Multiphase Model

CFD Project Outsourcing

Outsource your CFD project to the MR CFD simulation engineering team. Our experts are ready to carry out every CFD project in all related engineering
fields. Our services include industrial and academic purposes, considering the ANSYS Fluent software's wide range of CFD simulations. By outsourcing
your project, you can benefit from MR CFD's primary services, including CFD Consultant, CFD Training, and CFD Simulation.

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The project freelancing procedure is as follows:

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An official contract will be set based on your project description and details.

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As we start your project, you will have access to our Portal to track its progress.

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You will receive the project's resource files after you confirm the final report.

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What is Multiphase Flow?

ultiphase flow is the kind of flow that occurs most frequently in nature and technology. A phase is understood in the thermodynamic sense as a solid, liquid, or
1
as-like state that can coincide in one-component or many-component systems. Storm clouds drifting with raindrops and hailstones, a burbling stream
Chat in the
ountains, a snow-dust avalanche, and a volcano cloud are impressive examples of natural multiphase flows. Multiphase flows are often an important heat and
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 aterial transport method in power stations and chemical technology. Two-phase flows determine the processes in steam generators, condensation, and coolin
wers of steam power stations. Multiphase multicomponent flows extract, transport, and treat oil and natural gas. These flows are also extensively involved
distillation and rectification processes in the chemical industry. Multiphase flows generally manifest themselves as unsteady processes with
chaotic character. Therefore, to a much greater extent than for turbulent flows, a formal description requires using average states, statistical methods, and
caling laws to make quantitative statements about the expected phenomena, such as pressure drops and phase distributions. The very different forms and
ructures, even in the simplest geometries, such as pipes and channels of the constant cross-section in gas-liquid or gas-solid flows, make a consistent
athematical, physical description of multiphase flows difficult. The effect of gravity is considerable. In addition, interfacial tensions and electrostatic forces in
olids are essential. Multiphase flows can fundamentally be described in two different ways.

n the one hand, the multiphase flow can be considered a moving continuum of phases penetrating each other, whereby each phase is present at every locatio
a certain extent. This model is helpful if the large-scale behavior of a multiphase fluid is to be described. On the other hand, the motion in each phase can be
escribed separately, with the coupling between the phases at the interfaces of particular importance. This is expressed mathematically by computing the motio
the interfaces in detail by specific mathematical methods. This consideration is advantageous if interface interactions, such as mass fluxes, govern the
ocesses.

he simultaneous movement of several phases, such as liquids, gases, or solids, within a system is called multiphase flow. In a multiphase flow, two or more
hases coexist and communicate continuously or dispersedly. Many industrial, environmental, and ecological processes involve this flow.

a multiphase flow, the phases can have a variety of physical characteristics, including density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. The distributions of the
hases’ temperatures, concentrations, and velocities can also vary. Multiphase flow examples include gas-liquid (for instance, air-water), liquid-liquid (for
stance, oil-water), gas-solid (for instance, air-particle), and three-phase (for instance, gas-liquid-solid) flows.

hase separation, mixing, dispersion, coalescence, evaporation, condensation, and the movement of solid particles are just a few of the complex interactions
nd phenomena that can occur in multiphase flow phenomena. Numerous engineering applications, including chemical processes, the petroleum industry,
uclear reactors, food processing, environmental research, and more, depend on understanding and anticipating multiphase flow behavior.

umerical simulation techniques like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are frequently used to simulate and analyze multiphase flows. Engineers and
cientists can use these models to examine the flow characteristics, phase distribution, pressure drop, heat transfer, mass transfer, and other pertinent aspects.
he numerical models are also validated and supplemented by experimental methods like flow visualization, laser-based diagnostics, and particle tracking. In
eneral, multiphase flow is a large, complex, and diverse field. Designing effective systems, guaranteeing safe and dependable operations in various industries,
nd optimizing processes depend on understanding multiphase flow behavior.

How can Multiphase Flow CFD simulation be applied in Engineering and Industries?
mulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for multiphase flow have many uses in engineering and industrial fields. Following are some instances of
ultiphase flow CFD simulations in use:

il and Gas Industry: Multiphase flow simulations are used in the oil and gas industry
examine how oil-water or gas-oil mixes behave in pipelines, risers, separators, and
her machinery. This enhances the efficiency of hydrocarbon production,
ansportation, and processing.

hemical and Process Engineering: Multiphase reactions, mixing, and separation

ocesses in chemical reactors, distillation columns, crystallizers, and other equipment
e modeled using CFD models. It supports improving product quality, process
fectiveness, and equipment design.

harmaceutical and Biomedical Engineering: Multiphase flow simulations help

nalyze drug delivery systems, aerosol inhalation devices, and blood flow in vessels in
harmaceutical and biomedical engineering fields. It helps with fluid-particle
teractions, particle deposition, and drug dispersion comprehension and optimization.

ood and Beverage Industry: Multiphase flows in food processing activities, such as mixing, emulsification, spray drying, and fermentation, are studied using
FD models. It aids process parameter optimization, product quality improvement, and food safety assurance.

nvironmental Engineering: Multiphase flow simulations examine the processes involved in wastewater treatment, pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere, and
ediment transport in rivers. Understanding environmental impacts, creating mitigation strategies, and improving treatment systems are all made more accessib
y it.

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ower Generation: CFD models aid in analyzing multiphase flows in power plant systems, such as cooling systems, fuel spray combustion in gas turbines, and
oiling and condensation in steam generators. It supports efficiency improvement, pollution reduction, and safe operation.

ining and Minerals Processing: In mining and minerals processing activities, multiphase flow simulations are studied in partial transport, flotation, and solid-
uid separation processes. It enhances process effectiveness, reduces water use, and optimizes recovery rates.

hese are a few examples of multiphase flow CFD simulations’ technical and industrial applications. Multiphase flow simulations can be used in various sectors
ue to their adaptability, which enables engineers and researchers to comprehend complex flow phenomena better, streamline procedures, and enhance system
erformance.

MR CFD services in the Multiphase Flow Simulation for Engineering and Industries
ith several years of experience simulating various problems in various CFD fields using ANSYS Fluent software, the MR CFD team is ready to offer extensive
odeling, meshing, and simulation services. Simulation Services for Multiphase Flow simulations are categorized as follows:

Simulation of free surface and open channel flow of various spillways

Simulation of improving jet loop reactor performance and increasing gas holdup using various methods
Predicting entrainment ratio in two-phase ejector
CFD Simulation of Gas and liquid separator
CFD Simulation of Gas-oil filling in an automobile fuel tank
CFD Simulation of Droplet releasing
CFD Simulation of Droplet Pumps
CFD simulation of Desalination of Salty water with solar energy
CFD Simulation of Multiphase simulation of heat transfer with freezing and melting operations
CFD Simulation of Water slushing in tank and damn (during vibration and earthquake)
…

R CFD is a top provider of multiphase flow simulation services for engineering and other industries. They provide complete solutions for analyzing and
ptimizing multiphase flow systems thanks to their experience in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some of the services they offer include:

ultiphase Flow Modeling: MR CFD is an expert in creating precise and effective numerical models for multiphase flow simulation. To understand the behavio
complicated multiphase systems, they consider elements including phase interactions, phase distribution, turbulence, heat transmission, and chemical
ocesses.

ystem analysis and optimization: MR CFD aids in analyzing and improving multiphase flow systems for engineers and businesses. They shed light on flow
operties, pressure drop, phase distribution, mixing effectiveness, heat transfer, etc. Clients can do this to increase product quality, decrease energy use, and
mprove system performance.

