SOLID STATE TRANSFORMERS: NEW APPROACH AND

NEW OPPORTUNITY
1
SHILPAKALA G. BANSODE, 2PRASAD M. JOSHI
1
Research Scholar; Elect Dept, GCE, Karad, 2Professor, Elect. Department, GCE, Karad

Abstract- The advancement in semiconductor technology has provided a new alternative to the hundred year old conventional
transformer technology by providing an elegant solution using Solid State Transformer (SST). The SST is applied
semiconductor technology for changing the voltage ratio. The SST can achieve high power density as well as operation at high
frequency, thus reducing the size and the cost. This has provided a new opportunity for researchers, world over, to suggest new
topologies, use of new material and experimentation in different environment and area of application. In this paper a review
of the SST technology is carried out in respect of its application as distributed transformer. The comprehensive literature
review is reported. Different topologies of semiconductor devices used in SST are discussed. The advantages and limitations
of the technology, as reviewed, are presented.

Index Terms- Solid State Transformer, Microgrid, Conventional Transformer.

I. INTRODUCTION SST technologies appear in the reviewed literature.

The fourth section deals with advancement in
The step down transformers are one of the pivotal materials used in SST. Fifth section gives comparison
power system apparatus at the distribution level. More of SST with Conventional Transformer (CT). Sixth
than 35% of the total cost of distribution network is for section describes the specification of SST. The
distribution transformers. Moreover, the regular applications of SST are given in seventh section.
failures and maintenance cost of these transformers is Finally, the concluding section comments on the
an additional burden for the utility. Though robust in future of the SST technology.
design, the conventional distribution transformers
have following limitations: II. SST TOPOLOGY

 Sensitive to harmonics A. Structure of SST

 Voltage drop under load Solid State Transformer is firstly introduced by Navy
 No control mechanism from system researchers, in the form of AC/AC buck converter
disruptions and overloads having two switches. It gives straight forward
 Environmental concerns regarding mineral oil approach to ac to ac power conversion at normal
 Poor performance under dc-offset load frequency. The main drawback of this SST is that each
unbalances switch must be able to block full primary voltage and
 No Power factor improvement. have capacity to conduct full secondary current. Due
to this, it requires high cost to design SST. To
In recent years, the complexity of the electrical grid overcome this drawback, based on power electronic
has grown due to the increased use of renewable technology, SST with high frequency (HF)
energy and other distributed generation sources. To transformer is discovered.
cope with this complexity, new technologies are
required for better control and a more reliable The basic structure of a SST is shown in Fig.1 [1]. SST
operation of the grid [1]. One of such technologies is works on the same principle as that of conventional
the solid-state transformer (SST). transformer, but at high frequency.

Solid State Transformer is the advanced technology The incoming voltage is converted into a high
suggested to replace the conventional distribution frequency AC through the use of power-electronics
transformers. In this paper SST technology and its based converters before applied to the primary side of
current state of affairs is elaborated. The paper is the HF transformer.
organized as follows: The opposite process is performed on the HF
transformer secondary side to obtain an AC and/or DC
The second section describes structure, features & voltage for the load. The power transfer at higher
configurations of SST. Third section discusses the frequency helps in reduction in weight, as well as size,
of a transformer.
Proceedings of 11th IRF International Conference, 15th June-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-27-8
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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

topologies proposed for SST as well as for general

AC-AC power conversion have been studied [5].

