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A Comprehensive Review On Renewable

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A Comprehensive Review On Renewable

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988011, IEEE Access

Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS. 2017.Doi Number

A Comprehensive Review on Renewable

Energy Development, Challenges and Policies
of leading Indian States with an International
Perspective
Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan1, GM Shafiullah2, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban3, Nallapaneni
Manoj Kumar4, Annapurna Annam1, Ajayragavan Manavalanagar Vetrichelvan1, Lucian
Mihet-Popa5 and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai- 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
2
School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
3
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg 6700, Denmark
4
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
5
Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Norway.
Corresponding author: Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban (e-mail: [email protected])

ABSTRACT Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting is of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers
in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living
standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil
fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and
consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI)
Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many
Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The
review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu which pioneers the
renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the
barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to
promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations.
This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the
scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the
country.
INDEX TERMS Renewable energy potential, Global energy scenario, Energy policy in India, Renewable energy barriers,
Prospects of renewables in India, Renewable energy in India.

I. INTRODUCTION structure of adoption of renewables, a road map to achieve

In the present-day scenario, global warming has an adverse its target and individual policies regarding renewable
effect on the environment and the human race. The power energy (RE) production. In India, National Institution for
systems energy production sector contributes nearly 75% of Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, a non-statutory and
total CO2 emissions in the world [1], which contributed to advisory body, has taken the responsibility on the
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions as well as global development of a comprehensive index to provide an
warming. Thus, the United Nations is urging every nation integrated and combined view of the various socio-
in the world to comply with Sustainable Development economic and substantial status of the country. It has also
Goals (SDGs) [2]. To slow down the effects of climatic measured the progress of India and its state towards the
changes, they are proposing to adopt renewable sources for accomplishment of the SDGs [4].
meeting energy demands and reduce the per capita The energy demand in India is drastically increasing, and
consumption [3]. Various countries have complied by 2030 India’s total energy demand will be more than
themselves in accordance with SDGs, by framing a

VOLUME XX, 2017 1

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988011, IEEE Access

double while electricity demand will almost triple than • A vast land area that has the potential for solar energy
today [5]. Moreover, current conventional sources are generation. Moreover, solar exposure is also high in
responsible for climates as well as unlimited in capaicty. most of the areas of India.
Hence, an alternative form of generation which is cleaner • There are many zones and areas where wind velocities
and unlimited will be indispensable. RE installed capacity are high, which can lead to a significant amount of wind
accounts for 22.5% [6] of India’s total installed capacity for energy generation by both offshore and land-based
power production as of July 2019 [7]. India, the nation with wind farms.
abundant natural resources, has the colossal potential for • Decent amount of yearly biomass production.
generating electricity through RE resources. The current • And India’s rich asset of numerous rivers and
day technologies have enabled for utilizing these renewable waterways capable of a small hydel generation [14].
resources in a more efficient way of generating electricity
[8]. Fortunately, India is blessed with abundant natural
resources for commercial production of electricity through
renewables. The various renewable resources which are
commercially available for generating electricity in India
are wind, solar, small-hydel, biomass, tidal, geothermal
energy. The reason for the discussion of renewable energy
status and potential in India is its significant potential in the
nation. India has witnessed a tremendous escalation in
renewable energy generation in the past ten years. The rise
in the total installed capacity of RE in the country is
depicted in Figure 1 [9,10].
FIGURE 2. RE installed capacity (in GW) of various sources in recent
years [9,10].
The primary reason for stressing to switch over to
renewables is the energy crisis, alarmingly rising level of
environmental pollution, and ever-increasing population,
which contributes to a rapid increase in per-capita
consumption is greatly hindering India’s economic and
industrial growth. As of February 2020, total RE capacity in
India stood at 86.76 GW in which the states Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat takes the major shares in renewable
FIGURE 1. Growth of renewable energy over the past decade in India energy production. Some of the other leading states are
[9,10].
The Government of India has established the Ministry of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh. However, few
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for developing and
states don’t have enough generation from RE compared to its
deploying alternative sources of energy generation and
supplementing energy requirements of the country [11]. potentialities due to lack of initiatives, absences of policy and
Since its formation, it has implemented various programs to regulation to promote RE intake. In some cases, the solar and
increase electricity generation from RE resources.
Additionally, the generation of RE resources needs less wind energy generating plants were installed in the
maintenance cost compared to non-renewable resources. agricultural lands, which is beneficial. This trend of using
India’s RE potential is about 900 GW from various sources,
namely, Wind- 12 %, Solar- 83 % which includes the agricultural land can have a significant improvement in the
wastelands, Bioenergy- 3 %, Small Hydro- 2.2 % [12]. India production of RE. Installing solar panels above the crops and
has committed to contribute to a healthier planet, and as per
vegetation can create indirect sunlight to plants and help
Paris Accord on climate change, it has pledged that by 2030,
40% of total power production will be from RE resources them to grow. At the same time, it also reduces the heating
[13]. If this ambitious target is achieved, India will become effect of the solar panels by retaining the humidity and
one of the largest RE producers in the world. The RE
installed capacity by type of RE sources is given in Figure 2 moisture level below the panels [15]. GHG emissions from
[9, 10]. these agricultural fields produce hot air which can be utilized
India has ample, untapped RE resources which include:

VOLUME XX, 2017 2

by the solar panel lying above the crops and helpful in in the initial screening around 860 articles are considered.
generating electricity [16] thereby reducing the effects of These identified 860 articles were further pre-processed to
find the most suitable articles for this review work and the
GHG. Globally, the primary driving force of the energy found non-suitable articles were eliminated. In the
sector in this decade is to adopt RE sources for energy screening process, a total of 716 articles were eliminated.
While screening the articles, a manual process is adopted to
generation and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels [17- see the suitability of the articles for the review. After these,
19]. Because the damage cost caused by fossil fuels is only 144 articles found to be most suitable and those were
included as a part of academic literature. Grey literature
unpredictable and in recent years, many countries have related information is thoroughly identified in the technical
developed individual frameworks and policies, and it also has reports of the relevant organizations, as official good web
resources of different organizations related to the
been adopted in practice to promote RE integration into the
government sector, private sector in the field of energy,
energy mix [20]. The hybrid systems such as PV-wind, PV- environment, policy, and economic development. A total of
biomass and so on were also emerging which helps in 94 information sources used in grey literature, of which 33
are based on technical reports, and 61 based on web-
increasing the overall production through RE [21]. India is a resources. Overall, 238 documents have been used in this
large country with various states and each have their own review process. The details of the systematic framework
used in this review are shown in Figure 3.
unique approach and self-oriented policies in the renewable
energy sector. Moreover, policymakers, utilities, stakeholders
and researchers are working together to promote RE
integration into the Indian energy mix to become the global
leader in RE generation.
The paper mainly focuses on the progress of renewable
energy growth in the leading three green energy producing
states of India in addition to the global and Indian renewable
energy perspectives including initiatives and policy
regulation to promote renewable energy integration into the
energy mix. The major concerns and improvement
suggestions for other states are also highlighted. Nation-wide
policy changes and barriers hindering the growth rate are also FIGURE 3. A systematic framework for data collection and finalization
discussed. The pathway for India to become a global leader on academic and grey literature
in RE generation is also suggested and concluded with the
prospects of renewable energy growth in the country. III. AN INTERNATIONAL ASPECT OF RENEWABLE
II. METHODOLOGY ENERGY: STATUS AND POTENTIAL
Relevant information either from academic literature or United Nations SDGs acts as guidelines and framework for
grey literature is needed for conducting this sought of countries to achieve a sustainable and better environment
extensive review. A keyword search-based framework, for everyone on the planet. The SDGs accelerate the steps
along with a systematic process of organizing the data, is to be addressed to overcome critical challenges and
used. In the first instance, thorough discussions are made to interconnects every goal for a better future and the UN has
decide the keywords. Based on the discussions, the fixed the deadline for every member nation to accomplish
keywords are selected for data collection of academic and the goals by 2030 [2]. Goal 12 [22] of the SDGs emphasis
grey literature. Here, the academic literature involves the the motto “doing more and better with less,” energy
scientific articles published standard journals and efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, consumption, and
conferences whereas the grey literature involves the production are the key areas that need to be addressed.
technical reports, policy-related papers, and web resources. While goal 7 [23] stresses affordable and clean energy for
This study considered the most popular research database all, but global nations are facing various blocks in
Web of Science (WoS). The keyword search covers all executing this practically. More progress needs to be made
major indexing databases of WoS. While data collection, and more public and private investments should be made.
we ensured the searches would only consider the peer- Moreover, innovative models and regulatory frameworks
reviewed articles from the WoS database. The searches for need to address to achieve this goal. About 17.5% of total
academic literature information resulted in thousands, but final energy consumption [23] comes from renewable

VOLUME XX, 2017 3

energy while remaining came from conventional sources.

This indicates that fossil fuels comprise a major part of
energy production which leads to a chain reaction of GHG
emissions, global warming, and climate change effects. One
of the primary objectives of the Paris agreement is to keep
the global temperature rise less than 2 degrees Celsius [24].
It also aims to improve and aid nations in dealing with
global climate change. The Agreement was different from
its predecessors with its bottom-up approach; INDCs
(Intended nationally determined contributions) for making
it even more successful [25]. With about 197 countries
signed the Paris agreement as of November 2019, many of
FIGURE 5. Total Installed Capacity of Leading RE producing Asian
them have committed themselves towards the net-zero Countries as of 2018 [33]
emission target. The Paris agreement acts as a catalyst in Among the Asian countries, China leads in renewable
driving investments into cleaner energy and economy. India energy production followed by India and Japan. Figure 5
has also committed to reaching 40% of no-fossil fuel shows the Total RE Installed Capacities (in MW) of some
electricity by 2030 [26]. With 185 countries ratified the of the leading Asian countries. From Figure 5, it is evident
agreement; still, some are pending to ratify it. While the US that China, the world’s most populous nation and one of the
intends to exit the accord by 2020, China has achieved its largest renewable energy-producing nations achieving
2020 target in 2017 and countries like Sweden, Portugal, through its enormous potential in solar [32] and installed
France had made the most progress with 77%, 66%, 65% capacity in hydroelectric and wind energy. As of 2018, it
respectively [27]. has a RE installed capacity of 695.86 GW which was six
Therefore, the emerging interest today is to increase the times greater than India’s total installed RE capacity [33].
share of renewables in global energy production to meet the In the 13th Renewable energy five-year plan, China had set
ever-rising demand, reduce global warming and energy a target to achieve 680 GW of power generation from
costs. Hence, significant initiatives are being taken to renewable energy sources by 2020, with wind energy
develop policies to increase renewable energy penetration accounting up to 210 GW [34]. But China at the end of
into the energy mix, and over time, many countries have 2018, achieved a total installed capacity of 728 GW, which
developed individual frameworks and policies [28, 29]. In is a 12% year on year increase in all forms of renewable
recent years, many policies have been adopted throughout [35]. The Chinese government is also giving many
the world in supporting renewable energy integration in the incentives for local companies to support this development
electricity sector such as 61 countries introducing a feed-in to reduce dependency on other countries [36]. Biomass
tariff (FIT) and the introduction of green certificates or capacity has been considerably increased in recent years
auction systems with Europe leading implementation [13]. with total installed biomass capacity accounting for about
By 2017, policies for renewable power had spread to 121 17.8 GW. Thus, China’s new energy policy on self-security
countries. for energy takes proactive steps in developing cutting-edge
Global production of renewable energy is increasing day technology in improving the efficiency of plants and
by day and in 2018; 171 GW renewable energy is delivering quality renewable energy and expansion of its
integrated into the energy mix with an annual increase of various facilities across the nation.
7.9 per cent by new additions from solar and wind energy
[30]. Total RE installed capacity continent wise is shown in
Figure 4 in which it is evident that Asia is the leading
continent with a global share of 44%.