quipment Design and Evaluation: Pipelines,

eparators, reactors, pumps, and heat
xchangers are a few examples of multiphase
ow-related equipment that MR CFD may help
th the design and evaluation of. They can
mprove the design, spot problems, and ensure
e equipment runs effectively and safely by
mulating the flow behavior.

rocess Optimization: In various industries,

cluding oil and gas, chemical, pharmaceutical,
od and beverage, and more, MR CFD aids in
e optimization of multiphase flow processes.
hey can locate bottlenecks, increase mixing
fectiveness, decrease waste, improve reaction
netics, and improve process performance by
mulating and examining the flow behavior.

roubleshooting and Performance

mprovement: MR CFD aids in resolving multiphase flow problems like flow instabilities, phase separation, pressure drop inconsistencies, and equipment
erformance restrictions. Through simulation and analysis, they can pinpoint the underlying issues, implement fixes, and improve the system’s performance and
ependability.
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ustomized Solutions: MR CFD offers solutions specially crafted to meet the unique requirements of its clients in the engineering and industrial sectors. They
ollaborate closely with clients to comprehend their needs, create sensible simulation tactics, and provide accurate and trustworthy outcomes.

ngineers and businesses may improve system performance, assure effective and dependable operations, and optimize processes with MR CFD’s
omprehensive Multiphase Flow Simulation services.

How to Model Multiphase Flow inside ANSYS Fluent

ou can generally take the following actions to represent multiphase flow inside ANSYS Fluent:

Describe the Multiphase Model: The Volume of Fluid (VOF), Eulerian, and mixing models are just a few of the multiphase models available in ANSYS Fluen
elect the suitable model based on your multiphase flow system’s features.

Establish the Geometry: In ANSYS Fluent, import or build the geometry for your multiphase flow system. Make that the boundaries and interfaces between
e various phases are all accurately stated in the geometry.

Defining the Phases: List the characteristics of each phase that is a part of the multiphase flow, including density, viscosity, surface tension, and other
ertinent factors. Give each process the supplies it needs.

Define the Flow Conditions: Establish the beginning and boundary conditions for each phase while defining the flow conditions. At the inlets, outlets, and
her boundaries, this includes stating the velocity, pressure, temperature, and mass flow rates.

Specify the Multiphase Interactions: Specify the interactions between the phases in the selected multiphase model. This could involve phase separation,
oalescence, breakage, or phase change (evaporation or condensation). Define the pertinent models and parameters as necessary.

Pick Numerical Methods: Pick the best numerical techniques for resolving the multiphase flow system’s governing equations. The discretization schemes,
rbulence models, and convergence criteria are all chosen in this process.

Run the Simulation: Simulate by configuring the solver’s parameters, including the time step size, the convergence standards, and the maximum number of
erations. Start the simulation and monitor the solution’s convergence and development.

Postprocessing: After the simulation, examine and display the outcomes. ANSYS Fluent offers various postprocessing capabilities to investigate
haracteristics like phase distribution, velocity profiles, pressure contours, and other pertinent values.

s crucial to remember that based on the multiphase model you choose and the features of your system, the precise stages and settings may change. ANSYS
uent offers thorough documentation and tutorials to assist you in modeling multiphase flow.

Multiphase Flow MR CFD Projects

or a variety of sectors, MR CFD has successfully finished a large number of multiphase flow simulation projects. A couple of their multiphase flow projects are
hown here:

Oil and Gas Industry: MR CFD has participated in projects involving multiphase flow simulations in the transportation and production of oil and gas. They hav
odeled complex flow behavior in pipelines, separators, and offshore platforms to maximize production effectiveness, prevent instability, and ensure safe
perations.

Chemical Industry: Projects in the chemical industry have been done by MR CFD, which involved simulating multiphase flow systems in reactors, mixers, an
eparation units. Through realistic phase interactions and flow behavior modeling, they have assisted clients in improving reaction kinetics, mixing effectiveness
nd product quality.

Pharmaceutical Industry: To simulate and improve multiphase flow processes in medication formulation, crystallization, and filtering, MR CFD has worked
th pharmaceutical businesses. They have offered insights into phase distribution, particle size distribution, and heat transmission to improve process
fectiveness and product quality.

Food and Beverage Industry: MR CFD has experience with multiphase flow simulation projects in this sector. They have studied flow behavior in mixing
nks, heat exchangers, and spray drying systems to increase product homogeneity, assure effective heat transfer, and optimize process variables.

Renewable Energy: MR CFD has performed multiphase flow simulations for renewable energy applications. Examples include modeling two-phase flow in
eothermal systems and multiphase flow in wave energy converters. They have contributed to improving energy conversion efficiency, reliable and sustainable
perations, and system design optimization.
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hese are only a few instances of the multiphase
ow projects that MR CFD has effectively
nished. With their proficiency in multiphase flow
odeling and computational fluid dynamics
CFD), they offer specialized solutions to fulfill
ustomers’ unique requirements across various
ectors.

s for modeling multiphase flows in ANSYS

uent, it has four modules for modeling
ultiphase flow, and each model has its
dvantages, disadvantages, and limitations.
hese modules include Volume of fluid (VOF),
ixture, Eulerian and Wet steam. Wet steam is
vailable only for incompressible fluid flow and
ensity-based models.

olume Of Fluid (VOF) Model

he VOF model is used for multiphase flow. The

oundary or contact area between two phases is
early defined; in this multiphase model, the
fferent phases do not mix. Free-
urface, laminar flows, jet
sintegration phenomena, and movement of
rge bubbles into the liquid, pool boiling, fluid
lling like a waterfall, spillways are examples of using the VOF model.

ultiphase flows are frequently modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is beneficial for modeling the contac
etween two or more immiscible fluids.

he volume percentage of each fluid is monitored across the whole computational domain in the VOF approach. The distribution of the volume fractions
etermines the position of the sharp interface that represents the fluid interface. Phase separation, mixing, and surface tension effects can all be accurately
edicted using the VOF approach.

he VOF technique has the following key components and actions:

Interface Tracking: By allocating a volume fraction value to each cell in the computational domain, the VOF approach tracks the location of the fluid interface
cell occupied by one fluid has a value of 1.0, while a cell occupied by another fluid has a value of 0.0.

Conservation Equations: The VOF approach resolves each phase’s mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. These equations consider the
ass, momentum, and energy exchange across the interface and interfacial forces like surface tension.

Interface Reconstruction: The VOF method uses interface reconstruction techniques to describe the interface between the fluids precisely. These methods
se the volume fraction values in nearby cells to determine the interface’s form and location.

Advection Scheme: To move the volume fraction values throughout the computational domain, the VOF approach employs an appropriate advection scheme
his guarantees that the interface will move correctly and that fluid behavior will be accurately represented.

Surface Tension Modeling: Using the VOF approach, surface tension effects at the fluid interface can be modeled. Surface tension forces can be accounted
r using various models, including the Young-Laplace equation and the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model.

Postprocessing: After the simulation, the findings can be analyzed and visualized using postprocessing techniques. This could entail measuring the interface
ze and location, determining flow rates, or observing how the fluids mix.

any CFD software programs, such as ANSYS Fluent, Open FOAM, and COMSOL Multiphysics, support the VOF approach. It is a flexible and effective
chnique for modeling multiphase flows and is frequently used in various sectors, including oil and gas, chemical processing, and automobile engineering.

umidification Dehumidification (HDH)

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 This CFD project uses the ANSYS Fluent software to
discuss the humidification dehumidification (HDH) system.
An excellent example of a water desalination system is the
HDH system. The humidification and dehumidification
processes form the basis of this method’s mechanism. The
evaporator, or humidifier, is on one side of the system,
while the condenser, or dehumidifier, is on the other.

