Some: Used in Affirmative and Question sentences to invite.
Any: Used in Negative and Question sentences.
Much: Used with uncountable nouns in Negative and Question sentences.
Many: Used with plural countable nouns in Negative and Question sentences.
A lot of: Used with both countable and uncountable nouns in all types of sentences.

VII. THERE WAS (NOT) AND THERE WERE (NOT)

1. Definition:
- "There was" and "There were" are structures used to express the existence of one or more
things or events in the past.
- "There was" is used for singular or uncountable nouns.
- "There were" is used for plural nouns.
2. Use:
"There was": Used to talk about the existence of a single person, thing or event in the past.
"There were": Used to talk about the existence of many people, things or events in the past.
"There was not" (There wasn't) and "There were not" (There weren't): Used to express the
non-existence of one or more things or events in the past.
3. Structure:
Affirmative:
There was + singular noun / uncountable noun
There were + plural noun
Negative:
 There was not (wasn't) + singular noun / uncountable noun
There were not (weren't) + plural noun
Question:
Was there + singular noun / uncountable noun?
Were there + plural noun?
4. Example:
Affirmative:
There was a cat in the garden yesterday. (Hôm qua có một con mèo trong vườn.)
There were many people at the concert last night. (Có rất nhiều người ở buổi hòa
nhạc tối qua.)
Negative:
There wasn't any milk in the fridge. (Không có sữa nào trong tủ lạnh.)
There weren't any chairs in the room. (Không có cái ghế nào trong phòng.)
Question:
Was there a book on the table? (Có cuốn sách nào trên bàn không?)
Were there any flowers in the garden? (Có hoa nào trong vườn không?)

IX. BE GOING TO (DỰ ĐỊNH)

1. Definition
" "Be going to" is used to talk about actions or events that will happen in the future. It
often expresses plans that have been made or predictions based on the current situation.
2. Use
- Future plans: When you have a specific intention or plan to do something in the future.
E.g: I am going to visit my grandparents next week. (Tôi sẽ thăm ông bà vào tuần tới.)
- Prediction based on current evidence: When you predict what will happen in the
future based on what you see or feel now.
E.g: Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain soon. (Nhìn những đám mây đen kìa.
Sắp có mưa rồi.)
3. Structure
Affirmative:
 I am going to + V0
You/We/They are going to + V0
He/She/It is going to + V0

Negative:
I am not going to + V0
You/We/They are not going to + V0
He/She/It is not going to + V0
Question:
Am I going to + V0 ?
Are you/we/they going to + V0 ?
Is he/she/it going to + V0 ?
4. Example
Affirmative:
She is going to start a new job next month. (Cô ấy sẽ bắt đầu công việc mới vào tháng
sau.)
They are going to travel to Japan this summer. (Họ sẽ du lịch đến Nhật Bản vào mùa
hè này.)
Negative:
He is not going to join us for dinner. (Anh ấy sẽ không tham gia bữa tối với chúng
tôi.)
We are not going to finish the project on time. (Chúng tôi sẽ không hoàn thành dự án
đúng hạn.)
Question:
Are you going to buy a new car? (Bạn có định mua một chiếc ô tô mới không?)
What is she going to do after graduation? (Cô ấy sẽ làm gì sau khi tốt nghiệp?)
X. WILL AND WILL NOT (TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN)
1. Definition
"Will": Used to express actions or events that will happen in the future. It is also used to
make predictions, promises, requests, or decisions..
"Will Not" (Won't): The Negative form of "will," used to say that an action or event will not
happen in the future.
2. Use
- Describe what you think will happen in the future.
E.g: "It will rain tomorrow." (Ngày mai trời sẽ mưa.)
- Make a promise or commitment.
E.g: "I will help you with your homework." (Tôi sẽ giúp bạn với bài tập về nhà của
bạn.)
- Make a request or demand an action from someone else.
E.g: "Will you please close the door?" (Bạn có thể đóng cửa không?)
- Expresses immediate decisions at the time of speaking.
E.g: "I will have the chicken salad." (Tôi sẽ chọn món salad gà.)
