INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Mineral Assessment Report 34

Natural Environment Research Council

The sand and gravel

I I - .
Brightlingseak

TL 81
resources of the Dengie
Whitham
Peninsula, Essex
0
Description of 1 :25 000
sheet TL90 and
TMOO
parts of sheets TL 80, TM 00,
TO 89, TQ 99 and TR 09

Hockley TR09
TO 89 M. B. Simmons

0 Crown copyright 1978

ISBN 0 11 884081 9 London Her Majesty’s Stationery Office 1978

Ins ti tu te of Geological Sciences
Mineral Assessment Report 34

CORRECTIONS
Page 4, Figure 2, Section A: For TQ 96220414 read Page 58, borehole record TQ 99 NW 26, second
T L 9622 0414 a n d f o r T Q 01 160948r e a d T M 01 16 0948 measurement of depth: For 0.2 metres read 0.5 metres
Page 4, Figure 2, Section B: For TQ 0174 9770 read Page 66, borehole record T Q 9 9 NE 18, third
TR 0174 9770 measurement of thickness: For 2.5 metres read 2.0
metres
Page 12, Figure 4: Replace borehole registration
n u m b e r T L 90 NW 40 (near Althorne) by number
TQ 99 NW 40

Page 33, borehole T L 90 NE 7: Add the following grading data

GRADING
Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) Fines Sand Gravel
% mm % From To
Gravel 39 +16 26 9.0 9.5 Results not available
+4-16 13 9.5 10.7 4 9 58 27
1 1
+1-4 4 10.7 11.5 6 3 25 31 8 27
Sand 55 +X-1 45 11.5 11.9 12 5 23 31 7 22
6 11.9 12.1 Results not available
Fines 6 -lIl6 6

LondonHer Majesty’s Stationery Office 1979

The first twelve reports on the assessment of PREFACE
British sand and gravel resources appeared in
the Report Series of the Institute of Geological
Sciences as a subseries. Report No. 1 3 onwards National resources of many industrial minerals
appear in the Mineral Assessment Report Series may seem so large that stocktaking appears
of the Institute. Details of published reports unnecessary, but the demand for minerals and
appear at the end of this report. for land for all purposes is intensifying and it has
become increasingly clear in recent years that
Any enquiries concerning this report may be regional assessments of the resources of these
addressed to Head, Industrial Minerals minerals should be undertaken. The publication
Assessment Unit, Institute of Geological Sciences, of information about the quantity and quality of
Keyworth, Nottingham NG125GG d e p o s i t s o v e r l a r g e a r e a s is intended to provide
a comprehensive factual background against which
planning decisions can be made.
Sand and gravel, considered together as
naturally occurring aggregate, was selected as
the bulk material demanding the most urgent
attention, initially in the south-east of England,
where about half the national output is won and
very few sources of alternative aggregates are
The asterisk on the frontcover indicates that partsof available. Following a short feasibility project,
sheets adjacent to that quoted aredescribed in this initiated in 1 9 66 by the Ministry of Land and
report. Natural Resources, the Industrial Minerals
Assessment Unit (formerly the Mineral
Assessment Unit) began systematic surveys in
1968. The work is now being financed by the
Department of the Environment and is being
undertaken with the co-operation of the Sand and
Gravel Association of Great Britain.
This Report describes the resources of sand
and gravel of 182.4 km2 of country between the
estuaries of the River Crouch and River
Blackwater, shown on the accompanying 1:25 000
resource sheet. The survey was conducted by
Mr S.E. Hollyer and Ms M . B . Simmons in
collaboration with Mr R.A. Ellison of the East
Anglia and South-East England Field Unit and
M r M. Sarginson of the Engineering Geology Unit
during 1973 and 1974. The work is based on a
geological survey at 1 : l O 650 carried out in 1 9 6 6
and 1 9 6 9 by Dr C.R. Bristow and in 1 9 7 2 to 1973
by D r M. R. Henson: other members of the East
Anglia and South-East England Field Unit,
p a r t i c u l a r l y M r R. D. Lake, offered advice and
Mr Sarginson provided information upon which
Appendix H is based.
M r J. W. Gardner, CBE (Land Agent) has been
responsible for negotiating access to land for
drilling. The ready co-operation of landowners
and tenants in this work is gratefully acknowledged.

Austin W. Woodland
Director

Institute of Geological Sciences

Exhibition Road
South Kensington
London SW72DE
24 November 1978

ii
CONTENTS 4 Regional grading characteristics of the
mineral based on 29 mineral assessment
Summary 1 boreholes and five exposures 12
Introduction 1
5 Particle-size distribution for the
Description of the Dengie Peninsula 3 assessed thickness of mineral in
resource blocks A, B and C 13
General 3
Topography 3 6 Example of r e s o u r c e block assessment:
Geology 3 calculationandresults 19
Composition of the sand and gravel 9
The
map 10 7 Example of resource block assessment:
Results 10 map of fictitiousblock 20
Notesonresourceblocks14
8 Diagram to show the descriptive
categories used in the classification of
Appendix A: Field and laboratory
sandandgravel 20
procedures
16

AppendixB:Statisticalprocedure 16 9 Terrameter traverse in the region of

theBurnhamBuriedChannel85
AppendixC:Classificationand
description of sand and gravel 17 10 Section across the Burnham Buried
Channel
85
Appendix D: Explanation of
boreholerecords 21 11 Apparentresistivityrangesfor
certain lithologies and superficial
Appendix E: Boreholes used in the depositsinsouth-eastEssex 86
a s s e s s m e n t of r e s o u r c e s 23
Map The sand and gravel resources of
Appendix F: Summary of information from the Dengie Peninsula in pocket
Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit
and Engineering Geology Unit boreholes 25
TABLES
Appendix G: Industrial Minerals Assessment
Unit borehole records and exposure
records 28 Geological succession in the Dengie
Peninsula 3
Appendix H: Resistivitysurveyresults85
Results of 1 0 per cent fines, specific
Appendix J: L i s t of q u a r r i e s onthe gravityandwaterabsorptiontests 10
DengiePeninsula 87
The sand and gravel resources of
Appendix K: Conversiontable - metres theDengiePeninsula 11
tofeet 88
Classification of gravel, sand and
fines
18
References 89
Results of expanding traverse near
Dammer Wick F a r m 86
FIGURES

1 Sketch-map showing the location of the

resource sheet (Dengie Peninsula) with
resourceblockboundaries 2

2 Geologicalsketch-sectionsshowingthe
sequence of deposits in the north and south
of theDengiePeninsula .4

3 The form of the surface of the bedrock

(London Clay and Claygate Beds), shown
by contours plotted from 1 6 0 sample
points 7

iii
T h e sand and gravel resources of the Dengie Peninsula,
Essex

Description of 1 2 5 000 sheet TL 90 and parts of sheets TL 80, T M 00,

TQ 89, TQ 99 and T R 09

M. B. SIMMQNS

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION

The geological maps of the Institute of Geological The survey is concerned with the estimation of
Sciences, pre - existing borehole information, 5 9 r e s o u r c e s , which include deposits that are not
boreholes drilled for the Industrial Minerals currently exploitable but have a foreseeable use,
Assessment Unit and 8 for the South-East England rather than reserves, which can only be a s s e s s e d
Field Unit and the Engineering Geology Unit, form in the light of current, locally prevailing,
the basis of the assessment of sand and gravel economicconsiderations.Clearly,boththe
r e s o u r c e s on the Dengie Peninsula, Essex. economic and the social factors used to decide
Additionally, use was made of information whether a deposit may be workable in the future
obtained froin Dutch probes, Delft boreholes and cannot be predicted; they a r e l i k e l y to change
resistivity work carried out by the Engineering with time. Deposits not currently economically
Geology Unit. workable may be exploited as demand increases,
All deposits in the area which might be as higher grade o r alternative materials become
potentially workable for sand and gravel have been s c a r c e , o r as improved processing techniques
investigated and a simple statistical method has a r e applied to them. The improved knowledge of
been used to estimate the volume. The reliability the main physical properties of the resource and
of the volume estimates is given at the their variability, which this survey seeks to
symmetrical 95 per cent probability level. provide, will add significantly to the factual
The 1:25 000 map is divided into three resource background against which planning policies can
blocks, containing between 12.3 and 13.9 km2 of bedecided(Archer,1969;Thurrell,1971;
mineral-bearing ground. For each block the H a r r i s and others, 1974).
geology of the deposits is described, and the The survey provides information at the
mineral-bearing area, the mean thicknesses of 'indicated' level "for which tonnage and grade are
overburden and mineral and the mean gradings computed partly f r o m specific measurements,
are stated. Detailed borehole data are also given. samples o r production data and partly from
The geology and topography, the positions of the projection for a reasonable distance on geological
boreholes and exposures and the outlines of the evidence. The sites available for inspection,
r e s o u r c e b l o c k s a r e shown on the accompanying measurement, and sampling are too widely spaced
map. to permit the mineral bodies to be outlined
completely o r the grade established throughout".
(Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey, 1948,
p. 15).
It follows that the whereabouts of r e s e r v e s m u s t
still be established and their size and quality
proved by the customary detailed exploration and
evaluation undertaken by the industry. However,
the information provided by this survey should
assist in the selection of the best targets f o r such
further work.
The following arbitrary physical criteria have
been adopted:

Bibliographic reference a. the deposit should average at least one metre

in thickness,
SIMMONS, M.B.1978.Thesandandgravel b. the ratio of overburden to sand and gravel
r e s o u r c e s of the Dengie Peninsula, Essex. should be no more than 3:1,
Description of 1:25 000 sheet TL 90 and parts of C. the proportion of fines (particles passing the
sheets TL 80, TM 00, TQ 89, TQ 9 9 and TR09. No. 240 mesh BS sieve, about 1/16 m m )
Miner.Assess.Rep.Inst.Geol.Sci.,No, 34. should not exceed 40 per cent,
d. the deposit must lie within 25 m of the
Author surface, this being taken as the likely
maximum working depth under most circum-
M.B. Simmons, B. Sc. stances. Itfollows from the second criterion
Institute of Geological Sciences, London. that boreholes are drilled no deeper than
1
 I

Tiptree
+

Tolleshunt
/
D'Arcy +

- 205

NORTH SEA
I t

- 2oo + Latchingdon
+ ,"- 4
OUTLINE OF
+Althorne RESOURCE
I I
c
South I

Dengie Marshes
I SHEET

Hockley + Ashingdon

7- Norwich'

SHEET J

km

Fig. 1 Sketch-map showing the location of the resource sheet (Dengie Peninsula)
with resource block boundaries

2
18 m i f no sand and gravel has been proved. the west of Althorne. The area is drained by a
number of m i n o r s t r e a m s which flow eastwards
A deposit of sand and gravel which broadly f r o m a low ridge that runs south-south-east from
meets these criteria, is regarded as 'potentially Tillingham. The streams flow across the marshes
workable' and is described and assessed as and into the North Sea.
'mineral' in this report. As the assessment is a t
the indicated level, parts of such a deposit may
not satisfy all the criteria. GEOLOGY
F o r the particular needs of assessing sand and
g r a v e l r e s o u r c e s , a grain-size classification The deposits that crop out on the Dengie Peninsula
based on the geometric scale 1/16 m m , 1/4 mm, a r e shown in Table 1, which is followed by an
1 mm, 4 mm, 1 6 mm has been adopted. The account of the drift and solid strata, including a
boundaries between fines (that is, the clay and description of their lithology and occurrence, a
silt fractions) and sand, and between sand and discussion on the sub-Drift surface and the
gravel grade material, are placed at 1/16 mm and interrelationships of the deposits.
4 m m r e s p e c t i v e l y ( s e eAppendix C).
The volume and other characteristics are Table 1 GeologicalsuccessionintheDengie
assessed within resource blocks, each of which, Peninsula
ideally, contains approximately 1 0 km2 of sand DRIFT-Recent and Pleistocene
and gravel. No account is taken of any factors,
for example, roads, villages and high agricultural River Alluvium, Storm Gravel Beach Deposits, Marine Beach and
Tidal-Flat Deposits (present day) and Marine or Estuarine Alluvium
o r landscape value, which might stand in the way
including Beach Deposits
of sand and gravel being exploited, although towns River Terrace and Fluvio-glacial Sand and Gravel (including kame
a r e excluded. The estimated total volume there- deposits) and River Loam (Brickearth)
f o r e b e a r s no simple relationship to the amount Buried Channel Deposits
that could be extracted in practice. Head (including Head Brickearth)
It must be emphasised that the assessment Glacial Sand and Gravel
applies to the resource block as a whole. Valid
SOLID-Eocene
conclusions cannot be drawn about the mineral in
p a r t s of a block, except in the immediate vicinity Claygate Beds
of the actual sample points. London c l a y

DESCRIPTION OF THE DENGIE PENINSULA SOLID

London Clay
GENERAL The London Clay is the oldest formation exposed,
and the oldest proved in boreholes in this survey.
The survey area includes 182.4 km2 of the Earlier, deeper boreholes for water, however,
generally rather flat-lying land of the Dengie penetrated the Lower London Tertiaries (which
Peninsula, stretching from the River Crouch in comprise the Thanet Beds, the Woolwich Beds
the south to the River Blackwater in the north and the Oldhaven Beds) and the Chalk (see
(including Osea Island) and inland as far westas Hydrogeological Department record, 242/23
grid line 85 E. It is characterised by agricultural (Davies, M. C. and others, 1965)). When f r e s h ,
development, with scattered communities the London Clay in this area is stiff, dark olive-
including Southminster, Tillingham and Bradwell- grey, slightly silty clay, but this was found in
on-Sea. The holiday r e s o r t of Burnham-on- only 1 7 boreholes of the 67 drilled in this survey:
Crouch (population 5000) is the largest town in t h r e e of the 1 7 penetrated at least 6 m of
the area, although part of Maldon (population Claygate Beds before passing into the underlying
14 000) lies within the limits of the survey. Those London Clay. Eight boreholes proved
p a r t s of TL 80 and TL 90 north of the Blackwater unweathered London Clay at less than1 m below
have been previously assessed and the results of the base of the terrace deposits, but at each there
the surveys are included in published reports was evidence that localised channelling had cut
(Ambrose 1973a, Ambrose 1973b). deeper into the underlying bedrock than the
average basal bench level of the terrace.
Beneath the Marine or Estuarine Alluvium the
TOPOGRAPHY depth of weathering was often in excess of 4 m.
Near the ground surface the London Clay usually
The reclaimed alluvial areas of Bradwell, weathers dark yellowish brown, with blue
Tillingham and Dengie Marshes, flanking the reduction veins along fissure planes. Selenite is
'

coast, form extensive flats, rarely rising more commonly found in the weathered clay.
than 2.5 m above Ordnance Datum. The remainder
of the peninsula is gently undulating with Claygate
- Beds
occasional relatively steep slopes, particularly T h e r e is a gradual transition from theLondon
near the northern bank of the Crouch and to the Clay to the overlying Claygate Beds, the youngest
south of the Blackwater Estuary in the vicinity of solid formation in the Dengie area. Recent
Steeple and St Lawrence. The maximum recorded investigations by the East Anglia and South-East
height in the area, 51.5 m.(169 ft), is attained to England Field Unit have suggested that the base
 lm
Lo 0 Loa
0 0 Q)

m v)

YJ
.-a,
m
C
a,
n

a
C
.-+

v)
0
0
ar
m
C
.-+

v)
0
0
ar

-
'f
m
0
o

a,
m
m
0
m
 of the Claygate Beds should be taken at the subsequently subjected to solifluction processes
lowest recognisable major sandy horizon. during a periglacial period.
Although this criterion may be used conveniently
in deep boreholes, it is more difficult to apply in Buried Channel Deposits
field mapping. A small patch of Older Estuarine Alluvium forms
The Claygate Beds consist of interbedded silty a slight feature above the Marine o r Estuarine
clays and sandy silts with occasional shells, and Alluvium to the east of Southminster. This
the clays are very similar in appearance to consists of firm to stiff pale grey clay and silt
London Clay. They a r e r e s t r i c t e d to the ground with ' r a c e ' and rootlets and occasional marine o r
to the west of Burnham [ 950 9601, where they estuarine shells. Similar material was augered
cap the high ground above about 30 m above to the south-east of Southminster near Rumbolds
Ordnance Datum. The maximum thickness proved [ 9668 98421 and to the north-east of Burnham
by boreholes was 1 2 m. near Brook Farm [9586 97291. Borehole
TQ 99 NE 25 penetrated 3 . 7 m of pale grey clay
overlying gravel, and borehole TQ 9 9 NE20 n e a r
DRIFT Goldsand Bridges proved at least 1.3 m of channel
deposits, which were not bottomed. This is the
Glacial Sand and Gravel Burnham Buried Channel. In the vicinity of this
The only occurrence [854 0631 of Glacial Sand borehole a resistivity survey, consisting of four
and Gravel shown on the resource map, in the expanding traverses and a constant separation
extreme north-west of the area, has not been traverse perpendicular to the expanding traverses,
sampled as it lies within the urban area of Maldon. indicated a channel feature trending north-east
However, other deposits of possible glacial origin, to south-west, whose deepest part is a t l e a s t 5 m
mapped as terrace gravels, are included in the below Ordnance Datum (cross-section Fig. 10,
m a i n m a s s of sand and gravel deposits between Appendix H). It is likely that at least part of the
Burnham and Bradwell-on-Sea. These are Older Estuarine Alluvium cropping out to the
' discussed in the section on R i v e r T e r r a c e Sand north was deposited within this channel and
and Gravel. originally extended southward but was removed
by more recent marine erosion prior to the
Head (including Head Brickearth) deposition of the Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium.
The term 'Head' covers deposits of widely Clays overlying the London Clay in boreholes
differing ages, formed by solifluction and hill to the east of the Older Estuarine Alluvium, for
creep, the local lithology depending upon the example, in borehole TQ 99 NE 23, a r e
parent material. The most common head lithologically similar and may possibly be of
materia1,was derived from the London Clay. and the same age a s the channel deposits mentioned
is usually firm to stiff silty clay, yellowish above. From this evidence, and from the map of
brown in colour, with occasional 'race' (calcium the London Clay surface, it is suggested that
carbonate concretions up to 1 0 m m in diameter), this channel may run to the nqrth-east from
carbonaceous material and flint pebbles. It Burnham to Southminster, whence it turns to the
generally averages about 1 m in thickness and east and the sea.
occurs in the valleys and mantling slopes. Head The channel shape and dimensions suggested by
occasionally underlies sand and gravel, as in the geophysical evidence, however, (see Fig. 10)
boreholes TL 90 SE 9 and TQ 99 N W 29, but may possibly indicate two phases of channel develop-
post-date them elsewhere, as in borehole ment. An earlier,shallowerchannel,whichmay
TQ 99 NE 1 6 , w h e r e m a t e r i a l d e r i v e d f r o m o l d e r have been linked with the Rochford Channel to the
river terrace deposits covers the First Terrace south (Hollyer, 1978), was later overdeepened
Sand and Gravel. In borehole TQ 9 9 NE 20, by a second channel, which removed a section of
Head, which overlies channel deposits and was the former channel-fill sequence and eventually
probably derived from the higher gravels to the silted up with alluvial silts and clays.
west, was found to be of mineral grade. Clays containing an organic-rich horizon are
Deposits to the east of Burnham centred at exposed near Ratsborough [ 950 9851. F r o m t h e i r
[ 9 6 0 9651 shown on the resource map as Head position between the overlying Third Terrace and
(Undifferentiated) were mapped at the 1 :10 5 60 the pebbly sands of possible fluvio-glacial origin,
s c a l e a s Head and Head Brickearth. Although they a r e thought to be channel-fill deposits of the
the latter deposit resembles River Loam (see older channel.
below) lithologically, being orange clayey sandy The deposits infilling the narrow, steep-sided
s i l t s with occasional pebble stringers, much of channel near Bradwell-on-Sea (see below) are
the material has been affected by solifluction, rich in organic matter, generally more coarse
particularly where it mantles the slope between grained and more variable in lithology than the
t h e F i r s t and Third terraces. These deposits sediments of the later Burnham Channel proved
are distinguished from River Loam, therefore, in borehole TQ 9 9 NE 25, and may be of approxi-
by their mode of occurrence, either on o r at the m a t e l y t h e s a m e a g e a s t h e s i l t s a n d c l a y sof the
base of slopes and proved, for example, in older Burnham Channel. They filled a depression
boreholes TQ 99 NE25 and TQ 9 9 NE 1 6 , and before the Third Terrace gravels were laid down
from Head by their relative lithological uniformity. a s p r o v e d by borehole TL 90 NE 7, in which a thin
These criteria suggest that the Head Brickearth bed of gravel, presumed to be a remnant of the
originated in part possibly as l o e s s , a windblown, Third Terrace Deposits, was found to overlie the
fine-grained blanket deposit, which was channel-fill material.

