POWER HOUSE

HYDRO POWER PLANT

HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
 PARTS OF A POWER HOUSE
• TURBINE :
The force of falling water pushing against the
turbine's blades causes the turbine to spin.

A water turbine is much like a windmill.

The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling
water into
mechanical energy.
• GENERATOR :
Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so
when the turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also.
Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electric
energy.

• TRANSMISSION LINES :
Conduct and transmitts electricity from the hydropower plant
to homes and business.
 TURBINE

• Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert

the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.

• The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is

used to run an electric generator which is directly
coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
 TURBINE TYPES

• Reaction

• Impulse
SELECTION OF TURBINE TYPES

• Height of standing water—

referred to as "head“
• Flow, or volume of water over
time.
• How deep the turbine must be
set?
• Turbine efficiency
• Cost
Pelton Turbine TURBINE TYPES
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
HYDRAULIC TURBINE MAY BE
CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEVERAL
CONSIDERATIONS AS FOLLOWS:
• Action of the water flowing.

• Direction of flow of water.

• The head and quantity of water required.

• The specific speed.

ACCORDING TO THE ACTION OF THE
WATER FLOWING
• Impulse turbine

• Reaction turbine
IMPULSE TURBINE :
All the available energy by water is converted into kinetic
energy by passing through a nozzle. The high velocity jet
coming out of the nozzle then impinges on a series of buckets
fixed around the rim of a wheel.
Example :
Pelton wheel

REACTION TURBINE :
The runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. The
potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy before the
fluid enters the turbine runner.
Example :
Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine
ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTION OF
FLOW OF WATER

• Tangential flow turbine

• Radial flow turbine

• Axial flow turbine

• Mixed flow turbine

• TANGENTIAL FLOW TURBINE
Water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner.
Example :
Pelton wheel

• RADIAL FLOW TURBINE

Water flows along the radial direction and mainly in the plane
to the axis of rotation, as it passes through the runner. It may
be either inward flow or outward radial flow type.
• AXIAL FLOW TURBINE
Water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft.
Example :
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

• MIXED FLOW TURBINE

Water enters the blades radially and comes out axially,
parallel to the turbine shaft.
Example :
Modern francis turbine
ACCORDING TO THE HEAD AND
QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED.
• High head turbine (above 200m)

Example : Pelton wheel

• Medium head turbine (60m to 200m)

Example : Modern Francis turbine

• Low head turbine (less than 60m)

Example : Kaplan turbine

 ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIC SPEED

• Low specific speed (10 to 35rpm)

Example : Pelton wheel

• Medium specific speed (60 to 400rpm)

Example : Francis turbine

• High specific speed (300 to 1000rpm)

Example : Kaplan turbine

PELTON WHEEL
MAJOR PARTS OF PELTON WHEEL

Spear and nozzle.

Runner with buckets.
Outer casing.
Brake nozzle.
 SPRAY AND NOZZLE

 To regulate the water flow through the nozzle.

An adjustable spray is for good jet of water and helps to change
nozzle flow passage.

 Nozzle which converts hydraulic energy into kinetic energy.

 Present at the downstream end of the penstock.

 RUNNER WITH BUCKETS

Runner consists of the circular disc and it is mounted on a

horizontal/vertical shaft.

Evenly spaced buckets have a shape of double semi-elliptical

ridge known as splitter.
 BREAK NOZZLE

 To stop the runner in a short time.

 Small nozzle directs a jet of water on the back of buckets.

 OUTER CASING

 Used to prevent splacing of water and discharging water to

tailrace.
 COMPARISION OF PELTON WHEEL
WITH OTHER TURBINE
 The number of nozzles can be increased or decreased
according to the quantity of water available.

 Presence of draft tube in Kaplan and Francis turbines, where

the vacuum is created to form the effective head.

 Pelton wheel operates in atmospheric pressure so there is no

draft tube in Pelton wheel.
 LIMITATIONS

 Pelton wheels are not used at the lower head (below 200m).

 Because rotational speed become very slow and the runner

required faster.

 Head from the height of the jet is being wasted.

FRANCIS TURBINE
 COMPONENTS OF FRANCIS TURBINE

• Penstock

• Spiral Casing

• Guide Vanes (or) stay vanes

• Runner Blades

• Draft tube
• PENSTOCK
It is a large sized conduit which conveys water from the
upstream of the dam to the turbine runner. Penstock required
for Francis turbine is larger than that of Pelton wheel.