FIGURE 6. Total Renewable Energy Installed Capacity [31]

Renewable energy growth in the region from 2010-2018
FIGURE 4. Renewable energy generation capacity at the regional level is shown in Figure 6. Various sources of RE generation in
as on 2019 [31]
these regions as of 2018 are shown in Figure 7 [31].

VOLUME XX, 2017 4

country’s energy production, hydropower contributes a

considerable amount of about 68.6 TWh [43]. It enjoys a
huge amount of water resources but still, hydropower
expansion remains narrow as part of safeguarding the
remaining large rivers. The country has already achieved
50% RE in total energy production way back in 2012 and
now it is on track to achieve 100% RE production by 2040
[44].

FIGURE 7. Resource-Wise Installed Capacity as of 2018 [31]

In the North American Continent, countries like the
United States, Canada, Mexico lead in renewable energy
production, with the United States pioneering in all fronts
with an installed RE capacity of about 245.24 GW as of
2018 [33]. The United States of America stands as the
second-highest polluter in the world, with 14.6 % [37] of
overall carbon emissions in the world, but it also manages
to lead in RE production in the world only behind China. FIGURE 8. Total RE Installed Capacity of African countries in 2018 [45]
The United States of America has abundant resources and
mainly has a greater potential of wind energy and the The total renewable energy installed capacity of the
government is likely to invest resources to increase its total African continent stands at 46269 MW at the end of 2018
capacity of wind energy to 314 GW [38]. In recent years, [45]. African countries like Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco,
interest in solar energy adoption in small scale production South Africa leads the renewable energy production. RE
has been in rising with the initiative of many private players installed capacities in some of the African countries are
like SolarCity Corporation who tends to play a key role in shown in Figure 8. South Africa is the pioneer regarding
the wide-scale adoption of solar energy in US households. renewable energy production among the African countries,
The share of renewable energy production through the and the National Development Plan 2030 aims to make a
solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric are projected to decent investment in renewable energy capacity and
increase considerably in the next decades, with solar PV is generation [46]. The White paper on renewable energy
projected to constitute about 48% of total renewable energy (2003) was key in stressing the needs of RE and the need
production followed by wind at 28% and hydroelectric at for diverse energy generation mix in the country [47]. The
18% by the end of 2050 [39]. The hydropower limited since nation has witnessed a rapid increase in recent years from a
there is a minor possibility of adding new structures. baseline zero RE capacity in 2010. South Africa
Renewable energy could also become the largest energy Department of Energy (SADOE) has decided based on the
source contributing to about 50% by 2030. new Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) focusing on increasing
In Europe, among various countries like Sweden, PV solar panels to reduce coal-fired plants and also not to
Finland, Portugal, Denmark, Germany, and France leads the install new nuclear power plants. Under the Renewable
renewable energy production in the continent. Sweden is Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program
considered for discussion as it is one of the pioneering (REIPPP), 27 new renewable energy projects have signed
countries which lead towards a low-carbon economy with which will add about 19400 MW of new generation
nearly 60% of energy coming from RE sources [40]. It has capacity by 2030 [48]. Many parts in South Africa on
an installed capacity of about 29.06 GW, according to a average, receives about 2500 hours of clear sunshine
report by IRENA(International Renewable Energy Agency) throughout the year. The average solar radiation South
[33]. It is a part of IEA (International Energy Agency) since Africa receives is about 4.5 and 6.5 kWh/m2 [49].
1974 and currently, the country has the second-lowest CO2 Currently, Rooftop solar PV installed capacity is about 250
emissions in the world [41] and which is about 1/4th of the MW [50]. Wind energy generation is also considered from
United States of America [42]. The country was able to several wind farms like Metrowin Van Stadens (27 MW),
achieve this feat only because most of its energy comes Jeffreys Bay (138 MW), Kouga wind farms. It also has a
from nuclear and hydroelectric power, which is nearly higher potential for biogas production with an estimation
emission-free. Its energy sector underwent huge changes in potential of 2500 MW of power. Though renewable energy
the production of energy in the last 30 years. Though production is acute, the government aims to adopt various
nuclear and conventional sources make a large part of the RE sources and to gradually reduce coal consumption with
an ambitious target of 21.5 GW of RE capacities by 2030. It

VOLUME XX, 2017 5

includes 9200 MW Wind, 8400 MW Solar PV, and 1200 generated from PV or any other RE resources [53]. Some
MW of solar CSP(Concentrating Solar Power) capacity. states are way above in generation capacity compare to
India has fast-tracked its approach in adopting renewable many other states. Figure 9 shows the total installed
energy, gaining necessary experience from global countries capacity of RE in India. The data has been adopted from the
regarding how to accommodate feed-in tariffs, net Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) report
metering, attracting stakeholders to promote renewable which was uploaded on 29th February 2020.
energy, and have adopted national policies. Many states in
India have also drafted separate policies for both grid-
connected and off-grid renewable energy, which will be
discussed in later sections.

IV. INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO

India is constantly improving and keep setting regular
targets for embracing RE to curtail ever-increasing carbon
emissions as well as global warming and improve air
quality index. Moreover, India’s energy consumption is set
to considerably escalate in upcoming years as the Indian
government has destined to drastically scale down the
production of traditional vehicles and streamline to adopt
the electric vehicles by 2025. FIGURE 10. India’s state-wise RE generation in MW as on 29th February
2020 [51]

India’s state-wise RE generation is shown in Figure 10 in

which it was evident that out of the 29 states, only 10 states
have RE generation of more 1000 MW. From Figure 9 it is
obvious that the solar and wind energy generation leads the
total RE generation in India, so considering energy
generation through these two resources Table 1 is formed
which comprises generation of all 29 states of the country.
The Indian states are classified into northeastern, southern,
northern, western, central and eastern states depending on
the location of each state. After the keen observation and
analyzing the table, it is clear that northeastern states have a
FIGURE 9. Installed Renewable Energy capacity in India as on 29th very low generation and the generation through the wind in
February 2020 [51]
these states is 0 MW. It is evident that all the states in the
India has adopted many policies to promote renewable north-eastern region of India have very minimal RE
energy generation throughout the country though it is not generation, where most of it comes from a small-scale
distributed uniformly. The International Energy Agency hydro plant. The main reason for their low production is the
(IEA) proposed that India will be the 2nd largest climatic conditions as well as the limited area and the
contributor in global energy demand by 2035. From the geographical location. The generation through solar and
results of load forecasting, it is clear that the demand of wind energy is meager because of the climate which is cool
90000 MW should be met to fulfill the basic electrical throughout the year and will receive a dominants rain in
needs in 2035. In the initial stages of development, the even summers.
photovoltaic (PV) cells are costlier and resulted in lower Therefore, solar exposure and wind speed are not enough
efficiency compared to non-renewable energy. As years and economically sustainable to produce a large amount of
passed an exponential decline has been noticed in the prices solar and wind energy. The highest temperature these states
of PV technologies. About 80% drop in its cost is observed, receive is a maximum of 30 degrees Celsius [54]. On the
which encouraged to switch to PV resources for electricity other hand, North East India receives the highest rainfall
generation [52]. As a result of Electricity Act 2003, almost with a mean annual of 11,418 mm. The reason for the small
17 states in India have formulated policies of inviting the hydropower generation in all these states is the heavy rain
private sectors for uplifting the RE generation and which throughout the year and a sufficient number of rivers to
also allowed wheeling, banking and bay-back of electricity. support through their potential for a generation. The
All these are done to attract private sectors. The term smallest RE generation state in the country in Goa. This is
‘wheeling’ refers to the transmission of power from a seller because the state has the smallest area which is not
to a buyer through the network owned by the third party. adequate to set any plant. However, the state is near the
The ‘Bay back’ refers to selling the excess electricity coast and has several beaches, so the generation through

VOLUME XX, 2017 6

tides and waves can be adopted. But due to the insufficient

budget and policies in the state, this is not yet lightened up.
From Table I the generation through solar and wind is
high in southern states. The huge generation is due to its
favorable climatic conditions of the states and the policies
formulated by the government. There are separate
organizations in each state to continuously monitor and
promote the RE by introducing new policies and awareness.
The organizations are New & Renewable Energy
Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd.
(NREDCAP), Telangana State Renewable Energy
Development Corporation Ltd. (TSREDCO), Agency for FIGURE 11. Solar and Wind Energy Installation in the top three states
in India (2015-2019) [51, 53, 54]
New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology
(ANERT) which was established by the government of
Kerala, Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA)
and Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd.
(KRED) [55-58]
From Table I it is seen that many of the states the
generation through wind is negligible MW. The barriers
faced by India in generating energy through wind are high
initial costs, support instruments with inadequate designs,
lack of access to capital for the financing of wind farms,
lack of recent, detailed and accurate wind data, the
underdeveloped home wind industry, high-interest rates on
loans for setting up a wind farm, time-consuming FIGURE 12. Installed Renewable Energy Capacity in the top three
states in India [Data is from ref. 51]
procedures to get construction and grid connection
approvals, lack of efforts taken by R&D, insufficient Table I represents the total installed capacity of
transmission infrastructure and lack of good turbine designs solar and wind energy generation in the Indian States.
[59]. These barriers are the reason for the deficient wind
energy generation. Despite these barriers, some states S.n StateSolar Wind Total (MW)
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, and Maharashtra generate electricity above 4000 o energy energy
MW through wind energy. The reason behind this is the (MW) (MW)
favorable wind speed in those locations and the NORTH EASTERN STATES
introduction of policies by the state/local government like 1. Assam 41.23 - 41.23
repowering policy, offshore wind energy policy, wind
bidding scheme [60].
2. Sikkim 0.07 - 0.07
3. Manipur 5.16 - 5.16
As of February 2020, the total RE capacity in India stood 4. Meghalay 0.12 - 0.12
at 86.76 GW. The installed capacity of off-grid renewable a
power has also increased. Out of the total installed capacity 5. Arunachal 5.61 - 5.61
in India, the states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are
pioneering in renewable energy production. The total Pradesh
renewable energy installed capacity (solar, wind, small 6. Nagaland 1.00 - 1.00
hydro, biogas) of the three most prominent states 7. Mizoram 1.52 - 1.52
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are 15232 MW, 14335 8. Tripura 9.41 - 9.41
MW, and 10511 MW respectively [51]. Figure 11 shows
TOTAL (MW) 64.12 0 64.12
the solar and wind energy installation from 2015 to 2019 in
those three states while Figure 12 shows the current RE SOUTHERN STATES
installed capacity. Therefore, in this section, the three 9. Andhra 3559.02 4092.45 7651.47
prominent states of India were chosen to present the RE Pradesh
context of those states that were scrutinized and explained 10. Karnataka 7277.93 4790.60 12068.53
inclusively. The developments in each state, the plants in
each RE sector and the policies of each state were analyzed. 11. Kerala 142.23 62.50 204.73
12. Tamil 3915.88 9292.34 13208.22