5
 The origin of the fine-grained deposits is trends NNE-SSW through Tillingham and Althorne
uncertain, for although the steep-sided, narrow have base levels ranging from less than30 m to
profiles of the Bradwell Channel and of the nearly 50 m above Ordnance Datum. These high-
Rochford Channel point to erosion and infilling in level gravels were found to be very clayey and
permafrost conditions, the absence of recognisable silty with never more than 20 per cent pebbles,
till and the fairly high organic content indicating were occasionally overlain by organic-rich,
local plant colonisation, suggest deposition in a cryoturbated, silty clays, and may be more
temperateclimate. It is likely,therefore,that directly glacial o r fluvio-glacial than strictly
these channels had a fairly complex history with fluvial in origin.
s e v e r a l p h a s e s of erosion and infilling with much Many boreholes and some pit exposures in the
reworking of the sediments (Lake and others, deposits mapped as Third Terrace Sand and
1977). Gravel, which form more than half of the exposed
Beneath the Estuarine Alluvium, irregular and mineral in this area, proved lithological sequences
impersistent beds of gravel were found to overlie that suggested that fluvial processes alone were
the London Clay in some boreholes. The gravels not responsible for the deposition of this material
a r e confined almost exclusively to the area to the o r of the Second Terrace deposits around
south of Dengie village, being found most consis- Bradwell.'Clayey' o r 'veryclayey'sands
tently within about two kilometres of the south occasionally underlain by a coarse lag deposit
coast of the Peninsula. There is considerable and sometimes overlain by more typical terrace
variation in thickness of the gravels, particularly gravelswerefrequentlyencountered.Thesepale, .
when they infill the deeply incised channels cutting silty, pebbly sands are exposed in several pits,
into the London Clay surface. It has been deduced where they were seen to be trough cross-bedded
from the form of the channels that these gravels sands. Gravel is almost entirely confined to the
a r e fluvial or fluvio-glacial in origin, having been surface of the foresets, as for example, at the
deposited at times of lowered sea level during the pits [ 9849 03011, near Stow's Farm, Tillingham,
Pleistocene. near Ratsborough, Southminster at [ 9 5 1 2 98511
The gravels in the vicinity of the Crouch were and at [9594 99311 near Goldsand Road,
probably deposited by that river when it was a t or Southminster.
near its lowest level. Fossils from near the base Lateral variations seen at the last-named
of the deepest channel are thought to be pre- exposure and in a recent south-eastward extension
Flandrian in age although, from their appearance, of the Ratsborough pit [ 9 5 0 9851 strengthen the
i t is probable that they have been reworked. theory that the sandy facies of these deposits are
There may have been some reworking of the not terrace deposits, although they were deposited
upper part of these deposits as the sea transgressed on a typical terrace-like bench feature at between
across them, as evidenced by Cardium and other 1 0 m and 1 9 m above Ordnance Datum. At
marine shells often found in the upper few feet, Goldsand Road pit, trough cross-bedded gravelly
and they were redeposited. Similar deposits occur sands pass laterally eastwards into micro-trough
today beyond the sea wall, particularly in thk cross-laminated silts with abundant roots.
Bradwell area at Sales Point [ 030 085 1. In Towards the south-east of the Ratsborough pit,
addition to the gravels found overlying the London cryoturbated sandy gravel overlies laminated
Clay, similar deposits were occasionally clays containing an organic horizon and this
encountered within the Alluvium, probably formed argillaceous facies in turn overlies pebbly sand.
by reworking of the earlier gravels during a Comparable lithologies were encountered in the
period of marine transgression. deposits mapped as Second T e r r a c e a r o u n d
Bradwell but no exposures were seen.
River Terrace and Fluvio-glacial Sand and Gravel These features can best be explained i f glacial
(including kame deposits) influence is invoked, and it is possible that an
The main mass of sand and gravel overlies the ice lobe advanced from the North Sea as far as
London Clay and occasionally the Claygate Beds the Tillingham-Althorne ridge of London Clay and
in a NNE-SSW-trending belt running parallel to Claygate Beds. At the time of maximum advance,
the landward edge of the Marine o r Estuarine kames ('Fourth Terrace' deposits) were built up
Alluvium marshes to the east. Inaddition, two at the ice front, while subglacial streams eroded
small patches of terrace deposits totalling not into the bedrock producing steepsided channels
more than 1 km2 in area, overlie the London Clay parallel with the ice front. One such channel
on Osea Island and Ramsey Island [ 946 0561 in trending NNE-SSW can be identified on the
the Blackwater Estuary. subdrift contour map to the south-west of
Geological mapping suggested that these deposits Bradwell-on-Sea (Fig. 3 ) .
could be correlated with the First, Second, Third It is thought that glacial outwash streams
and Fourth terraces of the Southend Peninsula to emanating from the waning ice sheet deposited
the south of the River Crouch, (Hollyer, 1978) silty pebbly sands on the irregular post-glacial
owing to their terrace-like morphology. topography. Later deposition of laminated grey
However, evidence from recent exposures in silts and clays with organic debris infilled the
working sand and gravel pits and from the channel depressions; these deposits are discussed
boreholes drilled in this assessment programme, in Lhe section on Buried Channel Deposits (p. 5).
suggests a more complex origin for most. Following the infilling of the channels, at a
The much-dissected patches of deposits mapped time when the Third Terrace gravels of the
a s F o u r t h T e r r a c e on the higher slopes of the Rochford area to the south were being deposited,
ridge of London Clay o r Claygate Beds, which i t is thought that a floodplain of a proto- Thames

6
Fig. 3 T h e f o r m of the surface of the bedrock (London Clay and Claygate Beds),
shown by contours plotted from 180 sample points

7
was being incised through the glacial sand and colour the clays black), reed beds, and occasional
channel-fill silts and clays of the Dengie Peninsula, p e a t s o r peaty clays. Cores from three Delft
depositing fluvial gravels, which now occur as boreholes, which produce continuous undisturbed
much-dissected remnants capping the older drift cores in a plastic sleeve, have shown bioturbation
deposits o r overlapping directly on to the bedrock. and laminations within the silts and clays. It is
Small patches of Second T e r r a c e g r a v e l s with thought that these deposits were laid down in an
a basal bench at about 7 m above Ordnance Datum, u.pper tidal-flat, estuarine environment, the peat
a r e located mainly to the west of the marshes and reeds indicating salt-marsh conditions and
from Tillingham to Southminster, although the the micro-fossils suggesting proximity of f r e s h -
gravels underlying the southern part of the town waterinflow,producingreducedsalinity.They
of Burnham are composite deposits of t h e F i r s t crop out to the west of a fossil shell ridge, which
and Second Terrace. Deposits of t h e F i r s t crosses the marshes running north to south.
Terrace have a (basal) bench at approximately On the seaward side of this ridge, the clays and
sea-level, and are present in the south around s i l t s a r e o v e r l a i n by soft pale brown to grey o r
Burnham, extending for a short distance beneath blue-grey laminated silty sands and sandy silts -
the Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium, and in the a younger Alluvium. The sedimentological and
n o r t h - e a s t ,n e a rE a s t h a l lF a r m .T h et e r r a c e faunal characteristics of these deposits indicate
deposits on Osea and Ramsey islands were a lower tidal-flat, estuarine environment:
probably laid down by a proto-Blackwater. Cardium, whole and fragmented, is abundant
Evidence from the three boreholes drilled in these throughout. Fossil shell ridges, similar to the
deposits and from mapping suggests that they are migrating banks found on the tidal flats just off.
more variable in lithology than the main spread of the coast at the present day, occur as clayey shell
terrace material: they contain well-developed beds within the Alluvium, a s shown in borehole
silt and clay seams particularly towards the west . TQ 99 NE 26. A line of the more recent banks
of Osea Island, although the interbedded gravels o c c u r s a s a N-S trending ridge at the surface,
have alow fines content (see p. 9 ) . separating the upper tidal-flat silts and clays
from the more marine silts and sands.
River Loam (Brickearth) The two types of Alluvium may interdigitate,
The River Loam o r Brickearth is an orange, o r one may be absent, so that a simple coarsening-
clayey, slightly sandy silt of uniform texture, upwards sequence, indicative of one phase of
commonly with roots and rare gravel occurring marine transgression, is r a r e l y s e e n . F i r m ,
in stringers. This deposit is f a i r l y r e s t r i c t e d i n over-consolidated beds of silt and clay were
areal extent and is confined mainly to the southern encountered in some boreholes within the much
half of the region, where, in places, it overlies softer sediments forming the bulk of the deposits.
gravels of the Second and Third terraces, over- Such lithologies frequently have a brownish tinge,
lapping on to the underlying bedrock. Elsewhere and were probably exposed at a time of temporary
Brickearth occurs in isolated patches overlying marine regression (Greensmith and Tucker,
gravels, but r a r e l y a t t a i n s a thickness of one 1971,1973).
metre, and has therefore not been shown on the The Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium deposits
geological map. occurring on the south bank of the Blackwater and
Grain-size distribution in some Brickearth on the north bank of the Crouch are lithologically
samples, mainly from the area south of the similar to the clayey and silty alluvium of the
Crouch, is typical of loess deposits. However, marshes, differing only in their thickness. The
sedimentary features such as ripple lamination deposits flanking the Blackwater vary between
o r feint horizontal banding, seen at some 1 m and 2 m in thickness, while those bordering
exposures , indicate subsequent deposition by the Crouch, a deeper channel than the Blackwater,
water. These features are usually much rarely exceed 7 m to the west of C r e e k s e a P l a c e
disturbed by roots. [935 9 6 2 1 . However,totheeast,borehole
TQ 9 9 NW 31 proved 12.7 m of Alluvium with
Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium sub-alluvial gravel, a thickness comparable with
Almost one quarter of the area of the Dengie those proved in boreholes drilled on the m a r s h e s .
Peninsula is covered by Marine o r Estuarine
Alluvium. The main expanse of this deposit forms Marine Beach and Tidal-Flat Deposits (present day)
the low-lying and extensive marshes flanking the The present-day tidal-flats occur outside the area
sea coast, below which the London Clay bedrock studied, mainly along the east coast and along the
falls away to the south-east to depths of m o r e south bank of the Blackwater in the vicinity of
than 2 0 m below Ordnance Datum. Thin, small Osea Island. These deposits are mainly laminated
patches of Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium occur clay and silt with some sand and pockets of shell
along the south bank of the Blackwater, and along debris.
the norih bank of the Crouch. The marshes were
formed by salt-marsh aggradation in the past few Storm Gravel Beach Deposits
centuries, and now have a hardened crust of Banks of gravel consisting mainly of flint with
varying thickness, usually of one o r two m e t r e s , some shells and shell debris occur above the
formed by desiccation. high-water mark on the exposed sections of the
Two types of Alluvium can be distinguished on north bank of the Blackwater. They are parti-
the basis of lithology, the older being soft grey o r cularly extensive on Ramsey and Osea islands and
blue-grey clays and silts with shells, organic in the vicinity of Stansgate Abbey Farm [ 931 0581.
material (which is sometimes. s o abundant a s to

8
River Alluvium content (5 to 1 5 per cent). The accessories are
Present-day river deposits of brown clayey silts usually contained predominantly in the fine gravel-
are generally thin and of limited lateral extent. size fraction, the quartz and quartzite pebbles
They occur in the valleys of some of t h e l a r g e r being subrounded to rounded, while the Greensand
streams in the area. pebbles are usually subangular. The sand is
mainly of medium grade throughout, consisting
The sub-Drift surface principally of clear quartz, although weathered
The form of the bedrock (sub-Drift) surface of and reworked flint chips predominate in the
London Clay and Claygate Beds is shown by coarse fraction.
contours plotted at 5-m intervals in Fig. 3. In The proportions of gravel, sand and fines in
t h i s a r e a London Clay passes up into the Claygate the exposed terrace gravels and the suballuvial
Beds at about +30 m above Ordnance Datum. The gravels a r e very similar: for example, the
prominent Tillingham-Althorne ridge is flanked proportion of gravel in the potentially workable
to the south by a deep, well-defined buried sand and gravel of t h e F i r s t , Second and Third
channel beneath the present River Crouch, and to t e r r a c e s is 32 per cent while in the suballuvial
the north by a shallower drift-filled channel with gravels it is 29 per cent; the fines content of the
remnant 'islands' of bedrock underlying the terrace deposits is 11 per cent and of the sub-
modern estuary of the Blackwater. In addition to alluvial gravels 1 2 per cent. However, because
these features, which influence the present the terrace deposits here include the 'clayey'
scenery, boreholes have revealed other buried pebbly sands of possible glacial origin, the true
channels over km wide in the London Clay. terrace deposits may contain an appreciably
A SSW-NNE trending channel near Burnham is higher percentage of gravel and lower percentage
not obvious from the London Clay surface of fines than the exposed mineral as a whole,
contours (Fig. 3), because their pattern has been although their composition has not been calculated
modified by later channelling. This depression separately.
w a s identified by its distinctive channel-fill The composition of the terrace gravels of Osea
deposits (see p. 5), and confirmed by resistivity and Ramsey islands (see p. 8), sampled in
surveys. Boreholes have provea that the bedrock boreholes TL 90 NW 3 and NW 5, differs from the
l i e s a t n e a r l y 5 m below Ordnance Datum to the remaining terrace gravels in containing
north-east of Burnham, but resistivity work considerably more gravel ( 6 2 per cent compared
( s e e Appendix H) has shown that the deepest part with 32 per cent) and less fines ( 3 per cent
of the channel may lie at a lower level. compared with 11 per cent), The composition of the
A well-defined, erosional feature trending mineral varies significantly from that of the
SSW-NNE in the Bradwell area, is infilled with other terrace deposits, in that quartz pebbles
similar thick distinctive channel-fill deposits a r e m o r e abundant in the deposits of the
near Tillingham, but becomes more difficult to Blackwater area and Greensand pebbles are
trace to the north, near Orplands [ 998 0631. rarer. These differences suggest a probable
This feature has a narrow cross-section and steep derivation from the fluvio-glacial gravels to
channel walls (graded at about 1 in 4 in places: the north.
regarded as stable only in permafrost conditions). Fourth Terrace o r kame gravels are more
T h e s e a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a channel cut by 'clayey' and less gravelly than the younger
glacial meltwater. terrace deposits, the gravel content being 2 1 p e r
Several , probably fluvio -glacial, channels, cent and the fines 1 9 per cent. The coarse
running from west to east across the suballuvial m a t e r i a l is made up mainly of subangular and
bedrock, have also been identified from borehole rounded flints with very little quartz, but with a
information. The deep narrow feature beneath higher proportion of Greensand than has been
Great West Wick [ 985 9671 a n d E a s t Wick encountered in other terrace deposits of the area.
[ 002 9 65 ] (see Fig. 3) , ending abruptly and However, their composition and altitude is
steeply towards the west, also has the features of comparable with that of the high-level gravels of
a channel cut in a glacial environment. unknown age in the Rayleigh area to the south-
east (Gruhn, Bryan and Moss, 1974).
The specific gravity, water absorption and
COMPOSITION O F THE SANDAND GRAVEL 1 0 per cent fines values of random samples of
gravel from four sites were determined according
The main constituent of all the gravels of the to BS 812:1967 ( s e e T a b l e 2 ) . The average water
Dengie area is flint, subangular pebbles and absorption value is well below 1 0 per cent, the
rounded reworked pebbles occurring in approxi- maximum permissible value for dense aggregates
mately equal proportions. Cobble-size material in concrete making (Lea, 1970, p.565),while
is r a r e , although it has been encountered near according to British Standard 1 2 0 1 ( 1 9 65) a 1 0 p e r
the base of some of the deposits. Fine gravel, cent fines value of 15 tons is the minimum
i.e. material in the 4 mm to 1 6 m m s i z e r a n g e , required for most uses of coarse aggregates, and
generally makes up about two-thirds by weight of 8 tons, the minimum value for gravel aggregates
the gravel fraction. for surface dressings for roads (British Standard
Greensand sandstone and chert are the major 1984, 1 9 6 7 ) .
accessory constituents, the amount present
( 5 to 20 per cent) varying somewhat with the type
of deposit, as does the vein-quartz and quartzite

9
 Table 2. Results of 1 0 per cent fines, specific gravity and water absorption tests

Location Geological Specific gravity Absorption 1 0 per

cent
fines
of sample classification (per
cent)
value
(tons)
Saturated
Oven
Apparent
surface
dry
dry

959 993 Third Terrace 2.63 2.51 2.43 3.08 28

973 018 Third Terrace 2.62 2.55 2.51 1.63 23

9544 9832 Third Terrace 2.63 2.53 2.47 2.47 28

9424 0582 Second T e r r a c e 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.33 27

THE MAP 75 per cent o r m o r e of the boreholes in a r e s o u r c e

block. The 'discontinuous' category has also been
The sand and gravel resource map is folded into recognised on the present sheet.
the pocket at the end of this report. The base Areas where bedrock crops out, where boreholes
map is the Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 Outline indicate absence of sand and gravel beneath cover
Edition in grey, on which the topography is shown and where sand and gravel beneath cover is
by contours in green, the geological data in black interpreted to be not potentially workable are
and the mineral resource information in shades uncoloured on the Map; where appropriate the
of red. relevant criterion is noted. In s u c h a r e a s i t h a s
been assumed that mineral is absent except in
Geological data infrequent and relatively minor patches which can
The geological boundary lines, symbols, etc., neither be outlined nor assessed quantitatively in
shown a r e taken frorn the geological map of this the context of this survey. Areas of unassessed
area, which was surveyed recently at the scale of sand and gravel, for example, areas of s t o r m
1:10 5 60. This information was obtained by gravel beach deposits, are indicated by a r e d
detailed application of field mapping techniques by stipple.
the field staff in the Institute's East Anglia and T h e a r e a of the exposed sand and gravel is
South-EastEnglandUnit.Boreholedata,which measured from the mapped geological boundary
include the stratigraphic relations and mean lines. The whole of t h i s a r e a is considered as
particle-size distribution of the sand and gravel mineral, although it may include small areas
samples collected during the assessment survey, where sand and gravel is not present o r is not
a r e a l s o shown. potentially workable. Inferred boundaries have
The geological boundaries show the best been inserted where sand and gravel is inter-
available interpretation of the information available preted to be not potentially workable o r absent.
at the time of survey. However, it is inevitable Such boundaries (for which a distinctive symbol
that local irregularities or discrepancies will be is u s e d ) a r e d r a w n p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e p u r p o s eof
revealed by some boreholes (for example, at volume estimation. The symbol is intended to
boreholes TQ 99 NW 27 and TQ 99 NE 18). These convey an approximate location within a likely
are taken into account in the assessment of zone of occurrence rather than to represent the
resources (see below and Appendix B). breadth of the zone, its size being limited only by
cartographic considerations. For the purpose of
Mineral Resource Information measuring areas the centre-line of the symbol is
The mineral-bearing ground is sub-divided into used.
resource blocks (see Appendix A). Within a
r e s o u r c e block the mineral is sub-divided into
a r e a s w h e r e i t is 'exposed1 and areas where it is RESULTS
present in continuous ( o r almost continuous)
spreads beneath overburden. The mineral is The statistical results are summarised in Table 3.
identified as lexposed' where the overburden, Fuller grading particulars are shown in Fig. 5.
commonly consisting only of soil and sub-soil,
averages less than 1.0 m (3.5 ft) in thickness. Accuracy of Results
Beneath overburden the mineral may be F o r the three resource blocks the accuracy of the
continuous ( o r almost continuous) o r discontinuous. results at the symmetrical 95 per cent probability
The recognition of these categories is dependent level varies between 33 per cent and 45 per cent
upon the importance attached to the proportion of (that is, i t is probable that nineteen times out of
boreholes which did not find potentially workable twenty the true volumes present lie within these
sand and gravel and the distribution of b a r r e n limits). However, the true values are more
boreholes within a block. The mineral is likely to be nearer the figures estimated than the
described as 'almost continuous' if it is present in limits. Moreover, it is probable that in each
10
 Table 3. The sand and gravel resources of the Dengie Peninsula

Area Mean thickness percentage

Volumegrading
ofMean
mineral

Mineral
Block Overburden
Mineral L i m i t s a t 9570
Gravel Sand Million
Fines level
confidence
Million
3
2 2
m + Volume
- -1/16 mm
+l/l6
mm -4 mm
+4mm
km km m ft m ft '70 million m3
w
+ A 29.3 12.3 1.2 3.9 3 .O 9.8 3 6.4 12.0 47.7 33 9 58 33

B 111.3 13.2 1.3 4.3 2 -8 9.2 12 37.4 16.5 49.0 44 52 36

C 41.8 13.9 8.9 29.1 4.6 15.0 64.1 84.0 45 28.8 12 59 29

A + B 140.6 25.5 1.2 3.9 2.9 9.5 73.7 18.4 96.5 25 10 55 35

Total 182.4 39.4 3 .O 9.8 3.3 10.8 137.9 180.6 22 30.3 11 55 34

I I 1

-!
I-
Q)
W

#;

0
Q)
-!
I-
+
a,
E
5
a 0
m

0
0

12
 FINES SAND GRAVEL

16
%6 1/4 1 4
Mean particle size (mm)

Fig. 5 P a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e a s s e s s e d t h i c k n e s s of m i n e r a l
i n r e s o u r c e blocks A , B and C

