1.
1 Four ways for defining a function
Notation:
The set D is called the domain and
the set is called the codomain of the function .
The collection of all images of is called the range.
Remark: The range of is the set .
Think of a function as a machine that converts each in to in .
We call the input variable the independent variable and we denote by
and call it the dependent variable.
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Example
Which of the following is a function and which of them is not? If it is a function, find its range.
a)
b)
c)
In Calculus, we only consider functions for which D and E are sets of real numbers
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Representing functions graphically
Example:
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Example:
(c) Estimate the roots for .
(d) For what values of is
(e) Use the graph to find the domain and range of
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Conic Sections
In this part we introduce of circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas and give their
standard equations. They are called conic sections, or conics, because they result from
intersecting a cone with a plane as shown in the following figure.
Circles
A circle of radius 𝑟 and center (𝑎, 𝑏) has equation (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟 .
In particular, if 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑟 = 1 then the circle is called the unit circle.
Exercise:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 .
a) Sketch the graph of 𝑓
b) Find the domain and the range of 𝑓 using the graph
Ellipses
• Centered at (0,0) with major axis being the x-axis.
• Centered at (0,0) with major axis being the y-axis.
• When a = b, the ellipse becomes a circle.
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Parabolas
• Parabolas opening upward.
• Parabolas opening downward.
• Parabolas opening to the right.
• Parabolas opening to the left.
Hyperbolas
• Hyperbolas opening up-and-down.
• Hyperbolas opening right-and-left.
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Exercises
Sketch the graph of each of the following equations.
1) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0.
2) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
3) 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0.
4) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0.
5) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4.
6) 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 4.
7) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4.
8) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 4.
The vertical line test
Example
Example
Example
The upper half and the lower half of the unit circle are represent functions of
while the unit circle is not a function.
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while the unit circle is not a function.
Example
The upper half and the lower half of the parabola represent functions of
while the parabola itself is not a function.
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Piecewise defined functions
Functions that are defined by different formulas in different parts of their
domains are called piecewise defined functions.
Example:
Let
1) State the values of
2) Sketch the graph of
3) Find the domain and the range of
Solution:
1) , ,
2) The graph of
3) The domain of is , the range of is
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Example:
Find an expression for the function whose graph is the following
curve, then find its domain and range.
Solution
The domain of is and the range is
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The absolute value
The absolute value of any real number is given by
Example:
Let be the function defined by
1) Sketch the graph of
2) Find the range of
Solution:
1)
2) The range of is
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Example
Sketch the graph of
then find its range.
Solution
and
Thus,
Its range is
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Facts and properties
Let , be real numbers and , then
1)
2)
3) , whenever
4)
5) or
6)
7) or
Example
Find all values of such that
1)
2)
3)
Solution
1) or or
2)
3) or or
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The natural domain
When the rule of a function is given but the domain is not mentioned, then we assume that has the natural
domain. It is the set of all real numbers such that is a well defined real value.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Solution
1) The domain of
2) The domain of
3) The domain of
4) The domain of
5) The domain of
6) The domain of
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Symmetry
Even and Odd Functions
Remark
⚫ The definitions of even and odd functions assume implicitly that both are in the domain of
⚫ The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the Since a point lies on the
graph if and only if the point lies on the graph. A reflection across the leaves the graph unchanged.
⚫ The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin Since a point lies on
the graph if and only if the point lies on the graph. Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin if a rotation of
about the origin leaves the graph unchanged.
Example
1) Let be an integer. Then is an even function when is even and is an odd function when is odd.
2) is an even function.
3) is an even function and is an odd function.
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3) is an even function and is an odd function.
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Facts about odd and even functions
1) The product (or quotient) of any two even functions is an even
function.
2) The product (or quotient) of any two odd functions is an even
function.
3) The product (or quotient) of an even function and an odd function
is an odd function.
4) The sum (or difference) of any two even functions is an even
function.
5) The sum (or difference) any two odd functions is an odd function.
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Exercises
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