Design of Partially

Prestressed Concrete
Structures Based on
Swiss Experiences

Hugo Bachmann
Dr. Sc. Techn.
Professor of Structural Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich, Switzerland

A
characteristic feature of partially proached the idea from the other direc-
prestressed concrete is the fact tion: of the wires required for the ulti-
that cracking is tolerated to a certain mate moment of pretensioned elements,
extent under working load conditions. he would either tension only a part of
This cracking is the consequence of pre- them to their full capacity, or all of them
compressing the tension zone of a beam to an initial prestress well below that
or a slab to a degree deliberately less normally utilized in prestressing. The
than that required for full prestress. By design was verified by checking con-
doing so, the unfavorable side effects of crete stresses, obtained from the as-
full prestressing, such as severe creep, sumption of the section being un-
substantial loss of prestress and large cracked, against fictitiously high per-
upward deflection (camber), can be con- missible tensile stresses for the con-
siderably reduced or avoided altogether. crete.
Fine and well distributed cracks, on the Today, the term partially prestressed
other hand, are usually harmless. concrete denotes primarily post-ten-
In 1939, Emperger' suggested that or- sioned structures with a more or less ar-
dinary reinforced structures be provided bitrary ratio of prestressing steel and or-
with additional prestressing wires to at- dinary nonprestressed mild steel. Usu-
tain finer cracks. In 1945, Abeles 2 ap- ally, the prestressing steel is tensioned

84
to the same initial prestress as it would
be for fully prestressed concrete. The Synopsis
stresses and strains are calculated for
combined bending and axial load (the This paper is based on the Swiss
prestressing force) assuming the section experiences with partial prestressing
to be cracked. However, pretensioned and reflects both research and design
members may also be partially pre- practice. This experience has been
stressed. gained primarily with post-tensioned
Papers on partial prestressing have structures and began in 1968.
become more numerous in recent years. A simple method of design is pro-
Literature in English has been compiled posed that allows a smooth transition
in Ref. 3 and a survey of the state of the from reinforced to fully prestressed
art is given in Refs. 4 and 5. Most of concrete. Depending on the area of
these papers present theoretical re- prestressing steel selected, the area
search work or deal with suggested de- of additional nonprestressed mild
sign procedures for statically determi- steel must be varied.
nate structures. Major emphasis is given to the
Less well known in English speaking meticulous detailing of nonpre-
countries is that as early as 1968, partial stressed reinforcement (and espe-
prestressing became an official design cially to narrow bar spacings) to en-
practice in Switzerland. The Swiss Code sure serviceability and crack width
SIA 1626 provided efficient rules for the limitations.
design of statically determinate as well In addition, the desirability of in-
as indeterminate structures in buildings, cluding a certain minimum amount of
highway and railway bridges. This de- nonprestressed reinforcement, even
velopment was based, among other fac- for fully prestressed structures, is em-
tors, on certain design concepts' as well phasized and the influence of the de-
as on theoretical and practical investi- gree of prestress on some key pa-
gations8.9 which had been completed or rameters is discussed. Finally, the de-
were in progress at the Institute of sign method is illustrated with an
Structural Engineering of the Swiss example of a three-span continuous
Federal Institute of Technology in highway bridge.
Zurich (ETH). Since that time, the
majority of prestressed structures in
Switzerland have been designed ac-
cording to these rules. Full prestressing ENGINEER'S VIEWPOINT
is now used only in exceptional cases.
Experience with partial prestressing For a better understanding and ap-
has been overwhelmingly positive, and preciation of the suggestions made later
no cases of damage attributable to par- in this paper a few important prelimi-
tial prestressing are known. On the con- nary remarks need to be made. To arrive
trary, repetition of some of the earlier at a good engineering structure the fol-
cases of damage due to using too high a lowing requirements and priorities must
prestress has been avoided. be fulfilled:
The following presentation covers 1. Sound overall concept
both statically determinate and inde- 2. Good detailing
terminate post-tensioned structures 3. High quality workmanship
with bonded tendons. Some of the prin- 4. Sufficient design calculations
ciples can also be applied to precast Today (perhaps because of the advent
pretensioned members (see later dis- of the computer), an unfortunate ten-
cussion). dency prevails in overemphasizing de-

PCI JOURNAUJuly-August 1984 85

 sign calculations and underrating the section because, in general, under ser-
other aspects, in particular Points 2 and vice loads, cracking does not signifi-
1. Often there is an erroneous belief that cantly affect the moment distribution.
sophisticated design methods will yield The same philosophy used in the de-
better structures. But quite the contrary, sign procedure also proves valuable in
such methods often run the risk of blind code regulations, which should give
faith in formulas without achieving a clearcut principles and be easy to apply.
really sound structure and, con- They should not try to replace en-
sequently, lead to endless calculations gineering judgment but emphasize the
with the increased likelihood of grave responsibility of the designer.
mistakes, especially in terms of struc- The chapter treating partial pre-
tural detailing. stressing in the Swiss Code s contains
Moreover, complicated design just 600 words and no formulas. Experi-
methods may well hamper the progress ence with it since 1968 has shown that
of the art. An example of this is partially simple and clearcut code provisions
prestressed concrete. The author is con- lead to a wide acceptance of partial pre-
vinced that the design procedure for stressing.
partially prestressed concrete structures
can and must be simple. Otherwise,
partial prestressing is not likely to be-
DECOMPRESSION MOMENT
come accepted in practice.
With this in mind, the following sim- The applied moment capacity before
ple design procedure for partially pre- tensile stresses would be developed in a
stressed members and structures is prestressed cross section is equal to the
suggested. It is oriented toward the so-called decompression moment MoeC
needs of the practicing engineer. Sev- This can be practically defined as the
eral assumptions and approximations bending moment which, combined with
will be introduced, which are found to the action of the effective prestressing
be sensible and justified with regard to force after shrinkage and creep of con-
the design task as a whole. For ex- crete and relaxation of prestressing
ample: steel, Pe , produces zero concrete stress
1. Since the initial prestress may dif- at the extreme fiber of a section at which
fer by as much as 10 percent from the tensile stresses are caused by applied
design value (because of the scatter of loads (Fig. 1).
anchorage and friction losses), there is For statically indeterminate struc-
no need to make a precise computation tures, the secondary moment due to pre-
of the decompression force. (This term stressing, Mp,, must be taken into ac-
will be explained later in the pa- count. This value depends on several
per.) It is sufficiently accurate to take parameters such as the variation of ec-
the decompression force as the effective centricity and the magnitude of the pre-
prestressing force, Pe . This is deter- stressing force along the structure, its
mined by considering concrete strain support conditions, and other situations.
due to creep and shrinkage as would be
done for a fully prestressed
member.12.17 DEGREE OF PRESTRESS
2. Similarly, the decompression mo-
ment can be calculated approximately The degree of prestress provides a
and expressed in terms ofPe. measure of the intensity to which a cross
3. The analysis of indeterminate section is prestressed. Prestressed sec-
structures for dead and live load may tions have a decisive advantage over
reasonably be based on an uncracked nonprestressed sections in that their be-