13
 block roughly the same percentage limits would TL 90 SE 2. An uncompleted resistivity traverse
apply for the estimate of volume of a very much across the valley running south from Bradwell
s m a l l e r p a r c e l of ground (say, 200 a c r e s ) Waterside [ 9 9 6 0791 had indicated the probable
containing similar sand and gravel deposits if the existence of gravels beneath the outcropping Head.
r e s u l t s f r o m t h e s a m e n u m b e r of sample points Mineral proved in borehole TL 90 NE 7 is
(as provided by, say, ten boreholes) were used thought to be the basal lag gravel deposit of a
in the calculation. Thus, if c l o s e r l i m i t s a r e subglacial stream channel. The limits of such a
needed f o r the quotation of r e s e r v e s of p a r t of a deposit are speculative. However, a thin layer
block, it can be expected that data from more of silty gravelly sand lying between the Head and
than ten sample points will be required, even i f the the underlying channel deposits may be. the
a r e a is quite small. This point can be illustrated westward extension of the Third Terrace deposits
by considering the whole of the potentially exposed in the vicinity of C u r r y [ 9968 05701.
workable sand and gravel on this sheet. The Mineral, as either channel o r terrace deposits,
volume (137.9 million m3) can be estimated to is shown on the map to be continuous between
l i m i t s of +22 per cent at the 95 per cent probabi- there and borehole TL 9 0 NE 7. Channel-lag
lity level, by a calculation based on the data from gravels exist farther south in the buried channel,
43 sample points spread across the three resource as proved by borehole TL 90 SE 7, but at too
blocks . g r e a t a depth to be considered as mineral.
However, it must be emphasised that the quoted All of the 1 9 assessment boreholes drilled in
volume of sand and gravel has no simple relation- block A proved bedrock, but only 11 encountered
ship with the amount that could be extracted in mineral; its thickness ranged from 1.1 m in
p r a c t i c e , a s no allowance has been made in the borehole TM 00 SW 2 to 5.8 m in TL 90 NE 9.
calculations for any restraints (such as existing The mean thickness of mineral, taking into account
buildings and roads) on the use of the land for other boreholes, is 3.0 m. Hand augering has
mineral workings. shown lateral variations in the grade of the
deposit to be local.
Overburden, mostly top-soil, was generally
NOTES ON RESOURCE BLOCKS A TO C found to be less than 1 m thick; however, owing
to the high value obtained from TL 90 NE 7,
Block A where 9.0 m of Head and channel-fill deposits
Terrace deposits, classified as mineral, cover overlie mineral, the mean thickness is 1.2 m.
more than one-third of the area of block A in The mean grading for the block is fines 9 p e r
rather thin, discontinuous patches overlying cent, sand 58 per cent, gravel 33 per cent, and
London Clay, o r occasionally Head derived the total volume of mineral was calculated to be
mainly from London Clay. London Clay, obscured 36.4~12.0 million m3 (at the 95 per cent proba-
, in part by Head, crops out over the remainder of bility level).
the block, and is overlain by thin River Alluvium
in some minor stream valleys and by Marine o r Block B
Estuarine Alluvium near the northern coastline. Mineral is found mainly in the south-eastern part
The gravels with one exception are of the of this block, a large area being barren. The
Second and Third Terraces. ( I n these notes, the t o t a l a r e a of block B is just over 111 km2, of
t e r m s "Second Terrace'' and "Third Terrace'' which sand and gravel classified as m i n e r a l
also include material of glacial meltwater origin, covers 13.2 km2. London Clay is the bedrock
a s the two types of deposits cannot, in general, over most of the block and crops out nearly
be distinguished by surface mapping). The everywhere to the east of the Tillingham -
exception, a patch of F i r s t T e r r a c e [ 017 0801 in Althorne ridge, except where covered by London
the extreme north-east of the peninsula, is the Clay Head and Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium
sole representative of this terrace. It has not near the river banks. Claygate Beds crop out at
been sampled. The Second Terrace gravels are the top of the southern part of the ridge on the
confined to the area around Bradwell and to the north bank of the Crouch, except where they are
e a s t of Tillingham, while the bulk of the Third concealed by F o u r t h T e r r a c e o r kame gravels
Terrace deposits a r e in the southern part of the n e a r MaylandandAlthorne. Terrace deposits,
block, covering most of the ground around probably of a proto-Blackwater, overlie London
Asheldham, Dengie and Tillingham, where they Clay on Ramsey and Osea islands, the coasts of
continue to be fairly extensively worked. which a r e flanked by storm-beach deposits which
The only mapped occurrence of R i v e r T e r r a c e have not been sampled in the present survey and
Loam near Small Gains [ 0 0 7 0 02121 is thought to a r e not included in the assessment of r e s o u r c e s .
overlie London Clay except at its southern limit, A s with block A, most of the mineral is Third
where Second Terrace gravels extend for a short Terrace gravel, which covers most of the ground
distance beneath it. In s o m e s m a l l v a l l e y s , f o r in the area around Southminster and to the west
example, to the west of Reddings [ 981 0301 and and north of Burnham-on-Crouch. The gravels
to the south of Shingleford [ 004 0431, t h e t e r r a c e a r e being worked in several pits to the south of
g r a v e l s a r e o v e r l a i n by Head. Southminster (Appendix J). The only established
Hand augering demonstrated the continuity of occurrence of Second Terrace deposits is to the
the gravel in the valley between Asheldham and north-east of Southminster: the gravels of
Dengie village with the fairly thick deposits of Burnham are mapped as undifferentiated First
gravel near the edges of the terrace outcrop on and Second Terrace. Neither the Second Terrace
either side of the valley, proved in borehole nor the composite First/Second Terrace has been

14
sampled. Gravels mapped as F i r s t T e r r a c e Of the 18 assessment boreholes drilled in
deposits form the small features flanking the block C , one, TR 09 NW 6 did not reach bedrock
marshes to the east and north-east of Burnham. and only 3 , TQ 99 NE 2 1 , TQ 99 NE 22 and
The gravels encountered in borehole TQ 99 NE 2 0 TR 09 NW 3 proved mineral (although others
have been classified as Head, which was probably proved some sand and gravel). Mineral thick-
derived from the Third Terrace to the west. n e s s e s a r e v e r y - v a r i a b l e , r a n g i n g f r o m 2.3 m in
F i r s t T e r r a c e Sand and Gravel overlie channel the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works
deposits in places, for example, to the west of borehole TM 00 SW 8 to more than 12.2 m in
Dammer Wick [ 962 9691, i n t h e a r e a s of Hydrogeological Department record 259/8b. The
N e w m a n ' s F a r m [ 9 62 9741, Burnham Wick mean thickness is calculated to be 4.6 m with a
[ 962 958 J and the southern part of Burnham. To mean overburden thickness of 8.9 m.
the east of Burnham, Head Brickearth overlies Mineral w a s thought to be present at the sites
mineral, which m a y b e t e r r a c e o r channel of borehole TR 09 NW 6 and Dutch probes
deposits,and the First Terrace gravels extend to TR 09 NW 1 3 , TQ 99 NE 30 and TR 09 NW 15,
the east beneath the Head and Marine o r Estuarine although the drilling was stopped by technical
Alluvium, as shown by borehole TQ 99 NE 15. problems before bedrock was reached. The
River Loam overlies the Third Terrace gravels r e s u l t s of these holes were not used in the
in several places, as proved by boreholes calculation of r e s o u r c e s .
TQ 99 NW 25 and 258/9b, and the relationship of The mean grading for block C is fines 1 2 p e r
the overburden to the underlying mineral can be cent, sand 59 per cent, gravel 29 per cent and
seen at exposures [ 9 5 1 2 9 8 5 1 1 at the pits at the total volume is 64.1228.8 million m3. The
Ratsborough. fine, blue-grey alluvium, frequently encountered
Thirty boreholes were drilled in block B in in this area, was sampled at several places but
this survey, of which 1 5 proved mineral and two was found to contain too high a proportion of fines
TQ 99 NE 20 and TQ 99 NE 2 4 did not reach to be classified as mineral.
bedrock. Mineral thickness varied from 1.3 m in Although the suballuvial gravels are present in
boreholes TQ 99 NW 40, T L 9 0 SE 1 0 and quality and quantities comparable with the
TL 90 SE 9, to 10.0 m in borehole TL 9 0 SE 1, exposed terrace gravels,. their depth of burial
the mean value, calculated from all available and the uncertainty of the distribution of the
borehole data being 2.8 m. Boreholes deposits makes them unlikely to be economically
TQ 89 NE 10, TQ 99 NW 27, TQ 99 NE 1 8 and workable.
TL 90 NW 4 proved that the drift deposits were
non-mineral.
The average thickness of the overburden was
1.3 rn. Five boreholes proved topsoil or made
ground overlying the gravels, and of the remainder,
one borehole, TQ 99 NE 25 passed through a total
of 5.7 m of made ground, Head Brickearth and
fine-grained channel-fill deposits overlying
mineral.
The mean grading for mineral in block B is
fines 1 2 per cent, sand 52 per cent and gravel
3 6 per cent, the total volume of mineral being
3 7.4k16.5 million m3.
Claygate Beds were sampled in boreholes
TQ 89 NE 1 0 , TQ 99 NW 27 and TL 90 SW 1, and
were found to contain only thin laminae of fine
sand in clay.
Several boreholes were sunk in the Marine or
Estuarine Alluvium on the banks of the Crouch
and Blackwater, but of those that proved sand and
gravel of mineral grade, none showed a thickness
of more than about 0.8 m.

Block C
The western limits of block C a r e defined by the
edge of the Marine o r Estuarine Alluvium, which
forms the coastal marshes. The mineral in this
block is confined to the south, and is overlain
everywhere by Alluvium. As the extent of the
mineral beneath the overburden is uncertain, only
the category 'discontinuous mineral beneath
overburden' has been outlined on the resource
map to include those boreholes which proved
m i n e r a l . A r e a s of discontinuous mineral cover
one-third (13.9 k m 2 ) of the total block area of
almost 42 km2.

15
APPENDIX A: FIELD AND LABORATORY A continuous series of bulk samples is taken
PROCEDURES throughout the sand and gravel. Ideally samples are
composed exclusively of the wholeof the material
Trial and error during initial studies of the complex encountered in the borehole between stated depths.
and variable glacial deposits of East Anglia andEssex However, care is taken to discard, as far as possible,
showed that an absolute minimum of five sample material which has caved or hasbeen pumped from the
points evenly distributed across the sand and gravel are bottom of the hole. A new sample is commenced
needed to provide a worthwhile statistical assessment, whenever there is an appreciable lithological change
but that, where possible, there should be not less than within the sand and gravel, every or at1 m(3.3 ft)depth.
ten. Sample points are any points for which adequate T h e samples, each weighing between 25 and 45 kg (55
information exists about the nature and thickness of the and 100 lb), are despatched in heavy duty polythene
deposit and may include boreholes other than those bags to a laboratory for grading. The grading procedure
drilled during the survey, Dutch Probes and exposures. is based on British Standard 1377 (1967). Random
In particular, the cooperation of sand and gravel checks on the accuracyof the grading are made in the
operators ensures that the boreholes are not drilled laboratories of the Institute’s Geochemical Division.
where reliable information is already available; All data, including mean grading analysis figures
although this may be used in the calculations, isitheld calculated for the total thickness of the mineral, are
confidentially by the Institute and cannot be disclosed. entered on standard recordsheets, abbreviated copiessf
The mineral shown on each 125 000 sheet is divided which are reproduced in Appendix G.
into resource blocks. T h e arbitrary size selected, A resistivity survey using anA.B.E.M. Terrameter in
approximately 10 km2, is a compromise to meet the its A.C. version, was included in this assessment
aims of the survey by providing sufficient sample programme. Details are given in Appendix H.
points in each block. As far as possible the block Detailed records may be consulted at the appropriate
boundaries are determinedby geological boundariesso offices of the Institute, upon applicationto the Head,
that, for example, suballuvial and other river gravels Mineral Assessment Unit.
are separated. Otherwise division is by arbitrary lines,
which may bear no relationship to the geology. T h e
blocks are drawn provisionallybefore drilling begins. APPENDIX B: STATISTICAL PROCEDURE
A reconnaissance of the ground is carried out to
record any exposures and inquiries are madeto
Statistical Assessment
1. A statistical assessment is made of an area of
ascertain what borehole information is available.
Borehole sites are then selected to provide an even
mineral greater than 2 km2, if there is minimum
a of five
evenly spaced boreholes in the resource block (for
pattern of sample points at a density of approximately
smaller areas see paragraph 12 below).
one per square kilometre. However, because broad
trends are independently overlain by smaller scale 2. The simple methods used in the calculations are
characteristically random variations, i t is unnecessary consistent with the amount of data provided by the
to adhereto a square grid pattern. Thus such factors as survey. Conventional symmetrical confidence limits
ease of access and the need to minimise disturbance to are calculatedfor the 95 per cent probabilitylevel, that
land and the public are taken into account in siting the is, there is a 5 per cent or one in twenty of a result
chance
holes; at the same time i t is necessary to guard against falling outside the stated limits.
the possibility thatease sf access (that is, the positions
3. The volume estimate( V )for the mineral in a given
of roads and farms) may reflect particular geological
block is the product of the two variables, the sampled
conditions, which may bias the drilling results.
areas ( A ) and the mean thickness(lm) calculated from
The drilling machine employed should be capable of
the individual thicknesses at the sample points. T h e
providing a continuous sample representativeof all
standard deviations for these variables are related such
unconsolidated deposits,so that the in-situ grading can
that
be determined, if necessary, to a depthof 30 m (100 ft) at
a diameter of about 200 mm (8 in), beneath different
types of overburden. It should be reliable, quiet, mobile
and relatively small(so that i t can be moved to sites of
4. T h e above relationship may be transposed such
difficult access). Shell and auger rigs have proved to be
that
almost ideal.
T h e rigs are modified to enable deposits above the
water table to be drilled ‘dry’, instead of with water
added to facilitate the drilling, to minimise the amount
From thisit can be seen that as S~2/Si,2 tends to 0, Sv
of material drawn in from outside the of limits
the hole.
tends to Sim.
T h e samples thus obtained are representative of the in-
If, therefore, the standard deviation for area is small
situ grading, and satisfy one of the most important aims
with respect to that for mean thickness, the standard
of the survey. Below the water table the rigs are used
deviation for volume approximates to that for mean
conventionally, although this may result in loss the of
thickness.
some of the fines fraction and the pumping ofaction the
bailer tends to draw unwanted material into the hole 5. Given that the number of approximately evenly
from the sides or the bottom. spaced sample points in the sampled area is n with
16
 mineral thickness measurements Zml, Zmq,. Zm,, then .. 11. The application of this procedure to a fictitious
the best estimate of mean thickness, Im ,is given by area is illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7.

12. If the area of mineral in a resourceblock

is between0.25 k m 2 and 2km2 an assessment is inferred,
based on geological and topographical information
For groups of closely spaced boreholes a discretionary usually supported by the data from one or two
weighting factor may be applied to avoid bias(see note boreholes. The volumeof mineral is calculated as the
on weighting below). The standard deviation for mean product of the area, measured from field data, and the
thickness, Si, expressed as a proportion of the mean estimated thickness. Confidence limits are not
thickness is given by calculated.
S t = ( l / l m ) d[(Zm -Im)z/(n- I)] 13. In somecases a resource block may include an area
left uncoloured on the map, within which mineral (as
where is any value in the series Zml to Zm n.
defined) is interpreted to be generally absent.If there is
6. The sampled area in each resource block is coloured reason tobelieve that some mineralmay be present, an
pink on the map. Wherever possible, calculations relate inferred assessment may be made.
to the mineral within mapped geological boundaries
14. No assessment is attemptedfor an isolated areaof
(which may not necessarily correspond to the limits of
mineral less than 0.25 km2.
deposit). Where the area is not definedby a mapped
boundary, that is, where the boundary is inferred, a 15. Note on Weighting T h e thickness of a deposit at
distinctive symboP is used. Experience suggests that the any pointmay be governed solelyby the positionof the
errors in determining area are small relative to those in point in relationto a broad trend. However, most sand
thickness. T h e relationship SA/ST, is assumedin and gravel deposits also exhibita random pattern of
all cases. It follows from equation [2] that local, and sometimes considerable, variation in
thickness. T h u s the distributionof sample pointsneed
[31 be only approximately regular and in estimating the
7. The limits on the estimate of mean thickness of mean thickness only simple weightingis necessary. In
mineral, Lr,, may be expressed in absolute units practice, equal weighting can often be applied to
f(t/dn) x S F , or as a percentage thicknesses at all samplep i n t s . If, however, there is a
f(t/t/n) X SimX (lOO/fm) per cent, wheret is Student’s t distinctly unequal distribution of points, bias is
at the95 per cent probability level for (n - 1) degrees of avoided by dividing the sampled area into broad zones,
freedom, evaluatedby reference to statistical tables.(In to each of which a value roughly proportional to its
applying Student’s t i t is assumed that the area is assigned. This value is then shared between the
measurements are distributed normally). data points within the zone as the weighting factor.
8. Values of t at the 95 per cent probability level for
values of n u p to 20 are as follows:
n t n t
infinity 1 11 2.228
2 12.706 12 2.281
For the purposes of assessing resources of sand and
3 4.303 13 2.179
gravel a classification should take account of
4 3.182 14 2.160
5 economically important characteristics of the deposit,
2.776 15 2.145
in particular the absolute content of fines and the ratio
6 2.57 1 16 2.131
of sand to gravel.
7 2.447 17 2.120
T h e terminology commonlyused by geologists when
8 2.365 18 2.1 10
describing sedimentary rocks (Wentworth, 1922) is not
9 2.306 19 2.101
entirely satisfactory for this purpose. For example,
10 2.262 20 2.093
Wentworth proposed that a deposit should be described
(from Table 12, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, as a ‘gravelly sand’ when it contains more sand thaw
Volume 1, Second Edition, Cambridge University gravel and thereis at least10 per cera t of gravel, provided
Press, 1962).When nis greater than 20,1.96
is used (the that thereis less than 10 per centof material fines than
value of t when n is infinity). sand (less than x6 mm) andcoarser than pebbles (more
than 64 mm in diameter). Because deposits containing
9. In calculating confidence limits for volume, L v ,
more than 10 per cent fines are not embraced by this
the following inequality corresponding to equation [3]
system a modified binary classification based on
is applied: Lf, \<Lv 51.05 L f ,
Willman (1942) has k e n adopted.
of n between 5 and 20, L v
10. In summary, for values When the fines content exceeds 40 per cent the
is calculated as material is not considered to be potentially workable
and falls outside the definition of mineral. Deposits
[(1.05xt)/!m]x [ ~ Z ; ( Z m - ~ m ) ‘ / n ( n - l ) ] X l O O
which contain 40 per cent fines or less are classified
per cent, and when n is greater than 20, as
primarily on the ratio of sand to gravel but cpalifid in
X [ d Z ( 1, - T r n ) 2 / ~ (-
[( 1.05 ~1.96)/Zm] n l ) ] X 100 the lightof the fines content, as follows: less than 10 per
per cent. cent fines- no qualification;10 per cent or more ]less but
17
than 20 per cent fines - ‘clayey’;20 to 40per cent fines - necessary, when the laboratory results become
‘very clayey’. available.
T h e term ‘clay’(as written, with single quote marks) The relative proportionsof the rock types present in
is used to describe all material passing 1/16 mm. Thusit the gravel fraction are indicated by the use of the words
has no mineralogical significance and includes ‘and’ or ‘with’. For example, ‘flint and quartz’ indicate
particles falling within the size range of silt. T h e very approximate equal proportions with neither
normal meaning applies to the term clay itwhere does constituent accountingfor less than about25 per centof
not appear in single quotation marks. the whole; ‘flint with quartz’ indicates that flint is
The ratio of sand to gravel defines the boundaries dominant and quartz, the principalaccessory rock
between sand, pebbly sand, sandy gravel and gravel (at types, comprises 5to 25 per centof the whole. Where the
19:1, 3:l and 1:l). accessory material accountsfor less than 5 per centof
Thus itis possible to classifythe mineral into one of the whole, but is still readily apparent, the phrase ‘with
twelve descriptive categories(see Fig.8).The procedure some’ hasbeen used.Rare constituents are referred toas
is as follows: ‘trace’.
1. Classify according to ratio of sand to gravel. T h e terms used inthe field to describe the degree of
2. Describefines. rounding of particles, which is concerned with the
For example, a deposit grading 11 per cent gravel,70 sharpness of the edges and cornersof a clastic fragment
per cent sand and 19 per cent finesis classifiedas ‘clayey’ and not the shape (after Pettijohn, 1957),are as follows.
pebbly sand. This short descriptionis included in the
Angular: showing little or no evidence of wear; sharp
borehole log (see Note 11, p. 22).
edges and corners.
Many differing proposals exist for the classification
of the grain size of sediments (Atterberg,1905; Udden, Subangular: showing definite effects of wear.
1914; Wentworth, 1922; Wentworth, 1935; Allen, 1936; Fragments still have their original form but edges and
Twenhofel, 1937; Lane and others, 1947). As Archer corners begin to be rounded off.
( 1970a, b) has emphasised, there is a pressing need fora
Subrounded: showing considerable wear. The edges
simple metric scale acceptable to both scientific and
and corners are rounded off to smoothcurves. Original
engineering interests, for which the class limit sizes
grain shape is still distinct.
correspond closely with certain marked changes in the
natural properties of mineral particles. For example, Rounded: original faces almost completely destroyed,
there is an important change in the degree of cohesion but some comparatively flatsurfaces may still remain.
between particles at about the X6-mm size, which All original edges and corners have been smoothed off
approximates to the generally accepted boundary to rather broadcurves. Original shapeis still apparent.
between silt and sand. These and other requirements
Well-rounded: no original faces, edges or corners left.
are met by a system based on Udden’s geometricscale
The entiresurface consists of broad curves; flat areas are
and a simplified formof Wentworth’s terminology
absent. The original shape is suggested by the present
(Table 4), which is used in this Report.
form of the grain.
T h e fairly wide intervals in thescale are consistent
with the general level of accuracy of the qualitative
assessments of the resource blocks. Three sizes of sand
are recognised, fine(-‘/4 +1/16 mm), medium(- 1 +‘/4 mm)
and coarse (-4 +1 mm). The boundary at16 mm Table 4 Classification of gravel, sand and fines
distinguishes a range of finer gravel(- 16 +4 mm), often
characterised by abundance of worn tough pebbles of
vein quartz, from larger pebbles often of notably
Size limits Grain I
description I
Qualification classification
Primary
different materials. The boundary at64 mm
64mm -
Cobble I II
distinguishes pebbles from cobbles. T h e term ‘gravel’is I
I
used loosely to denote both pebble-sized and cobble- Gravel
sized material. 16mm - Pebble
T h e size distribution of borehole samples is Fine
4mm -
determined by sieve analysis, whichis presented by the
laboratory as logarithmic cumulative curves(see, for I Coarse I
lmm -
example, British Standard 1377: 1967).In this report the
grading is tabulated on the borehole record sheets %mm -
Sand 1 Medium 1 Sand
(Appendix G), the intercepts corresponding with the Fine
simple geometric scale1/16 mm, ’/4 mm, 1 mm,4 mm, 16
mm and so on as required. Original sample grading Fines Fines
curves are available for reference atthe appropriate (silt and clay)
office of the Institute.
Each bulk sample is described, subjectively, by a
geologist at the borehole site. Being based on visual
examination, the description of the gradingis inexact,
the accuracy depending on the experience of the
observer. The descriptions recorded are modified, as

18
Block Calculation 1:25 Oo0
Block
} Fictitious

Area 2
Volume
Overburden: 21 million m3 3
km2
11.08
Block:
Mineral: 8.32 km Mineral: 54 million
m

Mean Thickness Confidence limits of the estimate of mineral volume

Overburden: 2.5 m at the 95 p e r cent probability
level: ? 20per
cent
Mineral: 6.5 an That is, volume
the of mineral
(with 95 per
cent
probabilityb 54 f 11 million m3

Thickness estimate: measurements in metres.