3. Structure
Affirmative: S + will + V0
E.g: "They will travel to Paris next month." (Họ sẽ đi du lịch đến Paris vào tháng tới.)
Negative: S + will not (won't) + V0
E.g: "I will not be late." (Tôi sẽ không đến muộn.)
Question: Will + S + V0 ?
E.g: "Will you come to the party?" (Bạn sẽ đến bữa tiệc chứ?)
4. Example
Affirmative:
"She will finish her project by Friday." (Cô ấy sẽ hoàn thành dự án của mình trước
thứ Sáu.)
"We will visit the museum on Sunday." (Chúng tôi sẽ thăm bảo tàng vào Chủ Nhật.)
Negative:
"They will not join us for dinner." (Họ sẽ không tham gia bữa tối với chúng tôi.)
"I will not forget your birthday." (Tôi sẽ không quên sinh nhật của bạn.)
Question:
"Will he call us tomorrow?" (Anh ấy sẽ gọi cho chúng tôi vào ngày mai không?)
"Will you be ready by 5 PM?" (Bạn có sẵn sàng trước 5 giờ chiều không?)
XII. LIKE, AS...AS, & DIFFERENT FROM
1. "LIKE"
1.1 Definition: "Like" is a preposition or conjunction used to compare or show similarities
between two things, events or people.
1.2 Use
- "Like" used to compare the similarities between two objects or actions.
E.g: "She sings like a professional singer." (Cô ấy hát giống như một ca sĩ chuyên
nghiệp.)
- "Like" cũng is used to talk about hobbies or things that someone likes.
E.g: "I like pizza." (Tôi thích pizza.)
1.3 Structure
Like + noun/pronoun/gerund (danh từ/đại từ/động từ thêm "-ing")
E.g: "He runs like the wind." (Anh ấy chạy nhanh như gió.)
E.g: "They like swimming." (Họ thích bơi lội.)
1.4 Example
"You look like your mother." (Bạn trông giống mẹ của bạn.)
"He plays tennis like a pro." (Anh ấy chơi tennis giống như một vận động viên chuyên
nghiệp.)
2. "AS...AS"
2.1 Definition "As...As" is a comparative structure used to show that two things or actions
are of equal degree.
2.2 Use
- This structure is used to express the equality or equivalence in degree or nature of two
things or events.
E.g: "She is as tall as her brother." (Cô ấy cao bằng anh trai của mình.)
- "As...as" can also be used to compare the degree of an action.
E.g: "He runs as fast as a cheetah." (Anh ấy chạy nhanh như một con báo.)
2.3 Structure
As + adjective/adverb + as
E.g: "The test was as difficult as I expected." (Bài kiểm tra khó đúng như tôi đã mong đợi.)
As + much/many + noun + as
 E.g: "She has as many books as I do." (Cô ấy có nhiều sách như tôi.)
2.4 Example
"This cake is as delicious as the one we had last time." (Chiếc bánh này ngon như chiếc
bánh chúng ta đã ăn lần trước.)
"She speaks English as fluently as a native speaker." (Cô ấy nói tiếng Anh lưu loát như
người bản ngữ.)
3. DIFFERENT FROM
3.1 Definition "Different From" is a structure used to indicate the difference between two
things, events or people.
3.2 Use
"Different from" is used to emphasize the difference between two or more objects.
E.g: "This dress is different from the one I saw yesterday." (Chiếc váy này khác với
chiếc mà tôi đã thấy hôm qua.)
3.3 Structure
S + be + different from + noun
E.g: "Her style is different from mine." (Phong cách của cô ấy khác với của tôi.)
3.4 Example
"This movie is different from the book." (Bộ phim này khác với cuốn sách.)
"Their opinions are different from ours." (Quan điểm của họ khác với chúng tôi.)
XIII. USED TO (ĐÃ TỪNG)
1. Definition: "Used to" is a structure used to express a habit or state in the past that
no longer occurs.
2. Usage
"Used to" is used to talk about actions or habits that happened regularly in the past but
no longer happen now. It can also be used to describe a state that existed in the past but
is no longer true.
