ITER, SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN (Deemed to be Assignme

University)
nt

Branch Civil/Mechanical Engineering Programme B.Tech

Course
Fluid Mechanics Semester 5th
Name
Course
MEL 3211 Academic Year 2024-2025
Code
Topic: Pressure and its measurements,
Assignment- 1B manometers, mechanical gauges, pascal’s
law, hydrostatic law
Learning L1: Remembering L3: Applying L5: Evaluating
Level (LL) L2: Understanding L4: Analysing L6: Creating
Q’s Questions COs LL
(a) Someone claims that the absolute pressure in a liquid of
constant density doubles when the depth is doubled. Do you
agree? Explain.
(b) A tiny steel cube is suspended in water by a string. If the
lengths of the sides of the cube are very small, how would you
compare the magnitudes of the pressures on the top, bottom, and
side surfaces of the cube?
(c) Consider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on
1 CO1 L4
top of a high mountain, running at identical speeds. How would
you compare (a) the volume flow rates and (b) the mass flow
rates of these two fans?
(d) Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the
barometric reading is 740 mmHg and the gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.805 m/s2. Assume the temperature of
mercury to be 10°C, at which its density is 13,570 kg/m3.

(a) You may have noticed that dams are much thicker atthe
bottom. Explain why dams are built that way.
(b) Consider two identical spherical balls submerged in water at
different depths. Will the buoyant forces acting on these two
2 balls be the same or different? Explain. CO1 L4
(c) Consider a 3-kg copper cube and a 3-kg copper ball
submerged in a liquid. Will the buoyant forces acting on these
two bodies be the same or different? Explain.

3 (a) Under what conditions can a moving body of fluidbe treated CO1 L4
as a rigid body?
(b) Consider a glass of water. Compare the water pressures at
the bottom surface for the following cases: the glass is (a)
stationary, (b) moving up at constant velocity, (c) moving down
at constant velocity, and (d) moving horizontally at constant
velocity.
(c) Consider two identical glasses of water, one stationaryand
 the other moving on a horizontal plane with constant
acceleration. Assuming no splashing or spilling occurs, which
glass will have a higher pressure at the (a) front, (b) midpoint,
and (c) back of the bottom surface?
(d) The volume of a rock is to be determined without using any
volume measurement devices. Explain how you would do this
with a waterproof spring scale.
Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere. Now
water is poured into the U-tube from one arm, and light oil
(density = 790 kg/m3) from the other. One arm contains 70 cm
high water, while the other arm contains both fluids with an oil
to water ratio of 6. Determine the height of each fluid in that
arm.

4 CO1 L3

Consider a 70-kg woman who has a total foot imprintarea of 400

cm2. She wishes to walk on the snow, but the snow cannot
5 withstand pressures greater than 0.5 kPa. Determine the CO1 L4
minimum size of the snowshoes needed (imprint area per shoe)
to enable her to walk on the snow without sinking.
The basic barometer can be used to measure theheight of a
building. If the barometric readings at the top and at the bottom
6 of a building are 730 and 755 mmHg, respectively, determine CO1 L3
the height of the building. Assume an average air density of 1.18
kg/m3.
A manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas in a tank.
The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer
column height is 55 cm, as shown in Fig. If the local
atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute pressure
within the tank.

7 CO1 L3

8 A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder CO1 L4

 device. The piston has a mass of 4 kg and a crosssectionalarea
of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force
of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa,
determine the pressure inside the cylinder.

Two chambers with the same fluid at their base are separated by
a piston whose weight is 25 N, as shown in Fig. Calculate the
gage pressures in chambers A and B.

9 CO1 L4

A simple experiment has long been used to demonstratehow

negative pressure prevents water from being spilled out of an
inverted glass. A glass that is fully filled by water and covered
with a thin paper is inverted, as shown in Fig. Determine the
pressure at the bottom of the glass, and explain why water does
not fall out.