1, = overburdenthickness 1, = mineralthickness

Sample Weighting Overburden Mineral

Remarks
point W
l0 w1 0 lm wlm

I
SE 14 1 1.5 1.5 9.4 9.4
SE 18 1 3.3 3.3 5.8 5.8
SE 20 1 nil - 6.9 6.9 IMAU boreholes
SE 22 1 0.7 0.7 6.4 6.4
SE 23 1 6.2 6.2 4.1 4.1
SE 24 1 4.3 4.3 6.4 6.4
SE 17 -1 Hydrogeological Dept
-1 1.6 7.2
123145 2 .o 4.6 record
1 -41
2 -4 Close group of four
-4 2.6 5 08
3 0.4 6.8 borehoies (commercial)
4 f 2.8 5.9
Totals Zw= 8 Zwlo = 2 0 . 2 ZWlm = 52 00
I

Means 1, = 2.5 l m =6.5

Calculation of confidence limits

0.49
0.16
0.01
I = 2.365
L is calculated as
V

-
5.76
1.05 x t
0.01
0.49
0.49
= 1.05 x 2.365
6.5

= 20.3

I? 20 per cent

Fig. 6 Example of r e s o u r c e block assessment: calculation and r e s u l t s

19
 SE 24
0 IMAU borehole

4.3
6.4
Overburden
Mineral
l- Thickness in metres

0 Other boreholes
Boundaryof resource block
Boundary of sand and gravel deposit/ SE18 SE 22
0
0.7-
3.3 6.4
58

2
0 3
0

'-\
I
I SE 24
/' I
/ I 0
4.3
/ I
f I 6.4
I I
\ i
\ /
L t
0 1 2 kilometres

Fig. 7 Example of resource block assessment: map of fictitious block

I Gravel
'Clay' i.e. fines (-1/16 m m )
II 'Clayey'gravel
Ill 'Very
clayey'gravel
IV
Sandy
gravel
'Clayey'sandy
V gravel
VI'Veryclayey'sandygravel
VI1 Pebbly
sand
Non-mineral
Vlll 'Clayey' pebbly sand
IX 'Veryclayey'pebblysand
X Sand
IX 'Clayey'
sand
IIX 'Veryclayey'sand

Gravel
gravel
Sandy
sand
Pebbly
Sand

Fig. 8 Diagram to show the descriptive categories used in the classification

of sand and gravel

20
 APPENDIX D: EXPLANATION OF BOREHOLE RECORDS

ANNOTATED EXAMPLE

TR 09 N W 3l Essex3
Dengie,
99742
0155 Block C

Surface level (t-2.1 m ) +7.0 f t 4 70verburden 4.2 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t -2.1 m 5 Mineral 2.6 m
Shell 203 mm diameter6 Waste 5.7 m
February 1973 Bedrock 0.3 m+’

LOG

Geological Lithology” Thickness Depth’

Classification” m m

Clayey Soil 0.2 0.2

Estuarine Sandy clay and silt with occasional

Alluvium shells and organic debris. Mainly
medium bluish grey12 4.2 4.0

Buried Channel Gravel 2.6 6.8

Deposits Gravel becoming coarser with depth,
being mainly fine grade near top of
deposit, but having almost equal
proportions of fine and coarse gravel

Silty clay and clayey silt with occasional

reeds and shell fragments. Soft to
stiff, dark bluish grey with some olive
grey and yellowish brown bands from
10.2 m to 11.3 m and f r o m 11.7 m to
m 11.9 5.7 12.5

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, moderately fissured

and
darkyellowishbrown
in
colour 0.3+ 12.8

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit15 Percentages l 4
Depth below
surface (m)13 Fines Sand Gravel
70 mm 70 To From

1+4 1 6 1%: ‘~4.2 5.2 5 121 30 40 3

Gravel 50
- 16+4 36 6.2
:.2
: :::5 5 21 6 28 31 18
6.8
: x; 6.2
: 7 11 0 19 26 37
- 4 + 1 17
Sand
45 - 1+ $ 27
- $ + 1/16 1
Fines 5 - 1/16 5

21
The numbered paragraphs below correspond with 10. Geological classification
the annotations given on the specimen record The geological ClassifiCatiOn (P. 3) is given
above. whenever possible.

1. BoreholeRegistrationNumber 11 Lithological description

Each Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit(IMAU) When sand and gravel is recorded a general
borehole is identified by a Registration Number. description based on the mean grading character-
This consists of two statements. i s t i c s ( f o r d e t a i l s s e eAppendix C) is followed by
1) The number of the 1:25 000 sheet on which more detailed particulars. The description of
the borehole lies, for example TR 09. other rocks is based on visual examination in the
2 ) The quarter of the 1:25 000 sheet on which field.
the borehole lies and its number In a s e r i e s
for that quarter, for example NW 3. 1 2 . Rock colours were established in the field
Thus, the full Registration Number is TR 09 NW 3. from the Rock Color Chartof the Geological
Society of America.
2. TheNationalGridReference
All National Grid References in this publication 13. Sampling
lie within the 100-km squares TL, TM, TQ or A continuous s e r i e s of bulk samples is taken
TR unless otherwise stated. Grid references are throughout the thickness of sand and gravel. A
given to eight figures, accurate to within 1 0 m new sample is commenced whenever there is an
for borehole locations. (In the text, six-figure appreciable lithological change within the sand
,

g r i d r e f e r e n c e s a r e u'sed for more approximate and gr'avel o r for every 1 m of depth.

locations, for example for farms. )
14.
Gradingresults
3. Location Exceptionally the results of the grading of a
The position of the borehole is generally referred sample o r horizon may not be available. No
to the nearest named locality on the 1 : 2 5 000 b a s e attempt has been made to estimate the probable
map, and the resource block in which it lies is grading of such samples.
stated.
15.Mean grading
4. Surface level The grading of the full thickness of the mineral
e given in
T h e s u r f a c e l e v e l a t t h e b o r e h o l e s i tis horizon identified in the log is the mean of the
metres and feet above Ordnance Datum. All individual sample gradings weighted by the
measurements were made in feet and subsequently thicknesses represented, if thesevary.The
converted to metres. An asterisk indicates that classification used is shown in Table 4. Fully
the surface level has been estimated. representative sampling of sand and gravel is
difficult to achieve particularly where groundwater
5, Groundwater conditions l e v e l s a r e high. Comparison between boreholes
If groundwater was present the level at which it and adjacent exposures suggests that in borehole
was encountered is normally given (in metres samples the proportion of sand may be higher
above Ordnance Datum). and the proportion of fines and coarse gravel
(+16 mm) may be lower.
6. Type of drill and date of drilling
Shell and auger rigs were used in this survey. 1 6 . A double asterisk indicates that the sample
The external diameter of the casing, and the was bailed.
month and year of completion of the borehole are
stated.

7. Overburden,mineral,wasteandbedrock
Mineral is sand and gravel, which, as p a r t of a
deposit, falls within the arbitrary definition of
potentially workable material (see p. 1).
Bedrock is the 'formation', 'country rock' or
'rock head' below which potentially workable sand
and gravel will not be found.
Waste is any material other than bedrock o r
mineral. Where waste occurs between the
surface and mineral it is classified as overburden.

8. Thicknessanddepth
All measurements were made in metres. The
thicknesses of beds and the depth from the
s u r f a c e of their bases have been recorded to the
n e a r e s t 0.1 m.

9. The plus sign (+) indicates that the base of

the deposit w a s not reached during drilling.

22
APPENDIX E: BOREHOLES USED IN THE ASSESSMENT OF RESOURCES

1, Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit and Engineering Geology Unit Boreholes

Borehole No. Borehole No.

by sheet Reference
Grid Page No. by sheet
Reference
Grid Page No.
quadrant quadrant

TL 80 NE TM 00 N W
49 8778 0505 28 17 0242 0537 50

TL 80 SE TM 00 SW
16 8914 0352 28 1 0006 0291 51
17 89210354 29 2 0020 0426 52
3 01820122 52
TL 90 NW
4 0241 0364 53
3 9424 0582 30
5 01310230 53
4 9077 0640 31
5 9203 0629 32 TQ 89 NE
10 8847 9843 54
TL 90 N E
12 8645 9789 54
6 99710657 33
19::: 8712 9659 55
7 9872 0581 33
23::: 8782 9710 55
8 9977 0844 34
24* 8526 9656 56
9 9954 0572 35
TQ 99 NW
TL 90 SW
25 9420 9653 57
1 9253 0031 36
26 9448 9946 58
TL 90 SE
27 9181 9891 59
1 9664 0035 37
29 9466 9787 60
2 9816 0194 38 31:: 9447 9585 61
3 9886 0183 39 32c: 9175 9721 61
4 9892 0302 40
40 9323 9901 62
5 9730 0269 41
TQ 99 NE
6 9918 0443 42
15 9731 9632 63
7 9813 0408 43
16 9629 9617 64
8 9844 0030 43
17 9544 9832 65
9 9526 0185 44
18 9563 9921 66
10 9665 0412 45
19 99099771 66
TM 00 NW 67
20 9659 9815
9 0071 0854 46
21 9724 9822 68
10 0224 0799 46
22 9968 9666 69
11 0219 0626 47
23 9937 9932 70
12 0026 0762 47
24 9773 9986 70
13 0062 0547 48 71
25 9583 9692
14 0062 0566 48 72
26 9855 9668
15 0036 0673 49 73
27 9583 9952
16 0156 0745 49

:::E. G. U. borehole 23
 APPENDIX E: continued

Borehole No.
by sheet
Reference
Grid Page No.
quadrant

TR 09 N W
2 0153 9762 74
3 0155 9974 75
5 9589 0181 76
6 9650 0285 76
8::: 9552
0105 77
9::: 0322 9775 78
10::: 9995
0307 79

::: E. G. U. Borehole

Detailed records may be consulted at the appropriate offices of the Institute, upon application
to the Head, Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit.

2. Otherboreholes

a. Dutch probes c. Field Staff r e c o r d s

Borehole No. Grid

Reference Borehole No. Grid
Reference
TQ 99 NE TL 90 SE
28 9558 9937 11 013 971
29 9808 9857 046 992 12
9574 9822 30
T M 00 NW
TR 09 NW 18 002 085
11 9929 0051
TM 00 SW
12 0232 9845
6 023 045
13 9702 0203
7 029 002
9782 0075 14
8 017 002
15 9622 0086
TQ 99 NE
b. Hydrogeological Department records 31 993 969

Borehole No. Grid

Reference d. Confidentialrecords
24213 0052 9933 7 boreholes
242123 0138 9905
2581913 0472 9907
258153 8922 9878
259/8b 9996 9646
259111 9914 9831

24
 APPENDIX F: SUMMARY OF INFORMATIONFROM INDUSTRIAL MINERALS ASSESSMENT
UNIT AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY UNIT BOREHOLES

Block A

Thickness Mean grading

Thickness of
Borehole No. of mineral
drift (m)
proved (m) F i n e s Gravel
Sand

TL 90 NE
6 0 5.8
7 3.1 12.1
8 0 1.6
9 5.8 5.8

TL 90 SE
2 3.4 3.5 33 9 58
3 2.5 3.2 29 1 4 57
4 5.2 5.4 14 70 16
5 3.5 4.2 46 7 47
6 1.7 2.3 20 1 5 65
7 0 10.4

~ TM 00 NW
9 0 3.8
10 0 1.9 - - -
12 3.2 3.5 9 44 47
14 0 0.9
15 0 2.4 -
16 1.2 2.1 7 87 6

TM 00 SW
1 2.1 2.6 4 41 55
2 1.1 1.6 9 83 8
0 1.5 - -

25
Block B

Thickness Mean grading

Thickness of
Borehole No. of mineral
drift (m)
proved (m) Gravel
SandFines

TL 80 NE
49 0

TL 80 SE
16 0 2 .o
17 0 1.8

TL 90 NW
3 2.4 3.5 4 38 58
4 0 5.0
5 2 .o 3.3 2 31 67

TL 90 SW
1 0 13.0

TL 90 SE
1 10.0 10.5 12 56 32
9 1.3 4.3 26 67 7
10 1.3 2.6 16 66 18

TQ 89 NE
10 8.2
12 5.8
19 7.2
23 6.0
24 7.0

TQ 99 NW
25 3.3 4.5 4 46 50
26 1.6 2.3 57 17 26
27 0 7.8 - - -
29 3 .O 3.5 12 68 20
31 0 12.7
32 0 2 .o
40 1.3 1.7 16 50 34

TQ 99 NE
15 3.0 5.2 5 44 51
16 5.2 6.566 ~ 31 3
17 6.6 7.4 5 41 54
18 0 3.0 - -
20 2.2 4.0+ 13 30 57
24 0 7.9+
25 5.1 10.8 8 45 47
27 2.4 6.2 3 33 64

26
Block C

Thickness Mean grading

Thickness of
Borehole No, of m i n e r a l
drift (m)
proved (m) Fines Sand Gravel
TL 90 SE
8 0 2.8

TM 00 NW
11 4.3
13 5.9
17 12.0

TM 00 SW
3 0 7.4
4 0 9.1

TQ 99 N E
19 0 3.5 - - -
21 5.3 12.4 56 4 40
22 8.3 20.5 20 75 5
23 0 3.9
26 0 23.2

TR 09 NW
2 0 16.2 - - -
3 2.6 12.5 50 5 45
5 0 21.3
6 0 1 5.O+
8 6.8 21.3 Grading results not available
9 8.2 20 .o Grading results not available
10 0 16.1

27
APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL MINERALS ASSESSMENT UNIT BOREHOLE RECORDS AND
EXPOSURE RECORDS

TL 80 NE 49 8778
0505 Mundon, E s s e x Block B

Surface level(+l.9 m) +6.0 ft Waste 2.8 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 1 . 6 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

SoilandMarineSiltyclayandclayeysiltwithcarbonaceous
o r Estuarine
material.Light
bluish
grey
and
light
Alluvium brown2.8 2.8

London
Clay
Silty
clay.
Light
brown
with
patches of
highly
sand.
and
Firm
fissured
fine 1.6+ 4.4

TL
SE80 16 8914
0352 Mundon, E s s e x Block B

Surface leve1(+4.2 m ) +14.0 ft Waste 2.0 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 2.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil and Marine Silty clay, stiff, with abundant plant

o r Estuarine remains and calcareous concretions
Alluvium near base. Mottled light brown and
grey bluish light 2.0 2 .o

London
Clay
Silty
clay
with
silty,
fine
sand
laminae.
Stiff, highly laminated and fissured.
Light brown 2 .o+ 4 .O

28
TL 80 SE
8921
0354
17 Mundon, E s s e x Block B

Surface level(+3.4 m) + 1 1 . O ft Waste 1.8 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 0.7 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

SoilandMarineSiltyclaybecomingclayey silt with

depth.
o r Estuarine Soft
with
plant remains,
mottled
light
Alluvium
bluish
light
grading
grey,
brown
and
into dusky blue and greenish grey 1.8 1.8

London
Clay
Silty
clay. Stiff
and
highly
laminated.
Mottled light brown and pale blue 0.7+ 2.5

29
90TL 9424
NW 3 0582 St Lawrence, Essex Block B

Surface level(+3.8 m) +12.5 ft Overburden 1.1 m

Water not struck Mineral 2.4 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 1.5 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil occasional
gravel
with silt
Sandy 0.3 0.3

River Loam Sandy silt, yellowish brown, laminated

(Brickearth) and friable, passing at 0.7 m into
stiff, sandy, silty clay, light brown
in colour and becoming sandier and
gravelly with depth 0.8 1.1

River Terrace Gravel 2.4 3.5

Sand and Gravel Gravel: becoming coarser with
depth with some cobbles near
base of deposit. Mainly subangular
and subrounded flints. Sand fine to
coarse, but mainly fine to medium.
Fairly high silt and clay content
near top of m i n e r a l

London Clay Silty clay, stiff and moderately fissured.

Dark yellowish brown (weathered) to
4.5 m and dark grey (unweathered)
1.5t below 4.5 m 5 .O

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i n e s(smu)r f a c e Gravel
Sand
70 mm % From To

+ 16 20 1.1 1.4 14 3 31 12 30 10
58 - 16 + 4 38 ,
I
.
‘8-1. 1.4
VI.
1.7 6 35 2 12 34 11
: ::: 1.7 2.1 3 28 2 14 37 16
- 14 4+ 1 : :: 2
: 2.7 1 1 17 16 41 24
Sand 38 - 1+ i 22 J
,
6.‘
b
.*P 2 7 . 3.0 2 1 18 17 43 19
- i+ 1/16 2 ::;: 3 .o 3.5 3 1 14 13 41 28

Fines 4 - 1/16 4

30
TL 90 NW 4 9077 0640 Osea Island Block B

Surface level(t-6.9 m ) +22.5 ft Waste 5.0 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
April 1 9 7 3

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil silt 0.3 0.3

River Terrace Sandy silt with rare gravel. Becoming

Sand and Gravel more sandy and gravelly with depth.
abundantfairly Roots 0.8 1.1

gravel sandy 'Clayey' 0.3 1.4

Gravel: fine to coarse, mainly sub-
angular flints.
Sand: mainly fine to medium with
some coarse grade material

Silty clay, becoming. slightly sandy

withdepth.Raceabundantnear
top.Stiff,lightbluishgrey,
1.8 greygreenish
becoming 3.2

Very sandy silt with roots and abundant

pebbles of vein-quartz. Sand mainly
fine near top but becoming coarser
abundant
more
and
depth
with 0.8 4.0

Gravel 1.0
5.0
Gravel: coarse and fine with some
cobbles predominantly angular to
subangular flints.
Sand: coarse to fine mainly sub-
angular

London Clay Silty clay with orange silt and fine

sand along fissure planes near top
of clay. Stiff, highly fissured and
dark yellowish brown 1.2+ 6.2

31
90TL NW 5 9203 0629 Osea Island, Essex Block B

Surface level(+4.0 m) +13.0 ft Overburden 1.3 m

Water not struck Mineral 2 .O m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.6 m+
April 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 1.1 1.1

River Terrace Very sandy, slightly clayey silt, dark

Sand and Gravel and moderate yellowish brown 0.2 1.3

Gravel 2.0 3.3

Gravel:coarseandfine,composed
of angular to subangular flints and
rounded reworked Tertiary pebbles
of flint and quartzite. Sand coarse
to fine, subangular to subrounded.
Gravel becoming coarser and more
abundant with depth

London Clay Stiff, slightly silty highly fissured clay.