86
 A. STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

f (Pe) f(MDec) f(Pe+MDec)

MDec + =N
Pe—^^ fc = 0
DUE TO PRESTRESS

B. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

f (Pe) f(M Ps ) f(MDec) f(Pe+MPs+MDec)

M Ps^ M Dec + + _

Pe fc = 0
DUE TO PRESTRESS

Fig. 1. Definition of decompression moment.

havior is more favorable under service MDec (1)

conditions (especially crack width and M 0 +L
deflections). At the ultimate limit state,
however, no substantial difference where
exists. An appropriate definition of the M DeC = decompression moment as
degree of prestress should therefore defined above
take into account the effects of prestress M D +L = moment due to total service
under service conditions. load, i.e., dead load D plus
The following definition of the degree live load L
of prestress K has been used by the au- Thus, the degree of prestress K repre-
thor since the late sixties. 9 Another dif- sents that portion of the total service
ferentiation can be made between the load moment for which the section is
service load degree of prestress K and the prestressed. A value of K = 0 means no
permanent load degree of prestress K. prestressing, i.e., ordinary reinforced
concrete, whereas a K = 1 corresponds to
Service Load Degree of Prestress full prestressing. The parameter K also
For both statically determinate and represents that portion of the effect of
indeterminate structures the service the total service load which is compen-
load degree of prestress K at a given sated by the effect of prestressing in the
cross section is defined as: cross section considered.

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 87

Permanent Load Degree of SMOOTH TRANSITION FROM
Prestress REINFORCED TO FULLY
For certain purposes it may be conve- PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
nient to use the permanent load degree
of prestress R which is defined as: During the years when only ordinary
reinforced concrete and fully pre-
K =
M Dec (2) stressed concrete were in use, it ap-
MD peared justifiable to use quite different
design methods for the two methods of
where
construction. With the introduction of
M Dec = decompression moment as
partial prestressing, such a differentia-
defined above
tion appears to serve no useful purpose.
MD = moment due to dead or per- A modem design method must enable a
manent load D
smooth transition from nonprestressed
If the cross section is prestressed to
through partially prestressed to fully
the degree R = 1, zero stress in the ex-
prestressed concrete: a design method,
treme tension fiber is attained for the
in fact, for any degree of prestress.
effect of dead load plus prestress. Then
Consequently, the method must pre-
the cross section is just fully prestressed
sent a unified approach to reinforced,
for permanent loads.
partially prestressed, and fully pre-
Obviously, the definitions of the de-
stressed concrete structures for both ul-
gree of prestress K and R are primarily
timate and serviceability limit states.
valuable for beam structures, where the
The method developed by the author
decompression moment can be easily
and presented below meets these re-
calculated. For slabs, such as flat slabs
quirements.
with column strip prestressing, 13 other
definitions of the degree of prestress
may be appropriate. DESIGN METHOD
The aim of the design method is to
Relevance of the Degree of determine the longitudinal prestressed
Prestress and nonprestressed (mild steel) rein-
The definitions of the decompression forcement in the governing cross sec-
moment and of the degree of prestress tions of a partially prestressed concrete
are not only of theoretical significance beam structure so as to fulfill the ulti-
but also of practical importance. The mate and serviceability requirements.
definition of the degree of prestress K The shear design and other aspects are
can be useful, for instance, in comparing not considered here.
sections with different proportions of It is important to note that the main
prestressed and nonprestressed steel, or ideas of the design method are inde-
for other parametric studies. pendent of any particular code. Most of
From a practical viewpoint, for some the basic data, such as load factors, re-
types of structures a certain value of K sistance factor (or capacity reduction
may be always most economical and factor), material constants, etc., can be
lead to an acceptable service behavior. taken from any code. For the design
In such cases, K (or R) serves as a proven example given in Appendix A, these
value and gives the designer a very basic values are taken from the Swiss
useful guide. Nevertheless, in many Code.6
practical design situations the value of It is assumed that all concrete dimen-
the decompression moment and the de- sions of the structure are known. In
gree of prestress need not be calculated. normal cases, as a first approach, the

88
same concrete dimensions as for an nonprestressed mild steel reinforce-
analogous fully prestressed structure can ment.
be taken. Furthermore, it is assumed (e) Miscellaneous factors.
that all material constants of concrete, One or a combination of the above
prestressed steel and nonprestressed factors may be decisive in the choice of
(mild) steel are known, and that the the decompression moment and thus to
moments due to vertical dead and live the degree of prestress in the governing
loads have been calculated. cross sections.
The proper design of an engineered In many cases, the first choice of the
structure is usually not a straightforward desired decompression moment MDeC
process. Iteration loops may be neces- can be based on the bending moment
sary. This is also true for the design of due to permanent load, Mo. For build-
partially prestressed concrete struc- ings, M DeC — M D is a common choice.
tures. However, to make the design pro- This corresponds to a permanent load
cedure as clear as possible, only the degree of prestress of k = 1. For high-
main design steps and no eventual iter- way bridges a similar or slightly higher
ation loops are presented below. value of MDeC may be appropriate.
As mentioned above, the first chosen
value of M DeC can change during the
Step 1 — Choice of moment for subsequent design process. For instance
which section must be prestressed in continuous beams, the resulting value
In partially prestressed concrete Of M De C in a certain cross section may be
structures the engineer can choose the influenced by other practical consid-
prestressed and nonprestressed rein- erations at the same section or at other
forcement in such a way that construc- governing cross sections.
tion is made easier when compared with In some cases, instead of choosing
fully prestressed structures. The reason M DeC it may be appropriate to start with

for this is the considerable freedom of the desired balancing radial forces u of
design, allowed particularly for the parabolically curved tendons. They are
choice of the size, number and location commonly related to the permanent or
of the prestressing tendons. dead load D. Often u = 0.8 D is chosen,
In continuous beams, for instance, the which corresponds to K = 1.0.
size and length of the tendons can be
chosen from a practical viewpoint. For
Step 2 — Design of prestressed
example, the same tendons can be used
for more than one span or even the en-
reinforcement
tire length of the structure. In the second step, the necessary ini-
In addition, the choice of the moment tial prestressing force in the governing
for which a section must be prestressed, cross sections is calculated for the
i.e., the decompression moment, is often adapted moment M DeC by the usual pro-
highly influenced by engineering judg- cedures for prestressed concrete, e.g.,
ment for a given situation such as: P _ 1 MDeC + M P8 (3)
(a) Durability, e.g., no cracks under
` rl e +k
permanent load over intermediate sup-
ports of a continuous girder bridge. where
(b) Economic conditions, e.g., the P{ = initial prestressing force in
ratio of the price of prestressing steel to cross section considered (after
the price of nonprestressed steel. deducting friction losses)
(c) Deformation and fatigue consid- = estimated reduction
erations. factor for prestressing force P,
(d) Minimum required amount of accounting for losses due to