10 CO1 L4

11 Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines CO2 L4

are connected to each other by a double U-tube manometer, as
shown in Fig. Determine the pressure difference between the
two pipelines. Take the density of seawater at that location to be
1035 kg/m3. Can the air column be ignored in the analysis?
 The 500-kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in Fig. is to be
raised by pouring oil (780 kg/m3) into a thin tube. Determine
how high h should be in order to begin to raise the weight.

12 CO1 L4

Consider the system shown in Fig. If a change of 0.7 kPa in the

pressure of air causes the brine-mercury interface in the right
column to drop by 5 mm in the brine level in the right column
while the pressure in the brine pipe remains constant, determine
the ratio of A2/A1.

13 CO1 L4

14 An inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure CO1 L4

difference between two pipes A and B, as shown in the figure.
Pipe A is carrying oil (specific gravity = 0.8) and pipe B is
carrying water. The densities of air and water are 1.16 kg/m3
and 1000 kg/m3, respectively. The pressure difference between
pipes A B is ______ kPa. Acceleration due to gravity: g = 10
m/s2
 The vessel shown in the figure contains oil and water. A body is
submerged at the interface of oil and water such that 45 percent
of its volume is in oil while the rest is in water. The density of
the body is ________ kg/m3.

15 CO1 L3

A mercury manometer is used to measure the static pressure at a

point in a water pipe as shown in Fig. The level difference of
mercury in the two limbs is 10 mm the gauge pressure at that
point is? [Gate 1996]

16 CO1 L3

A 5 m x 5 m closed tank of height 10 m contains water and oil,

is connected to an overhead water reservoir as shown in figure.
Use γ w =10 kN /m3 and specific gravity of an oil = 0.8.

17 CO1 L4

The total force (in kN) due to pressure on the side PQR of the
tank is ? [Gate 2024]
A car is submerged in water 8 m below. The hydrostatic force
18 on the door 1 m wide and 2 m height is to be determined, and CO1 L3
the likelihood of the driver opening the door is to be assessed.
A cube of side 100 mm is placed at the bottom of an empty
container on one of its faces. The density of the material of the
cube is 800 kg/m3. Liquid of density 1000 kg/m3 is now poured
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into the container. The minimum height to which the liquid
needs to be poured into the container for the cube to just lift up
is __________mm.
20 Find only the horizontal force component of a given Fig with CO1 L3
water filled as a liquid
 A room in the lower level of a cruise ship has a 30-cm-diameter
circular window. If the midpoint of the window is 5 m below the
21 water surface, determine the hydrostatic force acting on the CO1 L3
window, and the pressure center. Take the specific gravity of
seawater to be 1.025.
Consider a 4-m-long, 4-m-wide, and 1.5-m-highaboveground
swimming pool that is filled with water to the rim. (a)
Determine the hydrostatic force on each wall and the distance of
22 the line of action of this force from the ground. (b) If the height CO1 L4
of the walls of the pool is doubled and the pool is filled, will the
hydrostatic force on each wall double or quadruple? Why?

The water side of the wall of a 100-m-long dam is aquarter

23 circle with a radius of 10 m. Determine the hydrostatic force on CO1 L4
the dam and its line of action when the dam is filled to the rim.
A 4-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular plate blocks theend of a 4-m-
deep freshwater channel, as shown in Fig. P3–66. The plate is
hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a
point A and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point
B. Determine the force exerted on the plate by the ridge.

24 CO1 L4

25 A water trough of semicircular cross section of radius 0.5 m CO1 L4

consists of two symmetric parts hinged to each other at the
bottom, as shown in Fig. P3–70. The two parts are heldtogether
by a cable and turnbuckle placed every 3 m along the length of
the trough. Calculate the tension in each cable when the trough
is filled to the rim.
 The two sides of a V-shaped water trough are hingedto each
other at the bottom where they meet, as shown in Fig. P3–71,
making an angle of 45° with the ground from both sides. Each
side is 0.75 m wide, and the two parts are held together by a
cable and turnbuckle placed every 6 m along the length of the
trough. Calculate the tension in each cable when the trough is
filled to the rim.