Dark yellowish brown with blue
reduced material along 3.9 fissure planes 0.6+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm 70 FTroo m

Gravel 67
+- 16
16
31 2 3 25 9 36 25
36 1 1 15 8 37 38
+

- 4 + 1 9
Sand 31 - 1+ 20
- + 1/16 2

Fines 2 2 - 1/16

32
 TL 90 NE 6 9971 0657 Block Essex
Bradwell, A

Surface level(+ll.l m) +36.5 ft Waste 5.8 m 4

Water struck at +6.2 m Bedrock 0.4 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

dy Soil 0.3 0.3

Buried
ChannelIntercalated
bands of silt,
clay
and
Deposits
sand,
generally 0.1
to m 0.2 m
thick, but with thicker sandy silt
bands from 0.3 m to 1.3 m and
f r o m 3.3 m to 5.5 m, and a sandy
silty clay band from 1.6 m to
2.6 m.Carbonaceousthroughout
with race in places. Orange to
brown yellowish 5.5 5 "8

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, very highly fissured

yellowish
and brown
colour
in 0 .4-t 6.2

TL 90 NE 7 0581
9872 Block Essex
Bradwell, A

Surface level(t-15.5 m ) +51.0 ft Overburden 9.0 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +8.5 m Mineral 3.1 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 0.5 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

y Sandy Soil 0.3 0.3

Head Very sandy clay with occasional flint

gravel. Yellowish brown and stiff 1.1 1.4

? River Terrace Clayey sand with abundant fine to

Sand and Gravel \ c o a r s eg r a v e l 0.3 1.7

Buried
Channel
Sandy
silty
clay
and
clayeysilt
with
Occasional
bands.
and
lenses
Deposits
sand
shell and reed bands. Mainly
olive-grey in colour 7.3 9 .o

Sandy gravel 3.1 12.1

Percentages of fine gravel and of
fines increasing with depth, gravel
consisting mainly of dark rounded
flints. Sand coarse to fine but
mainly of medium grade. Occasional
f o s s i l wood and shell fragments

London Clay Siltyclay. F i r m tostiff,disturbed

and dark yellowish brown 0.5+ 12. 6

33
TL 90 NE 8 0844
9977 Bradwell,Essex Block A

Surface leve1(+2.7 m) +9.0 ft Waste 1.6 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 2.5 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil and Marine silt gravelly

sandy,
Clayey, 0.6 0.6
or E s t u a r i n e
Alluvium

Sandy, clayey silt with rootlets. Soft

firm to 1.o 1.6

London Clay Silty clay, disturbed and weathered

(yellowish brown) passing into
undisturbed weathered material
(dark yellowish brown) at 3.7 m
depth. Firm,becomingstiff,
with abundant 'race' near top 2.5+ 4.1

34
90TL 9 NE 9954 0572 Block Essex
Bradwell, A

Surface level(14.0 m) +46.0 ft Mineral 5.8 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 0.8 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
January 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

River Terrace Gravel 5.8 5.8

Sand and Gravel Gravel: coarse and fine, angular
to subangular flints and rounded
reworked Tertiary pebbles,
rarely more than 30 mm median
diameter. Sand mainlymedium
grade with some coarse grade

London Clay Stiff, siltyclay.Moderatetodark

yellowish brown 6.6 0.8+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm % FTroo m

2 5 42 17 27 7
4 3 21 19 43 10
2 3 19 8 38 30
- 4+1 12 3 3 16 8 45 25
35
Sand - 1+ $ 20 2 4 9 9 49 27
- $ + 1/163 4 3 21 13 44 15

Fines 4 4- 1/16

35
 TL 90 sw 1 9253 0031 Mayland, E s s e x Block B

Surface leve1(+43.5 m) +143.0 ft Waste 13.0 m

Water not struck Bedrock 2.1 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil
Sandy,
andsilty
clay,
stiff
with
much
organic
River
Terrace
material.
Shells
locally
abundant.
( ? kame)
Yellowish
brown
becoming
brown
light
th grey
brownish
and
Deposits 1.1 1.1

Claygate
Beds
Silty
clay
and
sandy
silty
clay.
Abundant
'race' n e a r top. Organic debris
common down to 5.0 m, and mica
and selenite abundant throughout. Firm,
becoming stiff, with colour varying from
dark yellowish brown to dark yellowish
orange 11.9 13.0

London Clay Silty clay. Hard to stiff, finely laminated,

black greyish 2 .l+ 15.1

36
 TL 90 SE 1 9664
0035 B Block
Southminster,
Essex

Surface level(+21.3 m ) t-70.0 ft Overburden 0.5 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +15.3 m Mineral 10.0 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 2.6 m+
F e b r u a r y 19 73

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

with silt
Sandy
Soil g r arva er el 0.5 0.5

River
Terrace
'Clayey'
sandy
gravel 10.5 10.0
(and ? Glacial)
Becoming less silty
but
more
gravelly
Sand
and
Gravel
with
depth,
being
practically
gravel-
free between 1 m and 5 m depth.
Elsewhere gravel coarse to fine angular
to subangular flints and rounded
reworked Tertiary pebbles. Sand coarse
to fine but mainly medium grade, sub-
angular to subrounded

London Clay Stiff,silty,slightlysandyclay.Slightly

carbonaceous near top. Dark yellowish
brown. (weathered) becoming dark olive-
grey
(unweathered) at 10.6depth
m 2.6+ 13.1

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i n e s( smu)r f a c e Gravel
Sand
% mm % From To

Gravel 32
+ 16 11 1.8 19 7 32 10 23 9
- 16+ 4 21 \
2.9 24 16 58 1 1 0
5 .O 12 32 51 4 1 0
- 4+1 6 6.0 Results not available
Sand 56 - 1+ 36 7.0 10 2 24 8 43 13
- a + 1/16 14 8.0 1 2 11 10 45 31
9.o 8 5 20 4 37 26
Fines 12 - 1/16 12 10.5 Results not available

37
90TL SE 2 9816 0194 Asheldham, Essex Block A

Surface level(l-15.8 m) +52.0 ft Overburden 0.1 m

Water not struck Mineral 3.4 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 1.8 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soilsand Gravelly 0.2 0.2

R i v e r sand
T e r r a c e pebbly 'Clayey' 3.3 3.5
(and ? Glacial) Gravel: mainly fine, subangular flints
Sand and Gravel with someroundedpebbles.Sand
mainly medium grade. Fines content
low below 0.7 m depth

London Clay Very silty clay, medium dark grey,

stiff and moderately fissured 1.5+ 5.3

GUDING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm % FTroo m

Gravel 33
+ 16 7 0.1 0.7 37 6 22 6 7 22
- 16+ 4 26 0.7 1.8 5 5 42 11 33 4
1.8 2.8 5 5 7 3 9 7 1
- 4 + 1 8 2.8 3.5 5 6 8 3 4 2 0
58
Sand - 1+ $ 44
- + 1/16 6

Fines 9 - 1/16 9

38
 TL 90 SE 3 9886
0183 Dengie,Essex Block A

Surface leve1(+20.5 m ) +67.5 ft Overburden 0.7 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 2.5 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 2.2 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Silty Soil gravel rare 0.1 0.1

River
Terrace
Very
clayey
silty
fine
sand 0.6 0.7
Sand and Gravel

gravel sandy 'Clayey' 2.5 3.2

Percentage of fines decreasing with
depth. Coarse to fine flint gravel in
c o a r s e to fine, but predominantly
medium-grade sand

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, slightly fissured and

grey dark 2.2+ 5.4

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i n e (ssmu)r f a c e Sand Gravel
70 mm % From To

23 1.3 0.7 6 5 5 4 8 4
1.3
::::::
1.9 14 4 46 5 22 9
:::::: .g
1 2.7 10 2 29 18 31 10
- 4+1 10 : 2.7
:::
3.0 16 2 41 6 23 12
Sand 57 - 1+ $ 43 .
: :::3 0 3.2 7 5 72 11 5 0
- $ + 1/16 4

Fines 14 - 1/16 14

39
TL 90 0302
9892
SE 4 Tillingham , E s s ex Block A

Surface level(+21.1 m) ;69.0 ft Overburden 0.2 m

Water struck at +18.4 m Mineral 5.2 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 0.6 m+
March 1 9 73

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

River Terrace 'Clayey' pebbly sand, rather clayey

(and ? Glacial) n e a r top of deposit and at 2.0 m 5.2 5.4
Sand and Gravel depth
Gravel: mainly rounded to sub-
rounded flints, cobbles being
common near base of deposit.
Sand, coarse to fine but mainly
of medium grade

LondonClay Siltyclay,darkyellowishbrown
(weathered),firmandverydisturbed,
becomingunweatheredat5.6 m depth 0.6+ 6.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean f o r Deposit Depth below Percentages
s u r f aGravel
c e ( m ) Sand Fines
% mm % TFor o m

Gravel 1 6
+- 16 7 0.2 0.8 16 7 27 9 8 33
9 4 43 15 2
+

0.8 1.6 29 7
.I, VI.
*a* *P 16 . 2.7 8 3 8 4 4 1 0
- 4 t l 5 *::: 2.7 3.5 Results not available
Sand 70 - 1+ 57 b b.1
.. 3 5
6'. . 4.3 17 9 7 1 2 0 1
- $ + 1/16 8 4.
:::::: 3
5.0 9 10 46 3 23 9
:I: : 5 0 . 5.3 3 28 42 4 15 8
Fines
14 - 1/16 14

40
 9730
TL 90 SE 5 0269 A Block
Asheldham,
Essex

Surface level(+22.7 m) +74.5 ft Overburden 0.7 m

Water struck at +20.2 m Mineral 3.5 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.4 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

ravelly, Soil 0.2 0.2

with
sional
vel. clay
Sandy
Head Stiff 0.5 0.7

River
TerraceSandygravel
becomingslightly
less
gravelly
(and ? Glacial)
with
depth,
but
with
cobbles
near
base of
Sand and
Gravel
deposit,
otherwise
fairly
uniform
throughoutcomposition 4.2 3.5
Gravel: rounded subangular and
angular, coarse and fine

London Clay yellowish

brown
dark
clay,
Silty 0.4+ 4.6

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
s u r f a c e (m)Gravel
Sand
Fines
% mm 70 FroT mo

Gravel
46 + 16 14 ::
: 0 7 . 1.1 24 2 11 11 39 13
- 16+ 4 32 : * 1.1 1.6 4 2 20 16 45 13
:* 1.6 2.1 4 1 28 11 42 14
- 4 + 1 11 :
::: 2.1 2.7 3 2 29 11 35 20
47
Sand - 1+ 33 ::;
: .
2 7 3.3 11 47 3 14 22 3
- $ + 1/16 3 ::;
: 3 .3 4.2 4 45 6 8 19 18

7Fines - 1/16 7

41
TL 90 SE 6 0443
9918 Tillingham, E s s ex Block A

Surface leve1(+18.3 m) +60.0 ft Overburden 0.6 m

Water not struck Mineral 1.7 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 1.2 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil
and
River
Clayey
silt
with
sand 0.6 0.6
Terrace Loam
(Brickearth)

River
Terrace
'Clayey'
pebbly
sand 2.3 1.7
(and ? Glacial)
Gravel
content
increasing
and
fines
Sand
and
Gravel
content
decreasing
with
depth.
Gravel:coarseandfine,dark
rounded flints and light subangular
flints. Sand c o a r s e tofinebut
mainly of medium grade

London Clay Silty clay, disturbed in the top 0.2 m ,

becoming undisturbed, firm to stiff
and moderately fissured with depth.
brown Moderate 1.2+ 3.5

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i ns(u
emsr f)a c e Sand Gravel
% mm % FTroo m

1 0+ 1 6 0.7 1.6 81 8 62 7 5 0
Gravel
20 - 16
10
+

1.6 2.. 3 12 6 41 5 15 21
- 4+1 7
Sand 65 - 1+$ 52
- h + 1/166
F 1i n5e s - 1/16 15

42
 TL 90 SE 7 0408
9813 Tillingham,
E Block
ss ex A

Surface leve1(+15.5 m) +51.0 ft Waste 10.4 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +6.5 m Bedrock 0.5 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Gravelly, Soil 0.2 0.2

Head Clayey, silty sand with a little gravel.

Yellowish brown, becoming olive -
calcareous
very
and
greyat 1.0 m 2.2 2.4

BuriedChannelClayeysiltandsiltyclaywithbands of
Deposits
sandy
more
aspect. Soft o r occasionally
f i r m , with abundant organic material and
bands shell some 6.6 9.0

gravel Sandy 10.4

Gravel: mainly fine near top of deposit,
but becoming coarser and more
abundant with depth. Sand mainly of
medium grade with a l i t t l e c o a r s e
material

London Clay Silty clay, dark yellowish brown 0.5+ 10.9

SE 90
TL 8 0030
9844 C Block
Southminster,
Essex

Surface level(+l.5 m>+5.0 f t Waste 2.8 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.1 m t
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

ndyClayey Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Clayey silt and silty clay, organic in

Estuarine places with shell bands, and with rare
'race'
Alluvium and gravel 2.6 2.8

London
Clay
Silty
clay,
firm
with
rootlets
and
'race'
Yellowish
nodules.
brown 1.l+ 3.9

43
 TL 90 SE 9 0185
9526 Asheldham,
Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+32.9 m) +108.0 ft Overburden 1.4 m

Water not struck Mineral 1.3 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Waste 1.6
F e b r u a r y 1974 Bedrock 0 . 3 m+

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.4 0.4

R i v eTre r r a c e Sandy, silty

clay
with
common
carbonaceous
(yellowish
?material.
brown
kame)
Stiff, 1 .o 1.4
Deposits

Very 'clayey' pebbly sand. Sand mainly

fine, but becoming slightly coarser
depth with 1.3 2.7

silt clayey Sandy, 2.9 0.2

London
Clay
Silty,
sandy
clay.
Stiff,
with
abundant
common
carbonaceous
and
material
Head
'race' 1.4 4.3

with
Stiff,
clay.
Silty
Clay
London ' r a rcaer' e 4.60.3+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i n e s(smu)r f a c e Gravel
Sand
70 mm % FTroo m

Gravel 7
+- 16
16
4 1.4 2.3 24 42 23 4 2 5
+

3 2.3 2.7 28 27 32 5 5 3

- 4+1 4
Sand 67 - 1+a 26
- a + 1/16 37

Fines 26 - 1/16 26

44
 TL 90 SE 10 9665
0412 St Lawrence, Essex Block B

Surface level(+36.6 m ) +120.0 ft Overburden 1.2 m

Water not struck Mineral 1 . 3 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Waste 0.1 m
F e b r u a r y 1974 Bedrock 1.4m+

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

ey Sandy, Soil 0.3 0.3

River Terrace Sandy, clayey silt and sandy, silty clay

( ? kame) Deposits with occasional gravel becoming
depth with sandier 1.1 1.4

sand pebbly 'Clayey' 1.1 2.5

Gravel: coarse and fine, mainly
angular flints with occasional
roundedTertiaries.Sand
medium to fine

London Clay Stiff,silty,sandyclay,bluishgrey 0.1 2.6

Head

London Clay Stiff,silty,slightlysandyclay.Dark

yellowishbrown
with
blue
streaks 1.4+ 4.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i ns(eum
sr f)a c e Sand Gravel
% mm % FTroo m

+- 16 5 : 1.4
:::
2.5 16 18 41 7 13 5
Gravel 18
13
+

- 4+1 7
Sand 66 - 1+ 41
- + 1/16 18
Fines 16 - 1/16 16

45
 TM 00 NW 9 0071
0854 Bradwell, Essex Block A

Surface leve1(+6.4 m) +21.0 f t Waste 3.8 m

Water struck at +4.7 m Bedrock 0.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

siltSoil sandy Slightly 0.3

River Terrace Sandy silt and clay, light yellowish brown

Sand and Gravel becoming bluish grey and very gravelly
depth with 2.0 2.3

London Clay Gravelly silty clay, medium yellowish

Head brown
with
abundant
'race',
stiff 1.5 3.8

London Clay Siltyclay.Stiff,mediumyellowish

fissuring
highwith
brown 0.2+ 4.0

TM 00 N W 1 0 0224
0799 Bradwell,Essex Block A

Surface level(+8.7 m ) +28.5 ft Waste 1.9 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.1 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil silt sandy

gravelly,
Slightly 0.4 0.4

River Terrace Sandy silt, becoming very silty sand

(and ? Glacial)
1.5 finemainly
Sand,
depth.
with 1.9
Sand and Gravel

London Clay Slightly silty clay. Stiff, very highly

fissured and mottled in shades of
yellowish brown, contains selenite
crystals 1.l+ 3.0

46
 TM 00 NW 11 C
0219 0626 Block Essex
Bradwell,

S u r f a c e l e v e l ( + l . 7 m )+5.5 ft Waste 4.3 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 3.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Silty clay and clayey silt with peat band

Estuarine a t 3.0 m. Soft beneath stiff top crust.
Alluvium Olive-grey in colour. Becoming sandy
gravelly
base
and
near of deposit 4.3 4.1

London Clay
Silty
clay
with
abundant
'race'
and
selenite. Dark yellowish brown, stiff
and very highly fissured 3.2+ 7.5

TM 00 NW 1 2 0026
0762 Block Essex
Bradwell, A

Surface level(+9.5 m) +31.0 ft Overburden 0.3 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t 6.7 m Mineral 3.2 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 2.0 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Depth

Thickness
Classification m m

ndy
Gravelly Soil 0.3 0.3

? River Terrace Gravel 3.2 3.5

Sand and Gravel Mainly rounded to subangular flints
with a few cobbles, becoming sandier
with less gravel and fines towards
base. Sand of mainly medium grade
throughout

London Clay Silty clay, firm and dark yellowish brown

(weathered) to 4.2 m , a n d f i r m ,
becoming stiff and slightly fissured
(unweathered) below this depth 2.0+ 5.5

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) Fines
Gravel Sand
% mm 70 From To

Gravel 47
+- 16
16
16 17 2 13 15 42 11
31 4 3 30 5 31 27
+

3 2 63 8 15 9
- 4+1 10
44
Sand - 1+ i 32
- 4+ 1/16 2

Fines 9 - 1/16 9
47
 TM 0 0 NW 1 3 0062
0547 Bradwell,Essex Block C

Surface leve1(+2.8 m) +9.0 ft Waste 5.9 m

Water not struck Bedrock 0.4 m t
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Clayey silt and silty clay. Mainly soft

Estuarine with firm to stiff layers. Reed remains
Alluvium common between 2. 0 m and 4.3 m. Flint
gravel in clay,ey silt from 4.3 m to 4.4 m 4.2 4.4

London Clay Silty clay, stiff and mottled, with ' r a c e '
Head nodulesand
evidence of bioturbation 1.5 5.9

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, highly fissured and of a

uniform
yellowish brown colour 0.4+ 6.3

TM 00 NW 14 0062
0566 Bradwell,Essex Block A

Surface level k4.7 m) +I 5 . 5 ft Waste 0.9 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.3 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Sandy, Soil clay silty with gravel 0.4 0.4

London
Clay
Silty
clay
with
rare
gravel.
Firm,
mottled
showing
evidence
and
Head of reworking
and
solifluction 0.9 0.5

London
Clay
Silty
clay
with
'race'
and
pyrite.
Stiff,
highly
fissured
cryoturbated
and 1.3+ 2.2

48
TM 00 N W0036
0673
15 Bradwell,Essex Block A

Surface level(t-11.5 m ) +37.5 f t Waste 2.4 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 1.6 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology
Thickness Depth
Classification m m

Made ground 1.8 1.8

?BuriedChannelClayeysandy silt andsandysiltyclay.