An approach to classify the SST topologies and select

the appropriate configuration according to the specific
needs is discussed [14]. Three SST configurations that
cover all the possible SST topologies are identified as
Fig.1 Basic Structure of SST follows:
1) Two-stage with low voltage DC (LVDC) link -
B. Features of SST
This is simplest form of SST. It has low voltage dc
With the addition of semiconductor devices, SST does
link required to convert high level ac to lower one.
much more than just changing a voltage ratio. The
Therefore it is widely used in low voltage applications
SST with three stage topology is more popular in
(as shown in Fig.3).
distribution system to supply power to the consumer.
2) Two stage with high voltage DC (HVDC) links –
The power can be supplied in ac as well as dc form as
The DC link of the third configuration is not
per requirements [4]. Generally, the SST includes
appropriate for DES and DER integration since it is
following three stages:
high voltage and has no isolation from the grid;
 The rectification stage first converts a
therefore, topologies under that classification are not
high-voltage ac to dc at high voltage dc bus.
practical for SST implementation (as shown in Fig.4).
 In second stage, high-frequency 3) Three-stage with both HVDC and LVDC links –
transformation is used to convert higher dc Of the four possible classifications, the three-stage
voltage to lower level; generally this is called architecture, with two DCs, is the most feasible
as dc/dc converter stage. At the output of this because of its high flexibility and control performance.
stage (at low voltage dc bus) a regulated low
dc voltage at desired level is available. The DC links decouple the HV-from the LV-side,
 The last inversion stage helps to produce a allowing for independent reactive power control and
desired, regulated low ac voltage (ac bus). input voltage sag ride-though. This topology also
allows better control of voltages and currents on both
Therefore, the SST is called as a three-port energy primary and secondary side. It consists of an AC-DC
router and power exchanger [4]. It can integrate the conversion stage at the HV-side, a DC-DC conversion
distribution system, residential ac system, and stage with high-frequency transformer for isolation
envisioned dc system. In order to improve the system and a DC-AC conversion stage at the LV-side( as
efficiency, the dc type sources and dc load are shown in Fig.5)[22].
connected to dc port, whereas the ac type sources and
ac load are connected to ac port. The three-port
characteristics of SST make it very suitable to enable a
new microgrid that exhibits better performance
compared with conventional ac and dc microgrids [1].

Fig.3 Two-stage with low voltage DC (LVDC) link

Fig.2 Functional Diagram of SST

Fig.4 Two stage with high voltage DC (HVDC) link

C. Configurations of SST
The selection of the appropriate topology for SST
implementation is a key aspect. The main issue is
addressed by comparing some of the potential
topologies that support bidirectional power flow as a
minimum requirement. In order to select these
potential topologies for comparison, a number of
Fig.5 Three-stage with both HVDC and LVDC links

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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

III. LITERATURE REVIEW power quality and harmonics of the ac side current
meets utility requirement.
Solid-state transformer (SST) has been regarded as
one of the ten most emerging technologies in 2011 by Gangyao, Huang, Subhashish Bhattacharya had done
MIT technology review and is now promoted by comparison between 6.5kV 25A Si IGBT and 10-kV
Future Renewable Electrical Energy Delivery and SiC MOSFET in Solid-State Transformer Application
Management (FREEDM) Systems Center at North with consideration of switching characteristics,
Carolina State University, Raleigh. Nearly 20 years switching loss etc.. The results illustrate that the 10kV
ago, Navy researchers proposed a power-electronic MOSFET has much higher frequency switching
transformer that consisted of an ac/ac buck converter capability [10],[11],[12].
to reduce the input voltage to a lower one. This was
followed in 1995 by a similar EPRI sponsored effort After that Haifeng Fan and Hui Li proposed
[1]-[4]. In 1970, W. McMurray form G.E. first high-frequency transformer isolated bidirectional
introduced a high frequency link AC/AC. In 1980, dc–dc converter modules with high efficiency over
Navy researchers proposed a power-electronic wide load range designed for 20 kVA SST [8]. The
transformer that consisted of an AC/AC buck proposed converter modules are connected in ISOP
Converter [2]. In 1997, a high-power AC/AC modular structure to enable the use of low-voltage
conversion was proposed (SST without DC link). In MOSFETs, featuring low on-state resistance and
1999, a new three-stage SST structure was introduced. resulted low conduction losses, to address MV power
[2], [5]. conversion [8].