VOLUME XX, 2017 7

Nadu biggest renewable power producer with an installed capacity

13. Telangana 3620.75 128.10 3748.85 of 15.23 GW, and this includes 7.27 GW of solar, 4.78 GW
of wind, 1.882 GW of biomass and 1.28 GW of small
TOTAL (MW) 18515.81 18365.99 36881.80 hydropower plants as shown in Figure 13 [51]. In the last two
NORTHERN STATES years, Karnataka has reached the first position in the
14. Haryana 252.14 - 252.14 production of renewable energy and the main reason is its
15. Himachal 32.93 - 32.93 policies and completion of the projects before the target. One
of the most important moves taken by the government in
Pradesh collaborating with farmers to lease their lands for solar and
16. Jammu 19.30 - 19.30 wind power generation plants. At the same time, it is
and growing faster in biomass generation compared with other
Kashmir states.
17. Punjab 947.10 - 947.10
18. Rajasthan 5035.08 4299.72 9334.80
19. Uttar 1095.10 - 1045.10
Pradesh
20. Uttarakha 315.90 - 315.90
nd
TOTAL (MW) 7697.55 4299.72 11997.27
WESTERN STATES
21. Goa 4.78 - 4.78
22. Gujarat 2886.16 7479.02 10,365.2 FIGURE 13. Composition of Installed Renewable energy capacity in
23. Maharash 1801.80 5000.33 6802.13 Karnataka as on 29th February 2020 [51]

tra 1) SOLAR ENERGY

TOTAL (MW) 4692.74 12479.35 17172.09 Karnataka is glorified with solar insolation for about 300
days in a year [66]. An accomplishment has been made by
CENTRAL STATES the state by installing high-density solar panels which receive
24. Chhattisg 231.35 - 231.35 high solar energy about 2000 to 2500 kilowatt-hours per
arh square meter. The Shakti Sthala power plant located in
25. Madhya 2258.46 2519.89 4778.35 Pavagada at Tumakuru district was launched in the year 2018
generated 2000 MW of energy. The solar park stretches
Pradesh across five villages and about 16500 crores have been
TOTAL (MW) 2489.81 2519.89 5009.70 invested in installing this plant. This plant produces
EASTERN STATES electricity to power approximately 700,000 households [67].
26. Bihar 151.57 - 151.57 The development was initiated with the creation of the
27. Jharkhand 38.40 - 38.40 Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation Limited
(KSPDCL) as a deal that connects the solar energy
28. Orissa 397.84 - 397.84 corporation of India and Karnataka Renewable Energy
29. West 114.46 - 114.46 Development Limited (KREDL). The favorable policies have
Bengal also enabled large corporates to buy a significant proportion
TOTAL (MW) 702.27 0 702.27 of their power from solar farms to supply grids under long
TABLE I : SOLAR AND WIND GENERATION IN THE INDIAN STATES term contracts with solar developers [68]. CleanMax, one of
[51] the private sectors, has installed 145 MW solar farms in
Sedam village in Gulbarga district in Karnataka. The
A. KARNATAKA
specialty of this project is that it came into operation within
Karnataka spread over an area of 191,791 square km and
four months of commencement of its installation work. And
stands as the 7th largest state in India. It is in the
this encourages the corporates to shift over to green solar
southwestern region, and it shares its western border with the
power at low risk and zero capital expenditure [69]. The
Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea [64]. There are four
governmental sectors, as well as the industries, are reassuring
topographic regions by which the state has been divided as
to use solar-based heaters, air conditioners, and air heating
Northern Karnataka Plateau, Southern Karnataka Plateau,
plants.
Karnataka Coastal Region and Central Karnataka Plateau
[65]. The state has toppled Tamil Nadu to become India’s 2) WIND ENERGY

VOLUME XX, 2017 8

The State of Karnataka is rich in wind farm potentials, and testimony from Resource and Development (R&D) to field
the state's present total installed capacity is of 4790.60 MW. positions is being aided with a motive of endowing a model
The Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited that demonstrates the production of energy through the
(KREDL) is facilitating agency for implementing renewable waves [78]. In 2017, ANR Techno Powers Private Ltd
energy sources. For a suitable location of wind farms, the submitted a project report to the state government to set up a
average mean wind speed is considered and if it is greater 10MW tidal power plant for generating power through waves
than 5.4 m/s, it is a suitable and economically viable location of the sea at Maravanthe beach, but this was not yet
for the situation of a wind farm, if it is less than 5.4 then sanctioned [79]. The potential energy per meter sq. in
wind speed is poor and it is not economical to construct a Karnataka is 0.2 MW but due to the limited tidal energy
wind farm in that particular area [70]. Tuppadahalli onshore policies in the state as well as the country, the utilization of
wind farm is a 56.1 MW plant whose output is about 140 the seashore area is not enlightened. The huge capital
GWh per annum, and the other two wind farms in the state investments, coupled with a high maintenance cost, are the
are Anabaru with a capacity of 16.5 MW and Arasinagundi hindrance to choosing this system [80].
with an installed capacity of 13.2 MW. In these wind farms, B. TAMILNADU
each turbine has a rotor diameter of 82 m and a hub height of Tamil Nadu is situated in the southern region, covering an
78m [71]. area of 130,058 square km. The states Kerala, Karnataka,
3) SMALL HYDEL ENERGY Andhra Pradesh, are bordering Tamil Nadu. As the state is
Karnataka is accounted for 6 percent of India’s water present in the bottom tip of the country it is enclosed by the
resources and hence it has a huge surface of water potential. Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal [82],
The state is blessed with seven rivers which include the State was gifted with plenty resources and its
Godavari, Cauvery, Krishna and West flowing rivers Government has set up a separate department called Tamil
accompanying their tributaries flow through the state. These Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) in 1985 [83], to
rivers act as the source of hydropower [72]. Out of 939 small promote the progress of non-conventional energy and
hydel plants in India, 132 projects are located in Karnataka. assuage climate effects by bringing out conducive policies.
This made Karnataka as one of the states with the highest Figure 14 shows the total installed capacity through different
number of existing plants [73]. There are nearly 20 dams in RE resources in Tamil Nadu.
the state where water can be stored and these hydropower
projects can be constructed based on the availability of the
head, catchment basin, and water flow. 1230.73 MW of
capacity which includes 15 small hydropower projects which
are all in operation [74].
4) BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass energy is a form of energy that can be extracted
from living or decaying plants and animals, logging waste,
agricultural waste, animal waste, industrial waste and so on
[75]. The fuels are gleaned from them and this chemical
energy is released as heat when the biomass is burned, and
this heat is used to provide electricity on a small scale. The
wood and paper product industries in Karnataka found a
good alternative to produce their electricity by combustion of FIGURE 14. The total installed capacity of Renewable energy in Tamil
Nadu as on 29th February 2020 [51]
these woods thereby saving their money and eliminating
1) SOLAR ENERGY
disposal problems [76]. To overcome the electrical demands
Solar power is most abundantly available in Tamil Nadu with
in the district of Tumkur, an organization named Biomass
established capacity of 3915.88 MW in the state. The 1MW
Energy for Rural India has implemented a gasification-based
grid-connected solar PV power plant has been installed in
power generation project. The venture consists of six gasifier
southern regions of the state [84]. Kamuthi Solar Power
plants which include 100 KW and 200 KW plants and the
Project is the biggest single-location solar power plant that
power plants at Seebinayana Palya and Boregunte in Tumkur
spans over an area of 2500 acres comprising 2.5 million solar
district of Karnataka are called the twin biomass power
modules, which can produce about 648 MW of energy [85].
plants, each has a capacity of 240 KW. The main objective of
The state government has come up with Solar Energy Policy
constructing these plants is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
2019 which intent to generate about 9000 MW by 2022 [86].
emissions and to fulfill the essentials in backwoods [77].
In addition to these projects, the Solar Powered Greenhouse
4) TIDAL ENERGY scheme and the MNRE Capital subsidy scheme for providing
Karnataka is enthroned with 320 Km seaside integuments financial incentives for rooftop and off-grid solar plants helps
Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. The in boosting the solar energy production in the state [87].