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 89

 1P !s

AP AD fPY
A sAs•fsY

Fig. 2. Stress resultants at ultimate limit state.

shrinkage and creep of con- nonprestressed reinforcement A 8 is de-

crete and relaxation of pre- termined from the nominal moment
stressing steel: 71 may vary strength needed (Fig. 2):
from 0.8 to0.9, with q-^0.9for
M. = Ap fn8Jn + A J.
k--1and7)=0.8forR>>1. J8 (4)
e = eccentricity of prestressing and
force measured from centroid
of uncracked concrete section.
118
= M. — A vf j9 (5)
The distance of the centroid of favis
tendons from the extreme ten-
where
sion fiber must be estimated
M„ = nominal moment strength at
first; see design example in
section needed to fulfill the
Appendix A.
basic requirements for strength
k distance from centroid of un-
design. Note that M„ must be
cracked section to the kern
calculated with the safety fac-
limit opposite to the line of ac-
tors of the applied code (load
tion of the prestressing force,
factors and resistance factor or
e.g., top kern limit when pre-
capacity reduction factor), tak-
stressing force is on bottom
ing into account the estimated
side of member.
or calculated value of MP8 in
Mp8 = secondary moment due to pre-
statically indeterminate struc-
stress as defined previously.
tures (see design example in
For the initial calculation of Pi
Appendix A).
an estimate will be adequate
fps = specified yield strength of pre-
(see design example in Ap-
stressed reinforcement
pendix A).
= specified yield strength of non-
Based on the prestressing force P, the prestressed reinforcement
percentage of friction losses and the j, = internal lever arm from cen-
permissible initial stress of the tendon troid of prestressed reinforce-
steel at the jacking end, the required ment to line of action of com-
area of prestressed reinforcement A, can pression force
be calculated and the appropriate ten- j$ = internal lever arm from cen-
don size can be chosen (see design troid of nonprestressed rein-
example in Appendix A). forcement to line of action of
compression force
Step 3— Design of nonprestressed With some experience, the location of
reinforcement the compression force:

In the third step, the required area of C = A Pfp. + A B.f^, (6)

90
 E
N/mm ZN/mm2

a 300 300
E BENDING
ae /t = 1.0
200 200
U)
U)
w
c
H-
100 UNIFORM 100
w TENSION
m Oe/t = 0 0e/t = 0.5

0 0
W 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 mm
°- BAR SPACING s
Fig. 3. Reference stress for crack width limitation as a function of spacing of
reinforcement according to Draft Swiss Code SIA 162, August 1983. (Conversion
factors: 100 mm — 4 in., 200 N/mm 2 = 30 ksi.)

and hence the magnitude of the lever a minimum amount of nonprestressed

arms of the internal forces, j,, and j3 , can reinforcement is necessary (see next
be estimated with reasonable accuracy main section in report).
or may be calculated by iteration.
Step 5 — Crack width limitation
Step 4 — Meticulous detailing of An experienced designer will often be
nonprestressed reinforcement able to detail carefully the nonpre-
The next, and often last, design step stressed reinforcement without any
concerns the detailing of the nonpre- further computation. However, for
stressed reinforcement. The following structures with stringent requirements
factors must be considered: some doubt concerning the maximum
(a) The closest possible spacing of permissible bar spacing may arise. For
bars compatible with the placing of con- such cases, the following procedure for
crete must be chosen so that under total determining the maximum bar spacing
service load, cracks which occur are for sufficient crack width limitation may
only small and well distributed. Close be followed.
spacing of bars (and in girders also close This is based on the new draft of the
spacing of stirrups) leads to a narrow Swiss Code SIA 162, dated August 1983.
mesh of reinforcement near the surface, The chart in Fig. 3 has been reproduced
which significantly improves the quality from this draft code. The abscissa gives
of the structure. the bar spacings (bonded tendons are to
(b) Even for high degrees of prestress, be included, i.e., one tendon corre-

PCI JOURNAUJuIy-August 1984 91

 f

• JJN ae = t

s S

-^Islt
Jae J
Maximum : ae = 0.20 m

Fig. 4 Effective concrete tension zone for calculating

the stress gradient index a elt (according to Draft Swiss
Code SIA 162, August 1983).

sponds to one bar). The ordinate gives sidered [maximum a e = 0.20 m

the permissible stress in the nonpres- (8 in.)]
tressed reinforcement ff,p ,., and the t = height of concrete tension zone
permissible stress increase in the pre- under relevant bending moment
stressed reinforcement 1 fp,Perm, re- and axial load (see below) as-
spectively. suming an uncracked cross sec-
The diagram is intended for use in the tion
case of"stringent requirements." These O k = bar diameter
correspond to an average crack width of The above proposition implies that
0.15 mm (0.006 in.). For other values of the stress in the nonprestressed rein-
crack widths similar diagrams can be forcement f8 and the stress increase in
developed. The upper curve in Fig. 3 is the prestressed reinforcement A fp , cal-
valid when the tensile flexural stress culated at the cracked cross section,
gradient across the section being con- should not exceed the permissible value
sidered is steep (e.g., through a solid given in Fig. 3. The values f8 and A fp in
slab). The lower curve is valid when the the cracked cross section can be calcu-
tensile flexural stress gradient is zero, or lated as for sections under combined
in other words, when the section is bending and axial load using the modu-
under practically uniform tension (e.g., a lar ratio n (see Fig. 5).
very thin tension flange of a deep sec- If the crack width limitation is desired
tion). under the action of permanent and live
The stress gradient is represented by load, the bending moment used for the
the ratio ae It defined in Fig. 4 (repro- calculation is MD+L in the case of a stat-
duced from the draft Swiss Code) for ically determinate structure, whereas it
various cross section shapes, in which: is MD+L + MP8 in a statically indetermi-
ae = height of concrete tension zone nate structure. If the crack width limita-
effective for reinforcement con- tion is only desired for permanent load

92
 Pe n• fc

M D+L
M D +L .. Pe .. .
e aft-"

U Pe

fS

Fig. 5. Sectional forces and stress distribution in a cracked cross section (for statically
indeterminate structures, M D+L is substituted by Mo +L + MPs).

