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13 views

Exp 12

Uploaded by

Raj yadav
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT NO:-12

Date of Performance:

Date of Submission:

Aim: Implement Graph Traversal techniques : a) Depth First Search (DFS) b) Breadth
First Search(BFS).

Theory:
Graph traversal is a technique used for a searching vertex in a graph. The graph traversal is also
used to decide the order of vertices is visited in the search process. A graph traversal finds the
edges to be used in the search process without creating loops. That means using graph traversal
we visit all the vertices of the graph without getting into looping path.

There are two graph traversal techniques and they are as follows.
1. DFS (Depth First Search)
2. BFS (Breadth First Search)

DFS (Depth First Search)

DFS traversal of a graph produces a spanning tree as final result. Spanning Tree is a graph
without loops. We use Stack data structure with maximum size of total number of vertices in
the graph to implement DFS traversal.

Algorithms: DFS

We use the following steps to implement DFS traversal...

 Step 1 - Define a Stack of size total number of vertices in the graph.


 Step 2 - Select any vertex as starting point for traversal. Visit that vertex and push it
on to the Stack.
 Step 3 - Visit any one of the non-visited adjacent vertices of a vertex which is at the
top of stack and push it on to the stack.
 Step 4 - Repeat step 3 until there is no new vertex to be visited from the vertex which
is at the top of the stack.
 Step 5 - When there is no new vertex to visit then use back tracking and pop one
vertex from the stack.
 Step 6 - Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until stack becomes Empty.
 Step 7 - When stack becomes Empty, then produce final spanning tree by removing
unused edges from the graph.

Back tracking is coming back to the vertex from which we reached the current vertex.
Example: DFS

Undirected graph with 5 vertices

We start from vertex 0, the DFS algorithm starts by putting it in the Visited list and putting all its
adjacent vertices in the stack.

Visit the element and put it in the visited list

Next, we visit the element at the top of stack i.e. 1 and go to its adjacent nodes. Since 0 has
already been visited, we visit 2 instead.

Visit the element at the top of stack

Vertex 2 has an unvisited adjacent vertex in 4, so we add that to the top of the stack and visit it.
Vertex 2 has an unvisited adjacent vertex in 4, so we add that to the top of the stack and visit it.

Vertex 2 has an unvisited adjacent vertex in 4, so we add that to the top of the stack and visit it.

After we visit the last element 3, it doesn't have any unvisited adjacent nodes, so we have
completed the Depth First Traversal of the graph.
BFS (Breadth First Search)

BFS traversal of a graph produces a spanning tree as final result. Spanning Tree is a graph
without loops. We use Queue data structure with maximum size of total number of vertices in
the graph to implement BFS traversal.

Algorithms: BFS

We use the following steps to implement BFS traversal...

 Step 1 - Define a Queue of size total number of vertices in the graph.


 Step 2 - Select any vertex as starting point for traversal. Visit that vertex and insert it
into the Queue.
 Step 3 - Visit all the non-visited adjacent vertices of the vertex which is at front of the
Queue and insert them into the Queue.
 Step 4 - When there is no new vertex to be visited from the vertex which is at front of
 the Queue then delete that vertex.
 Step 5 - Repeat steps 3 and 4 until queue becomes empty.
 Step 6 - When queue becomes empty, then produce final spanning tree by removing
unused edges from the graph

Example: BFS

Let's see how the Breadth First Search algorithm works with an example. We use an undirected
graph with 5 vertices.

Undirected graph with 5 vertices

We start from vertex 0, the BFS algorithm starts by putting it in the Visited list and putting all its
adjacent vertices in the stack.
Visit start vertex and add its adjacent vertices to queue

Next, we visit the element at the front of queue i.e. 1 and go to its adjacent nodes. Since 0 has
already been visited, we visit 2 instead.

Visit the first neighbor of start node 0, which is 1

Vertex 2 has an unvisited adjacent vertex in 4, so we add that to the back of the queue and visit
3, which is at the front of the queue.

Visit 2 which was added to queue earlier to add its neighbors


4 remains in the queue

Only 4 remains in the queue since the only adjacent node of 3 i.e. 0 is already visited. We visit it.

Visit last remaining item in the queue to check if it has unvisited neighbors

Since the queue is empty, we have completed the Breadth First Traversal of the graph.

Program:
Input & Output:

Conclusion:

Sign and Remark:

R1 R2 R3 R4 Total Marks Signature


(3) (5) (4) (3) (15)

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