The dehumidifier’s (condenser) spiral tubes are where the

cold water enters. The steam inside the shell is then used
to heat the water. The water inside the tube continues to
receive heat until the steam condenses, at which point it is
heated. This heated water enters the humidifier (the
evaporator) and is sprayed onto the evaporator’s filter
plates. Wet steam or humidified air is created when these
droplets are combined with the dry air that exits the
condenser. Pure steam is produced, and any impurities
settle to the bottom of the evaporator. A heater reheats this
pure steam before it enters the condenser.

s previously indicated, the condenser shell’s interior is now in touch with the cold feed water pipes. The steam is humidified, or purified water is distilled from it
he two steps of the system’s process are humidification and dehumidification. For this issue, two simulations have been run. In the first simulation,
umidification was studied. Dry air rises from the chamber’s bottom to its top. Hot salt water is sprayed via several pores inside the chamber simultaneously. Aft
vaporating, the droplets in the membrane portion of the chamber clash with the airflow to create humid air.

his steam is salt-free and unadulterated. Dehumidification was the subject of the second simulation. The chamber is filled with the flow of moist air produced in
e previous phase. Spiral tubes are thought to transport the cooling water flow inside the chamber. Freshwater is produced when hot steam touches the spiral
be’s cold surface and condenses.

he contours relating to the mass fraction of air and water vapor and the concentration of discrete particles have been acquired following the conclusion of the
st simulation. The results only apply to the final second of the simulation because it is unstable. Two animations have also been created to better comprehend
e solutions to this challenge. On a two-dimensional plane, one looks at the contour of changes in the mass fraction of produced water. The compartment is
eing traversed by the plane. The other uses particle tracking to examine how water droplets spread over time.

he findings demonstrate that droplets are routinely shot downward from the chamber’s higher apertures in preparation for meeting dry air. The outcomes
dditionally demonstrate that water is gradually created over time and travels toward the upper exit of the chamber.

ven that the purpose of the simulation was to produce humid air, this demonstrates that it was done correctly. Additionally, the mass fraction of produced wate
ver time has been plotted. This plot demonstrates how steam builds up over time. After the second simulation, it was possible to generate two-dimensional
ontours for the following variables: velocity, temperature, mass transfer rate (from steam to water), and volume proportion of water and steam. This simulation
as been running continuously and without regard to time.

he findings demonstrate the phase transition in the areas surrounding the cold spiral tube. The temperature contour reveals that the vapor temperature has
opped and fallen below the saturation point near the cold pipe. Condensation, or the conversion of vapor to water, must therefore occur.

he mass transfer rate’s contour also effectively demonstrates that the phase transition occurs in areas where the temperature is lower than the saturation
mperature. When a phase transition from liquid to vapor occurs, the sign changes from negative to positive (indicating the phase transition from liquid to vapor
he contour of water and vapor volume fraction changes also confirms condensation. The results show that the areas closest to cold pipes are where the most
oduced water is found.

numerical investigation of the effect of surface wettability on the boiling curve

he current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent program to simulate nucleate boiling inside a vertical channel. The reference work, “A numerical investigation of the
fect of surface wettability on the boiling curve,” served as the foundation for the simulation. It compares and validates its findings with those in the article. It is
vestigated and examines how surface wettability affects the pool boiling curve.

he saturation temperature of the water inside the canal is thought to be 373K. To accommodate variations dependent on the paper, the channel has a heat pla
ottom wall) with a range of temperatures (from 375 to 475 K). The water is already boiling inside the channel at a temperature of 100 degrees centigrade, so
e process will begin when it touches the hot bottom wall. The boiling nucleate will form if it is large enough, and a hot bubble will split from the heated surface.

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he outcomes of the present work are compared and validated with the results produced by the article after this simulation. Figure 8’s illustration illustrates how
e changes in the fluid’s transmitted heat flux depend on these changes. The Project at hand aims to achieve a contact angle of 60 degrees.

Fish Cage Floating on Seawater

The Fluid Solid Interaction (FSI) method in the

ANSYS Fluent program is used to model a fish
cage floating on the surface of seawater in the
current challenge. We carry out this CFD project
and do a CFD analysis to look at it. After the
solution method, we receive the Fluent and
Transient Structural software findings. The final
0.05 seconds of the simulation are relevant to al
results. We obtain deformation, strain, and stres
contours on the body surface of this fish breedin
cage using transient structural software.

Using the Fluent software, we produce two-

dimensional volume fraction contours of the
water, air, pressure, and velocity on the middle
plate (the same as the symmetry plate). We also
show the contour of the pressure applied to the
body’s surface of this fish breeding cage.
Additionally, attempts have been made to get the
eawater wave’s surface and then depict two-dimensional pressure, velocity, and velocity vector contours. The waves produced by open channel wave BC can
so be viewed in volume fraction contours. Furthermore, the thin bars connecting the top and bottom holders exhibit the greatest distortion.

pplication of the Shiono and Knight Method in compound channels with non-prismatic floodplains

he current issue involves utilizing the ANSYS Fluent program to simulate a two-phase flow in a compound channel. We compare and validate the simulation’s
sults with those in the reference article “Application of the Shiono and Knight Method in compound channels with non-prismatic floodplains,” on which it is
ased. The primary channel through which the natural flow of water travels makes up the majority of natural rivers (floodplains). However, when the water flow
creases, one or more flood layers are developed nearby as a floodplain. Therefore, we can suppose a channel whose cross-section does not include a
ndamental geometric feature.

ompound channels are the name given to these kinds of channels. The current simulation aims to examine two-phase flow dynamics in a compound channel
at includes air and water. The data in Figure 1-c of the reference publication served as the foundation for the compound channel geometry. We use the
ultiphase Volume of the Fluid model (VOF) in the Fluent program because the current model comprises two phases of air and water. As a result, the surface
nsion force between the air and water is defined as 0.072 N.m-1. The open channel flow model should also be applied because the water flow at the canal’s
et portion is limited to a particular height or level. Thus, 0.0357143 m is the height of the water at the intake section.

he figure in Figure 10-a of the cited work is the foundation for validating the current paper. The profile of velocity value changes along the channel cross-sectio
depicted in this diagram. This profile was collected 14 meters from the canal entrance. Additionally, changes in the mixed flow’s vertical velocity and the line
orresponding to the surface of the interface between the two phases of air and water have been discovered.

ecause it can be assumed that the volume fraction of each phase at the interface between the two phases is roughly equal to 0.5, the iso-surface command ca
eate a plane in which the volume fraction of water or air is 0.5 to find the line corresponding to the interface between the two phases. Figure 3 compares and
alidates the numerical work results with the experimental work findings from the article. These diagrams demonstrate that the velocity is greater in the area
bove the compound channel’s center than at other spots.

wo-dimensional contours relating to each air and water phase’s pressure, velocity, and volume fraction are obtained after the solution procedure. At a distance
14 m and in a portion parallel to the channel inlet section (X-Y plane), two-dimensional contours are produced.

ffects of curvature radius on separation behaviors of the Hydrocyclone with a tangent-circle inlet

he current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent program to simulate the two-phase flow of air and water inside a hydrocyclone. The reference article, “Effects of
urvature radius on separation behaviors of the Hydrocyclone with a tangent-circle inlet,” served as the foundation for the simulation. Comparing and validating
s findings with those in the article. The results of the current work are compared to and validated against those acquired by the paper after this simulation.
gure 10’s illustration illustrates how the fluid mixture’s axial velocity varies depending on the hydro cyclone’s radial position to serve this goal.