VOLUME XX, 2017 9

2) WIND ENERGY Agro-residue and Forest and wasteland residue for

The Tamil Nadu is blessed with most windy sites in the production, producing around 1589.9 MW of bioenergy [96].
country as it is near the coastal regions. The state has The Agro-residue plays an extensive production of
experienced a speedy response from the private sector since bioenergy, it spans over an area of 4165.3 hectares with
the emergence of wind power in the country. The vigorous biomass generation of about 22507.9 tons/Yr. and power
wind at a speed of 18-24 kmph was seen in the southern potential of 1159.8 MW. However, forest and wasteland
districts. The wind power generation capacity is 8764.34 residue produces a 430 MW potential of bioenergy. TEDA
MW. The state not only develops wind farms, but it also has actively involved in promoting generation through a
manufactures wind turbines. This was started as a combined large scale in specific areas with high potential crops through
project between NEPC of India and Micon of Denmark. The Tamil Nadu Biomass Power Producers Association [97]. The
state has succeeded in installing 1083MW of wind energy in total biomass energy capacity generated is the sum of the
the single year of 2011, which is the highest annual capacity generated through the biomass-based cogeneration
installation by any state in the country in a year [88]. The fuel plants, biomass gasification plants, bio methanation
growth of wind energy is also seen in the districts of plants, and vegetable waste-based power plants. All these
Coimbatore, Tirupur, and Theni, where the maximum plants as a whole contribute for biomass energy production in
turbines were being installed. The Muppandal wind farm the state [98].
located in the Kanyakumari district is India’s largest
C. GUJARAT
operational onshore wind farm [89]. The total capacity of
Gujarat is called the “Jewel of Western India.” It is a land of
about 1500 MW with 3000 windmills was present on this
vast plains, rivers, hilly regions, and gulf. The state is
farm, which represents the largest concentration of wind
surrounded by Indian Peninsula on western coasts and the
farms at a single location [90]. Till 1996, the growth in this
borders of Pakistan and the state of Rajasthan in the northeast
field is low but improvements are made in technology which
and Madhya Pradesh lies on the east and Maharashtra in the
led to the installation of Asia’s biggest wind turbine with the
south and along with some of the union territories [102]. As
capacity of 2MW at Chettikuloam near Koodankulam in
of February 2020, the total installed capacity in renewable
Tamil Nadu in 2004 [91]. In 2015, MNRE approved the
energy is 10511.43 MW which is shown in Figure 15 [51].
National Offshore Wind Energy Policy and this led to the
The reason behind why the state has an enormous generation
resource assessment in the shorelines of Gujarat and Tamil
is because it has a good percentage of barren lands with a
Nadu. Considering various technical factors in the selection
good wind flow, which has been utilized to the maximum
of zones, and to set up a wind farm of 150 MW and 504
extent to install solar and wind plants.
MW, a plan has been designed and the pre-feasibility test
was conducted. Offshore wind farm development is also
prominent in the state [92].
3) SMALL HYDEL ENERGY
The State of Tamil Nadu has been classified as one of the
Medium potential states in small hydel plant (SHP)
production [93]. Though the energy contributed by small
hydro is very negligible considering the total renewable
energy production in the state, but it has a sizeable of energy
in the future as only about 19 % of SHP has been installed by
the states. Still, projects are to be implemented for about 660
MW; as of now, installed capacity stands as 123.05 MW
[94]. On 28th August 2016, TANGEDCO approved the
FIGURE 15. The Total Installed capacity of Renewable energy in Gujarat
Kollimalai hydroelectric project of capacity 20 MW in as on 29th February 2020 [51]
Puliancholai village at Namakkal district. The huge sum of 1) SOLAR ENERGY
Rs. 338.79 crores are funded for the project and it is expected Solar power projects are blooming in Gujarat and had
to be commissioned by April 2021 [95]. Most of the Small massive growth. The small part of the Junagarh district has
hydel power plants are maintained by the state, except one constrained to have a maximum solar energy generation. And
small hydro project managed by the private sector. Under the Gujarat has fewer monsoon effects compared to other states
river scheme, an association named TANGEDCO has in India, so cosmic energy generation is altered in August
planned to establish the project in this domain whose [103]. The Gujarat Solar Park 1, which is also known as
generation capacity is beneath 25 MW. Charanka Solar Park, is one of Asia’s biggest solar parks
4) BIOMASS ENERGY located at Patan district in Northern Gujarat and spread
Till now in the state, the biomass energy generation is not to across 5.382 acres of unused lands. The total capacity of the
the full extent, and the generation through this is possible in solar park is 500 MW. More than Rs. 12 billion has been
the upcoming years. The total biomass potential comprises of invested in the solar park by financial institutions [104]. The

VOLUME XX, 2017 10

park is presented as a contemporary and environmental- As many as 37 locations have been identified across Gujarat,
friendly plan by the Confederation of Indian Industry [105]. which has a potential surplus of biomass where the plants can
Solar power plants are located at multiple locations in the be set up. The first biomass power plant was started in
Surat with a combined capacity of 1 MW. They are powering Sankheda taluka of Vadodara district has been set up by
three water distribution plants and 18 municipal schools. The Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies Pvt Ltd based on
Surat Municipal Corporation is independent of the electricity gasification technology. The project was completed in a
companies for water distribution because they have duration of 6 months with the help of local villages and
completely shifted to use power generated from solar plants farmers, panchayats, taluk offices, GDEA and MNRE. The
[106]. The Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GDEA) cost of the project is Rs 640.67 lakhs including construction,
had set a target of achieving at least 50MW from rooftop land, and machinery [112]. Junagarh Power project had set
solar plants in upcoming years. An innovative idea of up a plant capacity of 10MW at Khokharda village [113].
installing the solar power plant on the canal top has been Nitash Co-generation Pvt Ltd has inaugurated a Cogeneration
launched in Gujarat to set up the solar panel’s long branches power plant at Dharikheda in the Narmada district with
of Narmada canals, which travels to a distance of 19000 67.7MW capacity [114].
kilometers were being used [107]. This project has been 4) TIDAL ENERGY
commissioned by SunEdison India. Gujarat is the first state in India to initiate generation from
2) WIND ENERGY waves, and the locations were found in the Gulf of Kutch and
The state has a littoral of 1600 km where the wind velocity is Gulf of Cambay on the west coast, where there is huge tidal
sufficient for electricity generation. The open lands are potential with a tidal range of 8m to 11 m as shown in Figure
available throughout the coastline, where the installation of a 16. The potential in the Gulf of Cambay is 7000MW and in
wind farm is possible. Therefore this sector has major the Gulf of Kutch, it is about 1200 MW [115]. In 2011,
importance in the state [108]. Due to the efforts of Gujarat approved the construction of 50MW plant in Gulf of
government, in 1985, India’s first joint sector with a capacity Kutch and in the same year, MNRE has announced to
of 1.10MW of wind energy was installed at Mandvi [88]. provide financial support as much as 50% of the cost for the
The government was investing massively in wind power and demonstration of the project. In 2012, Atlantis Resources, a
spotted Samana in Rajkot district as a suitable area for the British tidal energy company, has approached the
establishment of 450 turbines that can produce a capacity of government to install a plant in Kutch with a capability to
360MW. ONGC Ltd. has installed a 51 MW wind energy generate 50MW at the cost of Rs. 25 billion. If the project is
farm at Bhuj in Gujarat. A target of 200 MW has been set by successful, then it will be extended to 200MW. The
ONGC for the development of wind power capacity [88]. installation of this kind of technology can be started in the
The current trend in the state is offshore wind energy fullest form in the upcoming years [116, 80].
generation and establishing related to this and MNRE is
supporting them by setting up a team to conduct studies on
the potential of offshore wind energy and if everything favors
then an offshore plant will be established soon. It is
suggested that a possible potential of 1 GW capacity plant
can be set at the coastline of Gujarat. The country has made
advancements by analyzing 8 zones on the coast of Tamil
Nadu and Gujarat. An analysis is done by long term
measurement of offshore potential so that a correct prediction
and identification of zones can be made more efficiently as
per the offshore policy [109].
3) SMALL HYDEL ENERGY
The state of Gujarat has many rivers, streams, and large canal FIGURE 16. Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Cambay [117]

networks that have the abundant potential for the production 5) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
of clean, renewable energy through small, micro and mini- Geothermal plants extensively use hydrothermal resources
projects [110]. Gujarat has an estimated potential of 202MW which have both water and heat located within 3km of
[111] of generation but only 35MW has been successfully earth’s surface which is used to drive a heat engine.
tapped. The Gujarat Small Hydel Policy-2016 was framed to Deploying energy from this technique will have many
provide an extensive protocol for aggressively promoting and challenges [118]. The considerable survey has been done for
adopting the small hydel projects to exploit its maximum potential exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy.
potential in the state [110]. In India, about 340 hot springs were found in existence by
4) BIOMASS ENERGY the geological survey and they are scattered in seven
geothermal zones. They were found running from the west
coast to the western border of Bangladesh which was known

VOLUME XX, 2017 11

as SONATA and along the west coast in Gujarat and • As per the MNRE scheme, municipal corporations of
Rajasthan [119]. In Gujarat, Dholera is located about 30 km Mysore and Hubli Dharwad have been chosen to turn
away in Ahmedabad district is one of the potential sites for them into a developed solar metropolis.
tapping geothermal energy [120]. • As per the rules and regulations of the government, the
lands will be leased to the RE developers for a period as
V. INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY long as 30 years for the installation of the renewable
PROGRESS energy plant.
In India, these three states stood as a pillar to support the
generation through RE and they are the reason for the huge B. TAMILNADU
development in RE potential in the past two decades. And • TEDA established on 29th November 1984 encourages
these states are working to fulfill India's target of 175 GW energy maintenance and make everyone to switch to
generation from RE sources by 2022. Initiatives taken by the RE, thereby implementing new projects. TEDA also
three states are given below: encourages research and developments to promote the
RE sector [83].
A. KARNATAKA • The state has applied various schemes proposed by the
• By 2020, the government of Karnataka ensures to plan titled National Action Plan on Climate Change
provide the 24*7 electricity for all places in the state. (NAPCC) to improve production.
As of 2017, 29 villages in Karnataka are yet to get • The Tamil Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure
power supply. Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Corporation Limited have been formed to
Development Limited (KREDL) is established to boost- provide loans to set up wind farms. In some cases, the
up the generation of electricity through renewable loans were also provided by IREDA for promoting
energy [81]. biomass projects [99].
• The government issued “KREDL 2009- 2014” to • The government has announced its “Solar Energy
improvise and utilize the generated energy in a fruitful Policy-2019” intending to install about 9000 MW
manner. During five years of the program, the policy capacity by 2023 and declared that the consumer
action has a target to achieve about 1970 MW. encouraging solar power would be free from electricity
• To assist the progress of the project regarding the tax for 2 years. The state conducted many awareness
finance and energy conservation, a Green Energy Fund, programs to promote solar and wind energy in
which was named as “Akshaya Shakthi Nidhi” has been agricultural sectors [100].
reported by KDREL [81].
• Solar cities were being developed in the state.
TABLE II
DETAILED COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF RENEWABLES FOR THE STUDIED THREE STATES
Renewable energy
Comparison between states on various factors
sources
Wind energy -Wind power is the best competitor of fossil fuels and with 27 % annual growth, which confirms that it is doubling its installed
capacity every three years [124].
-Tamil Nadu leads wind energy generation in India. The total installed capacity is 9127.22 MW [125], while Gujarat stands
second with a capacity of 6102.67 MW, and Karnataka stands 4th with a total capacity of 4694.90 MW.
-In the month of June to September, about 80% of wind energy is generated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka [126]. The major
reason behind Tamil Nadu harnessing a large amount of wind power than other states is due to its suitable location [127].
-Gujarat has the advantage of south-west wind originating from the Arabian sea with an average wind speed of 8m/s [128] while
Tamil Nadu due to the chain of mountainous ranges in the western Ghats leading to the concurrent blowing of wind for almost 9
months in a year at Muppandal with an average wind speed of 5-7 m/s [110], making it suitable for generating electricity [129].
-As of 2014, the Muppandal wind farm is the largest wind power plant in the country with a generation capacity of 1500 MW
located in Tamil Nadu while Tuppadahalli onshore wind farm with a generation capacity of 56.1MW, is the largest wind farm in
the state of Karnataka and Kutch Wind Farm is the largest in Gujarat with a generation capacity of 1100MW [130].
-The current Tariff Rates [131] for wind energy generation in Tamil Nadu is at 3.51 Rs/kWh, and Karnataka, the tariff is at 3.70
Rs/kWh, while Gujarat is the most expensive at 4.23 Rs/kWh.
Solar energy -Solar energy generation is one of the most promising hybrid technologies [132]. To promote the advancement of solar power,
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was launched by the Government of India during 2010-2011. Initially, the
government has a target of implementing grid-connected solar power of 20,000 MW by 2020, but in 2015 this target was
updated to 100000 MW. The introduction of this project has increased the installation capacity of the three states [133].
-The roof-top PV air collectors are widely used and these could utilize the incident solar insolation’s falling on it and convert
into electricity and useful heat [134]. This was encouraged in the State of Gujarat at starting and it has started the Gujarat solar
power policy 2015, which has contributed 69MW of the total roof-top solar project, whereas Karnataka has contributed about 51
MW of total roof-top solar project and the contribution made by Tamil Nadu, is very high, it is about 132 MW. There is no
payment regarding the cost of power for net export in Tamil Nadu whereas Karnataka and Gujarat have some charges [135].
-Till 2014, Gujarat stands as one of the leading solar photovoltaic generating states in India along with Rajasthan with a total
installed capacity of 919 MW in Gujarat, whereas in Tamil Nadu it is 100 MW [136].
-MNRE has launched Solar City Program in 2008, which aims at enabling the government to work with Urban Local Bodies to