Edward R. Ronan, Scott D. Sudhoff also worked on Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been
the design 10 KVA Power Electronic-Based researching the Intelligent Universal Transformer
Distribution Transformer which consists of three (IUT) [7] since it is proposed to replace conventional
stages as Input Stage, Isolation Stage and Output distribution transformers with the multilevel power
Stage [4]. Last two stages are depending on Input electronic systems. In 1996, Koosuke Harada
stage. This Power Electronic Transformer is also proposed a new “intelligent transformer” [13], which
known as Solid State Transformer. In this case, design significantly reduce the size of transformers by
of 10KVA, 7.5KV PET which shows much more performing high frequency link. Various functions,
ripple in input current and voltage results into such as constant voltage and constant power are
fluctuation in output voltage, and indirectly decrease realized by phase control.
the proportion of output power.
She Xu and Alex hung also studies on the worldwide
Hengsi Qin and Jonathan W. Kimball proposed review of SST [18]. They also proposed SST integrate
application of an ac-ac dual active bridge converter for microgrid with power management algorithm [1].
solid state transformer [5]. This topology consists of This reviews that SST has received increasing
two active H-bridges and one high frequency attention from both industry and academia for the
transformer. They discuss 3.3 KVA 2.4KV/120V applications in smart grid and traction system. They
ac-ac DAB converter based SST with Zero voltage point out the SST converter design used in industry
Switching techniques by using phase shift with comparative ratings, with state of art technology
modulation. for every converters presented in SST. Four well
known high voltage SST designs, namely the
It is found that SST is most efficient if integrated with UNIFLEX, EPRI, GE, and ABB, are highlighted with
DC microgrid. DC microgrid is very useful for various future scope of SST and it’s applications of SST in
types of zonal loads like colleges, schools, small distribution system. SST has great scope in technical
industries, societies etc. DC zonal micro-grid area in future. Furthermore, new developing research
architecture and control is proposed by Xu She and directions were also presented, opening the path to
Srdjan, Lukic [3]-[4]. new horizons [15].

Alex Hung studied use of the SST in the FREEDM IV. ADVANCEMENT IN MATERIAL OF SST
(Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and
Management System system) is to achieve As compared to CT, SST has power electronic
compatibility and flexibility [4]. As FREEDM converters with high frequency transformer. In these
components are added to (or removed from) the power electronic converters, power switches are used
distribution network, the system must continue to such as MOSFET, IGBT etc. In order to design SST,
function properly. The SST acts as a smart plug-and mainly high frequency transformer design plays
play interface for transforming and distributing important role. In case of design, it examines mainly
electric energy. SST control also ensures that the efficiency of high frequency transformer depending
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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

on the operating condition, wire and core selection  Eddy current loss – It is caused by circulating
and electromagnetic analysis to have a required currents in the body of the core. This current is
magnetizing and leakage inductance for converter produced due to the induced voltage when the
[6]. Even though the high operating frequency makes magnetic flux is changing.
the transformer compact, there are many restraints
which have to be considered, such as insulation, In principle, the induced voltage per turn in the core is
power loss and cost as well. The transformer losses the same as at in the secondary winding. The direction
are strongly related to frequency. These losses of this current is normal to the magnetic flux direction
contribute to the economics of the system in which that produced it. At low frequency, the eddy currents
they operate. There are two losses mainly can be reduced by laminating the core in the direction
contributing to the total transformer losses [20] are: of the induced voltage. As frequency rises the required
1) The core loss (which represents the no load loss). laminations become impracticable, and research is
2) The winding or copper loss (which represent the made to find alternative material which naturally have
load loss). The core loss i. e. the power dissipated low eddy currents by virtue of the granular structure.
in the core consists of Eddy current and hysteresis The core loss, which is determined by the core
losses. materials and the design, is a function of the
 Hysteresis loss – It is consumed in the continuous amplitude and frequency of the applied voltage [17],
reversal of the magnetic field due to the changing [19]. Core manufacturers have gradually improved
direction of the magnetizing current. This loss is core material properties, including the Ferrites which
easier to control through the design stage than the are widely used at – present. Also different types of
eddy current loss. core material characteristics specification described in
Table I as:

TABLE I
Nano
Ferrit
Characteristics\Materia crystallin Super Amorphou
e
l e Fine met alloy s 2605SA
3F3
FT-3M
Saturation flux density 0.79~0.8
1.23 0.45 1.57
B sat (T) 7
Curie temperature Tc
570 200 430 392
(ºC)
Max. Operation temp.
150 120 125 150
(ºC)

The design of high frequency transformer under high

voltage condition requires more accurate High frequency transformer is designed as dry-type for
electromagnetic analysis and concern from the control environmental and safety issues.
point of view and insulation point as well. High
frequency transformers in solid state transformer IV. COMPARISON OF SST AND CT
point out for the performance and overall efficiency of
SST system, so it is important to select right materials The Conventional Transformer (CT) has been used
and optimize the design to fulfill all requirements in since the introduction of AC systems for voltage
the operating condition. conversion and isolation. The widespread use of this
device has resulted in a cheap, efficient, reliable and
Depending on the frequency, High frequency mature technology and any increase in performance
transformer material is categorized IN Table II [19], are marginal and come at great cost. Despite its global
[21]: use, the CT suffers from several disadvantages. Some
of these are:
TABLE II  Bulky size and heavy weight
Frequency Material  Transformer oil can be harmful when exposed
Winding Core to the environment
type  Core saturation produces harmonics, which
3 KHz Typical Meglas C-Core made up
results in large inrush currents
solenoid of amorphous alloy
20 KHz or coaxial Nano crystalline toroidal
 Unwanted characteristics on the input side,
Above 20 cores such as voltage dips, are represented in
KHz output waveform Harmonics in the output

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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

current has an influence on the input. 2) Outage compensation - Similar to voltage sag
Depending on the transformer connection, compensation, the SST can provide full
the harmonics can propagate to the network voltage compensation or the period needed
or lead to an increase of primary winding by the built-in energy storage.
losses. 3) Instantaneous voltage regulation - If the
 Relative high losses at their average operation input source voltage fluctuates due to power
load. Transformers are usually designed with system transient or other load effects, the
their maximum efficiency at near to full load, SST will maintain constant output voltage
while transformers in a distribution because it has the energy buffer.
environment have an average operation load 4) Fault isolation - The SST can act as a circuit
of 30%. breaker to isolate the power grid from load
 All CTs suffer from non-perfect voltage fault and vice versa.
regulation. The voltage regulation capability 5) Power factor correction (and reactive power
of a transformer is inversely proportional to compensation) - The SST can maintain a
its rating. At distribution level, the unity power factor within its power rating.
transformers are generally small and voltage The SST can also generate or absorb reactive
regulation is not very good. power as required by the system.
6) Harmonic isolation - Nonlinear loads
The Solid State Transformer (SST) provides an produce harmonic-distorted current that
alternative to the CT. It should be noted that the tends to propagate back to the primary side of
SST is not a 1:1 replacement of the CT, but rather the transformer. The SST will maintain a
a multi-functional device, where one of its clean input current with a unity power factor.
functions is transforming one AC level to 7) DC output - In addition to the 120/240V AC
another. Other functions and benefits of the SST voltage, the SST has 400V DC output, which
which are absent in the CT are: High allows easier connection to distributed
controllability due to the use of power electronics. energies.
1. Reduced size and weight because of its 8) Metering or advanced distribution
high-frequency transformer. The transformer automation - The SST has advanced
size is inverse proportional to its frequency; monitoring capabilities including
hence a higher frequency results in a smaller instantaneous voltage, current, power factor,
transformer. harmonic percentage, kWh and fault current
2. Unity power factor because the AC/DC stage or voltage information as well.
acts as a power correction device. Unity 9) Environmental benefit - Unlike the
power factor will usually increase the conventional liquid immersed transformer,
available active power by 20%. the solid state transformer is an oil-free
3. Not being affected by voltage swell or sag as transformer and friendly to environment.
there is a DC link in the solid state
transformer. VI. APPLICATIONS OF SST
4. Capability to maintain output power for a few
cycles due to the energy stored in the DC link A SST can be used instead of the conventional
capacitor. transformer (CT) in any electrical system, but because
5. Function as circuit breaker. Once the power of its additional advantages and functions[15], the
electronics used in the solid state transformer application of the SST in certain areas is much more
are turned off, the flow of electricity will stop attractive. Examples of these applications are:
and the circuit is interrupted. 1. Locomotives and other traction systems –
6. Fast fault detection and protection The transformer used in current locomotive
vehicles is 16.7Hz and is ±15% of the total
V. SPECIFICATIONS OF SST weight of the locomotive. The SST can
provide a significant weight reduction.
With incorporation of the solid-state technology into Additionally, the SST is also able to improve
the distribution transformer, many new specifications the efficiency, reduce EMC, harmonics and
[14], [16] can be realized as: acoustic emissions.
1) Voltage sag compensation - When the input 2. Desired energy generation –
source voltages compensate for the deficit Offshore generation, whether from wind,
and maintain constant output voltage. The tidal or any other source, can benefit from the
total period of compensation, as a function of reduction in weight and size. This reduction
the amount of energy storage, can be adapted leads to smaller and thus cheaper offshore
to the specific need of the customer. platforms. Another advantage is that the SST
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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