OF to DPM, Water
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o remove heat from a surface or enhance heat transmission, high-velocity fluid jets are directed onto the surface using the water jet impingement method. The
erospace, food processing, metal forming, and electronic cooling industries are just a few of the ones that employ them.

mulations are used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to clarify and improve jet impingement processes. To accurately depict the multiphase flow behavio
nd particle tracking in jet impingement, ANSYS Fluent offers VOF to DPM simulations. The VOF method uses a precise model of the fluid-air interface to
apture the complex interactions between the high-velocity jets. Using the DPM model, it is possible to identify and follow droplets frequently present during jet
mpingement processes.

By employing VOF
to DPM simulation
in ANSYS Fluent,
engineers and
scientists may
better comprehen
the flow patterns,
heat transfer rates
and particle
trajectories in jet
impingement
processes. This
information can
enhance device
operation, prevent
metal from warpin
during forming,
maintain uniform
heat transfer in the
food business, an
optimize cooling
techniques. The
VOF-to-DPM mod
is used in this
research to
simulate the
hange from liquid bulk or lump to droplets produced by the impingement of two jets. 1.5 m/s of velocity is used to inject the jets into the domain. In summary,
NSYS Fluent VOF to DPM simulations effectively study and enhance jet impingement processes in various industries.

planar liquid surface is created when the two jets collide, as seen by the findings. The force of the jet’s impact also causes some particles to develop. As the
uid surface in the middle of the domain expands over time, additional particles are created on the body of jets and build up on top of the expanding water
urface. They have varied sizes, and their velocity diminishes as they approach the liquid surface.

addition, it is clear from the image of the mesh inside the domain that it is substantially smaller at the water-air contact than in other areas. This is because a
ecise calculation of the surface tension at the water-air interface is necessary to capture the flow instabilities that lead to droplet formation. Otherwise, the
oplet’s production location, diameter, and velocities would not be consistent with real physics.

Mixture Model

he Mixture model is a simplified Eulerian model based on a small Stokes number assumption. This model is used in multiphase mixtures where the phases
ave different velocities but are in equilibrium over small spatial longitudinal scales or multiphase mixtures with very strong homogeneous coupling and the sam
elocity for different phases. This model solves a volume fraction transport equation for each defined secondary phase. This model applies to the
ubble, slurry (non-Newtonian), and water droplets regarding flow regime. Practical examples of this model include deposition phenomena, cyclone separators,
w particle carrier flows, and bubble flows carrying a low gas volume fraction. The mixture model, like the VOF model, has a single fluid perspective but differs
om the VOF model; first, the mixture model allows the phases to penetrate each other, and secondly, the mixture model allows the phases to move at different
elocities if the concept of Slip Velocity is used.

mixture is any combination of two or more immiscible fluids that coexist inside a computational region in the context of multiphase flow simulations. Different
haracteristics of the liquids in a combination may include composition, density, and viscosity. It’s crucial to precisely model each fluid phase’s behavior and
teractions while modeling a combination. In multiphase flow simulations, modeling mixtures is essential for the following reasons:

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 Phase Distribution: It is necessary to ascertain how each fluid phase is distributed within the computational domain. The most common way to accomplish th
by monitoring the volume fractions of each phase using techniques like the Volume of Fluid (VOF) or Eulerian-Eulerian approaches.

Interfacial Dynamics: The interface between the various fluid phases is critical in mixture simulations. To effectively model the behavior of the mixture, surfac
nsion forces, interfacial shear stresses, and mass transport across the interface must be considered.

Phase Properties: The density, viscosity, and composition of each fluid phase in the mixture can vary. These characteristics, such as flow patterns, phase
eparation, and mixing, might affect the behavior of the mixture as a whole. For accurate simulations, phase properties must be adequately characterized.

Flow Regimes: Different flow regimes may exist within the mixture depending on the relative velocities and concentrations of the fluid components. These
ould be annular flow, slug flow, stratified flow, or dispersed flow. Predicting the mixture’s overall behavior requires an understanding of the flow regime.

Heat and Mass Transfer: Heat and mass transfer between the fluid phases can be substantial in many mixed simulations. This includes natural occurrences
uch as chemical reactions, evaporation, condensation, and dissolution. These transfer processes must be modeled to represent the mixture’s overall behavior
ccurately.

Solver and Numerical Methods: The accuracy and effectiveness of modeling mixtures can be affected by the solver and numerical methods selected for the
mulation. Careful consideration should be given to selecting suitable solvers, discretization strategies, and convergence criteria to achieve dependable and
ccurate findings.

ixture simulations are frequently employed in many industries, including chemical processing, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, and environmental engineering.
ngineers and academics can obtain critical insights into the functionality of multiphase systems and improve their design and operation by precisely simulating
e behavior of mixtures.

roductivity estimation of single-slope solar still: Theoretical and numerical analysis

The current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent

program to simulate the surface evaporation
process within a solar desalination system. We
carry out this CFD project and do a CFD analysi
to look at it. The information for this simulation
was taken from a reference paper titled
“Productivity estimation of a single-slope solar
still: Theoretical and numerical analysis,” the
simulation results were compared and verified
against those of the reference article.

In general, evaporation is a surface process on

the liquid surface at any temperature. In this
simulation, a single slope solar still with a
predetermined volume of water and height is
created. The glass-covered, sloping surface of
the solar still transfers heat from the sun to the
water’s surface. Surface evaporation occurs as
heat is transferred from solar radiation that
passes through the glass to the water.

wo-dimensional contours of temperature, velocity, and mass transfer rate between two phases (surface evaporation rate), air volume fraction, liquid water
olume fraction, and water vapor volume fraction were acquired after the solution process. The water surface of the solar still chamber dries out with time, as ca
e observed from the contours. As a result, inside the chamber, a portion of the area above the water surface is occupied by water vapor.

he results of Table 3 of the publication above serve as the foundation for validating the current simulation. The model evaporation rate reported in the research
used to compare and validate the amount of surface evaporation rate in the two simulations. This evaporation rate number represents the most significant
ass transfer rate between the two liquid and water vapor phases. The temperature of the glass is 30 °C in the first scenario. In the first instance, the glass is 40
egrees Celsius, and the water is 50 degrees Celsius, whereas in the second instance, the glass is 40 degrees Celsius, and the water is 50 degrees Celsius.

hermal Management of Battery Using Nano Fluid

he current issue uses Ansys Fluent software to simulate the Thermal Management of Battery Using Nano Fluid (Two-Phase). A Dual-Potential MSMD
multiscale multidomain) battery model is involved in this simulation. A battery can typically convert electrical energy into chemical energy for storage. The
hemical energy is transformed into electrical energy if the battery’s current is needed, and the electrical energy is then transformed back into chemical energy
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uring battery charging. Additionally, heat can be produced by various processes, such as internal losses from joule heating and local electrode overpotentials,
ntropy from cell reactions, mixing heat, and side reactions.

o help with the scaling up of Li-ion material & electrode designs to entire cell & pack designs, a modular, efficient battery simulation model (MSMD model) was
eviously proposed. This model captured electrochemical interaction with 3-D electronic current pathways and temperature response. The flexible and
xtendable design effectively connects the computational physics of battery charge/discharge processes, thermal control, safety, and reliability.

he influence of nanofluid flow on enhancing battery heat transfer is examined in the current simulation, which uses the mixture multiphase model. This researc
ms to determine how well phase change materials function to cool batteries. Aluminum nanoparticles in water serve as the base fluid in the nanofluid, which
as a velocity of 0.1 m/s at the input face. The nanoparticle volume fraction is 0.05.