or for permanent load plus a part of live standard design aid in engineering of-
load, the bending moment is corre- fices. Both tables and corresponding
spondingly reduced. computer programs are based on the
Note that M P8 must be calculated ac- principles described above (axial load =
cording to the usual procedures for Pe ). The stress calculation may also be
analyzing prestressed concrete struc- done by using tables and computer pro-
tures. As an axial load the prestressing grams as described in Ref. 15 (axial load
force P Q (after all losses) in the tendon = decompression force).
axis may be used, calculated in the usual
manner for fully prestressed concrete,
i.e., neglecting the time-dependent ef- MINIMUM MILD STEEL
fects of the additional nonprestressed REINFORCEMENT EVEN
steel in the flexural tension zone. For a FOR FULL PRESTRESSING
rigorous approach, the decompression
force should be used instead, but the In fully prestressed concrete struc-
error involved in taking the more con- tures containing post-tensioned bonded
venient value of Pe is very small (see tendons, it has often been the practice to
also Refs. 12 and 17). The value of n provide only a very limited amount of
employed in this calculation is not very additional nonprestressed mild steel
critical; a value of n = 10, which is on reinforcement, with the expectation that
the safe side with respect to the result- no substantial tensile stresses will
ing steel stresses, may be used, but n = occur. The fact, however, is that such
7 may also be appropriate. structures are often subject to relatively

f
This procedure of usingP e to calculate high tensile stresses (for instance
8 and 4Nf9 in partially prestressed con- stresses caused by shrinkage and tem-
crete structures has been found to work perature, due to differences between
well in Swiss design practice since the actual and calculated bending mo-
1968. Note that the current Swiss Codes ments in statically indeterminate struc-
limits f8 and A fp in buildings and high- tures, or due to support settlement,
way bridges to 150 N/mm 2 (approx. 22 overloading, and other conditions).
ksi) independent of bar spacing. If in fully prestressed concrete struc-
For calculating ff and A f,, in cracked tures sufficient additional nonpre-
partially prestressed cross sections, ta- stressed reinforcement is not provided,
b1es 14 have been used successfully in they frequently exhibit a very unsatis-
Switzerland during the last 15 years as a factory cracking behavior, e.g., cracks

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 93

occur at large spacings and steel elon- effective forA $,m{n (hatched in
gation concentrates at a few cracks. Fig. 4)
Furthermore, the bending stiffness of The lower values of P., should be
such a cracked zone is thus considerably used for average quality of concrete with
reduced due to the low total content of compressive strengths off,' = 30 N/mm2
reinforcement. (4350 psi) and the higher values for
Partially prestressed structures con- higher quality of concrete with com-
taining a mixture of prestressed and pressive strengths of f, = 40 to 50
nonprestressed reinforcement, by con- N/mm 2 (5600 to 7250 psi).
trast, have a larger total area of rein- (b) The minimum reinforcement must
forcement. This leads to a greater be provided as skin reinforcement using
bending stiffness in the cracked state the closest practicable bar spacing.
and, as a result of the crack distributing (c) In the webs of T-beams and box
effect of the nonprestressed reinforce- girders, the minimum nonprestressed
ment, to an improved cracking behavior. reinforcement may be concentrated to a
Partially prestressed structures, when certain extent close to the extreme ten-
subject to tensile stresses, thus exhibit sion fiber.
in general a more favorable service (d) In sections where the tendons are
performance than analogous more not located near the extreme tension
highly prestressed structures containing fiber (inclined tendons), the nonpre-
relatively small amounts of nonpre- stressed longitudinal reinforcement in
stressed reinforcement. the outer tension zone should be de-
It is, therefore, usually preferable in pre- signed for a tensile force equal to the
stressed structures to reduce the area of shear force at the nearest support due to
prestressed reinforcement, i.e., the de- dead and live load.19
compression moment and degree of pre- The above rules apply for post-
stress, respectively, and to incorporate a tensioned structures using bonded ten-
minimum amount of nonprestressed dons. For pretensioned members the
reinforcement. This steel area may be need for nonprestressed reinforcement
calculated from the condition that the depends on the bond properties of the
reinforcement before yielding must be prestressing steel, provided that non-
able to resist the tensile force which prestressed steel is not needed for ulti-
would crack the concrete in the corre- mate strength. In the case of well dis-
sponding tension zone. tributed deformed thin wires with a di-
In general, the following rules, based ameter up to 7 mm (0.28 in.) as com-
on the author's experience, can also be monly used in Switzerland, additional
used: nonprestressed reinforcement is un-
(a) The area of the nonprestressed necessary. Any cracks which may occur
reinforcement must be at least: will be closely spaced, due to the favor-
Pmtn = 0.3 to 0.4 percent for able bond conditions of the deformed
bending (plates and webs) wires, and only small crack widths may
Amin = 0.6 to 0.8 percent for be expected under service loads.
uniform tension (tension
flanges)
where DEFLECTION CONTROL
Pmin = AB,min IA,, = ratio of minimum
nonprestressed reinforce- For serviceability, in most cases the
ment long-term deflection under permanent
As, m in = area of minimum nonpres- load is of primary interest, not the de-
tressed reinforcement flection under full live load. Partially
A, = area of concrete tension zone prestressed structures show a far more

94
favorable long-term deflection behavior calculated for full live load at the
than either fully prestressed or ordinary cracked cross section. Among all types
reinforced analogous concrete struc- of these structures, deck slabs of high-
tures. way bridges, partially prestressed in the
Fully prestressed structures often transverse direction corresponding to k
show considerable camber because they 1, may be the type of structure most
have been prestressed to compensate for likely to be subject to fatigue loading.
tension due to full live loads. This However, to date no damage due to
camber will not develop in partially pre- fatigue is known.
stressed structures due to the lower Fatigue tests on concrete beams con-
overall prestress. With a judicious taining a mixture of nonprestressed and
choice of the degree of prestress, the prestressed steel 15 have shown that the
stress gradient under permanent load, prestressed steel tends to behave better
i.e., the difference between top and than the nonprestressed steel. The
bottom fiber stresses, can be kept very majority of fatigue failures occurred in
small. Consequently, the long-term de- the nonprestressed steel. This leads to
formations will also be small. the finding that the fatigue problem of
In the large majority of cases met in partially prestressed concrete is not sig-
practice, the degree of prestress is cho- nificantly different from that of ordinary
sen so as to prevent cracking under reinforced concrete.
permanent load (k , = 0.9). Thus, the On the other hand, fatigue tests on
long-term deflections can be calculated post-tensioned beams with extremely
using the homogeneous section as with curved bonded tendons have shown that
fully prestressed concrete. fatigue failure of prestressing wires may
Only in the few cases of a small de- occur due to friction between the pre-
gree of prestress, when cracking is to be stressed steel and the metal duct prior to
expected under permanent load, do the the fatigue failure of the nonprestressed
computational methods of reinforced steel. 1 ' More research on this subject
concrete need to be employed, consid- seems to be needed, including also the
ering combined bending and axial force definition of the fatigue loads.
in the cracked state. The same applies in
calculating elastic deformations under
full design live load when cracking oc- INFLUENCE OF
curs. DEGREE OF PRESTRESS
FATIGUE LOADING The influence of the degree of pre-
stress on some important parameters is
The stress increases in nonpre- of particular interest. The following
stressed and prestressed steel due to example is taken from Ref. 10. For a
live load can on principle be calculated rectangular cross section in a statically
in the same manner as described in Step determinate structure subject to a total
5. This calculation is presented in Ref. bending moment M D+L , Fig. 6 shows the
10 for both k> 1 and R <1. The same influence of the degree of prestress K on
publication discusses the influence of the following parameters:
the degree of prestress K on the stress (a) Total ultimate safety factor
increase in the steel as a function of the (y = M n/M o+c according to SIA 1626).
ratio MDIMD +L. (b) Areas of prestressed reinforcement
In Switzerland since 1968 partially A, nonprestressed reinforcement A8,
prestressed buildings and highway and total reinforcement A,, + A8.
bridges were designed assuming fspef.,n (c) Stress f8 in nonprestressed rein-
= Of = 150 N/mm 2 (approx. 22 ksi), forcement.