Deposits
patches
green
becoming
Brown
with
greenish and bluish grey 0.6 2.4

London
Clay
Silty
clay,
bioturbated
and
cryoturbated
n e a r top. Fissured,darkyellowish
brown in colour 1.6+ 4.0

TM 00 NW 1 6 0156
0745 Block Essex
Bradwell, A

Surface leve1(+9.9 m) +32.5 ft Overburden 0.9 m

Water not struck Mineral 1.2 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 0.4 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.9 0.9

River Terrace Pebbly sand 1.2 2.1

(and ? Glacial) Gravel: mainly fine grade flint in
Sand and Gravel medium grade sand

London
Clay
Silty
clay,
yellowish
brown
and stiff 0.4+ 2.5

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
s u r f Gravel
a c e ( m Sand
) Fines
70 mm % FTr o m

Gravel 6
+ 16 1 7 4 7 7 6 5 1
- 16 + 4 5

- 4 + 1 6
Sand 87 - 1+ $ 77
- $ + 1/16 4

Fines 7 - 1/16 7

49
TM 00 NW 1 7 0242
0537 Bradwell, Essex Block C

Surface level(+:! .4 m ) +8.0 ft Waste 12.0 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t - 6.9 m Bedrock 0.9 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diamet,er
F e b r u a r y 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil and Marine Clayey silt and silty clay with reed
o r Estuarine fragments and shell bands. Generally
Alluvium orange-grey
and
softcolour
in 9.4 9.4

gravel
Beach clayey’
Deposits Very 0.8 10.2
Gravel: mainly rounded reworked
Tertiary pebbles in fine to coarse
sand

Marine o r Silty
and
sandy
clay
with rare gravel 1.8 12.0
Estuarine
Alluvium

London Clay Silty clay, firm to stiff and yellowish

brown 0.9+ 12.9

50
TM 00 SW 1 0291 0006 Block
Tillingham,
Essex A

Surface leve1(+18.6 m ) +61.0 ft Overburden 0.5 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 2.1 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 0.4 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil Sandy silt with a little gravel 0.3 0.3

River Terrace Sandy gravelly silt, pale yellowish

Sand and Gravel brown and dark yellowish orange 0.2 0.5

Gravel 2.1 2.6

Coarse gravel, mainly angular to
subangular flints, with some rounded
Tertiaries, fine gravel made up of
roughly equal proportions of both
types. Sand predominantlymedium
grade, subangular to subrounded

London Clay Silty clay, stiff and highly fissured 0.4+ 3.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
70 mm 70 From To

Gravel 55
+ 16 21 4 3 22 9 33 29
- 16+ 4 34 4 3 33 18 36 6

- 4+1 12
Sand 41 - 1+ a 26
- + 1/16 3

Fines 4 - 1/16 4

51
 TM 00 SW 2 0020
0426 Tillingham,Essex Block A

Surface level(+l0.3 m) +34.0 ft Overburden 0.5 m

Water not struck Mineral 1.1 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 1.2 m+
March 197 3

LOG

Depth Geological
Thickness gy L itholo
Classification m m

with sand
Clayey
Soil gravel
a little 0.5 0.5

sand
River Terrace Pebbly 1.1 1.6
Sand and Gravel Gravel: mainly fine and concentrated
n e a r b a s e of deposit with occasional
cobbles.Sandgradeincreasing
with depth

London Clay Silty clay with 'race' nodules. Dark

yellowishbrown,mottled
green/grey 1.2-t 2.8

GMDING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
s uFr(ifm
naec)se Gravel Sand
% mm % FTr o m

Gravel 8
+ 16 2 21 60 3 1 0
- 16+ 4 6 5 72 6 10 4

- 4+1 5
83
Sand - 1+ $ 66
- a
+ 1/16 1 2
Fines 9 - 1/16 9

TN 00 SW 3 0122
0182 Dengie,Essex Block C

Surface level(+2.O m >+6.5 ft Waste 7.4 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1973

LOG

Ge 010 gical Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.1 0.1

Marine o r Sand, silty and clay, generally soft,

Estuarine olive and light brownish grey with
Alluvium occasional shell
and
reed
fragments 7.3 7.4

London
Clay
Silty
clay
with
'race',
weathered
and
disturbed 1.o+ 8.2

52
 TM 00 SW 4 0364
0241 C Block Essex
Tillingham,

Surface level(+2.4 m ) +8.0 ft Overburden 9.1 m

Water struck at 0.0 m Bedrock 4.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
April 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

ndy,
Slightly Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Clayey silt and silty clay with peat and

Estuarine shellbands.Olive-grey,frequently
Alluvium green
mottling
and
blue
with 8.9 9.1

London
Clay
Slightly
sandy,
silty
clay,
sand
content
decreasing with depth, stiff and very
fissured highly 4.0+ 13.1

TM 00 SW 5 0230
0131 Tillingham, E s s e x Block A

Surface leve1(+7.3 m) +24.0 ft Waste 1.5 m

Water not struck Bedrock 1.5 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
F e b r u a r y 1 9 74

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.5 0.5

R i v eTre r r a cFei r mc ,l a y esyi l t with

occasional
fine
subangular
gravel
coarse
flint
and
Loam
(Brickearth)
medium
and
sand
fine
and 0.8 1.3

River
Terrace
Firm,
very
clayey
silt
with a little
Sand
and
Gravel
sand
and
abundant
carbonaceous
seeds 0.2 1.5

London
Clay
Firm,
very
silty
clay,
cryaturbated
i'
with common carbonaceous remains
and 'race' in top 1.1 rn Light to
moderate brown with blue veining
along root traces 1.5+ 3.0

53
 TQ 89 NE 1 0 8847
9843 Latchingdon,Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+48.0 m) +'157.5 f t Waste 8.2 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 1.9 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

ith claySandySoil 0.4 0.4

RiverTerrace
Very
clayey
sand with
occasional
(organic
?debris
gravel
kame)
and 0.7 1.1
Deposits

pebbles
flint
with
clay
Sandy
silty
Head 1.1 2.2

Claygate
Beds
Silty
clay
with
sandy
clayey
silt
band
f r o m 3.0 m to 3.5 m. F i r m
becoming stiff, and light brown
becoming darker with depth.
Unweathered below 6.2 m, where
i t is dark olive-grey 6.0 8.2

London Clay Sandysiltyclay.Stiff,moderately

fissured and dark olive-grey 1.9t 10.1

TQ 89 NE 1 2 8645
9789 North Fambridge, Essex Block B

Surface level(+l.8 m") +6.0 ft:k Waste 5.8 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t -2.6 m:: Bedrock 0.7 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil and Silty clay and clayey silt, peaty in

Marine o r places. Stiff near top, but becoming
Estuarine with
depth soft 5.0 5 .O
Alluvium

Buried
Channel
Clayey
silt
with
some
coarse
sand
and
alcareous
oncretions
and flints
Deposits 0.8 5.8

London
Clay
Silty
clay.
Stiff,
highly
fissured
and
brown light 0.7t 6.5

54
TQ
NE89 19 8712
9659 North Fambridge, Essex Block B

Surface level(+l.6 rd +5.0 ft Waste 7.2 m

Water struck at -5.4 m Bedrock 1.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
April 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.5 0.5

Marine o r Soft to stiff silty clay and clayey silt.

Estuarine Olive to bluish grey with peat band
Alluvium from to 3.0 m 3.5 m 6.5 7.0

sand coarse
Buried Channel Clayey 0.2 7.2
Deposits

London Clay Stiff, very silty clay with 'race' nodules

and occasional sandy streaks. Dark
yellowish
brown
with
blue
veining 1.o+ 8.2

TQ 89 NE 23 8782
9710 North Fambridge, Essex Block B

Surface level(+0;9 rd +3.0 f t Waste 6.0 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 1.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
March 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.5 0.5

Marine o r Soft to very soft silty clay and silt with

Estuarine little
a peat at 4.5 Olive-grey
m. 4.6 5.1
Alluvium

London Clay Soft to f i r m , v e r y c l a y e y s i l t with r e e d

Head roots. Dark yellowish brown with
mottling blue 0.9 6 .O

London Clay F i s s u r e d s i l t y c l a y with rootlets. Dark

yellowish brown with
bluemottling 1.o-t 7.0

55
 TQ 89 NE 24 8526
9656 North Fambridge, Essex Block B

Surface level(+l.2 m) +4.0 ft Waste 7.0 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 18.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm and 152 mm diameter
January 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Soft to firm sandy clayey silt and silty

Estuarine clay.Yellowishbrownbecoming
Alluvium dark
olive-grey
with
occasional
'race' 4.9 5 .I

London
Clay
Stiff
silty
clay
with
common
'race' near
andtop,
Head yellowish
Dark
roots.
rare
veining
blue withbrown 1.9 7.0

London
Clay Stiff silty
clay with
selenite.
Dark
yellowish brown becoming dark olive-
g r e y a t about 13.0 m. Thin cement-
at bandstone 8.5 m 18.2+ 25.2

56
 TQ 99 NW9420
9653
25 Burnham,Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+16.2 m) +53.0 ft Overburden 1.2 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 3.3 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.7 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.6 0.6

River
Terrace
Clay with large
angular
flints.
Stiff,
yellowish
moderately
and
fissured
Loam
own (Brickearth) 0.6 1.2

Gravel
Terrace
River 4.5 3.3
Sand
and
Gravel
Gravel:
mainly
fine,
angular
flint,
with l e s s e r a m o u n t s of c o a r s e
rounded Tertiary pebbles. Sand
mainly fine at top of sample, but
becoming coarser with depth.
Very silty, clayey gravel from
3.9 m to 4.2 m

London Clay Silty clay, firm to stiff, orange-brown

with rootlets 5.2 0.7+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm % From To

1 3+ 1 6 1.4 2 .o 16 42 25 3 9 5
Gravel 50
- 16 + 4 37 : :$ 2 0 . 2.8 0 3 24 8 41 24
:I:$ 2- 8 3.3 0 4 30 13 40 1 3
- 14
01-1 :I:$ 3 -3 3.9 3 2 16 13 54 1 2
Sand 46 - 1+ a 25 :I: : 4 2 . 4.5 1 2 37 16 39 5
- :+ 1/16 11

Fines 4 4- 1/16

57
TQ 99 NW9448
9946
26 Southminster,Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+29.2 m) +96.0 ft Overburden 0.5 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1.6 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Waste 0.2 m
March 1973 Bedrock 2.0 m+

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.3 0.3

River Terrace Gravelly silty sandy clay mottled orange

( ? kame) and dark yellowish orange. Stiff 0.2 0.2
Deposits
'Clayey' sandy gravel 1.6 2.1
Fines concentrated in lower part of
deposit in clay-rich laminae. Gravel
mainly fine angular flints concentrated
in top of deposit

Verysandysiltyclay.Soft,finely
laminated and carbonaceous. Dark
yellowish orange, mottled light
bluish grey 2.3 0.2

London Clay Silty clay, firm to stiff, pale to light

brown, with carbonaceous material 2.0+ 4.3

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
s u r f Gravel
a c e ( m )Sand Fines
70 mm % From To

Gravel 2 6
+ 16 4 2 6 20 18 47 7
- 16+4 22 26 17 48 2 3 4
30 22 43 2 3 0
- 4 + 1 9
Sand 57 - 1+ $ 34
- + + 1/16 14

F1
i n7e s - 1/16 17

58
 TQ 99 NW 2 7 9181
9891 Althorne,Essex Block B

Surface level(t-44.7 m ) +146.5 ft Waste 7.8 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 10.3 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Sandy
Soil
andclay
with
scattered
angular
to
RiverTerrace
rounded
flint
gravel,
firm with
roots,
sh dusky ( ? kame) 0.3 0.3
Deposits

Claygate
Beds
Silty
clay
with
sand
laminae,
in
shades
of brown in top 7.5 m (weathered)
changing to dark olive grey (unweathered)
in the lower portion. Occasional shell
debris
organic
andmatter. Stiff 7.5 7.8

London Clay Silty, slightly sandy clay, finely

laminatedwithshellbands.Stiff,
highlyfissured
and
dark
olive-grey 10.3+ 18.1

59
TQ 99 NW 29 9466
9787 B u r n h a m ,E s s e x Block B

Surface leve1(+22.6 m) +74.0 f t Overburden 0.3 m

Water not struck Mineral 3.0 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Waste 0.2 m
March 1973 Bedrock 1.8 m+

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil Sandy silt with a little gravel 0.3 0.3

River Terrace ‘Clayey’ pebbly sand 3.0 3.3

( ? Glacial) Percentage of g r a v e l d e c r e a s e s with
Sand and Gravel depth. Mainly fine with some coarse
grade, subangular flints and rounded
reworked Tertiary pebbles, occasionally
shattered. Sand predominantly medium
grade,subrounded.Depositcontains a
thin, orange, very sandy silty clay band
at about 1.5 m depth

Head Silty slightly sandy clay, very disturbed

with
abundant
carbonaceous
material 0.2 3.5

London Clay Silty, slightly sandy clay, slightly

carbonaceous. Stiff very highly
yellowish
browndark
fissured, 5.3 1.8+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean f o r Deposit Percentages
below Depth
Gravel
Sand
Fines(m)
surface
% mm % FTroo m
4, b
.
Gravel 20
+ 16 6 -” “’ 0 .5 1.5 8 2 33 13 29 15
- 16+ 4 14
.I.

‘I.
4,
”‘ 1 .5 3.3 15 3 8 68 5 1

- 4+1 10
Sand 68 - 1+ i 55
- i + 1/16 3

Fines 12 - 1/16 12

60
TQ 99 NW9447
9585
31 Block Essex
Burnham, B

Surface level(+l.8 rd +6.0 ft Waste 12.7 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +0.8 m Bedrock 0.8 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
F e b r u a r y 1 974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.4 0.4

Marine o r Firm, becoming very soft clay, silt

Estuarine and fine sand, with shell band at
Alluvium 6.2 m.Darkgrey 9.1 9.5

Buried
ChannelGravelly
clay
passing down a t 11.6 m
Deposits
clayey
gravel
sand.
into
sqme
with
Gravel subangular to subrounded
flints and black rounded reworked
pebbles Tertiary 3.2 12.7

London Clay Brown to grey silty clay, finely laminated

top soliflucted
near and 0.8-t 13.5

TQ 99 NW 32 9175
9721 B Block Essex
Althorne,

Surface level(+l.5 4 +5.0 ft Waste 2.0 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 1.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
F e b r u a r y 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.3 0.3

Marine o r Soft silty clay and laminated silt. Blue-

Estuarine grey and olive-brown with carbonaceous
Alluvium root r e m a i n s 0.9 1.2

London Clay F i r m , c l a y e y s i l t with scattered sand

Head pebbles
flint andgrains 0.8 2.0

London Clay Very silty clay with common mica flakes.

veins
blue
brown
with
Dark 1.2+ 3.2

61
TQ 99 NW 40 9323 9901 Althorne, Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+38.0 m ) +124.5 ft Overburden 0.4 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1.3 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 1.4 m+
F e b r u a r y 1974

LOG

Ge 010 gical Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.4 0.4

R i v e r Tgravel
errace sandy 'Clayey' 1.3 1.7
( ? kame) Gravel: fine with some coarse,
Deposits subangular to subrounded with
about 3070 black subrounded Tertiary
reworkedflints.Gravelbecoming
finer and less abundant with depth.
Sand becoming finer with depth

London Clay F i r m to stiff very silty laminated clay

with carbonaceous remains on bedding
surfaces. Yellowish brown with blue
reduced materialalongfissure
planes 1.4+ 3.1

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
s uFr(ifm
na ec) se Sand Gravel
% mm % FTroo m

+- 16 9 : :
:: 0 ,4 1.5 2 1 11 18 40 28
Gravel 34 +

25 : :
: .
1 5 1.7 18 7 32 15 22 6
- 4+1 15
Sand 50 - 1+$ 29
- + 1/16 6
Fines 16 - 1/16 16

62
NE TQ 99Block1Essex
5Burnham,
9632 9731 B

Surface level(+l.8 m) +6.0 ft Overburden 2.2 m

Water struck at -2.6 m Mineral 3.0 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 5.3 m+
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Slightly
Soil
with
clayey
silt a little
gravel 0.3 0.3

Marine o r Silt, firm to soft, becoming gravelly

Estuarine and sandy near base. Dark yellowish
Alluvium brown becoming dark bluish grey 1.9 2.2

River Terrace Gravel 3.0 5.2

Sand and Gravel Mainly angular to subrounded flints,
predominantly fine grade. Sand coarse
to fine, subangular to subrounded

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, highly fissured and dark

yellowish brown to a depth of 9.5 m
where it becomes unweathered, dark
olive-grey and moderately fissured 5.3+ 10.5

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n eGravel
s Sand
From To

Gravel 51
+ 16 10 :
::: 2- 4 3.4 7 1 32 10 37 1 3
- 16+4 41 :
::
: 3- 4 4.4 4 1 30 16 40 9
: 4.4 5.2 3 1 16 24 47 9
- 4+1 16
Sand 44 - 1+ 27
- $ + 1/16 1
Fines 5 5- 1/16

63
TQ 99 NE 1 6 9629 9617 Burnham,Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+4.6 m) +15.0 ft Overburden 1.3 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +0.2 m Mineral 5.2 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.5 m+
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil Slightly sandy silt 0.3 0.3

Head Brickearth Silt with a little gravel and with 'race'

in lowest 0.1 m. Yellowish brown 0.8 1.1

River Terrace Gravelly sandy silt 0.2 1.3

Sand and Gravel
Very 'clayey' sand 5.2 6.5
Gravel: r a r e except near top of
deposit.Belowabout1.5m,
mineral very homogeneous. A band
of sandy clayey silt occurs from
2.3 m to 2.4 m. Gravel mainly
fine grade subangular to subrounded

London Clay Slightly silty clay, stiff, dark yellowish

brown and highly fissured 0.5+ 7.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm % FTroo m

+- 16 0 : 13
:
; . 2.3 17 6 55 12 9 1
Gravel
3 16 +

3 : 2 4
:$ . 3.4 35 8 55 1 1 0
:: 3 .4
: 10
4.4 33 52 2 3 0
- 4+1 4 : : 4 .4 5.4 30 10 56 2 2 0
Sand 66 - 1+ i 55 :: 5 .4 6.5 38 2 54 4 2 0
- + 1/16 7

Fines 31 - 1/16 31

64
 TQ 99 N E 1 7 9544
9832 B Block
Southminster,
Essex

Surface leve1(+17.8 m) +58.5 ft Overburden 0.8 m

Water not struck Mineral 6.6 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.6 m+
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

silt
gravelly
sandy
Clayey
Soil 0.6 0.6

River Terrace Clayey sand with gravel, gravel

Sand and Gravel mainly coarse rounded Tertiary flints 0.2 0.8

Gravel 6.6 7.4

Gravel: coarse and fine, but mainly
fine near base of deposit. Coarse
gravel rounded Tertiary pebbles
and subangular to subrounded flints,
but fine gravel mainly angular flint
and flint patina. Sand mainly medium
grade, except near base of deposit
where coarse sand predominates

London Clay Siltyclay.Firm,highlyfissured,light

brown (weathered) becoming
unweathered at a depth of8.0about 7.8 m 0.6+

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
70 mm % From To

19+ 16 1 1 13 9 44 32
Gravel54 - 16 +

35 3 3 26 8 32 28
3 4 3037 6 20
- 4 + 1 11 17 8 32 5 22 1 6
41
Sand - 1+ i 26 5 3 34 6 30 22
- i + 1/16 4 1 4 32 18 35 10
2 1 8 22 50 1 7
Fines 5 - 1/16 5

65
TQ 9 9 NE 1 8 9563 9 9 2 1 Southminster, Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+19.3 m) +63.5 ft Waste 3.0 m

Water not struck Bedrock 3.8 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil Sandy s i l t 0.5 0.5

Buried Channel Very silty sandy clay with rare gravel.

Deposits becoming
brown
firm,
Light
stiff 0.5 1.o

Very sandy clayey silt with rare gravel.