VOLUME XX, 2017 12

look into the energy challenges faced by cities and thereby finding a way to reduce the demand for traditional energy by 10%.
The cities Rajkot, Gandhinagar, Surat from Gujarat and Mysore from Karnataka were proposed for development with a Solar
city master plan [137].
-The 3 states have mandated that in the specified category of buildings, installation of rooftop PV panels as mandatory.
According to the study by Ramachandra et al. (2011), the states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat receive annual global
insolation of more than 5 KWh/m2 per day.
-Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) has implemented a 1 MW canal top Solar Power Project in Gujarat. This idea of
the solar panel over dams and canals in Gujarat is astonishing, and it helps in the reduction of water evaporation due to heat and
radiation and results in reducing the impacts due to climatic changes [138].
-One of the most reliable ideas of Tamil Nadu is the solar street lighting scheme, which includes 20 W LEDs for 100 thousand
street lights with a feature of auto-dimming 6W at a particular interval of time along with other options like 5-year replacement
warranty for remote monitoring [139]. This approach is also started to implement in other states.
-The state Karnataka is developing the world's largest solar park in Tumkur district to produce 2000 MW of solar power. And for
irrigation, the MNRE has approved a system of 9725 number of solar water pumps, in which 5506 are operating under this
approval, and the balance is in progress [140].
Biomass energy -Karnataka leads in the production of power through biomass, followed by Tamil Nadu and Gujarat [141].
-The main reason for high production in Karnataka is high due to raw materials available from the Western Ghats [142].
-About 60% of biomass resources in Tamil Nadu are available from woody biomass such as Prosopis Juliflora and Tapioca and
the remaining through agricultural waste. Cogeneration of biogas is a most accomplished energy project as the sugar mills adhere
to the latest techniques and encouragement by the Government [143].
-In Gujarat, this form of generation is gaining pace through the support of government and MNRE. They collaborate with
farmers and buy the raw materials for generation and produce power and distribute it to the villages. About 70% of production is
available from the waste of cattle [144].
Tidal energy -The tidal energy inlets are currently identified along the west coast of India, including Gujarat and Karnataka [145], while
scientists are currently identifying the economic possibility of harnessing tidal energy in Tamil Nadu.
-Currently, 15 inlets in Gujarat and 16 inlets in Karnataka have the potential for tidal energy generation [146].
-Gujarat has two suitable locations with very high potential for tidal energy generation, namely Gulf of Kutch (1200 MW) with a
range of 8m to 11m and Gulf of Cambay with an estimated potential of 7000 MW [147], while Karnataka still in the
experimental stage, where private companies have submitted their prototype for the upcoming tidal plant of 10MW at
Maravanthe beach [148].
Small hydel energy -The installed capacity of Karnataka is 1254.73MW, which is 10 times larger than the production in Tamil Nadu (123.05MW)
and Gujarat (61.30MW) [141].
-The numerous rivers in Uttara Kannada districts located in the mid-western part of Karnataka and bordering the Arabian Sea
and suitable catchment areas and rainfall are the main reason for high production through these plants [146].
-Though Tamil Nadu stands best in production through other resources, its production through small hydro is low, but at present,
we can see the growth in the establishment of projects through TANGEDCO near the running rivers. To meet the small-scale
electrical requirements, the government encourages the NGOs and other associations to install watermills [149].
• Gujarat hybrid power policy (2018) aims to scale up the
• MNRE is promoting waste to energy projects through 2 installation of wind and solar hybrid power projects to
schemes-one is the energy improvement from minimize the variability apart from optimally utilizing
metropolitan and industrial wastes, which was a the required infrastructure including land and
national level program and the other one is the United transmission systems [123].
National Development Programme (UNDP). There are
assisted projects which concentrate on the immense rate VI. COMPARISON OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY
of bio methanation processes, thereby decreasing GHG SCENARIO BETWEEN THREE PIONEER INDIAN
STATES
emission [101].
This section gives an overview of how each state is different
C. GUJARAT
from others in a comparative method. Each RE resource and
• Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GDEA) offers a its various leading factors in each state have been compared.
subsidy for rooftop solar of Rs.10,000 per KW of Table II gives a detailed overview of the various highlights of
installed capacity up to a maximum of Rs.20,000 per each state in the specific RE sector separately. It gives a
customer. [121]. quick glimpse of how each state is different from the other in
• “Small scale distribution solar project-2019” policy has their policies and generating approaches.
been started by the state. The policy is about installing a
VII. BARRIERS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
solar project with generation capability between 500
Renewable energy has seen a considerable rise in the past
KW to 4 MW. It will lead to setting up of solar
decade but still a long way to go in order to achieve the full
photovoltaic projects in scattered pockets of barren and
level of its potential. One of the main reasons for the slow
uncultivable land at a fast pace. The policy will provide
development of RE in any country is the lack of proper
visibility to small developers in terms of available
awareness about it to the public. Other barriers/constraints to
tariffs for the sale of power and help promote small-
promote renewable energy are national and international
scale entrepreneurs. The power produced will be
policies, availability of land space for RE plants, political and
directly fed into the 11 KW line of Gujarat Energy
social awareness, and financial and technical considerations.
Transmission Company Limited (GETCO) [122].
The government and other private energy agencies should

VOLUME XX, 2017 13

bring a common awareness as well as policies about it and sectors started to participate effectively. This paved the way
stress for the economic consumption of energy. In this for the enhancement of wind power generation capacity in
section, some of the major barriers, including; economic and India [199].
financial barriers, technological, institutional, industrial, The Acts, Policies, and regulations have been codified by
political, regulatory and environmental, were perceived and the ministry to promote RE. India has both states as well as
reviewed in Table III. central level policies that support RE and aims in achieving a
clean development mechanism [200]. The special quotas for
VIII. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES OF THE REs share of about 10 % have been implemented by ten
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF INDIA states out of 29 and low tariffs for electricity produced from
The barriers which have been discussed in the preceding renewable sources have been proposed [201]. Some of the
section can be vanquished by taking initiatives regarding major policies and acts are discussed here.
policymaking and financial investments. The present section
discusses the policies and plans which the Indian government A. RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE (REC)
has formulated to promote renewable energy. In 2010, the Central Electricity Regulatory
Country’s three-fifths of power generation is based on Commission (CERC) had announced its regulations on the
fossil fuels, and the country faced hurdles due to the impacts Renewable Energy Certificate mechanism. It is a green
of generation through fossil fuels which introduce global tradable certificate which was introduced to advocate
warming. In the last few decades, the regime has formulated renewable energy resources and marketing developments in
many steps in cultivating the generation through renewable electricity. Renewable energy certificate mechanism has
energy, thereby decreasing the use of fossil fuel-based facilitated the bound between the people to meet their
energy. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) in those states that
(MNRE) is a department that takes charge of official matters are deprived of renewable energy sources along with the
and helps in uplifting the RE resources [198]. open access consumers, captive power plants and distribution
The State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) companies which have the option of purchasing the
specified better tariffs for purchasing renewable energy. renewable energy certificate. RPO is a committee authorized
There was no eminent cooperation from the private sector but by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), to
there existed some national actions to uplift the power invest a meager level of RE out of complete consumption in
generation through RE resources. In 1991, after the the area of distribution licensee [202].
annunciation of the “private power policy,” the private
TABLE III
PROPERTIES BARRIERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

Barrier Description

High preliminary cost -The capital cost of installing renewable energy plants is high when compared to non- renewable plants [147].
-It prohibits consumers from adopting them as they prefer to keep primary cost low instead of reducing the maintenance and
operational costs [150].
-Lack of proper access to cheap capital parameters like inflation rate, interest rate during the installation of the RE source also
contributes significantly to overall initial cost [151].
-Renewable purchase obligation’s framework is not convincing, and the majority of the policies were applicable only to the
existing technologies [152]
Economic and -The commercial banks are the one which helps in financing RE projects. Even though the banks give their support, the
financial barriers awareness was not spread and lack of information about many solar power projects makes this help from banks impossible
[153].
-The fund of renewable energy projects depends on issues like the size of the project, the developers, and the technology
[154].
-When the debt or equity financiers demand is too high, the financing becomes costly. Mostly the banks are ready to fund
small projects than the large projects [154].
-Some of the ways through which funding is provided are through foreign financing, syndicate loaning, and bridge loan [154].
Transmission and -An average of about 30% of losses has been observed during transmission, distribution, and usage of electricity [155].
distribution losses -If RE generation takes place at a faraway place from the load center, it will result in an acute increase of losses [155].
-These losses have to be monitored by the government by setting a separate department for the management of power
distribution for more efficient management and integration of future RE generation centers to the grid [155].
-The increase in complexity of the power system increases the level of inverters also and leads to the high switching losses,
this can be reduced by using bidirectional switches [156,157]
Technical barriers -The main issue is the consumers are not aware of the new technologies due to lack of promotion. For example, from the
customer's point of view, solar technologies are deceptive because they are abundantly available during the sunny period, and
they are unaware that some technologies make them highly reliable when combined with hybrid photovoltaic systems [158].
-Mostly production of renewable energy depends upon the seasons, and hydropower depends upon the rainfall and availability
of water.
-The radiation that strikes on the globe depends on geographic locations, atmospheric conditions, and movement of earth.
-In some places, the required data for starting a plant is not available, and so there is a need in the country to set up stations
that helps in collecting the data regarding solar irradiance thereby fastening the advancements of solar power projects [111].
-The communication between the States regarding renewable energy sources should be strong to overcome the barriers.