2. Structure
Affirmative: Subject + used to + V0
E.g: I used to play football. (Tôi đã từng chơi bóng đá.)
Negative: Subject + didn’t use to + V0
E.g: I didn’t use to like coffee. (Tôi đã từng không thích cà phê.)
Question: Did + subject + use to + V0?
Example: Did you use to live in the countryside? (Bạn đã từng sống ở nông thôn phải
không?)
3. Example
She used to walk to school every day. (Cô ấy đã từng đi bộ đến trường mỗi ngày.)
We didn't use to eat out very often. (Chúng tôi không thường đi ăn ở ngoài.)
Did you use to have long hair? (Bạn đã từng để tóc dài phải không?)
Note
- "Used to" is only used to express the past, not the present or future.
- Not to be confused with be/get used to + V-ing, this structure expresses that someone is used to
something in the present or future.
XIV. PRESENT PERFECT (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH)
1. Definition
The Present Perfect Tense is used to describe actions or events that happened at an unspecified
time in the past but have relevance to the present. It is often used to talk about experiences,
recent events, or actions that started in the past and continue up to the present moment.
2. Use
- Actions or events at an unspecified time in the past:
E.g: "She has visited Paris." (Cô ấy đã từng đến Paris.)
- Actions that have just occurred:
E.g: "I have just finished my homework." (Tôi vừa mới hoàn thành bài tập về nhà.)
- Actions that started in the past and continue to the present:
E.g: "We have lived here for ten years." (Chúng tôi đã sống ở đây được mười năm
rồi.)
- Experience:
E.g: "They have never traveled abroad." (Họ chưa bao giờ đi du lịch nước ngoài.)
3. Structure
Affirmative: S + have/has + V3/ed
E.g: "He has already eaten breakfast." (Anh ấy đã ăn sáng rồi.)
Negative: S + have/has not + V3/ed
E.g: "I have not seen that movie yet." (Tôi chưa xem bộ phim đó.)
 Question: Have/Has + S + V3/ed?
E.g: "Have you ever been to Japan?" (Bạn đã từng đến Nhật Bản chưa?)
XV. THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI I)
1. Definition
The First Conditional is used to talk about real and possible situations in the future. It describes
events that are likely to happen if a certain condition is met. The condition is introduced by "if"
or "unless," followed by the result.
2. Use
- Condition introduced by "if": Used to express a possible condition and its likely result.
E.g: "If it rains, we will stay indoors." (Nếu trời mưa, chúng tôi sẽ ở trong nhà.)
- Condition introduced by "unless": "Unless" means "if not." It is used to express a negative
condition.
E.g: "We won’t go unless it stops raining." (Chúng tôi sẽ không đi trừ khi trời ngừng
mưa.)
- "Will" in the result clause: Used to express certainty or a strong possibility about the future
result.
E.g: "If you study hard, you will pass the exam." (Nếu bạn học chăm chỉ, bạn sẽ đỗ kỳ
thi.)
- "Might" in the result clause: Used to express possibility or uncertainty about the future
result.
E.g: "If the weather is good, we might go to the beach." (Nếu thời tiết đẹp, chúng tôi
có thể sẽ đi biển.)
3. Structure
Affirmative (with "if"): If + present simple, S + will/might + V0
E.g: "If she calls, I will answer the phone." (Nếu cô ấy gọi, tôi sẽ nghe máy.)
E.g: "If it gets late, we might leave early." (Nếu trễ, chúng tôi có thể sẽ rời đi sớm.)
Affirmative (with "unless"): Unless + present simple, S + will/might + V0
E.g: "Unless you hurry, you will miss the train." (Trừ khi bạn nhanh lên, bạn sẽ lỡ tàu.)
Negative: If + present simple, S + will/might not + V0
E.g: "If he doesn’t come, we won’t start the meeting." (Nếu anh ấy không đến, chúng
tôi sẽ không bắt đầu cuộc họp.)
Question: Will/Might + S + V0 + if + present simple?