• SPIRALCASING
It around the runner of the turbine is known as volute casing.
The purpose of casing is to provide an even distribution of
water around the circumference of the turbine runner
maintaining the approximately constant velocity for the water
distributed.
• GUIDE VANES
The function of the guide or stay vanes is to convert the
pressure energy of the fluid into the momentum energy. The
guide vanes are operated either by means of a wheel (or)
automatically by a governor.

 RUNNER BLADES
Water enter radially and leaves axially. The runner is
connected to generator so electricity is produced.
DRAFT TUBE
 The water is discharged to the tailrace through a gradually
expanding tube is called the draft tube.

 Francis turbine is always suitable for straight divergent tube.

COMPARISION OF PELTON WHEEL
AND FRANCIS TURBINE

• The parts of a Pelton wheel are more easily accessible and is

easier to repair them.
• For the same head the running speed of Francis turbine is
more than Pelton wheel. This reduces cost of generators and
dimensions of unit.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KAPLAN AND
FRANCIS TURBINE
 Francis turbine is medium specific speed but Kaplan turbine is
high specific speed.
 Francis turbine is mixed flow reaction turbine but Kaplan is
only axial flow reaction turbine.

 Kaplan turbines have adjustable blades but Francis turbine is

not adjustable.
KAPLAN TURBINE
MAJOR PARTS OF A KAPLAN TURBINE
 PARTS OF KAPLAN TURBINE

• Scroll casing

• Guide vanes mechanism

• Runner of turbine

• Draft tube
• SCROLL CASING:
The water from penstock enters scroll casing and surrounds the
runner. It provides an even distribution of water around the
circumference of the turbine runner maintaining the constant
velocity for the water distributed.

• STAY RING:
The function of stay ring is to direct the water from scroll casing to
guide vanes.

• GUIDE VANES:
The guide vanes direct the water at an appropriate angle and
regulates the quantity of water supplied to the runner.

• RUNNER BLADES:
The blades are attached to the hub and so shaped that water flows
axially through the runner
DRAFT TUBE:
• A Draft tube connects the runner exit to tail race.
• It is a pipe of gradually increasing area used for discharging
water from exit of turbine to tail race.
• By using draft tube, the kinetic energy rejected at the outlet
of turbine is converted to useful pressure energy.
• The turbine may be placed above the tail race and hence it
can be inspected properly.
 OPERATION OF KAPLAN TURBINE
• The water from the penstocks enters the scroll casing and then
moves to the guide vanes.
• From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90° and flows
axially through the runner.
• The shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is
made larger and is called Hub.
• The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence Hub acts as runner for
axial flow turbine.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER TURBINES

• Another difference is that in Pelton turbine no draft tube is

used whereas in Francis and Kaplan turbine draft tube is
used.
• In Pelton turbine the pressure energy is converted in to kinetic
energy completely and is fully utilized hence there is no need
of draft tube.
• In reaction turbine, unutilized kinetic energy is available at the
outlet of turbine hence to utilize that kinetic energy in the
water a draft tube is used.
PROPELLER TURBINE
 PROPELLER TURBINE

• Designed to work fully submerged, it is similar in form to a

ship's propeller and is the most suitable design for low head
water sources with a high flow rate such as those in slow
running rivers.
• Designs are optimized for a particular flow rate and
efficiencies drop of rapidly if the flow rate falls below the
design rating.
• The Kaplan version has variable pitch vanes to enable it to
work efficiently over a range of flow rates.
 POWERHOUSE

• Turbine room

• Generator

• Service areas
GENERATOR
 GENERATOR
• The generator converts the rotational power from the turbine
shaft into electrical power.
• DC generators can be used with very small systems, but
typically are augmented with batteries and inverters for
converting the power into the AC power required by most
appliances.
• AC generators are normally used in all but the smallest systems.
• AC voltage is also easily changed using transformers, which
makes it relatively simple to drive other types of devices.
• One critical aspect of AC power is frequency, typically measured
as cycles per second (cps) or Hertz (Hz).
• The major grids that interconnect large power generating
stations.
 SERVICE AREA

• Offices

• Control and testing rooms

• Storage rooms

• Maintenance shop

• Auxiliary equipment rooms

 SYSTEM CONTROL

• Governors and Controls

• Electronic Load Governors

• Load Management Systems

• Emergency System Shutdown

• Utility Grid Interface Controls

GOVERNORS AND CONTROLS
• Its help ensure that the generator constantly spins at its
correct speed.