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 95

 1000 m m

o^ o
• N
~" MD+L ` 124 kNm

A DAs

3.0

2.0

1.0
TOTAL ULTIMATE
0.0 SAFETY FACTOR-y

mm2
MINIMUM AREA
OF NON PRESTR.
200 REINFORCEMENT

A Ap +Qs

100
As
REQUIRED AREAS
AD OF REINFORCEMENT
0 Ap , A s , A p t As

N/mm2

fs
200
^fD STRESS IN
fs , Af pNON PRESTRESSED
100 REINFORCEMENT (fs)
AND STRESS INCREASE
IN PRESTRESSED
O REINFORCEMENT (A fp)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

DEGREE OF PRESTRESS K

Fig. 6. Influence of degree of prestress on key parameters. (Conversion factors: 1000

mm = 40 in., 200 mm 2 — 0.3 sq in., 200 N/mm 2 = 30 ksi, 124 kNm — 1100 kips-in.)

(d) Stress increase 0 f,

in prestressed area of prestressing steel was then suc-
reinforcement. cessively reduced, and the area of non-
The cross section was at first designed prestressed steel increased, if found
to be fully prestressed (fulfilling the necessary, to maintain the total ultimate
usual concrete stress conditions). The safety factor at 1.8 (see also Appendix A,

96
 Step 3). The area of nonprestressed steel concrete structures under service loads
was not reduced below a certain depends primarily on the additional
minimum. Fatigue loading of the sec- strains caused by the stress in the non-
tion was not considered. prestressed mild steel reinforcement
It must be noted that the shape of the and the stress increase in the pre-
curves in Fig. 6 is influenced to a certain stressed reinforcement after crack for-
extent by the shape of the member cross mation.
section, e.g., for flanged cross sections The absolute value of the stress in the
slightly different curves appear. How- prestressed reinforcement has no influ-
ever, the following conclusions drawn ence on the structural behavior under
from the rectangular cross section are in service loads as long as it is within the
general valid for all cross sections com- elastic limit, a condition usually fulfilled
monly used: in practice. Safety against the ultimate
(a) For high degrees of prestress, the limit state is also unaffected, because it
value of the ultimate load safety factor is is assured by designing the cross section
in excess of that required (due to the as earlier described in Step 3.
concrete stress conditions for K = 1 and The tendons in partially prestressed
due to the minimum amount of nonpre- structures can therefore be tensioned
stressed steel). independently of the degree of prestress
(b) The total quantity of steel attains to the same initial value f j or fpj,'e,,,,, re-
its minimum at a certain value of K (K = spectively, as for fully prestressed
0.6 in this example). structures.
(c) The stress in the nonprestressed
steel and the stress increase in the pre-
stressed reinforcement are extremely
small for higher degrees of prestress (K
CONCLUSIONS
> -- 0.7). For medium values (K = 0.4 to Compared to full prestressing, partial
0.7), these stresses are still considerably prestressing of post-tensioned structures
lower than the steel stresses in ordinary offers considerably more freedom of de-
reinforced concrete sections. sign, especially in choosing the size,
In many cases it may be appropriate number, and location of prestressing
(see previous section) to choose the area tendons. Depending on the adopted
of prestressing steel A p and the area of area of prestressing steel, more or less
nonprestressed steel AB so that: nonprestressed mild steel reinforce-
(a) The ultimate safety is not in excess ment needs to be added to satisfy ulti-
of that required. mate and serviceability requirements. It
(b) A8 is equal to the minimum area of is imperative that a minimum amount of
nonprestressed reinforcement. nonprestressed reinforcement, which
This leads to a degree of prestress K, does not fall below a certain value, is
for which the total amount of steel, A p + incorporated into all post-tensioned
A8 , is a minimum (K = 0.6 in this exam- structures, even those which are fully
ple). Higher degrees of prestress are prestressed.
mostly unsuitable. The proposed design method applies
well-known and established design pro-
cedures for reinforced or fully pre-
stressed structures. The design method
SAME INITIAL TENDON is simple and easily applicable for any
STRESS FOR ALL degree of prestress. It allows a smooth
DEGREES OF PRESTRESS transition from nonprestressed concrete
through partially prestressed concrete to
The behavior of partially prestressed fully prestressed concrete.