Light brown with light bluish grey
patches.Gradationalcontactwith
clay overlying 2.5 3 .O

London Clay Silty clay, micaceous and slightly

carbonaceous with lenses of fine orange
sand near top.Yellowishbrown,stiff
fissured highly and 6.8 3.8+

TQ 99 NE 19 9909 9771 Burnham,Essex Block C

Surface level(+l.l m) +3.5 ft Waste 3.5 m

Groundwater conditions Bedrock 2.8 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 1.4 1.4

Marine o r Sandy silt grading into silty sand with

Estuarine depth, with r a r e a n g u l a r g r a v e l .
Alluvium
olive-grey Dark 2.1 3.5

London Clay Silty clay with abundant 'race' near top,

stiff, very highly fissured. Becoming
slightly sandy with depth. Moderate
brown 2.8+ 6.3

66
TQ 99 NE 20 9659
9815 Southminster, Essex Block B

Surface leve1(+4.7 m) +15.5 ft Overburden 0.5 m

Water not struck Mineral 2.2 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Waste 1.3 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.3 0.3

Head Gravellysandysilt.Orange 0.2 0.5

'Clayey' gravel 2.2 2.7

Gravel: mainly fine angular flints
with some reworked Tertiary
pebbles. Sand coarse to fine,
but mainly of medium grade.
Deposit becoming more silty
towards base

Buried Channel Very silty clay, carbonaceous in top

Deposits brown
yellowish1 m, 1.3+ 4.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean f o r Deposit Percentages
below Depth
F i n e s( smu)r f a c e Gravel
Sand
70 mm % To From

Gravel 57
+ 16 11 :',::',:0.5
3 1.8 1 21 7 49 1 9
- 16 + 4 46 rb
18-
b
. 1 .8
-6- 2.7 27 6 18 7 42 0

- 4+1 7
Sand
30 - 1+$ 20
- + 1/16 3
F i n e1s3 - 1116 13

67
TQ 99 NE 21 9724
9822 Southminster,Essex Block C

Surface level b1.2 m) +4.0 ft Overburden 7.1 m

Water struck at -0.80 m Mineral 5.3 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 0.6 m+
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Clayey and sandy silt, generally soft,

Estuarine but firm in places. Olive and
Alluvium greenish grey 4.4 4.6

Buried Channel Sandyandclayeysilt.Firm,laminated

Deposits with abundant 'race' and organic
remains 7.1 2.5

Gravel 5.3 / 12.4

Percentage of coarse and fine gravel
fairly constant throughout but
becoming finer with depth. Mainly
angular to subangular flints with some
reworkedTertiarypebbles.Sand
medium to coarse, subangular to
subrounded

London Clay Silty clay with selenite. Stiff and dark

yellowish brown 0.6+ 13.0

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) Fines Sand Gravel
70 mm 70 From To

2 3+ 1 6 8 4 31 6 2229
Gravel 56
- 16 + 4 33 5 3 26 8 2731
2 2 19 13 39 25
- 4 + 1 11 3 1 28 11 41 1 6
40
Sand - 1+$ 27 3 1 29 15 3517
- $ + 1/16 2

Fines 4 4- 1/16

68
 TQ 99 NE9968
9666
22 Burnham,Essex Block C

Surface level(+l.5 m) +5.0 ft Overburden 12.2 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t -10.4 m Mineral 8.3 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 1.0 m+
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

y Sandy Soil 0.7 0.7

Marine o r Silty clay and clayey sand and silt with

Estuarine occasional shell fragments and
Alluvium abundant organic debris 12.2 11.5

Buried
Channel
'Clayey'
pebbly
sand 8.3 20.5
Deposits
Percentage ofnegligible
gravel
above 17.8 m depth. Below this
level gravel proportion increases
with depth and is abundant with
scattered flint cobbles near base
of deposit, where it consists of
flint with some rounded quartzite
pebbles.Sandmainlymedium
and fine

London Clay Silty clay, firm with no fissuring and

olive-grey in colour 1.o+ 21.5

GRADING

Bblk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) F i n e sGravel Sand
% mm % From To

Gravel 5
+ 16 2 : 12 .2
:',: 13.5 21 18 59 1 1 0
- 16+ 4 3 :',::I:1 3.5 16.4 31 16 52 1 0 0
:: 16.4
17.8 7 23 67 2 1 0
- 4+1 3 : 17.8
:',: 19.1 19 26 40 5 9 1
Sand 75 - 1+ 53 : : 1g 1 . 19.8 9 16 60 11 3 1
- + 1/16 1 9 :::::: 19.8 20.5 9 11 34 9 12 25

Fines
20 - 1/16 20

69
 TQ 99 N E9937
9932
23 Southminster,Essex Block C

Surface level(+I .7 m) +5.5 f t Waste 3.9 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +0.2 m Bedrock 2.1 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
February 1973

LOG

Geological L itholo
gy Thickness Depth
Classification m m

Soil and Thin bands of sand, silt and clay, pale

brown
Marine or and grey 1.2 1.2
Estuarine
Alluvium

Buried
Channel
Clayey,
sandy
silt
andsand
with
occasional
Deposits 1.o 2.2

Silty clay, stiff with 'race' nodules and

rootlets. Yellowish brown and greenish
grey 1.7 3.9

London
Clay
Silty
clay,
stiff,
moderately
fissured
and
brown
yellowish
dark 2 .l+ 6.0

TQ 9924NE 9773
9986 Southminster, Essex Block B

Surface level(4.4 m ) +14.5 ft Waste 7.9 m+

Groundwater conditions not recorded
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 1.o 1.o

Buried Channel
Clayey
silt,
becoming
silty
clay
at 1.2 m
Deposits
Occasional
flint
depth.
and
quartz
pebblesandabundantrootlets.Shell
band from 2.5 m to 3.2 m depth. Pale
yellowish brown, grading into light
olive-brown, through olive-grey to
grey bluish 6.9+ 7.9

70
TQ
NE99 9583
9692
25 Burnham,Essex Block B

Surface level(+6.1 m) +20.0 f t Overburden 5.7 m

W a t e r s t r u c k a t +0.5 m Mineral 5.1 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Bedrock 1.0 m+
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.7 0.7

Clayey
Head
'race'.
sandy
gravelly
with
silt
Brickearth
Mottled
light
brown
greenish
and grey 1.3 2.0

Buried
Channel
Silty
clay with 'race'
nodules.
Light
olive-
Deposits
becoming
Firm
grey.
stiff depth.
with
Pale yellowish brown immediately
abovemineral 3.7 5.7

Gravel 5.1 10.8

Gravel:coarsetofine,rounded
Tertiary pebbles and angular to
subangularflints.Sand,coarse
to fine but mainly medium.grade,
subangular to subrounded flint and
clearquartz.Occasionalsilty
clay lumps. Proportions of fine
angular flint gravel and coarse sand
higher than average near base of
deposit

London Clay Silty,slightlysandyclay.Darkyellowish

brown (weathered) in top 0.1 m changing
to olive-grey in unweathered material 1.o+ 11.8

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface (m) FinesGravel Sand
% mm % FTroo m

+- 16 18 ::: : 5 7. 6.7 Results not available

Gravel47 16 +

29 :
I: : 67 . 7.7 7 1 42 13 29 8
: 7.7 8.7 4 2 30 11 25 28
- 4 + 1 11 ::!
: 8 .7 9.7 16 2 31 5 25 21
45
Sand - 1+ 32 2:::: 9, 7 10.8 6 2 27 13 37 1 5
- 4 + 1/16 2
Fines 8 - 1/16 8

71
 TQ 99 N E 2 6 9855
9668 Burnham,Essex Block C

Surface level(+2.0 m) +6.5 ft Waste 23.2 m

Water struck at -5.3 m Bedrock 2.0 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm and 152 mm diameter
February 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

y Soil 0.4 0.4

Marine o r Sandy and clayey silt and clay with shell

Estuarine band
from 20.5to m 22.5 m 22.1 22.5
Alluvium

and Pebbly
Deposits
Beach 0.7 23.2

London
Clay
Silty
clay
with
selenite.
Stiff,
highly
fissured,
very
dark
yellowish
brown 2 .o+ 25.2

72
TQ 99 NE 2 7 9952 9583 B Southminster,
Block
Essex

Surface leve1(+20.7 m) +68.0 ft Overburden 3.8 m

Water struck at +16.9 m Mineral 2.4 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 1.2 m+
February 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

River Terrace Sandy silty clay, becoming more sandy

Sand and Gravel with depth. Orange to yellowish
brown in colour with abundant
carbonaceous root remains in top
half 3.6 3.8

Gravel 2.4 6.2

Gravel: coarse and fine, becoming
coarser with depth and consisting
of roughly equal proportions of black
rounded reworked Tertiary pebbles '

and subangular to subrounded flints.

Sand mainly medium to fine grade

London Clay Stiff very silty clay with common mica.

Brown becoming dark olive-grey at
6.5 m 1.2+ 7.4

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
s u r fGravel
a c e ( mSand
) Fines
70 mm % FTroo m

Gravel 64
+ 16 33 5 10 18 6 34 2 7
- 16+ 4 31 3 12 16 4 29 36
1 7 22 4 2 7 39
- 4+1 5
33
Sand - 1+ 2 18
- 2 + 1/16 1 0
3Fines - 1/16 3

73
 TR 09 NW 2 0153 9762 Burnham,Essex Block C

Surface level(+2.0 m) +6.5 ft Waste 16.2 m

Water struck at -7.9 m Bedrock 0.8 m+
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r
k
F e b r u a r y 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

shells
withclay
Gravelly
silty
Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Intercalated bands of silty fine sand, I

Estuarine silt and clay, brown near the

Alluvium weathered surface grading into
bluish grey and dark olive-grey;
abundant shell debris 16.0 16.2

London
Clay
Silty
clay,
disturbed
and
weathered.
Greyish brown, firm at top
becoming stiff with depth 0.8+ 17.0

74
 TR 09 NW 3 Dengie,
99740155 Essex Block C

Surface level(+2.1 m) +7.0 ft Overburden 4.2 m

Water struck at -2.1 m Mineral 2.6 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter Waste 5.7 m
February 1973 Bedrock 0.3 m+

LOG

Geological Lithology
Thickness Depth
Classification m m

shells
broken
withsilt
Clayey
Soil 0.2 0.2

Marine o r Sandy
clay
and
with
silt
occasional
Estuarine shells and organic debris. Mainly
Alluvium medium bluish grey 4.0 4.2

Buried Channel Gravel 2.6 6.8

Deposits Gravel: becoming coarser with
depth, being mainly fine grade
near top of deposit, but having
almost equal proportions of fine
and coarse gravel

Silty clay and clayey silt with occasional

reeds and shell fragments. Softto
stiff, dark bluish grey with some
olive-grey and yellowish brown bands
f r o m 10.2 m to 11.3 m and from
11.7 m to 11.9 m 5.7 12.5

London Clay Silty clay, stiff, moderately fissured and

dark yellowish brown in colour 0.3+ 12.8

GRADING

Bulk Samples
Mean for Deposit Depth below Percentages
surface ( m ) F i n eGravel
s Sand
% mm To From To
J.
1 4+ 1 6
.I.

.’. 4 .2 5.2 5 1 30 21 40 3
Gravel50 - 16 ‘
P
4- 4,
36 5 2 31 18
+

5 .2 6.2 28 16
‘I.

:$ :; 6 2 . 6.8 7 1 19 10 37 26
- 4+1 17
45
Sand - 1+ 27
- 4 + 1/16 1

Fines 5 - 1/16 5

75
 TR 09 NW 5 , 0181
9589 B u r n h a m ,E s s e x Block C

Surface level(+l.8 m)+6.0 ft Waste 21.3 m

Water struck at -0.5 m Bedrock 0.3 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm and 152 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

y Soil 0.1 0.1

Marine o r Sandy and clayey silt and silty clay with

Estuarine shelly gravelly sand from 14.4 m to 15.4 m
Alluvium overlain
by a 0.4thick
shell
mband 20.3
20.4

Buried Channel Gravel 0.9 21.3

Deposits Mainly fine gravel in fine to coarse
sand, coarse gravel being found only
n e a r b a s e of deposit

London Clay Silty clay with selenite, stiff dark yellowish

brownin
colour
and
highly
fissured 0.3+ 21.6

NW09
TR 6 0285
9650 Burnham,Essex Block C

Surface level(t-1.3 m) +4.5 ft Waste 15.0 m+

W a t e r s t r u c k a t -1.1 m
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
March 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

silt
Soil clayey Slightly 0.1 0.1

Marine o r Sandy and clayey silt and silty clay, pale

Estuarine olive-grey
dark
colour
to
in 13.7 13.8
Alluvium

Buried Channel sand

silty
Very withg rraavr e l 1.2+ 15.0
Deposits

76
TR 09 NW 8 9552
0105 Block Essex
Burnham, C

Surface level(+l.7 m) +5.5 ft Overburden 14.5 m

Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 6.8 m
Shell and auger 203 m m d i a m e t e r Bedrock 1.0 m+
March 1974

Geological Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.6 0.6

Marine o r F i r m to very soft silty fine sand and

Estuarine clayey silt with occasional peat
Alluvium partings and reeds and scattered
shell fragments. Bluish to olive-
grey in colour 13.9 14.5

BuriedChannelFinetocoarsegravelin a fine sand

Deposits
matrix.
becoming
Flints
and
finer
sand content increasing with depth.
Brown becoming white.or grey at
about 18.7 m. Cobbles and common
shellfragmentsnear
base of deposit 6.8 21.3

London Clay Firm, brown weathered silty clay, rapidly

becoming stiff, fissured unweathered
clay silty 1.o+ 22.3

Grading results not available

77
 TR 09 N W 9 9775
0322 Block
Southminster,
Essex C

Surface level(-0.2 m ) -0.5 ft Overburden 11.8 m

Water struck at -9.1 m Mineral 8.2 m
Shell and auger 203 mm and 152 mm diameter Bedrock 2.0 m+
March 1 9 74

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.3 0.3

Marine o r Soft very

to soft
clayey
sandy
silt
and
Estuarine
silty
sand,
fine
olive o r dark
grey
Alluvium
abundant
with
shells
between 4.8 m
and 7.4 m 11.8 11.5

Buried
Channel
Gravelly
sand,
becoming
sandy
gravel
abundant
with
shell
depth,
Deposits
with
material. Gravelgradeincreasing
with depth 15.6 3.8

Gravelly sand, rapidly becoming sandy

gravel, but with r a r e gravel between
18.0 m and 19.0 m. Gravel coarse
to fine, mainly dark, rounded to
subrounded Tertiary reworked flints
with occasional subangular flints.
Sand medium to fine grade 4.4 20.0

London Clay F i r m to stiff silty clay. Disturbed near

top but rapidly showing signs of
fissuring 2 .o+ 22.0

Grading results not available

78
 TR 09 NW 1 0 0307 9995 Southminster,Essex Block C

. -.
Surface level(+0.7 m) +2.5 ft Waste 16.1 m
Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 4.2 m+
Shell and auger 203 mm diameter
F e b r u a r y 1974

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Marine o r Soft clayey sandy silt. Dark grey and

Estuarine bluish grey with occasional reed
Alluvium fragments and some shells near
base of deposit 14.5 14.5

Buried Channel Sand with r a r e f i n e g r a v e l with some

Deposits calcareous cement 1.2 15.7

London Clay Reddish brown very clayey silt. Firm

Head with some fine sand and mica and
occasional root traces 0.4 16.1

London Clay Stiff silty clay. Highly fissured and

dark yellowish brown in colour.
Becoming unweathered at 20 m
20.3 4.2+

79
TL 90 E l SE 9731
0177 Asheldham,Essex Block A

Surface level(21.5 m") 70.5 ft:: Mineral 3.6 m+

Water standing at 16.9 m+
Exposure
June 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

River Terrace 'Clayey' pebbly sand 3.6 3.6+

(and ? Glacial) Clay throughout top 1 m of deposit.
Sand and Gravel Discreet silty clayey bands in lowest
1 m. Gravel coarse and fine, mainly
angular and rounded flints with less
than 570 vein-quartz and sedimentary
rockfragments.Troughcross-
bedded throughout

Lateral variations

Exposure too limited to record lateral variation

GRADING

Mean for Deposit

Gravel
17
+- 16 6
11
+

- 4+1 10
Sand 69 - 1+ $ 52
- $ + 1/16 7
Fines
14 - 1/16 14

80
TL 90 E2 SE 9752
0097 Block Essex
Asheldham, A

Surface level(16.8 m::) 55.0 ft* Overburden 0.9 m

Dry pit Mineral 4.4 m+
Exposure
June 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Made ground 0.9 0.9

River Terrace Sandy gravel 4.4+ 5.3

(and ? Glacial) Gravel concentrated between about
Sand and Gravel 2 m and 4 m depth, with pebbly
sand above and below. More sandy
horizons are trough cross-bedded
and poorly cemented, cementation
being fairly good in the gravels.
Gravel coarse and fine angular and
rounded flints with less than 570
quartz and sedimentary rock
fragments

Lateralvariations

N o significant lateral variation noted

GRADING

Mean for Deposit

% mm %

Gravel 35
+- 16
16
15
20
+

- 4 + 1 7
Sand 61 - 1+ 51 a
- +
+ 1/16 3
Fines
4 - 1/16 4

81
TL 90 E 4 SE 9849
0301 Tillingham,Essex Block A

Surface level(20.0 m k ) 65.5 ft\\ Overburden 0.3 m

Water level not recorded Mineral 4.7 m+
Exposure
June 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.3 0.3

River Terrace Pebbly sand 4.7+ 5.0

(and ? Glacial) Gravel concentrated in top 0.5 m.
Sand and Gravel Elsewhere, mainly fine gravel
limited to base of trough cross-
bedded sets and lying along planes
of f o r e s e t s

Lateral variations

Deposit becomes more gravelly to north

GRADING

Mean for Deposit

% mm %
+ 1
Gravel 5 - 1166 +

- 4+1 2
93
Sand - 1+ 66
- $ + 1/16 25

Fines 2 - 1/16 2

82
TQ 99 E 4 NE 9594
9931 Southminster, Essex Block B

Surface level(21.5 m*) 70.5 f F Overburden 0.9 m

Water standing at 14.8 m:: Mineral 5.8 m+
Exposure
June 1973

LOG

Ge olo
gical Lithology Thickness Depth
Classification m m

Soil Sandy s i l t 0.2 0.2

River Terrace Sandy silt with roots 0.7 0.9

Loam (Brick-
earth)

River Terrace 'Clayey' sandy gravel 5.8+ 6.7

(and ? Glacial) Trough cross-bedded with small
Sand and Gravel gravel-filled channel at about 2 m
depth. Deposit fining upwards above
erosional base of channel and from
lowest exposed horizon, becoming
slightly gravelly sand below the
channel.Gravelmainlycoarse
angular to subangular and rounded
flints, with less than 570 v e i n q u a r t z
and sedimentary rock fragments

Lateral variations

Deposit becomes progressively more

silty to the west, having a fines
content of about 3070, 70 m to the
west, where the sand is micro-
troughcross-laminated.There is
little apparent lateral variation in
composition in a north-south
direction.Localpalaeocurrent
directions are approximately towards
the north-north-east

GRADING

Mean f o r Deposit

Gravel33
+- 16
16
28
5
+

- 4+1 2
52
Sand - 1+ 4 37
- + 1/16 1 3

F 1i n5e s - 1/16 15

83
TQ 99 E 5 NE 9512
9851 Southminster, Essex Block B

Surface level(18.3 me) 60.0 ft:k Overburden 2.9 m

Water standing at 12.0 m* Mineral 2.7 m+
Exposure
June 1973

LOG

Geological Lithology Thickness Depth

Classification m m

Soil 0.2 0.2

River Terrace Micaceous silt with rare gravel and

Loam (Brick- abundant roots 2.7 2.9
earth)

River Terrace Sand 2.7-t 5.6

(and ? Glacial) Gravel: mainly. of fine grade,
Sand and Gravel concentrated in top 0.5 m. Trough
cross-bedded with local palaeo-
current direction towards the
north-east

Lateral variations

Deposit becomes more gravelly towards the east

GRADING

Mean for Deposit

% mm %

Gravel
4
+- 16
16
1
3
+

- 4 + 1 2
94
Sand - 1+ a 84
- + 1/16 8

Fines 2 - 1/16 2

84
APPENDIX H: RESISTIVITY SURVEY RESULTS bridge [ 9540 96891, the line of t r a v e r s e p a s s i n g
close to borehole TQ 99 N E 25. The borehole was
The author acknowledges the work of used to confirm the nature of the lithologies
M r M. Sarginson who supplied information upon producing lateral variations deduced from the
which this appendix is based. geophysics. Using the table of apparent resist-
In order to determine more accurately the ivity ranges for lithologies in the area (Fig. l l ) ,
shape, location and trend of the Burnham Channel, the near-surface changes in lithology can be
whose presence had been indicated by silts and accurately plotted across the line of t r a v e r s e .
clays encountered in boreholes TQ 99 NE 20, The apparent resistivity values &a measured
NE 24 and NE 25 and by several auger holes in in ohm metres, obtained at 5-m intervals, a r e
the area to the east and south-east of Southminster, plotted against the position of the centre of the
a resistivity survey was carried out in the vicinity electrode configuration in Figure 9, while
of Dammer Wick F a r m [9626 96921. F i g u r e 1 0 shows the estimated nearlsurface
An A.B. E. M. T e r r a m e t e r i n i t s A. C. version geology. Once the lithology is known, then a n
was used in this survey, which included one approximate thickness of the lithological units
horizontal traverse between a point to the west of can be derived from the position of the measured
Dammer Wick F a r m [ 9615 96921 and the railway apparent resistivity value in theknown range.

Borehole
ET4 ET3 TQ99NE25 E12 ET1 50

Made ground

Head

40

- 30
-
rn

4-
(D

3
2
z
20E

10

0
0 100 200
300 (metres) 4'' 500 700
TO 9540 9689 TQ96159692

Fig. 9 T e r r a m e t e r t r a v e r s e i n t h e r e g i o n of the Burnham Buried Channel

I I
I
4 4! .
m
I
3 Y

I' 2 A 1 4
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
12 -I I
I ! I I

%-4
-
Q
w
-8

-12

-16 I I I I I I I I
I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

TQ95409689 (metres) TQ96159692

Fig, 10 SectionacrosstheBurnhamBuriedChannel
85
The traverse has been divided into four sections Table 5. Results of expanding traverse near
f o r e a s e of reference between the two diagrams. Dammer Wick F a r m
Four vertical profiles using an expanding
configuration were produced to enablea complete
cross-section to be drawn. The centre point of Q3
Q2
Q1 Q4 dl d2 d3
each configuration lay along the lineof the
horizontal traverse at points E. T. 1. I9613 96801, ohm
metres
depth
metres
in
E.T.2.[959696801, E.T.3. [957696811and
E. T. 4. [ 9560 9'6811. The measured apparent E.47
34
T.1
22 7.3 0.54 0.81
8.4
resistivities Qa were plotted against half of the
electrode separation on a bilogarithmic scale and E.T.2 13 32.5 41 8.0 0.86 1.20
10.5
the resultant curves compared with standard
curves representing simulated geological E. T. 3 1 3 5.3 1 7 6.8
0.94 1.55
infinity
conditions from which a quantitative interpretation
was made. The results a r e summarised below E.T.4 21.5 8.5 24.5 12.0 1.5
4.8 13
where Q1 Q2 Q 3 and Q 4 a r e the apparent resist-
ivity values in ohm metres for t h first, second,
third and fourth units respectively and where dl
is the depth in metres of the base of unit 1, d2
the depth of the base of unit 2 and d3 the depth of
the base of unit 3.
Although the use of geophysical methods was
limited in this survey, it has been shown that
when lateral variation in the geology ata locality
is small, resistivity surveys may be used to
supplement borehole information to aid the
delimitation of terrace gravels beneath overburden
and to determine the shapes and dimensions of
channels.