-Chemistry has been assigned a GK empirical model. Electrical characteristics are specified as a Specified C-rate of 0.5 and Numerical Cell Capacity of 14.6.
fter the solution process, we acquired two-dimensional and three-dimensional pressure and temperature contours, respectively. This chart was presented in 50
econds. The findings indicate that cooling the battery body with a nanofluid flow will slow the temperature.

oat Propeller Cavitation

avitation is a phenomenon in which microscopic spaces filled with vapor occur in a liquid when the static pressure of the liquid falls below the vapor pressure o
e liquid. Higher pressures cause these cavities to collapse, leading to shock waves that could harm machinery. These shock waves are powerful while near th
each of the bubble but quickly weaken as they move farther away.

various engineering disciplines, cavitation is a significant source of wear. Repeatedly exploding, collapsing cavities that detonate near the metal surface
oduce cyclic stress. This results in the metal surface becoming worn out, a condition known as “cavitation” in terms of wear.

ccording to the results, the cavitation-induced bubbles entirely cover the blades’ suction side and a small portion of their trailing edge. This suggests that the
opeller’s (1500 rpm) extremely high rotational velocity causes the supercavitation event on the propeller surface.

Surface Evaporation of a
Falling Water Droplet

Using ANSYS Fluent software

this simulation explores the
surface evaporation of a fallin
water droplet. We carry out
this CFD project and do a CF
analysis to look at it. This
Project looks into how water
droplet surfaces vaporize into
the surrounding air. The
simulation’s goal is to learn
more about how droplets
behave as they fall and how
much vapor is released into
the atmosphere as a result of
water evaporating on the
surface of the liquid.

It is thought that it takes 12

seconds to process the
downward movement of wate
within the air space. The drop
is unaffected by any external
omponent acting as a boundary condition, and it moves downward only due to the force of gravity. The contours of temperature, velocity, and pressure are
btained after simulation. Air, water, and vapor mass fractions are also obtained as contours. The contours of temperature, velocity, and pressure are obtained
ter simulation. Air, water, and vapor mass fractions are also obtained as contours. The contours demonstrate that the water droplet is gravitationally traveling
ownhill. The vapor is produced as a result of the droplets gradually evaporating to the surface after traveling lower.

ondensation inside a Shell and Tube Condenser

he current issue mimics the condensation process inside a shell and tube condenser using ANSYS Fluent software. Condensation is the process by which a
uid changes from
Call On a gaseous to a liquid state; as a result, when a liquid vapor reaches its saturation temperature, it becomes a liquid. Latent heat is the heat tha
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sults in a phase shift from a liquid to a gas.

he time-frequency coefficient of this mass transfer is defined as 0.1, and the saturation temperature for the condensation process occurrence is given as 46 C.
ondensation in this model takes place inside a shell and tube condenser. As a result, cooling water with a flow rate of 5 kg/s and a temperature of 20 C travels
rough the condenser pipes (tube).

ith a flow rate of 10 m/s and a saturation temperature of 46 C inside the shell, water vapor is moving there. Due to contact with the outside of the inner cold
pes, saturated steam undergoes a condensation process, causing its temperature to fall below the saturation temperature. Consequently, liquid water is
eated.

wo-dimensional and three-dimensional contours relating to pressure, velocity, temperature, water vapor volume fraction, liquid water volume fraction, and the
ass transfer rate between water and steam or condensation are acquired after the solution process. The contours demonstrate that the hot steam stream
xperiences a temperature decrease, which falls below the saturation temperature after coming into touch with the cold-water pipes and heat transfer between
e shell and the cold pipes. As a result, the phase change process, water vapor condensation, and water generation in the condenser are all brought about by
is process.

ydrate Formation in Elbow Pipe

he current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent program to simulate the flow of hydrate formation inside a tube with a 90-degree elbow. We carry out this CFD projec
nd do a CFD analysis to look at it. Following the solution procedure, pressure, methane velocity, temperature, and volume fraction for the liquid water phase ar
oduced as two-dimensional and three-dimensional contours. These outcomes were attained throughout a range of simulation process periods (from 0.06 to
24 seconds).

s seen in the images, the simulation process advances and a more significant volume proportion of liquid water is created, demonstrating that the condensatio
ocess is occurring. As seen in the velocity and pressure contour, the wake region is also visible once the flow crosses the 90-degree bend. A 90-degree pipe
auses secondary flows at the output boundary due to the fluid flow.

ulerian Model

he Eulerian model is one of the most complex models for defining multiphase flows. This model separately solves each phase’s momentum and continuity
quations. In contrast, in the Mixture and VOF methods, only the equations for the primary phase are solved (the equations are not solved for the initial phase).
he basis of this model is that the Navier-Stokes equations were considered separately for each phase. Applications for the Eulerian model include bubble
olumns, vertical risers, particle suspension, and fluidized beds.

computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the Eulerian model is a popular method for simulating fluid flow and transport events. It is based on splitting the
omputational domain into a fixed grid and solving the fluid’s parameters at each grid point, including velocity, pressure, and concentration.

he Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow and the advection-diffusion equation for species movement are among the governing equations in the Eulerian mode
hich treats the fluid as a continuous medium and solves them in a fixed reference frame. The fluid properties are thought to be evenly distributed and
omogeneous inside each grid cell, according to the model.

he Eulerian model has the following significant features:

Grid-Based Approach: The computational domain is discretized into a grid or mesh, with each grid cell standing in for a single tiny volume element. The fluid
haracteristics, including velocity, pressure, and concentration, are solved at each grid point.

Conservation Equations: The governing equations are solved for each grid cell, including the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow and the advection-
ffusion equation for species transport. These equations consider the movement of species or other necessary quantities and the conservation of mass,
omentum, and energy.

Turbulence Modeling: Turbulence manifests as a complicated phenomenon in many fluid flow conditions. The effects of turbulence on the flow field can be
aptured in the Eulerian model using various turbulence models, such as the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations or large eddy simulation
ES).

Boundary Conditions: At the edges of the computational area, boundary conditions define the characteristics of the flow. These prerequisites may include
edetermined values, velocities, pressure gradients, or other pertinent characteristics. To get accurate and physically plausible results, proper boundary
onditions are essential.

Discretization and Solver: Using numerical techniques like finite difference, finite Volume, or finite element approaches, the governing equations are
scretized. Numerical solvers like the SIMPLE algorithm or the conjugate gradient method are then repeatedly used to solve the resulting algebraic equations.
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Postprocessing: After the simulation, the findings can be analyzed and visualized using postprocessing techniques. Creating contour plots, velocity vectors,
reamlining patterns, or computing derived quantities of interest, including forces, heat transfer rates, or species concentrations, are a few examples of how this
ight be done.

umerous CFD software programs, such as ANSYS Fluent, Open FOAM, and COMSOL Multiphysics, support the Eulerian model. It is a flexible and effective
ol for modeling various fluid flow and transport phenomena in various fields, including aerospace, automotive, energy, and environmental engineering.

opulation Balance Model (PBM) for Nucleation

The current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent

program to simulate Calcium-Oxalate generation
utilizing a Population Balance Model (PBM). We
carry out this CFD project and do a CFD analysi
to look at it. Following the simulation, two-
dimensional findings about the mass fraction of
the current chemical species at various times an
for various bin numbers are obtained.

A two-dimensional contour is formed concerning

the volume fraction of the primary phase, which
includes water, calcium, and oxalate, and the
second phase (calcium-oxalate). These contours
demonstrate that a chemical reaction and mass
transfer from the primary to the secondary phase
are responsible for the formation of calcium
oxalate. The initial chamber region, the
intersection of two intake pipes, is where the
desired material is formed.