E.g: "Will you go out if it rains?" (Bạn có ra ngoài nếu trời mưa không?)
XVI. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO (CÓ THỂ)
1. Definition
Can and could are modal verbs used to express ability, possibility, permission, or requests.
Be able to is a phrase that is often used as an alternative to can and could to describe the
ability to do something, especially when specific tenses are required.
2. Use
2.1 Can:
- Used to express ability in the present or general ability.
E.g: "I can swim." (Tôi có thể bơi.)
- Used to ask for or give permission.
E.g: "Can I leave early?" (Tôi có thể về sớm không?)
- Used to express possibility.
E.g: "It can be dangerous to swim alone." (Có thể nguy hiểm khi bơi một mình.)
2.2 Could:
- Used to express ability in the past.
E.g: "She could speak French when she was a child." (Cô ấy có thể nói tiếng Pháp khi
còn nhỏ.)
- Used to make polite requests.
E.g: "Could you help me?" (Bạn có thể giúp tôi không?)
- Used to express possibility, often less certain than "can."
E.g: "It could rain later." (Trời có thể sẽ mưa sau đó.)
2.3 Be able to:
- Used to express ability in various tenses (past, present, future, etc.).
E.g: "I have been able to finish the project." (Tôi đã có thể hoàn thành dự án.)
- Often used when specific tenses are required or in situations where can or could cannot be
used.
E.g: "She will be able to join us tomorrow." (Cô ấy sẽ có thể tham gia với chúng tôi
vào ngày mai.)
3. Structure
 3.1 Can
Affirmative: S + can + V0
E.g: "He can play the guitar." (Anh ấy có thể chơi guitar.)
Negative: S + cannot/can’t + V0
E.g: "She can't come to the party." (Cô ấy không thể đến bữa tiệc.)
Question: Can + S + V0?
E.g: "Can you speak English?" (Bạn có thể nói tiếng Anh không?)
3.2 Could
Affirmative: S + could + V0
E.g: "They could solve the problem." (Họ đã có thể giải quyết vấn đề.)
Negative: S + could not/couldn't + V0
E.g: "We couldn't find the address." (Chúng tôi không thể tìm thấy địa chỉ.)
Question: Could + S + V0?
E.g: "Could you lend me your book?" (Bạn có thể cho tôi mượn sách của bạn không?)
3.4 Be able to
Affirmative: S + be (am/is/are/was/were/will be) + able to + V0
E.g: "I am able to finish the work." (Tôi có thể hoàn thành công việc.)
Negative: S + be not + able to + V0
E.g: "He wasn't able to attend the meeting." (Anh ấy không thể tham dự cuộc họp.)
Question: Be (am/is/are/was/were/will be) + S + able to + V0?
E.g: "Will you be able to come tomorrow?" (Bạn có thể đến vào ngày mai không?)
XVII. REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)
1. Definition
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) is used to report what someone else has said without quoting
their exact words. It involves conveying the meaning of a statement, question, or command made
by another person.
2. Use
Reporting Statements: To convey information that was previously shared.
E.g: "She said she was tired." (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy mệt.)
Reporting Questions: To relay questions and their answers without quoting them directly.
 E.g: "He asked if I had finished the project." (Anh ấy hỏi liệu tôi đã hoàn thành dự án
chưa.)
Reporting Commands/Requests: To inform about commands or requests made by
someone.
E.g: "They told us to be quiet." (Họ bảo chúng tôi giữ yên lặng.)
3. Structure
3.1 Reporting Statements:
Affirmative Statement: Reporting verb + that + reported clause
E.g: "She said that she was going to the market." (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy đang đi chợ.)
Negative Statement: Reporting verb + that + subject + did not + base form of the verb
E.g: "He said that he did not like pizza." (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy không thích pizza.)
Question:
Yes/No Questions: Reporting verb + if/whether + subject + base form of the verb
E.g: "She asked if I was coming to the party." (Cô ấy hỏi liệu tôi có đến bữa tiệc
không.)