DESCRIPTION OF
RESISTIVITY
PROFILE

TERRACE extremely
GRAVELS erratic

smooth,
TERRACE SANDS rounded
BRICKEARTH or , .- ...
ALLWIAL LOAM very erratic
iverlying TERRACE . .
GRAVELS ~~

BRICKEARTH or
ALLUVIAL LOAM smooth,
verlying TERRACE rounded
SANDS

BRICKEARTH or erratic
ALLUVIAL LOAM
BRICKEARTH or
ALLUVIAL LOAM
slightly erratic
~~

werlying LONDON .................

CLAY

LONDON CLAY
HEAD
1-1 ...........
very slightly
erratic

LONDON CLAY smooth

.......
RECENT
ALLUVIUM ................ smooth
overlying ~~
.................
LONDON CLAY
~

RECENT ...............
...............
::::::::::::::: very smooth
ALLUVIUM ..............................
...............
...............
I I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 20 30 40 50 6070 8090100 200 300
Ohm-metres

Fig. 11 Apparent resistivity ranges for certain lithologies and superficial

deposits in south-east Essex
86
APPENDIX J: LIST OF QUARRIES ON THE DENGIE PENINSULA

Working Pits

Location Grid Reference Deposit worked

Asheldham 973 018 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

Asheldham Chase, Asheldham 975 009 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

Goldsand Road, Southminster 958 992 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

Ratsborough,Southminster 951985 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

C u r r y , Nr . Bradwell 993 057 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

Abandoned P i t s

Location Grid Reference Deposit worked

Bradwell Hall, Nr. Bradwell 990 952 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

Stow's Farm, Tillingham 985 030 River Terrace and ?Glacial Gravels

87
APPENDIX K: CONVERSION TABLE, METRES TO FEET (TQ NEAREST 0.5 FT)

m ft an ft rn ft m ft m ft
0.1 0.5 6.1 20 12 .I 39.5 18.1 59.5 24.1 79
0.2 0.5 6.2 20.5 12e2 40 18.2 59.5 24.2 79.5
0.3 1 6.3 20.5 12.3 40.5 18.3 60 24.3 79.5
8.4 1.5 6.4 21 12.4 40.5 18.4 60.5 24.4 80
0.5 1.5 6.5 21.5 12.5 41 18.5 60.5 24.5 80.5
0.6 2 6.6 21.5 12.6 41.5 18.6 61 24.6 80.5
0.7 2.5 6.7 22 12.7 41.5 18.7 61.5 24.7 81
0.8 2.5 6.8 22.5 12.8 42 18.8 61.5 24.8 81.5
0.9 3 6.9 22.5 12.9 42.5 18.9 62 24.9 81.5
1 .o 3.5 7 .O 23 13.0 42.5 19.0 62.5 2 5eO 82
1 .I 305 7 .1 23.5 13.1 43 19.1 62.5 25.1 82.5
1.2 4 7.2 23.5 13.2 43.5 19.2 63 25.2 82.5
1.3 4.5 7.3 24 13.3 43.5 19.3 63.5 25.3 83
1.4 4.5 7.4 24.5 13.4 44 19.4 63.5 25.4 83.5
1.5 5 7.5 24.5 13.5 44.5 19.5 64 25.5 83.5
1 .s 5 7.6 25 13.6 44.5 19.6 64.5 25.6 $4
1.7 5.5 7.7 25.5 13.7 45 19.7 64.5 25.7 84.5
1.8 6 7.8 25.5 13.8 45.5 19.8 65 25.8 84.5
1.9 6 7.9 26 13.9 45.5 19.9 65.5 25.9 85
2 .o 6.5 8 .Q 26 14.8 46 20.0 65.5 26 .O 85.5
2.1 7 %.1 26.5 14.1 46.5 20.1 66 26.1 85.5
2.2 7 8.2 27 14.2 46.5 20.2 66.5 26 -2 86
2.3 7.5 8.3 27 14.3 47 20.. 3 66.5 26.3 86.5
2.4 8 8.4 27.5 14.4 47 20.4 6% 26.4 86.5
2.5 8 8.5 28 14.5 47.5 20.5 67.5 26 -5 87
2 .6 8.5 8.6 28 14.6 48 20.6 67.5 26.6 87.5
2.7 9 8.7 28.5 14.7 48 20.7 68 26.7 87.5
2.8 9 8.8 29 14.8 48.5 28.8 68 26.8 88
2.9 9.5 8.9 29 14.9 49 20.9 6 8.5 26.9 88.5
3.O 1Q 9 .o 29.5 15.0 49 21 .0 69 27 .O 88.5
3.1 10 9.1 30 15.1 49.5 21.1 69 27 .I 89
3.2 10.5 9.2 30 15.2 50 21.2 69.5 29.2 89
3.3 11 9.3 30.5 15.3 50 21.3 70 27.3 89.5
304 11 9.4 31 15.4 50.5 21.4 70 27.4 90
3.5 11.5 9.5 31 15.5 51 21.5 70.5 27.5 90
3.6 12 9.6 31.5 15.6 51 21.6 71 27.6 90.5
3.7 12 9.7 32 15.7 51.5 21.7 71 27.7 91
3.8 12.5 9.8 32 15.8 52 21.8 7% .5 27.8 91
3.9 13 9.9 32.5 15.9 52 21.9 72 27.9 91.5
4.0 13 10.0 33 16 .O 52.5 22 .o 72 28.0 92
4.1 13.5 10.1 33 16.1 53 22.1 72.5 28.1 92
4.2 14 10.2 33.5 16.2 53 22 02 73 28.2 92.5
4.3 14 10.3 34 16 -3 53.5 22.3 73 28.3 93
404 14.5 10.4 34 16.4 54 22.4 73.5 28.4 93
4.5 15 10.5 34.5 16.5 54 22.5 74 28.5 93.5
4.6 15 10.6 35 16.6 54.5 22.6 74 28.6 94
407 15.5 10.7 35 16.7 55 22.7 74.5 28.7 94
4.8 15.5 10.8 35.5 16.8 55 22.8 75 28.8 94.5
4.9 16 10.9 36 16.9 55.5 22.9 75 28.9 95
5 .O 16.5 11 .o 36 17 .O 56 23.0 75.5 29 .O 95
5.1 17 11.1 36.5 17 .I 56 23.1 76 29.1 95.5
5.2 17 11.2 36.5 17.2 56.5 23.2 76 29.2 96
5.3 17.5 11.3 37 17.3 57 23.3 76.5 29.3 96
5.4 17.5 11.4 37.5 17.4 57 23.4 77 29.4 96.5
505 18 11.5 37.5 17.5 57 05 23.5 77 29.5 97
5.6 18.5 11.6 38 17.6 57.5 23.6 77.5 29.6 97
507 18.5 11.7 38.5 17.7 58 23.7 78 29.7 97.5
5.8 19 11.8 38.5 17.8 58.5 23.8 78 29.8 98
5.9 19.5 11.9 39 17.9 58.5 23.9 78.5 29.9 98
6 .O 19.5 12.0 39.5 18.0 59 24.0 7 8.5 30 .o 98.5

88
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grainedsediments.Rep.Natl.Res.Counc. The effects of late Pleistocene and Holocene
Washington,1935-36.App. 1, Rep.Comm. sea level changes in the vicinityof the River
Sedimentation, pp. 18 4 7. Crouch, east Essex.Proc. Geol.Assoc.,
Vol.82, Part 3, pp. 301-321.
AMBROSE,J.D.1973a.Thesandandgravel
r e s o u r c e s of the country around Maldon, --1973. Holocene t r a n s g r e s s i o n s
Essex: Description of 1:25 000 r e s o u r c e s h e e t and regressions on the Essex coast, outer
TL80.Rep.Inst.Geol.Sci., No. 73/1, 60 pp. ThamesEstuary.Geol.Mijnb.,Vole 52,
NO. 4, pp.193-202.
1973b. The sand and gravel resources
of the country around Layer Breton and GRUHN, R., BRYAN, A. L. and MOSS, A, J.
Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex: Description of 1974. A contribution to Pleistocene chronology
1:25 000 resource sheet TL 91 and part of in south-east Essex, England. Quaternary
TL 90. Rep.Inst.Geol.Sci., No. 73/8, 34pp. Res., Vol. 4., pp. 53-71.

ARCHER,A.A. 1969. Backgroundandproblems HARRIS, P.M.,THURRELL,R.G., HEALING,

of a n a s s e s s m e n t of sand and gravel resources R.A.andARCHER,A.A.1974.Aggregates
in the United Kingdom. Proc. 9th Commonw. inBritain.Proc. R. SOC.,A 339,pp. 329-
Min.Metall.Congr., Vol. 2, Miningand 353.
Petroleum Geology.(London:Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy), pp. 495-508. HOLLYER,S.E.1978.Thesand
and gravel resources of the country north and
1970a. Standardisation of the size e a s t of Southend-on-Sea, Essex: Description
classification of naturally occurring particles. of p a r t s of TQ 88/89, 98/99, TR 08/09. Miner.
Ggotechnique,Vol. 20, pp.103-207. Assess. Rep.Inst.Geol.Sci.Na.36, 2 1 2 pp.

1970b. Making the most of metrication. LAKE,R.D.,ELLISON,R.A.,HOLLYER,S.E.

Q u a r r y M g r s ' J., Vol. 54, pp. 223-227. and SIMMONS, M. 1977. Buriedchannel
deposits in the south-east Essex area; their
ATTERBERG, A. 1905.Dierationelle bearing on Pleistocene palaeogeography.
KlassifikationderSandeundKiese.Chem. Z., Rep.Inst.Geol.Sci., No. 7 7 / 2 1 , 13 pp.
Vol. 29, pp.195-198.
LANE,E.W.andothers.1947.Report of the
BRITISHSTANDARD 1965.Aggregatesfor subcommittee on sediment terminology. Trans.
granolithic concrete floor finishes. Br. Stand., Am.Geophys.Union,Vol.28,pp. 936-938.
No. BS1201,8pp.
LEA,F.M.1970.TheChemistry of Cement
1967. Methods for sampling and testing and Concrete. (Third Edition) (Edward Arnold
of mineral aggregates, sand and fillers. (Publishers) Ltd. ) p. 565.
Br. Stand., No. BS812,104pp.
MILNER,H.B.1945.Thenaturalhistory of
1967.Methods of testing soils.for gravel. Part 2. Distribution of gravel in
civil engineering purposes. Br. Stand., EnglandandWales.Essex.Cem.Lime
No. BS 1377,233pp. Gravel, Vol. 1 9 . No. 1 2 . DD. 4 2 9 4 3 8 .

1967. Specification for gravel aggregates PETTIJOHN, F. J. 1957. SedimentaryRocks

f o r surface treatment (including surface (Second Edition) (London: Harper and Row),
dressings) on roads. Br. Stand., No. BS1984,
8 PP. THURRELL,R. G. 1971.Theassessment of
m i n e r a l r e s g u r c e s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c eto
BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. sand and gravel. Quarry Mgrs' J,, Vol. 55,
1948. Mineral Resources of the United States pp. 19-25.
(Bur. Mines and Geol. Surv. ) (Washington,
D. C. : P u b l i c A f f a i r s P r e s s ) , pp. 14-17. TWENHOFEL, W.H. 1937.Terminology of the
fine-grained mechanical sediments. Rep. Natl,
DAVIES, M.C.andothers.1965.Records of Res.Counc.Washington1936-37.App. 1.
wells in the area of New Series one-inch Rep.Comm.Sedimentation,pp. 81-104.
(geological) Epping (240), Chelmsford (241)
and Brightlingsea (242) sheets. Wat. Supply UDDEN, J.A.1914.Mechanicalcomposition of
Pap.Geol.Surv.G.B.,WellCatalog.Ser. clastic sediments.Bull.Geol.SOC.Am.,
pp. 1-23. Vol.25,pp. 655-744.

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WENTWORTH, C.K. 1 9 2 2 . A scale of gradeand
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Vol.30,pp. 377-392.

1935. The terminology of c o a r s e

sediments.Bull. Matl. Res.Counc,
Washington, No. 98,pp. 225-246.

Dd 595761K8_
Printed in England for Her Majesty's Stationery
Office by Commercial Colour Press, London

90
The following reports of the Institute relate particularly to 19 The sand and gravel resources of the country south of
bulk mineral resources Gainsborough, Lincolnshire: Resource sheet SK 88 and part
ofSK78. J. H. Lovell.
Reports of the Institute of Geological Sciences ISBN 0 11880750 1 E2.50
Assessment of British Sand and Gravel Resources 20 The sand and gravel resources of the country east of
Newark upon Trent,Nottinghamshire: Resource sheetSK 85
1 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country south-east
of ISBN 0 11 880751 X E2.75
Norwich, Norfolk: Resource sheetT G 20. E. F. P. Nickless.
Report71/20ISBN 0 11880216 El. 15 21 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Thames and Kennet
Valleys, the country
around Pangbourne, Berkshire: Resource
2 The sand and gravel resources of the country around sheet SU 67. H. C. Squirrell.
Witham, Essex: Resource sheet T L 81. H. J. E. Haggard. ISBN 0 11880752 8f3.25
Report72/6ISBN 0 11880588 6 E1.20
22 The sand and gravel resources of the country north-west
3 The sand and gravel resourcesof the areasouth andwest of of Scunthorpe, Humberside: Resource sheet SE 81.
Woodbridge, Suffolk: Resource sheet TM 24. R. Allender J. W. C. James.
and S. E. Hollyer. ISBN 0 118807536E3.00
Report72/9ISBN 0 11 880596 7 f1.70
23 The sand and gravel resources of the Thames Valley, the
4 The sand and gravel resources of the country around country between Lechlade and Standlake: Resource sheet
Maldon, Essex: Resource sheet T L 80. J. D. Ambrose. SP 30 and parts of SP 20, SU 29 and SU 39. P. Robson.
Report 73/1ISBN 0 11880600 9 E1.20 ISBN 0 11881252 1 E7.25
5 The sand and gravel resources of the country around 24 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
Hethersett, Norfolk: Resource sheet T G 10. Aldermaston, Berkshire: Parts of resource sheets SLJ 56 and
E. F. P. Nickless. SU 66. H. C. Squirrell.
Report 73/4ISBN 0 11 880606 8 E1.60 ISBN 0 11881253 X E5.00
6 The sand and gravel resources of the country around 25 The celestite resources of the area north-east of Bristol:
Terling, Essex: Resource sheet TL 71. C. H. Eaton. Resource sheetST 68 and parts of ST 59,69,79,58,78,68 and
Report73/5ISBN 0 11880608 4 E1.20 77. E. F. P. Nickless, S. J. Booth and P. N. Mosley.
7 The sand and gravel resourcesof the countryaround Layer ISBN 0 11881262 9 E5.00
Breton and TolleshuntD’Arcy, Essex: Resource sheetT L 91 26 The limestone and dolomite resources of the country
and part of T L 90. J. D. Ambrose. around Monyash, Derbyshire: Resource sheet SK 16.
Report 7318ISBN 0 11990614 9f1.30 F. C. Cox and D. McC. Bridge.
8 The sand and gravel resources of the country around ISBN 0 11881263 7f7.00
Shotley and Felixstowe, Suffolk: Resource sheet TM 23. 27 . The sand and gravel resources of the country west and
R. Allender and S. E. Hollyer. south of Lincoln, Lincolnshire: Resource sheetsSK 95, SK 96
Report 73/13ISBN 0 11880625 4El.60 and SK 97. I. Jackson.
9 The sand and gravel resources of the country around ISBN 0 11884003 7 f6.00
Attlebridge, Norfolk: Resource sheet TG 11. 28 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
E. F. P. Nickless. Eynsham, Oxfordshire: Resource sheet SP 40 and part of
Report73/15ISBN 0 1 1 880658 0 El.85 SP 41.W. J. R. Harries.
10 The sand and gravel resources of the country west of ISBN 0 1 1 884012 6 f3.00
Colchester, Essex: Resource sheet TL 92. J. D. Ambrose. 29 The sand and gravel resources of the country south-west
Report 74/6ISBN 0 11 880671 8 E1.45 of Scunthorpe, Humberside: Resource sheet SE 80.
11 The sand and gravel resources of the country around J. H. Lovell.
Tattingstone, Suffolk: Resource sheetTM 13. S. E. Hollyer. ISBN 0 118840134 f3.50
Report74/9ISBN 0 11 880675 0 f1.95 30 Procedure for the assessment of limestone resources. F. C.
12 The sand and gravel resources of the country around Cox, D. McC. Bridge and J. H. Hull.
Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire: Resource sheets SU 99, ISBN 0 11 8840304f1.25
TQ 08 and TQ 09. H. C. Squirrell. 31 The sand and gravel resources of the country west of
Report 74/14ISBN 0 11880710 2 E2.20 Newark upon Trent,Nottinghamshire. Resource sheet SK 75.
D. Price and P. J.Rogers.
Mineral Assessment Reports ISBN 0 11884031 2 E3.50
13 The sand and gravel resources of the country east of 32 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
Chelmsford, Essex: Resource sheet TL 70.M. R. Clark. Sonning and Henley. Resource sheets SU 77 and SU 78.
ISBN 0 11 880744 7f3.50 H. C. Squirrell.
14 The sand and gravel resources of the country east of ISBN 0 11884032 0 E5.25 ,
Colchester, Essex: Resource sheet TM 02. J. D. Ambrose. 33 The sand and gravel resources of the country north of
ISBN 0 1 1 880745 5 E3.25 Gainsborough. Resource sheet SK89. J. Gozzard and
15 The sand and gravel resources of the country around D. Price.
Newton on Trent, Lincolnshire: Resource sheet SK 87. ISBN 0 11884033 9E4.50
D. Price. 34 The sand and gravel resources of the Dengie Peninsula,
ISBN 0 11880746 3 E3.00 Essex: Resource sheet T L 90, etc. M. B. Simmons.
16 The sand and gravel resources of the country around ISBN 0 11884081 9 L5.00
Braintree, Essex: Resource sheet TL 72,.M. R. Clark. 35 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
ISBN 0 1 1 880747 1 f3.50 Darvel: Sheets NS 53,63, etc. E. F. P. Nickless, A. M. Aitken
17 The sand and gravel resources of the country around and A. A. McMillan.
Besthorpe, Nottinghamshire: Resource sheetSK 86 and part ISBN 0 11884082 7 E7.00
ofSK76. J. R. Gozzard. 36 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
ISBN 0 11 880748 X E3.00 Southend-on-Sea, Essex: Resource sheetsTQ 78/79 etc.
18 The sand and gravel resources of the Thames Valley, the S. E. Hollyer and M. B. Simmons.
country around Cricklade, Wiltshire: Resource sheets ISBN 0 11 8840835E7.50
SU 09/19 and parts of SP 00/10. P. R. Robson.
ISBN 0 11 8807498E3.00
37 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
Bawtry, South Yorkshire: Resource sheet SK 69.
A. R. Clayton.
ISBN 0 11 884053 3 f5.75
38 The sand and gravel resources of the country around
Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Resource sheetsSU 49,59 and SP 40,
50. C. E. Corser.
ISBN 0 11884084 3f5.50

Reports of the Institute of Geological Sciences

Other Reports
69/9 Sand and gravel resources of the inner Moray
Firth. A. L. Harris and J. D. Peacock.
ISBN 0 11 880106 635p
7014 Sands and gravels of the southern counties of
Scotland. G. A. Goodlet.
ISBN 0 11880105 8 9Op
72/8 The use and resources of moulding sand in Northern
Ireland. R. A. Old.
ISBN 0 1 1 881594 0 30p
73/9 The superficial depositsof the Firth of Clyde and its sea
lochs. C. E. Deegan, R. Kirby, I. Rae and R. Floyd.
ISBN 0 11 880617 3 95p
77/1 Sources of aggregate in Northern Ireland (2nd
edition). I. B. Cameron.
ISBN 0 11881279 3 70p
7712 Sand and gravel resources of the Grampian Region.
J. D. Peacock and others.
ISBN 0 1 1 881282 3 80p
7715 Sand and gravel resources of the Fife Region.
M. A. E. Browne.
ISBN 0 11 884004 560p
77/6 Sand and gravel resources of the Tayside Region.
I. B. Paterson.
ISBN 0 1 1 884008 8 f1.40
7718 Sand and gravel resources of the Strathclyde
Region. I. B. Cameron and others.
ISBN 0 11884028 2f2.50
7719 Sand and gravel resources of the Central Region,
Scotland. M. A. E. Browne.
ISBN 0 11 8840169f1.35
77/19 Sand and gravel resources of the Borders Region of
Scotland. A.D.McAdam.
ISBN 0 1 1 8840258 fl.00
77/22 Sand and gravel resources of the Dumfries and
GallowayRegion of Scotland. I. B. Cameron.
ISBN 0 11884021 5 f1.20
7811 Sand and gravel resources of the Lothian Region of
Scotland. A. D.McAdam.
ISBN 0 11884042 8 fl.00