The table listing the dimensions of each definitio

ategory (bin) is then displayed. There are 48 categories for particle size classification, with bin-47 having a minimum size of 5e-7m and bin-0 having the larges
ze. Additionally, we use the bin number to show the number density bar graph.

he number density shows how many particles there are per unit volume or how many particles fit into the appropriate area, given the size of each bin. A two-
mensional contour of the volume fraction of calcium-oxalate produced in various bins is what we finally get. The findings indicate that the amount of material
oduced increases starting about bin-30. This indicates that the number of particles created in the bin-0 to bin-30 categories is negligible. The generated
articles are formed and grow in smaller volumetric sizes (between bin-47 and bin-30) and are therefore undetectable in larger volumetric sizes, we can infer.

ulerian-Lagrangian modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation of wire mesh demisters in MSF plants

he current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent software to simulate the movement of water vapor through a demister containing saline water particles. Based on dat
om the reference article “Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation of wire mesh demisters in MSF plants,” this simulation wa
eated. They are comparing and validating their findings with those in the article. The multistage flash (MSF) desalination system is connected to this demister.
he metal wire mesh used in this demister separates the saltwater droplets from the water vapor stream. Consequently, a multiphase flow model must be define
define the flow in this modeling.

the current simulation, the dense discrete phase model (DDPM) and the Eulerian multiphase model are coupled using the Eulerian-Lagrangian perspective of
omputational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thus, a continuous phase related to water vapor and a discrete phase related to salt water droplets is defined. Water vapo
nd little salt water droplets enter the system from the bottom and exit the top after passing through the metal wire mesh. This research aims to determine how
uch pressure is lost due to the flow passing through these wire meshes.

he figure in Figure 6 of the literature above is the foundation for validating the current work. The pressure drops between the bottom and top of the demister
ary according to the incoming steam velocity, as seen in the graph below. The situation in this diagram involves metal wires that are 0.24 mm in diameter. Each
et steam velocity value’s pressure drop is measured, verified, and compared to the findings in the article.

wo-dimensional contours relating to temperature, velocity, and volume percent of each continuous (water vapor) and discrete (saline water droplets) phase are
btained after the solution procedure. These contours represent a condition with an incoming steam velocity of 2 m.s-1. As observed in the images, the quantity
distinct saline water droplets dissolved in the steam reduces as the steam rises.

fundamental CFD study of the gas-solid flow field in fluidized bed polymerization reactors
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 sing the ANSYS Fluent software, a fluidized bed polymerization reactor is simulated. We carry out this CFD project and do a CFD analysis to look at it. Using
atalysts, a reactor is a device that performs chemical reactions (conversion, composition, decomposition, etc.), transforming raw materials into desired product

eactors must be designed with higher efficiency but lower cost and energy consumption due to the economics of their production; as a result, factors like
olume, temperature, pressure, particle concentration, particle residence time, heat transfer coefficient, and reaction rate are crucial when designing reactors.

hemical reactors can be categorized in various ways: homogeneous, heterogeneous, pipe and tank reactors, fixed and fluidized bed reactors, and continuous
nd discontinuous reactors. In fixed bed reactors, the solids operate as a catalyst by remaining stationary inside the reactor as the reactants move across them,
acting and ejecting the reactor. Solids are reactants or catalysts suspended in the flow under pressure in these fluidized bed reactors.

here are benefits to using a fluidized bed reactor, such as high heat and mass transfer rates, a smaller heat transfer surface, consistent temperature
stribution, proper temperature control, and complete and quick mixing of reactors and catalysts. The capacity to manage temperature and prevent the
oduction of hot spots, which is essential for any reaction, is the fundamental benefit of the fluidized bed-type reactor over the fixed bed type. Numerous
dustrial uses for fluidized bed reactors exist, including petrochemical, chemical, electricity generation, incineration, etc. With straightforward geometry, this issu
ll imitate a two-phase flow inside a fluidized bed reactor.

The findings are contrasted and verified with a

publication titled “A fundamental CFD study of th
gas-solid flow field in fluidized bed polymerizatio
reactors.” The simulation is set up so that the
solid suspended particles are initially just 20 cm
from the chamber floor and occupy a 0.63 volum
fraction of the gas flow inside the chamber. The
system’s operating pressure is specified at
1400000 pa.

Following the simulation, two-dimensional

contours for the pressure of the mixture, the
velocity of the gas flow and the suspended solid
and the volume percent of the gas flow and solid
suspended particles from 0 to 4 seconds are
obtained. Additionally, the value of the pressure
the entrance and outflow is measured. Since the
pressure drop is equal to the static pressure
differential between the inlet, the pressure drop
the model has thus been derived at various
times.

s a result, the pressure decrease is shown as a function of time. The facet average was used to calculate the pressure drop over time (every 0.2 seconds), and
e results from the article were compared. The article’s illustration in Figure 6 was utilized to validate the results of the current numerical simulation. This graph
splays the model’s internal pressure decline over 4 seconds. The numerical simulation findings of the present with those of the numerical work of the article ar
ompared.

everse Osmosis (RO)

everse osmosis CFD Simulation using ANSYS Fluent software is the subject of this simulation. Fluid tends to migrate from a solution with a lower concentratio
a greater concentration until the concentration on both sides is balanced, as demonstrated by the natural phenomenon known as osmosis. Imagine a
emipermeable membrane separating that pure and impure water.

hen a pressure differential between the two pure and impure sections (on both sides of the membrane) first arises, water movement, according to the osmosis
henomena, is in the direction of impurity. The osmotic pressure difference is the name given to this pressure variation. This fluid transfer from the pure to the
mpure parts of the system is stopped if a pressure corresponding to the osmotic pressure is applied to the non-specific component. The direction of water’s
atural flow is reversed if this pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure.

ater desalination systems using reverse osmosis operate precisely following this process. These devices reversely apply pressure toward the semipermeable
embranes higher than the osmotic pressure. Salt and other contaminants are separated from base water by passing through filters.

his Project has undergone two simulations and has two difficulties. In the first Project, osmotic pressure-related fluid behavior is the only topic covered and
odeled in a closed chamber split into two sections. It is intended to remove a barrier between these two sections simultaneously.

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saltwater solution is on the left side of the chamber, and the right is pure water. This simulation aims to examine the flow of fluid between two regions with
arious concentrations. This displacement can convey the ideas of osmotic pressure and the osmotic phenomenon.

the first Project is authorized, the reverse osmosis water desalination technology will be researched in the second Project. In this simulation, the system
hamber’s center is covered by a membrane. A porous medium has defined the membrane. Water and salt travel toward the membrane as they enter the
hamber through the intake on the model’s left side. Pure water travels through the membrane once the solution approaches and contacts it, whereas salty or
ghly concentrated water is retained behind it.

wo-dimensional contours relating to the pressure and volume percentage of water and salt have been produced when the solution process is complete. The
sults have been compared at various intervals to acquire the system’s behavior over time because the solution is unstable. An animation showing how the
olume percentage of salt soluble in water changes has also been obtained. Both simulation modes yield the same results in every case.

he system is not subjected to any external boundary constraints in the first simulation, which has a closed enclosure. The model’s left side initially has water
nd salt, while the right side solely has pure water. The fluid is observed to flow from the side with a greater concentration to the side with a lower concentration
ver time, according to the data.

his displacement continues until equilibrium is reached for the concentration on both sides of the system. Without the help of outside forces, this fluid motion
ccurs naturally. This occurrence demonstrates the fluid’s osmotic characteristic, accurately described in the issue.

he second simulation fills the system’s middle with a porous membrane or medium. Beyond the osmotic pressure, the water and salt solution travels toward th
embrane at a certain speed and pressure. According to osmotic pressure, this movement goes against how fluids typically travel.