• To illustrate, consider a hydro system without a governor, it

causes the generator to work harder.

• As long as you maintain this “perfect” load is known as Design

Load, power output will be correct.
 ELECTRONIC LOAD GOVERNORS

• It works by automatically adjusting the load.

• It is highly effective for small systems up to about 12kW.

 LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• An enhanced version of the electronic load governor, offering

not only the ability to regulate power usage.

• Small load adjustments work just like the electronic governor;

the variable electronic switch regulates power to the ballast
loads.
 EMERGENCY SYSTEM SHUTDOWN
• It is an option that protects the system from overspeed, which
may damage the generator.

• It usually means removing all water power from turbine.

• Emergency shutdown of impulse turbines, such as Pelton
wheel, can be very fast because the water jet can simply be
deflected away from the turbine. Since the water flow doesn’t
change, there are no damaging surges.
UTILITY GRID INTERFACE CONTROLS
 UTILITY GRID INTERFACE CONTROLS
• The grid interconnects very large, public utility power
generation systems.
• They will monitor the grid and ensure system is generating
compatible voltage, frequency, and phase.

• Automatic disconnection is critical to the safety of all parties.

• Turbine manufacturer can give you guidance on the most
efficient design, as well as grid interconnection controls and
safeguards.
THANK YOU
 Spillway
 A spillway is an integral part of a Dam.
 A spillway is usually used to remove water from a
reservoir to prevent overflow and to release pressure
on a dam from increasing quantities of water.
 It is normally composed of three major components:
 The approach facility admits flow to the spillway.
 The discharging conduit evacuates the flow from the
approach facility to an outlet structure.
 The outlet structure (tailwater channel) dissipates the
excessive energy of the flow from the discharging
conduits and conveys tranquil flow to the
downstream.
 Overflow Spillway
Overflow spillways are also called ogee-shaped (S-
shaped) spillways.
 This type of spillways allows the passage of the flood
wave over its crest (which is S-shaped).
 Can be classified under controlled or uncontrolled.
 Widely used on Gravity dams, Arch dams, and Buttress
dams.
 Chute spillways
Chute spillways are common and
basic in design as they transfer
excess water from behind the
dam down a smooth decline into
the river below.
The spillway’s slope and its sides
are lined with concrete.
In case of having sufficient stiff
foundation conditions at the
spillway location, a chute spillway
may be used instead of overflow
spillway due to economic
consideration.
 Side Channel Spillway

 It is employed when valley is too narrow in case of solid gravity

dams and when non rigid dams are adopted.

 The side channel spillway is different from chute spillway in the

sense that after crossing over the spillway crest.

 Water flows parallel to the crest length in former, whereas the

flow is normal to the crest in the later.

Side Channel Spillway
 Saddle Spillway
There may be natural depressions or saddle on the
periphery of the reservoir basin away from the dam. The
depressions may be used as spillway.
The bottom of the depression should be at full reservoir
level.
 Siphon Spillway
Crest is fixed at Full Reservoir Level. When the water level in the
reservoir rises over F.R.L water starts spilling over the crest.
 Conduit
A headrace is a channel which leads water to a turbine and a
tailrace is a channel which conducts water from the wheels.
Open Conduit: Canals and Flumes
Close conduits: Tunnels, pipelines and penstock
Forebay
Forebay is a structure like a small reservoir located at the end of the
water passage from the reservoir and before the water is fed to penstock.
We can define it as,
An impoundment immediately upstream of a diversion dam or
hydroelectric plant intake, where water is temporarily stored before
going into penstock.
▶ A forebay is required in the case of run-of river plants at the
upstream of diversion work.

▶ When canal leads water to the turbines the section of the canal in
front of turbines is enlarged to create forebay.

▶ The reservoir acts as forebay when penstock takes water directly

from it.
▶ Some projects, such as those associated with a large dam having a
deep power intake, may have no specifically designed forebay. Again,
other projects may need more than one forebay; for example, a
forebay at the entrance to the headrace canal and a second forebay
at the power intake at the downstream end of the headrace canal