PCI JOURNAUJuIy-August 1984 97

 REFERENCES
1. Emperger, F. v., "Stahlbeton mit vorge- Under Permanent Load), Zement and
spannten Zulagen aus hoherwertigem Beton, V. 76, No. 1, 1974, pp. 1-8.
Stahl — Forschungsarbeiten auf dem 10. Bachmann, H., "Partial Prestressing of
Gebiete des Eisenbetons" (Reinforced Concrete Structures," IABSE Surveys,
Concrete with Additions of High S-11/79, International Association of
Strength Pretensioned Steel — Research Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zur-
Studies in the Field of Reinforced Con- ich, Switzerland, November 1979.
crete), W. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1939. 11. Bachmann, H., "10 Theses on Partial
2. Abeles, P. W., "Fully and Partly Pre- Prestressing," Proceedings, FIP Sympo-
stressed Reinforced Concrete," ACI sium on Partial Prestressing and Practi-
Journal, Proceedings V. 41, No. 3, Jan- cal Construction, Bucharest, Romania,
uary 1945, pp. 181-216. September 1980.
3. Naaman, A. E., and Siriaksorn, A., "Ser- 12. Bruggeling, A. S. G., "Towards a Simple
viceability Based Design of Partially Method of Analysis for Partially Pre-
Prestressed Beams," PCI JOURNAL, stressed Concrete," Research Report
V. 24, No. 2, March-April 1979, pp. 64-89. 5-82-D 16, Delft University of Technol-
4. FIP Symposium on Partial Prestressing ogy, Faculty of Civil Engineering, De-
and Practical Construction in Pre- partment of Structural Concrete, Delft,
stressed and Reinforced Concrete, Pro- Netherlands, May 1983.
ceedings, Parts 1 and 2, Bucharest, Ro- 13. Bruggeling, A. S. G., "Partially Pre-
mania, September 1980, 708 pp. stressed Concrete — A Challenge for
5. International Symposium on Non-Lin- Concrete Designers." (To be published
earity and Continuity in Prestressed in Sept.-Oct. 1984 PCI JOURNAL).
Concrete, Preliminary Publications, 14. "Tabellen zur Spannungsermittlung in
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, On- teilweise vorgespannten Stahlbeton-
tario, Canada, 1983. querschnitten" (Tables for Computation
6. SIA 162 (1968), "Norm fur die Bere- of Stresses in Partially Prestressed Con-
chung, Konstruktion and Ausfiihrung von crete Cross Sections), Stahlton AG, Zur-
Bauwerken aus Beton, Stahlbeton and ich, Switzerland, April 1967.
Spannbeton" (Code for the Calculation, 15. Bennett, E. W., and Joynes, H. W.,
Detailing and Construction of Structures "Fatigue Strength of Coldworked Non-
of Concrete, Reinforced Concrete and prestressed Reinforcement in Pre-
Prestressed Concrete), Schweizerischer stressed Concrete Beams," Magazine of
Ingenieur- and Architekten-Verein Concrete Research (London), V. 31,
(Swiss Engineers' and Architects' As- No. 106, March 1979.
sociation), Zurich, Switzerland, 1968. 16. Tadros, M. K., "Expedient Service Load
7. Birkenmaier, M., and Jakobsohn, W., Analysis of Cracked Prestressed Con-
"Das Verhalten von Spannbetonquer- crete Sections," PCI JOURNAL, V. 27,
schnitten zwischen Risslast and Bruch- No. 6, November-December 1982, pp.
last" (The Behavior of Prestressed Con- 86-111.
crete Cross Sections Between Cracking 17. Bachmann, H., Discussion of Reference
Load and Ultimate Load), Schweizer- 16, PCI JOURNAL, V. 28, No. 6, No-
ische Bauzeitung, V. 77, No. 15, 1959, vember-December 1983, pp. 137-139.
pp. 218-227. 18. Rigon, C., and Thurlimann, B., "Fatigue
8. Thurlimann, B., and Caflisch, R., "Teil- Tests on Post-Tensioned Concrete
weise vorgespannte Bauteile" (Partially Beams with Curved Bonded Tendons"
Prestressed Structural Members), Vor- (Project Title). To be published.
trage Betontag 1969 (Proceedings of the 19. Bachmann, H., "Versuche caber den Ein-
1969 German Concrete Convention), fluss geneigter Spannglieder auf das
Deutscher Beton-Verein e.V., Wiesba- Schubtragverhalten teilweise vorge-
den, West Germany, 1969. spannter Betonbalken" (Tests on the In-
9. Bachmann, H., "Versuche an teilweise fluence of Inclined Tendons on the
vorgespannten Leichtbetonbalken unter Shear Behavior of Partially Prestressed
Dauerlast" (Tests on Partially Pre- Concrete Beams), Der Bauingenieur,
stressed Lightweight Concrete Beams V. 51, No. 7, 1976, pp. 251-258.

98
 APPENDIX A -
DESIGN EXAMPLE

The following design example illus- All the governing cross sections A, B,
trates the design method described ear- and C are considered within the five de-
lier in this paper. sign steps of the design procedure.
The structure selected is a three-span However, in each step only the essential
continuous highway bridge. The lon- points are covered.
gitudinal dimensions and cross-sec-
tional configuration at midspan and near
the intermediate supports are given in Step 1 — Choice of moment for
Fig. Al. Shown also in the figure are the which section must be prestressed
loads and material properties. The first choice is to make the ap-
For illustrative purposes, only the proximate decompression moment in all
longitudinal direction and only the three governing cross sections (see Fig.
three governing cross sections A, B, and A2) equal to the dead load moment, i.e.,
C (Fig. A2) are considered. (For a final
M nec = MD.
design, additional cross sections would
have to be checked.) MoeC,A = + 9,860 kNm
Initially, the moments due to dead (87,260 kips-in.)
load and dead load plus live load (ex-
MDeC,3 = –20,588 kNm
treme values) have to be calculated
(182,200 kips-in.)
using the bending stiffness of the un-
cracked sections. The moment diagram MDeC,c = +5,194 kNm
is shown in Fig. A2. (54,820 kips-in.)

DIMENSIONS: m
1.90
75 7.5 7.575
1 36.0 7^ 42.0 36.0

5.0
LOADS:5.0 0.30 0.16
DEAD: Concrete 25.0 kN/m31.0 0.20 10
190
Paving 2.4 kN/mz
40.20
LIVE: Uniform 7.0 kN/m2 per span 2.50 04 2.f0 i 4
MIDSPAN I SUPPORT
MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
CONCRETE : 30 N/mn2 ; E^ = 38000 N/mm2
PRESTRESSING STEEL: fpy = 1520 N/mm 2 ; f pi perm = 1169 N/mm2 ; E p 210000 N/mm2
NONPRESTRESSED STEEL: fsy 460 N/mm2
E S = 210000 N/mm2

Fig. Al. Design example: Dimensions, loads, and material properties. (Conversion factors:
30 m = 100 ft, 1 m = 40 in., 25 kN/m 3 = 160 lb/ft3 , 1 kN/m 2 – 20 lb per sq ft, 1000 N/mm2
= 145 ksi).

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 99

 IB —34925
a) MDD+L D+L
kNm -20588
D /i N8533

A C^
521
7271 5194
—^ L— 9860 I B 13017
18810 C
Al

b) Mp S 0.36MPs B MPs,B

Fig. A2. Design example: Moment diagrams. (Note: 10,000 kNm = 90,000 kips-in.)