Wh- Questions: Reporting verb + question word (who, what, where, etc.) + subject + base form
of the verb
E.g: "He inquired where I lived." (Anh ấy hỏi tôi sống ở đâu.)
3.2 Reporting Commands/Requests:
Affirmative Command/Request: Reporting verb + object + to + base form of the verb
E.g: "She advised me to take a break." (Cô ấy khuyên tôi nên nghỉ ngơi.)
Negative Command/Request: Reporting verb + object + not to + base form of the verb
E.g: "He instructed us not to touch the exhibit." (Anh ấy yêu cầu chúng tôi không
được chạm vào hiện vật.)
3.3 Changes in Reported Speech
Pronouns: Change according to the context of the reporting sentence.
E.g: "I am happy" → "She said she was happy."
Tenses:
Present Simple to Past Simple: "I eat pizza." → "He said he ate pizza."
Present Continuous to Past Continuous: "I am eating pizza." → "He said he was
eating pizza."
 Present Perfect to Past Perfect: "I have eaten pizza." → "He said he had eaten
pizza."
Past Simple to Past Perfect: "I ate pizza." → "He said he had eaten pizza."
Time Expressions:
Today → That day
Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
Yesterday → The day before / The previous day

XVIII. PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN)

1. Definition
The Present Simple Passive is used to describe actions that are performed on the subject of the
sentence in the present tense. In passive voice, the focus is on the action and the recipient rather
than who performs the action.
2. Use
- To emphasize the action or the recipient of the action rather than the doer.
E.g: "The book is read by many people." (Cuốn sách được đọc bởi nhiều người.)
- When the doer is unknown or not important.
E.g: "The letters are delivered every morning." (Các bức thư được giao mỗi sáng.)
3. Structure
Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + V3/ed + (by + agent)
E.g: "The car is washed every week." (Chiếc xe được rửa mỗi tuần.)
E.g: "The cake is made by my mother." (Cái bánh được làm bởi mẹ tôi.)
Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + V3/ed+ (by + agent)
E.g: "The homework is not done on weekends." (Bài tập về nhà không được làm vào
cuối tuần.)
E.g: "The house is not cleaned regularly." (Ngôi nhà không được dọn dẹp thường
xuyên.)
Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + V3/ed+ (by + agent)?
E.g: "Is the report finished by the team?" (Báo cáo đã được hoàn thành bởi đội
không?)
 E.g: "Are the rules followed strictly?" (Các quy tắc có được tuân theo nghiêm ngặt
không?)
Notes:
"By + agent" is optional. It is used when the doer of the action is relevant or needs to be
specified. If not, it can be omitted.
XIX. PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG QUÁ KHỨ TẠI ĐƠN)
1. Definition
The Past Simple Passive is used to describe actions that were performed on the subject of the
sentence in the past. In passive voice, the focus is on the action and the recipient rather than who
performed the action.
2. Use
- To emphasize the action or the recipient of the action rather than the doer.
E.g: "The letter was sent yesterday." (Thư đã được gửi đi ngày hôm qua.)
- When the doer is unknown or not important.
E.g: "The cake was eaten before I arrived." (Cái bánh đã bị ăn trước khi tôi đến.)
3. Structure
Affirmative: Subject + was/were + V3/ed+ (by + agent)
E.g: "The house was painted last week." (Ngôi nhà đã được sơn vào tuần trước.)
E.g: "The project was completed by the team." (Dự án đã được hoàn thành bởi đội.)
Negative: Subject + was/were + not + V3/ed + (by + agent)
E.g: "The homework was not finished on time." (Bài tập về nhà không được hoàn
thành đúng hạn.)
E.g: "The report was not written by the manager." (Báo cáo không được viết bởi quản
lý.)
Question: Was/Were + subject + V3/ed + (by + agent)?
E.g: "Was the book read by the students?" (Cuốn sách có được đọc bởi các học sinh
không?)
E.g: "Were the rules followed correctly?" (Các quy tắc có được tuân theo đúng
không?)
Notes:
"By + agent" is optional. It is used when the doer of the action is relevant or needs to be
specified. If not, it can be omitted.