he findings demonstrate that while clean water can travel through the membrane, salt dissolved in the water cannot because it is retained behind the
embrane. This motion continues until pure water is acquired after the membrane and an entirely concentrated solution is obtained behind the membrane.
hese outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the reverse osmosis sweetening system and the efficiency of the water filtration procedure. The fluid pressure
fference on both sides of the reverse osmosis system also grows over time by pressure changes.

uidized Bed Bio-Reactor

he fluidized bed
o-reactor is being
udied in this
udy. Multiple
ultiphase
hemical processes
an occur in a
uidized bed
oreactor (FBR). A
uid (gas or liquid)
fed through a
olid granular
aterial (often a
atalyst) in these
actors at a high
te to suspend the
olid and make it
ehave like a fluid.
he third chapter of
e Eulerian
ultiphase Model
aining Course is
ontained in this
ackage. The
uidization process
fords FBR
everal significant benefits. FBRs are therefore utilized in various industrial applications, including the biomedical and food industries.

nally, as the results demonstrate, the silicon particles tend to move upward due to the air blowing underneath them since the force applied to the silicon
articles balances their weight. The temperature of the fluid also varies, much like in a genuine bioreactor. Given that catalysts function best at higher
mperatures, this temperature change aids in the acceleration of the processes.
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 nconfined Pool Boiling

he saturated water pool boiling inside a cylindrical chamber is the subject of this research. Pool boiling is the term used to describe the boiling of a heated
urface submerged in a sizable amount of still liquid. Saturated pool boiling is used when the liquid is at its boiling point. Subcooled pool boiling is used when th
uid is below its boiling point. The second chapter of the Eulerian Multiphase Model Training Course is contained in this package.

academic experimental applications where circumstances like ONB (Onset of Nucleate Boiling), DNB (Departure from Nucleate Boiling), and CHF (Critical
eat Flux) are explored, the motion of the liquid caused by the boiling process and the velocities are supposed to be modest. In industrial equipment and
pplications, where extreme circumstances like burnout may occur, pool boiling is uncommon.

he results of the process of boiling are then obtained and displayed. Vapor tends to travel upward, as shown by the volume fraction contour for the vapor phas
s a result of this motion, the water experiences convective motion that results in many nucleation sites. Furthermore, the evolution of the bubbles’ morphologie
ay be observed. Additionally, when they go upward in the outflow direction, it is clear how they exchange mass with the nearby water (condensation).

Wet Steam Model

thermodynamic model called the “wet steam model” explains the characteristics and behavior of steam that comprises a mixture of liquid and vapor. It is
equently utilized in engineering settings where steam is a working fluid, like power plants.

he quality or dryness fraction, which denotes the proportion of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture, is used in the wet steam model to calculate
e attributes of the steam mixture. Pure liquid water has a quality of 0, while pure dry vapor has a quality of 1.

he wet steam model has the following essential features:

Saturation Curve: A saturation curve in the wet steam model often represents the boundary separating the liquid and vapor phases of steam. The relationship
etween temperature and pressure at which steam is in equilibrium between the two phases is depicted by this curve.

Enthalpy and Entropy: The wet steam model considers the enthalpy and entropy of the steam combination. The mixture’s total energy content, including
ensible heat and latent heat, is represented by enthalpy. Entropy is a measurement of the system’s disorder or randomness.

Phase Change: The wet steam model accounts for the phase change processes when the steam combination condenses or evaporates. Latent heat transfer
hich alters the mixture’s temperature and enthalpy, is included in this.

Property Calculations: The wet steam model offers equations to compute the particular Volume, specific enthalpy, specific entropy, and specific internal
nergy of the steam mixture. These characteristics are frequently described as quality, pressure, and temperature functions.

Steam Tables: To provide tabulated values of steam properties in various situations, steam tables are frequently used with the wet steam model. These tables
ontain temperature, pressure, Volume, enthalpy, entropy, quality, and specific Volume data.

Transitions Between Different Steam Quality States: The wet steam model supports changes in the steam quality from wet to dry or vice versa. To precisel
mulate the behavior of the steam, these transitions, which can take place during procedures like throttling, expansion, or condensation, are crucial.

s essential to remember that there are various wet steam model versions, each with its own presumptions and mathematical formulas. Depending on the
pplication and the needed level of precision, a particular model may be employed. The wet steam model, in general, is a helpful tool for engineers and
searchers to assess and build steam-based systems, assuring effective and secure operation in various industries, including power generation, chemical
ocessing, and thermal systems.

Wet Steam for Condensation inside a Steam Ejector

he current issue uses the ANSYS Fluent program to simulate steam condensation inside an ejector. The system used to investigate the condensation process’
ccurrence belongs to an ejector. An ejector is a mechanical tool that draws in the secondary material using an actuator fluid.

he suction substance, the two actuator fluids, and the mixture are removed from the system. Ejectors have two primary uses: vacuuming and sucking gases
nd mixing fluids. According to the continuity equation, the ejector structure takes the shape of a convergent-divergent tube that receives the driving fluid and
asses through the nozzle’s converging part, increasing the velocity of the passing fluid by decreasing its cross-sectional area. In other words, the fluid’s potenti
nergy is transformed into kinetic energy.

ollowing Bernoulli’s law, the fluid pressure then falls with increasing velocity, which predicts that the fluid’s kinetic energy will do the same. The secondary
aterial is drawn into the ejector due to the pressure decrease, creating a compressive vacuum inside the ejector. The primary stimulation fluid and the suction
econdary material are combined and squeezed in the diffuser section.

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 After the solution process, we acquire two-
dimensional contours corresponding to pressure
velocity, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy,
and the mass production rate of liquid vapor (the
same as the density rate). By rotating this two-
dimensional contour around the central axis,
generating a three-dimensional contour of the
same values is also feasible. One of the most
significant conclusions that may be examined is
the pace at which liquid mass is generated.

Multiphase Flow Application

in Industrial Companies
Simulations of multiphase flows are used in
various industrial settings and industries. Here
are a few instances:

– Oil and Gas Industry: Multiphase flow

simulations are widely used for reservoir
odeling, wellbore design, and production optimization in the oil and gas sector. They aid in estimating production rates, improving the extraction procedure, an
omprehending the behavior of water, gas, and oil flows in subterranean reservoirs.

Chemical and Process Engineering: Multiphase flow simulations are used in the chemical and process engineering industry to research mixing and reaction
ocesses, construct and improve reactors, and examine the behavior of multiphase systems such as gas-liquid or gas-solid flows. These simulations help
crease process effectiveness, lower costs, and guarantee safe operation.

Power Generation: In the power generation sector, including nuclear and thermal power plants, multiphase flow simulations examine coolant flow,
ondensation processes, and steam dynamics. These models aid in predicting pressure drop, optimizing heat exchanger design, and improving the overall pow
oduction system efficiency.

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology: Multiphase flow simulations are used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to research fluid mixing, mass
ansfer, and reaction kinetics in bioreactors and other process machinery. They help to ensure product quality and process scalability by optimizing the
anufacturing of medicines, vaccines, and biofuels.

Food and Beverage Industry: Multiphase flow simulations are used in this sector to analyze fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and mixing processes in various
ocessing equipment, such as mixers, heat exchangers, and spray dryers. These simulations help with process optimization, product quality enhancement, and
od safety assurance.

Automotive and Aerospace: To investigate fuel injection, combustion processes, and aerodynamics in these industries, multiphase flow models are used.
hey aid in enhancing the design of aerodynamic parts like wings and airfoils and improving engine performance while lowering emissions.