26 CO1 L4

A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30 with the horizontal

and with water mass on its left, is dhown in figure below.
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. The minimum mass of the gate
in kg per unit width (perpendicular to the plane of paper),
required to keep it closed
27

28 Consider a frictionless, massless and leak-proof plug blocking a

rectangular hole of dimensions 2R x L at the bottom of an open
tank as shown in the figure. The head of the plug has shape of a
semi-cylinder of radius R. The tank is filled with a liquid of
density ρ up to the tip of the plug. The gravitational
acceleration is g. Neglect the effect of the atmospheric
pressure.

The
force
F
 required to hold the plug in its position is

A pressure measurement device fitted on a surface of a

submarine, located at a depth H below the surface of an ocean,
reads an absolute pressure of 4.2 MPa. The density of sea
29 water is 1050 kg/m3, the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, and
the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2. The depth H is
______ m. [Round off to the nearest integer]

A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be constructed by

placing 0.8-m-high and 0.2-m-wide rectangular concrete
blocks ρ=2700 kg/m3) side by side, as shown in Fig. The
friction coefficient between the ground and the concrete
blocks is f= 0.3, and the density of the mud is about 1800
kg/m3. There is concern that the concrete blocks may slide or
tip over the lower left edge as the mud level rises. Determine
the mud height at which (a) the blocks will
30

The 200-kg, 5-m-wide rectangular gate shownin Fig. P3–137

is hinged at B and leans against the floor at A making an
angle of 45° with the horizontal. The gate is to be opened
from its lower edge by applying a normal force at its center.
Determine the minimum force F required to open the water
gate. Answer: 520 kN

31

32 A 3-m-high, 6-m-wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top

edge at A and is restrained by a fixed ridge at B. Determine
the hydrostatic force exerted on the gate by the 5-m-high
water and the location of the pressure center.
 A circular plate of diameter 1.2 m placed vertically in water in
such a way that the centre of the place is 2.5 m below the free
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surface of water. Determine: (i) Total pressure on the plate. (ii)
Position of centre of pressure.
A triangular plate of base 3 m and altitude 3 m is submerged
vertically in an oil of specific gravity 0.8. The base of the plate
34 CO1 L2
coincides with the free surface of oil. Determine the total
pressure and location of centre of pressure
A car is submerged in water 8 m below. The hydrostatic force
35 on the door 1 m wide and 2 m height is to be determined, and CO1 L2
the likelihood of the driver opening the door is to be assessed.

A 1m wide and 1.5 m deep rectangular plane surface lies in

water in such a way that its plane makes an angle of 30° with the
36 free water surface. Determine the total pressure and position of CO1 L2
centre of pressure when the upper edge is 0.75 m below the free
water surface.
An annular plate 2m external diameter and 1m internal diameter
with its greatest and least depths below the surface being 1.5 m
37 and 0.75 m respectively. Calculate the magnitude, direction and CO1 L2
location of the force acting upon one side of the plate due to
water pressure.
A triangular plate of 1 metre base and 1.5 metre altitude is
immersed in water. The plane of the plate is inclined at 30° with
38 free water surface and the base is parallel to and at a depth of 2 CO1 L3
metres from water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate
and the position of centre of pressure.
39 An inclined rectangular sluice gate AB 1.2 m by 5 m size as CO1 L3
 shown in Fig. is installed to control the discharge of water. The
end A is hinged. Determine the force normal to the gate

Fig. shows a gate having a quadrant shape of radius of 1 m

subjected to water pressure. Find the resultant force and its
inclination with the horizontal. Take the length of the gate as 2
m.

40 CO1 L3

Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force due to water

acting on a roller gate of cylindrical form of 4 m diameter when
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the gate is placed on the dam in such a way that water is just
going to spill. Take the length of the gate is 8 m.