Thus, all three cross sections would The cross-sectional properties such as
be fully prestressed for permanent loads location of the centroid of section and of
(K = 1.0). the kern limit points are given in Fig.
A3.
The distance of the centroid of ten-
Step 2 — Design of prestressed
dons in all three sections A, B, C from
reinforcement the extreme tension fiber is estimated to
When applying Eq. (3), the secondary be 0.20 m (8 in.).
moment due to prestress, MP8 , of which Hence, the eccentricity (see Fig. A4)
the general shape is shown in Fig. 8b, of the prestressing force (absolute value)
must be estimated. is:
For a continuous beam a proven ini- CA = 1.23 m (48.4 in.)
tial approximation is achieved by taking e B = 0.52 m (24.4 in.)
MP, to (minus) 30 to 50 percent of the Cc = 1.23 m (48.4 in.)
decompression moment in the support With 7) = 0.9 the required initial pre-
section. In this example choose 35 per- stressing forces become:
cent:
1 • 9,860 + 2,594
M,,.B = M,,,c = —0.35MDeC.a P t.n =
= 0.35 .20,588 kNm 0.9 1.23 + 0.21
= 7,206 kNm = 9,610 kN (2,160 kips)
(63,770 kips-in.)
1 —20,588 + 7,206
M,, ,A = 0.36 M,,,8 = 0.36 . 7,206 kNm
P''B = 0.9 • 0.52 + 0.72
= 2,594 kNm
(22,960 kips-in.) = 11,991 kN (2,695 kips)

100
 MID SPAN SUPPORT
Kt
C 0.21 Kt +^ 0.44
143 Kb^ 0.64 0.72
1.18 Kb

A, = 3.61m2 A : 4.45m2
I c = 1.08 m4 I C = 2.29m4

C : Centroid of section A: Concrete area

K : Kern limit point Moment of inertia

Fig. A3. Design example: Cross section properties. (Conversion factors: 1 m 40 in.
3.3 ft, 1 m l 11 sq ft, 1 m4 = 115 ft°.)

Al BI CI

AI BI CI

I Fig. A4. Design example: Tendon profile (centroid).

1 5,194 + 7,206 fm,B = 0.89 f9i pe,.,,, = 0.89.1,169

Pi.c = 1.23+0.21 = 1,040 N/mm 2 (151 ksi)
0.9
= 9,568 kN (2,150 kips) fm. c = 0.82 fpj,p,.,„ = 0.82.1,169
= 959 N/mm 2 (139 ksi)
It can be seen that approximately the
same prestressing force is required in all The above stresses give the area of
governing cross sections. The tendons prestressing steel in each cross section:
are arranged as shown in Fig. A4. and P, ,A 9,610.10
AP,A^—=
tensioned from both ends. f A 1,122
After calculating the percentage of = 8,665 mm 2 (13.3 sq in.)
friction loss according to the assumed
tendon profile [defined by ordinates at Pt,B _ 11,991.10
distances of 1.875 m (73.8 in.)], the ini- A pB f^,e 1,040
tial stresses ff{ in the prestressing ten- = 11,530 mm 2 (17.9 sq in.)
dons in the three cross sections can be
determined from the permissible initial Pic _ 9,568 . 10 3
tendon stress f,,, e,.,,, at the jacking end: fpi. c 959

fm ,, = 0.96 fp e,,,, = 0.96.1,169 = 9,977 mm 2 (15.5 sq in.)

= 1,122 N/mm 2 (163 ksi) For illustrative purposes assume that

PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 101

the BBRV prestressing system is to be the middle of the compression flanges,
used. In this system a tendon comprises and estimating that the centroid of the
38 wires with a diameter of 7 mm (0.276 nonprestressed reinforcement to be in
in.) and a total steel area of 1462 mm2 the tension zone, the internal lever arms
(2.27 sq in.). become:
With reference to the tendon layout in
Fig. A5, use four tendons in each web j PA j P,B' JI n.c = 1.6 m (63 in.)
comprising an area of: j 8 A j,,c = 1.6 m (63 in.)
j s B 1.7 m (67 in.)
A v,A = A D.B = A v,c = 11,696 mm2
(18.1 sq in.) The required area of nonprestressed
This area will provide the following steel is calculated from Eq. (5):
prestress forces in the three governing A B,A = 12,753 mm 2 (19.8 sq in.)
sections: A S,B = 29,530 mm2 (45.8 sq in.)
Pi,A = 13,123 kN (2,950 kips) A $,c = 8,184 mm 2 (12.7 sq in.)
P i,B = 12,164 kN (2,735 kips)
To check the assumed internal lever
Pi, c = 11,216 kN (2,520 kips)
arms, the balancing compression forces
are calculated from Eq. (6):
Step 3—Design of nonprestressed
C A = A P.AJPY + AS.AfSV
reinforcement = 11,696 • 1,520 + 12,753.460
In this numerical example the re- = 23,644 kN (5,315 kips)
quired nominal moment strength M. is
derived from the general design equa- CB = Ap,Bfp b + A 3.Bf v
tion according to the Swiss Code:6 = 11,696 . 1,520 + 29,530.460
= 31,362 kN (7,050 kips)

1.4 M D + 1.4ML + 1.0Mg. Cc = A n.cfvv + AB,c.fsb

1.3
= 11,696 • 1,520 + 8,184•460
= 21,543 kN (4,845 kips)
M= 1.8 Mo+L + 1.3 Mg.
For the secondary moment due to pre- Assume that the full width of the
stress, Me,, in general the estimated compression flange in the span and
value from Step 2 may be used. If this above the support is effective in the ul-
value appears unduly approximate, MP3 timate state. For this to be true the shear
can be calculated using standard meth- connection between the web and pro-
ods for analyzing indeterminate pre- jecting flange must be secured by trans-
stressed concrete structures. In this ex- verse reinforcement. Then by taking a
ample the following values were calcu- rectangular stress block, the distance of
lated with Pe = 0.9 P; : the neutral axis from the extreme com-
pression fiber becomes:
M PB,A = 3,056 kNm (27,050 kips-in.)
xA = 0.080 m (3.15 in.)
MpS.B = Mrs,c
XB = 0.210 m (8.26 in.)
= 8,490 kNm (75,140 kips-in.)
xc = 0.072 m (2.83 in.)
yielding:

M,, ,A = 37,831 kNm (334,800 kips-in.) Note that the first approximation,
namely the assumption that the location
M,, ,B = 51,828 kNm (458,700 kips-in.)
of the compression force lies in the cen-
= 34,468 kNm (305,000 kips-in.) tral plane of the slab turns out to be cor-
Assuming that the location of the rect in Case B but slightly conservative
compression force C for bending is in in Cases A and B. The 0.2 m (8 in.)