Mining and Minerals Processing: In mining and minerals processing, multiphase flow simulations examine slurry flows, sedimentation, and particle transpor
pipelines and mineral processing machinery. These simulations assist in maximizing the recovery of essential minerals, avoiding losses, and optimizing the
esign and operation of mineral processing plants.

hese are only a few instances of industrial enterprises using multiphase flow simulations. The specific uses and advantages differ according to the methods
sed and the sector. Multiphase flow simulations offer helpful insights into the behavior of complicated fluids, enabling businesses to increase productivity,
ptimize designs, cut costs, and guarantee secure operation.

MR CFD Industrial Experience in the Multiphase Flow Field

ome examples of Multiphase Flow industrial projects recently simulated and analyzed by MR CFD in cooperation with related companies are as follows:

enturi Scrubber

crubbers are used in various settings, including incinerators, industrial boilers, gold refineries, chemical and pharmaceutical companies, and cement kilns. As a
sult, the simulation attempts to mimic the parameters of a sample scrubber. With these settings, we can replicate scrubbers of all types and sizes.

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 The sector faces a sizable issue with separating
particles from the gas flow. A Venturi scrubber
that eliminates gas particles is one of the most
excellent methods for overcoming this problem.
Additionally, it is more effective than other
scrubbers (such as wet and cyclone scrubbers).
The purpose of venturi scrubbers is to collect an
remove particles with high efficiency (above
99%). Venturi is widely employed to remove
various particles in numerous sectors due to the
high capabilities when the Volume of incoming
gas and its temperature are high.

When the incoming gas is heated to more than

350 c, this capacity is especially desired to
reduce cement kiln emissions and regulate
simple oxygen kiln emissions in the steel industr
The emission of fly ash from cement and sulfur
dioxide furnaces in industrial and boiler boilers is
also controlled by ventures.

gh liquid-to-gas ratio, liquid atomization, and open structure allow for the efficient, low-maintenance purification of severely polluted gases with infinite flow
versibility. Venturi is one of the most adaptable systems because it can simultaneously eliminate hazardous gases and particles under various circumstances.
his scrubber is employed in various sectors since Venturi is typically used in the initial stage of multistage systems to manage gas or air flow pollution.

his research stimulated an industrial Venturi scrubber using ANSYS Fluent software. Venturi scrubbers collect up to 0.1 micrometer-sized particles and gas
ollutants. Despite having a large amount of water inside, the device increases the number of particles and toxins that water contacts.

s a result, the scrubber traps the particles and removes them from the fluid. The current Venturi Scrubber was simulated, and it was found that this device has
e efficiency needed for industrial applications. The Venturi scrubber atomizes the gas flow scrubber using the energy from the intake gas.

he convergent, the throat, and the divergent make up the Venturi scrubber. As the area shrinks, the gas flow rate increases as it enters the convergent region.
he system also receives a fluid addition at the converging part’s throat or intake. High-speed gas entering the system travels via the throat, where the liquid is
dded, and many droplets are created.

he throat is where impurities and particulates are removed from the gas stream. It happens when tiny liquid droplets and the oncoming gas stream collide. Afte
at, the incoming gas travels in that direction. It is the location where the flow will escape slowly and drown in water.

enturi scrubber benefits:

Reduced maintenance costs and little area requirements.

Management of corrosive, flammable, or explosive contaminants and cooling of heated gases.

enturi scrubber disadvantages:

high-pressure loss
needs much electricity

he device is simulated accurately because it is shown that when the pressure in the Venturi lowers, velocity and turbulence increase, and water and particle
sturbances work better. This Project simulates a Venturi 720 series scrubber in size 720-2. However, supposing we wanted to employ a Venturi scrubber in a
fferent industry (with a different gas flow or particle flow). This simulation size allows for faster attainment of the ideal condition for the targeted industry.

ccording to the supplied data, the planned water nozzles and flow characteristics could contain sand particles. Only 0.02% of the injected particles could
scape, demonstrating astounding efficiency. It can therefore be deployed without hesitation on the industrial trunk line for which it is intended.

elton Wheel Turbine

his Project discusses a well-known impact turbine. The only impact hydraulic turbine in operation right now is the Pelton turbine. The energy produced by this
rbine is produced by a fluid jet following Newton’s second law. This turbine rotates the runner by being struck by a pressure water nozzle tangentially to the
ucket attached to the runner.

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he buckets are arranged in pairs to ensure that
e momentum is transferred smoothly and
fectively in addition to the applied force
alance. There are several sizes of the pellets.
ecause these turbines are explicitly made for
ant heads, large sizes are employed in dams,
nd tiny sizes are used to produce electricity in
mote locations.

this Project, ANSYS Fluent software is used to

mulate a tiny Pelton turbine with a diameter of
00 mm and 15 buckets. This experiment also
es to measure the torque generated by the
rbine. At age 30, American inventor Lester Allen
elton visited the American West to pursue gold
nd worked at a mine in northern California. Most
sks were completed at that time using steam
ngine power. However, the fuel for these
ngines was much wood.

mall rivers near the mine lacked the need for

e inefficient water cycles employed in huge rivers. Pelton, therefore, started to develop a wheel that could function at low water flow rates. He constructed his
st lab turbine out of wood in the middle of the 1870s, and the first actual sample of iron was installed at a mine close to Nevada in 1878. The Pelton wheel
uickly began mass production thanks to its advantageous features and efficiency.

elton took the effort to create a separator that would split the input jet into two equally sized streams. The efficiency of the water cycle was raised using the
ame concept from 35% to 90%. Impact turbines can be of various types. However, Pelton’s model is still the most effective.

ozzles are arranged so one can direct and tangentially fling its water jet toward the center of each plate and the disk. The input jet is separated into two equal
reams by a separator or splitter before entering each plate. Following going through a curved path on the inside of the plate in the opposite direction of the inp
t, these two equal streams exit the plate. This Project aims to determine Pelton’s produced momentum and lateral force to choose the best axis.

ou may find the Learning Products in the Multiphase Flow CFD simulation category in Training Shop. You can also benefit from:

olume Of Fluid (VOF) Model

VOF Multiphase Flow Training Package, which is appropriate for Beginners (part 1 & part 2), Intermediate (part 1 & part 2), Advanced (part 1 & part 2), and
Expert users of ANSYS Fluent.
VOF Multiphase Flow Model Training Course

Mixture Model

The mixture Multiphase Flow Training Package is appropriate for Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, and Expert users of ANSYS Fluent.
Mixture Multiphase Flow Model Training Course

ulerian Model

Eulerian Multiphase Flow Training Package is appropriate for Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced users of ANSYS Fluent.
Eulerian Multiphase Flow Model Training Course

so, MR CFD is presenting the most comprehensive Multiphase Flow Training Course for all ANSYS Fluent users from Beginner to Experts.

ur services are not limited to the mentioned subjects. The MR CFD is ready to undertake different and challenging projects in the Combustion modeling field
dered by our customers. We even carry out CFD simulations for any abstract or concept Design you have to turn them into reality and even help you reach the
est strategy for what you may have imagined. You can benefit from MR CFD expert Consultation for free and
en Outsource your Industrial and Academic CFD project to be simulated and trained.
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y outsourcing your Project to MR CFD as a CFD simulation consultant, you will not only receive the related Project’s resource files (Geometry, Mesh, Case &
ata, …), but also you will be provided with an extensive tutorial video demonstrating how you can create the geometry, mesh, and define the needed settings
reprocessing, processing, and postprocessing) in the ANSYS Fluent software. Additionally, post-technical support is available to clarify issues and
mbiguities.

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