VOLUME XX, 2017 14

Therefore, information support is essential to achieve a perfect linkage for efficient RETs, and this will also lead to an increase
the production [159].
-Another main problem is the lack of proper usage of the available resources, and there are no recognition and promotion of
certain technologies like biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC), co-firing, cellulosic ethanol, offshore wind
energy generators [160].
Research and -Huge economic support is needed from the side of the government for research work, but this is currently unavailable. And
development further, the companies that absorb the market risk of introducing new technologies are unable to get the complete benefits of
their developments [161].
-Technically trained candidates with determined skills in management and development; these people are not available due to
insufficient training institutes.
-There are inadequate guidance and technical backing for the engineers, which leads to the inefficient harnessing of renewable
energy resources [162].
Land clearance -The generation through hydro needs evacuation of people from the areas of the huge potential of water for the construction of
problems dams and this completely disturbs the habitats and animals present in that area. Difficulty in hiring experienced staff to install
remote systems is another problem [163].
-The wind plants are laid on a farm, which is the bird’s habitat and also leads to deforestation. So due to the blades of the
turbine, most of the birds were killed but some measures have been taken to protect birds by setting avian radars that detect
birds in the area and will stop the turbine if there is a potential danger to birds from the turbines [164].
-A huge area is required for constructing a solar farm, and the major issue is to obtain the radiation data and identifying the
hotspots [158].
-In the case of biomass, there is a risk with unproven fuel supply and conversion technologies, and the generation cost is very
high when compared to other generation methods. Another issue is the lack of support from the government to provide
clearance to developers to construct plants.
Barriers faced in solar -The generation through solar energy is the most prominent way but has few shortcomings [165]. The rise in PV panel
energy generation temperature has adverse effects on the open-circuit voltage, short circuit current and accelerates the degradation process of the
panel [166, 167]. Irradiance, air mass, wind speed, humidity, and module temperature have a great influence on the PV module
and decides the performance of the PV system [168]
-The maximum power point changes with variations in irradiance, panel temperature, and load. So it showed be monitored
frequently [169]. These fluctuations can be monitored by an artificial neural network technique [170]. Energy losses can
happen due to convection through the upper surface of the panel [171].
-Hence, to overthrow these drawbacks, the reflective coatings on the panel can be replaced by the anti-reflective chemicals.
The problem is when we use the silicon cells; these have a very high reflective index which absorbs only a small amount of
irradiance and converts it to energy while the other part is reflected back reducing the energy conversion.
-So, the anti-reflective coatings like Aluminium oxide and Tantalum pentoxide [172] which will capture more energy and
increase the output power and the efficiency can be increased through Phase Changing Materials (PCM) which acts as
Thermal Conductivity Enhancers (TCE) [173-176].
-Flat plates, parabolic troughs, dish mirrors, heliostats are used as heating accumulating devices. These devices are costly and
make it repulsive [177]. When the flat plate solar air heater was used they have higher heat losses and lower heat transfer
capability, which is not useful [178]. The angle at which the panel is placed (i.e. tilt angle) also influences the output power.
The optimum tilt angle should be found to obtain a good power output because the irradiance varies with season, time of day
and geographic location and time to time the position of the panel should be change accordingly [179, 180]
-The accumulation of dust on the panel will also lead to a decrease in efficiency. Frequent cleaning of the solar panel should
be done [181].
Barriers in wind -The majority of wind farms are installed in rural areas where the transmission grids are weak. So this increases the cost of the
energy generation total project which includes the strengthening of grids along with the installation of the plant [182, 183].
-The shape, structure, and type of rotor blades used will influence power generation [184]. So improvisations in the design of
blades which will increase the strength and reliability of the system [185].
-Operation and maintenance for every individual component are costly [186].
-The selection of a wind turbine should be given special care because it is linked with the capacity factor. So the wind turbine
which is selected should be in such a way that it gives maximum capacity factor as well as the minimum cost of energy [187].
-The problem faced by the wind turbine is that it won’t get the constant maximum power because of the variations in wind
speed, which rotates the blades of the turbine.
-To eliminate this Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is used in the rectifier side, which will use the concepts
fuzzy logic control techniques. By tracking the reference speed of the generator and comparing it with the normal speed, the
maximum power can be obtained.
-And the use of a Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) will aid the system to operate with good stability and
efficiency [188,189].
-The faults occur due to voltage sag. This can be made by improvising the mechanical structure of the wind turbine for the
better production of energy [190].
-The massive wind energy systems use yaw control and pitch control for controlling the turbine generator, which is placed at
the top of the tower. These control mechanisms were not possible in exploiting wind energy at the low speed [191]
-Offshore wind energy plants are an emerging technology and transporting the generated electricity to the station placed on the
shore through cables is a tedious process and special types of equipment to reduce the loss in transmission should be employed
[192].
Absences of adequate -The monitoring and management of the renewable energy-based system is the major issue after implementation.
energy management -This can be set right by designing a system that can monitor the generation, the amount of power used, and faults in the
systems system. The energy management through this system can be done through hybrid systems by implementing technologies like
IoT, Python and other programming techniques [193].
-The utilization of resources is done, but the management of that resource is also an important thing.
-Drones can be used efficiently in the solar energy field for surveillance, maintenance, and data logging. [194]
Storage cells -Superconducting magnet energy storage, flywheel energy storage, pumped storage batteries, regenerative fuel cell storage,
and compressed air energy storage were used as storage devices [195]. Increase in the plant capacity will increase the capacity

VOLUME XX, 2017 15

of the battery used for storage and which is not economical [196]
-This can be overcome by using high exergy thermal energy storage and storing it thermally [197]
consideration the presence of resources and its effects on
The registration of renewable energy certificate is designated retail tariffs and concerning the purchase by distribution
by the Central Commission through a central level agency, companies. It also aims to provide a better service to
and; renewable energy can be sold at a tariff which has been consumers through robust electricity infrastructure. It also
established by the electricity regulatory commission. The ensures in creating adequate capacity which includes assets
renewable energy certificate mechanism has contributed an in generation, transmission and distribution to produce
opportunity for all types of renewable energy generators to reliability in electricity supply to the consumers [207].
accept the benefits by not worrying about the agreement
related to power purchase for the trade of renewable power E. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN OF CLIMATE CHANGE
[203]. This was formulated in the year 2008 to limit the emission of
carbon concerning the protection and to accommodate the
B. ELECTRICITY ACT (2003) energy demand, and the government has launched a National
This act stands as a pillar for the upliftment of renewable Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The plan was
energy in the country. This act was originated from three acts started development through eight “National Missions” and
that were formed earlier, and these acts standardized to discuss the issues in climatic changes and about the steps
electricity sectors-Indian Electricity Act (1910), the to improve the utilization of Renewable Energy. The various
Electricity Act (1948) and the Electricity Regulatory ministries of the Government of India implement these
Commission Act (1998) [204]. Few major regulations in the missions, and the developments of every particular mission
Electricity Act (2003) are: Section 3(1), Section 4, Section 61 are constantly inspected by the Council on climate change
(h), Section 86 (1) (e), Section 86 (2) (i) [205]. which is governed by the Prime Minister of India. The main
aim is to utilize the local government and public-private
C. NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY (2005) partnerships effectively and gratify global companies for
The policy specifies that the contribution of electricity from research and development. Through the United Nations
renewable energy should be increased, and the process of Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the
competitive bidding is adopted by distribution companies for transfer of technologies and funding is made easy [208].
the purchase of power [206]. Among the 8 national missions, the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is one of the major energy
Some of the plans of the National Electricity Policy are: missions. It was launched in 2010 with an idea of increasing
• In the next five years, all households will have access to the generation through solar energy and by the end of 2022, it
electricity. has targeted to set up 22000MW of power generation
• By the end of the year 2012, there will be no power through off-grid and grid-connected plants [209, 210].
demand and to increment the extra generating capacity,
which can be done by increasing the output power of F. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION POLICY (2006)
generators which are already connected through a The main objective is to ensure the accessibility of electricity
power system. to all the remote villages by the end of 2009, either through
• To supply a standard quality of power in a well- off-grid or grid-connected techniques. This cannot be
organized manner at a reasonable rate. achieved completely through conventional methods, which
• By 2012, the per capita availability of electricity has to arose an opportunity for solar, micro-hydro, wind and
be expanded to over 1000 units. biomass technologies. The government has launched Rajiv
• The electricity sector has to be supported financially Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana in the year April
and has to compete effectively to gain profit in the 2005; this is a scheme to electrify 125000 villages and also
renewable energy sector. gives access to rural households in 5 years. By the end of
• To know the requirement of the consumers and to December 2006, a total of 19.758 villages have been supplied
ensure protection to them. with electricity [211].

D. TARIFF POLICY (2006)

This policy is revised by the central government under
section 3(3) of the Electricity Act 2003. This has been IX. A PATHWAY FOR INDIA TO BECOME GLOBAL
evolved as a result of discussions between the State RENEWABLE LEADER
Governments, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the India is currently home to one of the largest clean-
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, and various energy expansions in the world. An increase in Central
stakeholders. The main objective of this protocol is fixing a Government and foreign investment drives the nation-wide
minimum percentage for purchasing energy, taking into green expansion. Still, the state governments can contribute
a lot to fuel this transition. India is already among the top