102
 thickness of the slab in compression F'e.A = 0.85 Pi,A
above the support is appropriate. = 11,155 kN (2,510 kips)
PQ,B = 0.91 Pi.,
= 11,069 kN (2,490 kips)
Step 4 — Meticulous detailing of
nonprestressed reinforcement P e.c = 0.93 ',.c
= 10,431 kN (2,345 kips)
A possible arrangement of the non-
prestressed reinforcement in the three The stress in the extreme layer of bars
governing sections is given in Fig. A5. of the nonprestressed reinforcement, f3,
The reinforcement is at even and narrow and the stress increase in the extreme
spacing distributed along the circumfer- layer of prestressed reinforcement, s fp,
ence of the section. In the tension flange under the action of M D+L, M PS and P e at
above the support the reinforcement re- the cracked section, are calculated with
quired for moment strength is concen- the aid of tables. 14 Therefore, it is as-
trated towards the web. To secure the sumed again that the total width of the
participation of the longitudinal rein- compression slab is effective in all three
forcement in the tension flange (by lon- sections. In the tension slab above the
gitudinal shear), transverse reinforce- support (Section B), only the steel area
ment is needed. required for moment strength is taken
The actual chosen nonprestressed into account.
reinforcement for moment strength
amounts to: L .A = 139 N/mm 2 (20.2 ksi)
A,,A = 12,744 mm2 (19.8 sq in.) f..B = 143 N/mm2 (20.7 ksi)
A ,g,B = 29,966 mm 2 (46.4 sq in.) f8,c = 189 N/mm2 (27.4 ksi)
A s,c = 8,338 mm 2 (12.9 sq in.) fP,A = 130 N/mm2 (18.9 ksi)
f1,B = 136 N/mm 2 (19.7 ksi)
In the remaining areas of the sections
bars 4k 12, s = 150 mm (6.15 in.), are = 179 N/mm 2 (26.0 ksi)
provided in accordance with the re-
The permissible stress can be deter-
quirements for minimum reinforcement.
mined using Figs. 3 and 4, and the bar
This yields percentages of:
spacings given in Fig. A5, from which
Pmtn = 0.38 percent in the web
the parameters:

Prt„ = 0.75 percent in the tension (ae lt) A = 0.20 SA = 93 mm (3.7 in.)
flange
(a e lt) B = 0.45 SB = 150 mm (5.9 in.)
(a e lt)c = 0.19 sc = 140 mm (5.5 in.)
I Step 5 — Crack width limitation yield the following stresses:
In this example it is assumed that
stringent requirements for crack width fs.pe ,,A = 220 N/mm 2 (31.9 ksi)
limitation prevail. Therefore, the = 175 N/mm 2 (25.4 ksi)
method suggested earlier must be fol- fs,perm.c = 170 N/mm 2 (24.7 ksi)
lowed including a check for total service
load. Note that when comparing f8 with
Using accepted design procedures in Section C, the permissible steel
and the calculated values of M, from stress is slightly exceeded. This minor
Step 3, the reduction of the prestressing overstress could be removed by pro-
forces due to losses of creep and shrink- viding 44k26 bars instead of 30 k 26 bars
age and relaxation of prestressing steel in the bottom layer of the reinforcement,
are calculated with the following re- resulting in a smaller bar spacing with a
sults: corresponding increase of f,,,,m.

I PCI JOURNAL/July-August 1984 103

 SECTION -A SECTION C-C

minimum ' minimum

0k 12; s =150 Ok12; s =150

150
100 required (step 3) 150$il
ep 12 O k 26 Qp required (step 31
160 \/ 7 $k26
rr 160t______
4 BBRV 1900 -4`4- 4 BBRV 1900
93 (4x38 4'k7) 140 (4x38 Ok7)

SECTION B - B
minimum Istepp 3)
required (ste minimum
¢ k 12;s=150 Ok20;s =1 50 17¢k26;s=100 $k 20;s=15 0 k12;s150

' k 12; s 150 —, 50 lk O

8^k20
s 150 8^k20

k12;s=150
4 BBRV 1900 i (minimum)
(4x38^k7)

CONVERSIONS (APPROX I MATE)

Reinforcing bars : k12 : #4, 4k 20 = # 6 , 4 k 26 = #8
Prestressing wires: 4k 7 = 0.276 in. diameter wire
Bar spacings : 100 mm = 4 in. , 150 mm = 6 in.

Fig. A5. Design example: Details of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement.

Resulting degrees of prestress side span is computed using standard

procedures. Note that this deflection is
Knowing the prestressing forces from
higher than that in the center span.
Step 5 and the calculated secondary
Using an assumed creep factor of 2.0
moments M P3 from Step 3, the resulting
results in:
degrees of prestress can be determined:
—Deflection due to permanent
= 0.69 Kg= 0.63 K,= 0.60
KA load............+ 58 mm (2.3 in.)
KA = 1.32 Kg = 1.08 KC = 1.26 —Deflection due to prestressing
- 87 mm (3.4 in.)
Thus, under the action of permanent
loads in the considered cross sections no Thus, under permanent load condi-
tions a camber of 29 mm (1.1 in.) is to be
tensile stresses are expected.
expected. This is less than r/i000 of the
span length (36 mm), which may be a
Deflection control limit for bridges with regard to aesthetic
The deflection in the middle of the requirements.

104
 APPENDIX B - NOTATION
= area of concrete cross section j, = internal lever arm from cen-
A = area of part of concrete ten- troid of prestressed reinforce-
sion zone (shown hatched in ment to line of action of corn-
Fig. 4) pression force
Ap = area of prestressed reinforce- j8 = internal lever arm from cen-
ment troid of nonprestressed rein-
= area of nonprestressed ten- forcement to line of action of
sion reinforcement compression force
A B,,nin = area of minimum nonpre- k = distance from centroid of un-
stressed tension reinforce- cracked section to kern limit
ment MD = dead load moment
ae = height of the concrete tension MD,C = decompression moment, pro-
zone effective for the rein- duces zero stress at extreme
forcement considered as de- tension fiber
fined in Fig. 4 [maximum a e = MD+L = total service load moment
0.20 m (8 in.)] ML = live load moment
C = concrete compression force Mp$ = secondary moment due to
E, = modulus of elasticity of con- prestressing
crete (short time) Mn = nominal moment strength
E9 = modulus of elasticity of pre- n = modular ratio E g/E, and ED/E,
stressed reinforcement Pe = effective prestressing force
E8 = modulus of elasticity of non- in cross section considered
prestressed reinforcement Pi = initial prestressing force in
e = eccentricity of prestressing cross section considered
force with respect to centroid s = bar spacing
of uncracked section t = height of concrete tension
L = concrete stress zone of uncracked cross see-
= specified compressive tion under relevant bending
strength of concrete moment and axial load
fDi = initial stress in prestressed x = distance of the neutral axis
reinforcement at section con- from the extreme compres-
sidered sion fiber
fpi = permissible initial stress in 7) = PQ/Pi = (estimated) reduction
prestressing tendons at jack- factor to the prestressing
ing end after tendon anchor- force Pt , due to shrinkage and
age creep of concrete and steel
f, = yield stress of prestressed re- relaxation
inforcement (0.002 offset) K = service load degree of pre-
L p f = stress increase in prestressed _ stress
reinforcement K = permanent load degree of
f
0 P,^,,,, = permissible stress increase in _ prestress
prestressed reinforcement Pmin = A s,min/A c = ratio of minimum
fy = stress in nonprestressed rein- nonprestressed tension rein-
forcement forcement
f,,, = permissible stress in nonpre- 4k = bar diameter (mm)
stressed reinforcement u = radial forces of curved ten-
f„ = yield stress of nonprestressed dons
reinforcement (0.002 offset) y = total ultimate safety factor y
= moment of inertia of concrete = Mf/MD+L (according to SIA
cross section 1626).