VOLUME XX, 2017 16

five global green energy producers in the world by the end kept the project developers from bidding for these RE
of 2019 [212]. Newer technologies, steady influx of capital, projects. The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
falling prices of materials, and a highly conducive policy (PGCIL) has recently shared proposals to set up large scale
environment are among the most important factors which transmission networks in states of Maharashtra, Gujarat,
determine the growth of new green energy projects. To and Rajasthan to support a combined 25 GW of renewable
emerge as a global leader in the renewable energy sector, energy projects in these states [215].
India needs to aggressively correct some prevalent issues Concentrating solar power, micro fuel cell and
dampening the growth of RE in the country. Moreover, it floating wind turbine technologies are the areas of prime
can adapt and implement successful strategies of other focus to improve the efficiency of renewable energy
forerunners like China, Japan, Germany and the US in the generation. India should also incorporate the latest
RE sector. technologies through government-private partnerships to
Renewable based power plants need larger blocks improve the efficiency of current installed capacity. More
of lands for construction and easing the land-acquisition attention is needed on energy storage development projects
norms will fasten current projects. About 31GW of and also energy transport on a more economical scale.
renewable energy projects are in construction and another Improved energy conservation techniques in heating,
40 GW projects are out for tender in India. In 2005, China ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) need to be taken
enforces the Renewable energy law (REL) to promote the care of. These are the major areas of concern to be focused
development and utilization of RE and marked as the on to improve the RE growth rate and efficiency in the
transition phase of RE development in the country. The law country and to become one of the largest green energy
also fast-tracked the development projects and solved producers in the world. Some of the major technological
prominent barriers of RE generation in the country. Article developments that can be made to make India a global
25 of REL promotes financial institutions to give leader-
preferential loans to renewable energy development Solar:
projects [213]. Article 26 insists the central government
 To achieve the target of 2022 the country should face
provide tax benefits for these projects. The Ministry of
challenges like poor quality of solar modules,
Finance (MOF) issued a nationwide taxation policy to favor
financial sickness of state distribution companies and
RE projects. Moreover, Customs duty exemption is
others. India highly focuses on generation through
provided to import RE power generation equipment. Now
solar photovoltaic (PV) cells; efficiency is about 29 %
whereas in India, still lack interest of financial institutions
(for single-junction silicon solar cells) and this
to fund RE projects prevails. Also, the safeguard duty on
efficiency reduces due to heating losses, dust, and
imported solar panels, ambiguity over goods and services
weather. Moreover, the majority of plants use thin-
tax (GST) on solar equipment hinders the adoption rate of
film solar cells. They have a lower efficiency of about
newer projects.
7 to 13 % only which is much lower than crystalline
The government can rationalize the GST on solar silicon solar cells. And using thin-film will also reduce
and wind power equipment using a fixed standard national its output as the years pass and it requires a huge area
rate to improve fluidity in the sector. The Indian for setting up the plant. But the same plant with the
government can relax its taxation policies on RE same generation can be set by crystalline silicon solar
technologies and provide more incentives for RE projects in cells in a less area and with higher efficiency. So by
the coming years. The new programs like Pradhan Mantri replacing the thin film with crystalline silicon cells
Kisan Urja Suraksha evem Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM- can help India to achieve its target [216].
KUSUM), development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy
 The panel efficiency reduces as the PV module
Power Parks (UMREPPs) which was implemented in 2019
temperature increases and this reduces the overall
contributed significantly to the growth of renewable energy
output [217]. The cooling techniques like air cooling,
installed capacity in the country [214]. The central
water-based cooling, liquid immersion cooling,
government has been discussing the DISCOMs
thermoelectric cooling, active water cooling, phase
(Distribution Company) reform scheme for a long time and
change materials (PCM) can be adopted to increase
it is yet to be implemented. The major highlight of the
efficiency [218].
reform scheme is the privatization of debt-ridden
DISCOMs to improve their performance. Moreover,  Efficiency is also reduced due to reflective and
modernization of current transmission networks and further thermal losses which can be overcome by using the
expansion of it may fuel the large-scale connection needs of anti-reflective coating technology [219].
RE production hubs. There is a recent slowdown in addition  Even the dust accumulated on panels will cause a
to newer transmission capacity in the country with about drastic decrease in its efficiency. To overcome this the
only 10625 ckt km (Circuit kilometers) to be added in the cleaning technologies should be encouraged.
current FY 2019/2020 where as in previous FY 2018/19 Techniques like electrostatic method (standing-wave
and FY 2017/18 in was 25000 ckt km [214]. The lack of electric curtain, Travelling- wave electric curtain),
adequate transmission networks in key production hubs has mechanical methods (brushing, blowing, ultrasonic

VOLUME XX, 2017 17

vibration methods ) and coating methods (super loads [224]. Embedded turbine sensors are
hydrophilic or superhydrophobic coatings) [220, 221] programmed to gather the data and detailed analysis is
Wind: done in real-time on factors like temperature or
vibrations and transmits the necessary data to make
 Wind Power is the leading renewable energy
adjustments which help in improving efficiency.
generation in the country and to achieve future
renewable energy targets, only adding new capacities  Other non-technical concerns also need to be
is insufficient. addressed for further developments. Getting land
clearance is very difficult especially in Western India.
 Existing wind energy plants need to be modernized
For many states, still actual wind potential is unknown
and periodically upgraded to improve plant efficiency
and it should be identified for long term planning
and minimize operational costs.
[226].
 Modern tools like the Simulator for Wind Farm
 The output power maximization can be obtained
Applications (SOWFA) can help in improving the
through fuzzy controller technologies [227]. There are
efficiency of the plant. SOWFA is a set of CFD
the chances of fault occurrence in the grid side and to
(computational fluid dynamics) solvers, turbine
avoid disruptions due to these faults PI controller can
models, boundary conditions based on the Open
be used to bring back the grid side converter to its
FOAM CFD toolbox. This tool allows users to
normal state [228].
simulate wind turbines and plant operation and
performance under the full range of atmospheric The technologies discussed above are among a
conditions and in terrain. few ways which can help India to modernize the current
fleet of RE generation and also exponentially increase the
 The usage of SOWFA is highly helpful in
current installed capacity of green energy and reach its
coordinating turbine controls for curtailing wake
target efficiently on time. The states with the lower
effects. The wind power plant output could be
generation capacity can adopt these technologies to
increased by 4%-5% [222].
improve their production. To increase production, only
 Offshore wind energy research should be encouraged adopting newer technologies is not sufficient. The non-
in the country [223]. Advanced control methods technical aspects discussed above also play a considerable
should be used to produce innovative controls for role in determining the RE growth in the country. Care
offshore floating wind turbines. Moreover, the stress should be taken to improve interest among investors to aid
on structural load should be reduced and platform new projects. The government needs to frame and modify
motion must be limited to increase reliability and its policies dynamically to aid faster adoption of new-age
maximize energy production. technologies. The outlaid pathway presents one of many
 Moreover, offshore technology development should possible ways for India to become a global leader in
aim to lower the operational cost and should be able to renewable energy production.
produce utility-scale grid-connected energy.
 Maintenance of wind turbines and related components X. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
is also a concern as cost increases with its age. The Renewable energy in India has been developing day by day
NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory - and increasing its penetration into the energy mix. Some of
United States) has developed a new variant of the future initiatives or proposed developments of the country
Gearbox which uses journal bearing instead of roller to accomplish 175 GW of installed capacity from RE
bearing(To improve lifespan and avoid frequent resources by 2022 has been highlighted in this section. This
failures and to make it lighter) and flex pins to will encompass solar energy of 100 GW, wind energy of 60
improve load sharing between various gears in a GW, small hydropower of 9 GW, biomass-based projects
sun/planet configuration[224]. about 5 GW, and 1 GW using through other RE resources
 Drive trains used in the turbine are highly advanced [229]. The implementation of RETs would reduce the cost
nowadays with the development of the WindPact drive and these resources lead India towards a great future. For
train project. The single-stage planetary drive operates achieving this progress in renewable energy generation, all
at a gearbox ratio of 9.16:1 and a significantly lesser government agencies as well as non- governmental
diameter of 2m (for a 1.5 MW generator). Many R&D organizations, R&D institutions are needed along with
resources and several years are needed to develop into budding young entrepreneurs. These renewables will help in
a reliable production project yet India can modernize the overall development of the country’s economy and about
its current fleet of components used to improve overall Rs. 300,000 crores will be invested in this field for the next
performance [225]. 25 years. By 2022, renewable energy’s total share is
 Smarter turbines are next-gen technologies where estimated to be 15.9%.
smart rotors with a very active control surface which An innovative scheme called as tail-end grid is being
employs built-in blade intelligence for significantly developed by the country and this has been emphasized on
decreasing turbine costs and also to reduce rotor blade large plants. The biomass plants have to face difficulties in

VOLUME XX, 2017 18

collecting and transporting fuels, which lead it to stick with research [236]. The world’s largest mangroves are present
smaller plants. Taking transmission losses into account, the near the seashore of Kutch and Cambay as per the present
future is favorable to smaller plants. For example, the plants renewable energy report. So, the Indian government had
of 100 KW to 2MW capacity would lessen the losses by 5- planned to develop a tidal power plant near the Gulf of Kutch
7% when compared with plants with a huge capacity of 50- and Sundarbans delta of West Bengal. In Gujarat, a 50 MW
100MW and parallelly they develop the voltage and plant is productively dispatched, and it is extended to 250
frequency issues. By modernization of the existing power MW. But as per the evaluation of the Government of India,
cogeneration plants, the potential of production through the potential capacity of the Gulf of Kutch is 1100 MW and
bagasse cogeneration is expanded. By 2022, the estimated the Gulf of Cambay is 7500 MW. A 10 MW tidal energy
potential through SHP is about 15000 MW and 5718 sites are plant was affirmed by the Gujarat Government which was
identified. About 285 projects of about 940 MW are in the projected by Urja Global Limited in connection with US-
preliminary stages. It aims in an addition of 300 MW per based organization Ocean Energy Industries, but this has not
year and in which 70% is coming through private sectors yet started because of lack of appropriate arrangements for
[230]. In case of solar energy, it is building its generation the improvement of this tidal energy division [235].
capacity day by day and a target of 2022 is to install 20 Offshore wind capacity of about 5MW will be established
million square meter solar thermal collector area and off-grid by the Indian Government at the end of 2022. The
capacity including 20 million solar lighting systems which is government of Gujarat has planned to install 1 GW capacity
of capacity 2000MW and it is the part of Jawaharlal Nehru plant at the offshore. There is a need for further
National Solar Mission [231]. The wind-solar hybrid policy improvements in R&D and to support the ideas and plans of
was finalized by MNRE in the year 2016 and a keen goal has international investors in this field, and accurate and constant
been set to attain about 10 GW capacity hybrid plants by the measurements in ministries with exceptional policies can be
end of 2022 [232]. started [60].
The state of Tamil Nadu would have renowned RE with The solar energy has put some certain targets to meet the
equipped capacity by 2022. To meet the energy load demand future energy demands, by starting the yearly target of the
reliably, it is necessary that the state should start and move rooftop and ground-mounted solar systems. The rooftop solar
on to some steam turbine units frequently at the thermal system has a target of 40 MW out of 100 MW total solar
minimal. In 2022, the total load is predicted to change energy targets. After the success of “Charanka Solar Park” in
symbolically between 1.3 GW to 14.6GW, which indicates Gujarat, the government has planned to start the solar parks
that this increase in load can be met through renewable and mega solar power projects of 500 MW and more [237].
energy resources [233]. The Tamil Nadu government is The solar policy aspires a target of 1000 MW of solar energy
currently focusing on wind and solar energy generation generation, and about Rs.130 billion was announced in 2009,
projects on a large scale to use 20 - 25 % of RE by 2020. which promise to generate 20 GW of solar energy by 2020 in
Through analysis, it is noted that the Thirupullani the state [238]. In India, the geothermal energy plants are
surroundings of Ramanathapuram have the most promising only present in Gujarat and this was not yet developed by the
area to start hybrid plants. Just like rainwater harvesting state and central government and it needs a high investment.
which was successfully implemented in Tamil Nadu in the The renewable energy transition from conventional sources is
same way, the government started to provide importance to slowly gaining pace, not only in India but also around the
RE generation in all places through fresh protocols and world. The latest technologies and upcoming new inventions
motivation. The private sectors and consumers started and ideas contribute a lot in improving the efficiency and
developments in rural areas by constructing mini and micro- implementation of renewable energy everywhere. Thus, it is
hydro projects. And to supply a sum of 226 MW of solar believed that by adopting various measures and switch over
power through 90 stakeholders has been started and the to renewable energy, we can make this planet a better home
initiative has been made to minimize transmission and for future generations
distribution losses by setting solar plants in their buildings
[234].
There is a keen interest in financing the generation
through tides from the international market, especially in XI. CONCLUSION
India, due to its good coastline and as a result, the British Global warming, energy costs, and energy crisis has
Tidal association initiated 250 MW tidal plants in the area of encouraged interest worldwide in the past decades towards
Gujarat near Gulf of Kutch. The generated power can be an alternative and cleaner method for power production.
utilized in domestic and business as well as industrial Accordingly, the United Nations laid down SDGs for
applications [235]. The future of RE is in offshore wind attaining a sustainable, cleaner, environment-friendly energy
power plant, tidal plants, and geothermal plants. The Indian production in the future. Global countries like China, the
government has planned to set up the research and USA, Germany, and Sweden are leading the pack by rapidly
development centers and support them financially for their increasing its renewable energy capacity and framing policies

VOLUME XX, 2017 19

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investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches”, Renewable from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai.
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https://www.energy.gov/eere/next-generation-wind-technology (accessed Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur. His areas of
on 20 March 2020). interest are Renewable Energy & Smart Grid, Wind Energy research,
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https://www.nrel.gov/wind/offshore-wind.html (accessed on 20 March Techniques. He has published papers in international journals,
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https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/71200.pdf (accessed on 20 March
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[225] NREL report. Available online: t GM SHAFIULLAH received his Bachelor of
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43374.pdf (accessed on 20 March Engineering in Electrical and Electronics from
2020). Chittagong University of Engineering Technology
[226] Subhojit Dawn, Prashant Kumar Tiwari, Arup Kumar Goswami, (CUET), Bangladesh. He awarded Master of
Ankit Kumar Singh, Rajesh Panda, “Wind power: Existing status, Engineering (2009) and Doctor of Philosophy
achievements and government's initiative towards renewable power (2013) from Central Queensland University,
dominating India, Energy Strategy Reviews”, vol 23, pp. 178-199, 2019. Australia. GM is currently a senior lecturer in
electrical engineering at Murdoch University.
[227] R.M.Elavarasan, M.Saravanan, “Role of dual input fuzzy controller
GM’s research interests include power systems,
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[228] R.M.Elavarasan, M.Saravanan, “Efficient sliding mode PI chapters, journal articles, and conference papers including IEEE
controller for fault recovery ingrid connected wind energy conversion Transactions, Elsevier and AIP Journals GM is a senior member of the
systems”. Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol 19,no. 1, pp 333, 2019. IEEE and IEEE PES.
[229] S.S.Raghuwanshi, R.Arya, “Renewable energy potential in India and
future agenda of research”, International Journal of Sustainable SANJEEVIKUMAR PADMANABAN3,
Engineering, vol 6, pp. 1–12, 2019. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban (M’12–SM’15)
[230] P.Garg, “Energy Scenario and Vision 2020 in India”, Journal of received the bachelor’s degree from the
Sustainable Energy & Environment, vol 3, pp. 7-17, 2012. University of Madras, India, in 2002, the
[231] V.Khare, S.Nema, P.Baredar, “Status of solar-wind renewable master’s degree (Hons.) from Pondicherry
University, India, in 2006, and the PhD degree
energy in India”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 27,
from the University of Bologna, Italy, in 2012.
pp.1–10, 2013. He was an Associate Professor with VIT
[232] M.Irfan, Z.Zhao, M.C.Mukeshimana, M.Ahmad, “Wind Energy University, from 2012 to 2013. In 2013, he joined the National Institute of
Development in South Asia: Status, Potential and Policies”, In Technology (Puducherry), India, as a Faculty Member. In 2014, he was
proceedings of 2019 IEEE symposium in 2nd International Conference invited as a Visiting Researcher with Qatar University, Qatar, funded by
on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET), the Qatar National Research Foundation (Government of Qatar) and was
Sukkur, Pakistan, pp. 1-6, 2019. also a Lead Researcher with the Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland.
He was an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and
[233] N.Chhabra,T. Kaur, R.Segal, R, “Assessing the Impact of Renewable
Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, from
Energy Integration in Tamil Nadu Grid”, In proceedings of 2018 IEEE 2016 to 2018. Since 2018, he has been a Faculty Member with the
International Conference on Power Electronics Drives and Energy Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg,
Systems (PEDES), 2018. Denmark. He has authored over 300 scientific papers and has received the
[234] J.JeslinDrusilaNesamalar, P.Venkatesh, S.Charles Raja, “The drive Best Paper cum Most Excellence Research Paper Award from IET-
of renewable energy in Tamil Nadu: Status, barriers and future SEISCON’13 and IET-CEAT’16 and five best paper awards from
ETAEERE’16 sponsored Lecture Note in Electrical Engineering, Springer
prospects”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 73, pp.
book series. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, is a Fellow Institute of
115-124, 2017. Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India,, and is a Fellow
[235] V.Khare, “Status of tidal energy system in India”, Journal of Marine Institute of Engineers, India. He has involved as a member on invitation in
Engineering & Technology, pp. 1–10, 2019. various capacities in the committees for several international conferences,
[236] Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, G.M. Shafiullah, Nallapaneni Manoj including the IEEE and the IET. He serves as an Editor/Associate Editor/or
Kumar, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, “A state- of-the- art review on the in the Editorial Board of many-refereed journals, in particular, the IEEE
drive of renewables in Gujarat state of India: Present situation, barriers Systems Journal, the IEEE Access, and the IET Power Electronics, and
serves as a Subject Editor for IET Renewable Power Generation and the
and future initiatives”, Energies, vol 13,pp. 40, 2020.
IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution.

VOLUME XX, 2017 26

NALLAPANENI MANOJ KUMAR, is field of biorefinery concepts and biogas production–anaerobic digestion.
currently working as a researcher at the School He has implemented projects of bioenergy systems in Denmark with
of Energy and Environment, City University of provinces and European states. He was the Technical Advisor for many
Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Prior to this, industries in this field. He has executed many large-scale European Union
he worked as a Research Fellow at the Universiti and United Nations projects in research aspects of bioenergy, biorefinery
Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. He holds two processes, and the full chain of biogas and green engineering. He has
postgraduate degrees, Master of Technology in authored more than 300 scientific papers. His current research interests
Renewable Energy Technologies from the include renewable energy, sustainability, and green jobs for all. Dr. Holm-
Karunya University, Coimbatore, India and Nielsen was a member on invitation with various capacities in the
Master of Arts in Environmental Economics from Annamalai University committee for over 500 various international conferences and organizer of
(Directorate of Distance Education), Chidambaram, India. He holds a international conferences, workshops, and training programs in Europe,
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the Central Asia, and China.
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India. Until now, he has published
four chapters in scientific books, more than 60 research papers in scientific
journals and more than 30 papers in international conferences. His
research mainly focuses on renewable energy, building integrated
photovoltaic systems, energy management, modelling and performance
investigation of energy systems, building energy optimization, smart cities,
new dimensions in solar energy and blockchain technology.

ANNAPURNA ANNAM, Her areas of interest is

in the field of renewable energy, power electronics,
and robotics and has done a project related to
robotics named “Gesture controlled bot” under the
guidance of M. Rajvikram, the Assistant Professor
in Sri Venkateswara College of engineering. . She
has also done a project on Cloud based border alert
system for fishermen which works with the help of
GPS.

AJAYRAGAVAN MANAVALANAGAR
VETRICHELVAN, His area of interest
includes renewable energy systems, power
systems, Artificial intelligence and IoT. He has
a sound knowledge in Python, Java and C
programming and have done an Automation
project under the guidance of M. Rajvikram,
Assistant Professor in Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur. He has
also done a project on Cloud based border alert
system for fishermen which works with the
help of GPS.

LUCIAN MIHET-POPA received the B.S.

degree, M.S. degree, Ph.D. degree and Dr. Habil
from the POLITEHNICA currently University of
Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania, in 1999, 2000,
2003 and 2015, respectively, all in electrical
engineering. He is working as Full Professor in
Energy Technology in the Faculty of Engineering,
HIOF, Norway. Dr. Mihet-Popa received in 2005
the second prize paper award of the IEEE Industry
Applications Society. His research interest
includes control, modeling and testing of energy conversion systems and
DER components, including ESS and HEV, and also, detection and
diagnosis of faults, especially for wind turbine applications.

JENS BO HOLM-NIELSEN received his M.Sc.

degree in Agricultural Systems, Crops & Soil
Science, from KVL, Royal Veterinary &
Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark,
in 1980 and Ph.D degree in Process Analytical
Technologies for Biogas Systems, Aalborg
University, Esbjerg, Denmark, in 2008. He is
currently with the Department of Energy
Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg,
Denmark, and Head of the Esbjerg Energy
Section. He is the Head of the research group at the Center for Bioenergy
and Green Engineering established in 2009. He has vast experience in the

VOLUME XX, 2017 27

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A Comprehensive Review On Renewable

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A Comprehensive Review On Renewable

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

A Comprehensive Review on Renewable

I. INTRODUCTION structure of adoption of renewables, a road map to achieve

VOLUME XX, 2017 1

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energy while remaining came from conventional sources.

FIGURE 6. Total Renewable Energy Installed Capacity [31]

VOLUME XX, 2017 4

country’s energy production, hydropower contributes a

FIGURE 7. Resource-Wise Installed Capacity as of 2018 [31]

VOLUME XX, 2017 5

IV. INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO

India’s state-wise RE generation is shown in Figure 10 in

VOLUME XX, 2017 6

tides and waves can be adopted. But due to the insufficient

VOLUME XX, 2017 7

Nadu biggest renewable power producer with an installed capacity

tra 1) SOLAR ENERGY

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2) WIND ENERGY Agro-residue and Forest and wasteland residue for

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D. TARIFF POLICY (2006)

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[68] Developments made by Karnataka in solar power production. content/uploads/2019/02/SOLARPOLICY2019.pdf (accessed on 20

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ANNAPURNA ANNAM, Her areas of interest is

LUCIAN MIHET-POPA received the B.S.

JENS BO HOLM-NIELSEN received his M.Sc.

VOLUME XX, 2017 27

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