can achieve unity power factor, thus grids. It can also be used as a reactive power
increasing the efficiency in power compensator for both grids. Special
transmission. application is made, when considering the
3. Smart Grids – commercial side of power systems. During
In future power systems, the usage of periods when energy in grid 2 is cheaper than
renewable generation is expected to increase, in grid 1, the operator of grid 1 can reduce its
and will require an energy management own generation and buy the energy from
scheme that is fundamentally different from grid.
the classic methods. For fast and efficient 8. Connection between the MV-and LV-grid -
management of the changes in different loads In contrast to the CT, the SST can accurately
and sources, the SST can be used to control the amount of active power flowing
dynamically adjust the energy distribution in from the MV-to the LV-grid. This is useful if
the grid[17]. The SST will manage the flow the LV-side also has generation sources such
of energy. For this reason, the SST is as PV-panels. The SST can limit the amount
sometimes also called an energy router. of energy that flows back and forward
4. DC Source for Power Delivery – through certain parts of the grid, to avoid
The SST concept is ideally suited to extend overload of transmission lines with limited
the use of DC, both in MV and LV current carrying capacity.
applications [4]. The difficulty in 9. Connection between MV-grid and loads -
interrupting a DC feeder under fault LV-loads are often unbalanced which can
conditions is often cited as a major hurdle in lead to harmonics disturbances in the voltage
the acceptance of DC distribution in MV and asymmetrical voltages. A neutral wire is
applications. The use of the power electronic added in order to eliminate these
interface (SST) to generate the DC is a means disturbances and achieve a more symmetrical
of controlling the system and interrupting voltage. When the imbalance is large or
fault currents. consists of many non-linear loads, the
5. Integration with other systems – addition of a neutral wire might not nullify
The LV DC link in the SST topology the disturbances completely. In this case, the
provides a good and readily accessible SST can help by generating a voltage that
integration point for renewable energy hardly suffers from unbalanced and
systems into the distribution grid. A non-linear loads.
unidirectional converter could be used when 10. Application as interface for distributed
the load demand is much bigger than the generation and smart grids -
renewable energy generation capabilities. Distributed energy sources, such as
Where the peak generation capabilities photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines,
exceed the load demand during certain provide a variety of electric sources. These
periods, the excess power could be fed back sources often have a varying voltage or
into the grid by using a bidirectional frequency or can even be a DC voltage. The
converter. SST is flexible enough to allow connection of
6. Application between generation source and these sources to the traditional grid.
load or distribution grid –
In this scenario, the SST can enable constant CONCLUSION
voltage and frequency at its output if the
input voltage and frequency are variable. The Finally, we conclude that the basic study of SST (Solid
SST can also allow the energy transport State Transformer) shows the bidirectional power flow
between source and load or grid to occur at required for grid with basic topology.
unity power factor. This results in better
utilization of the transmission lines and It also shows importance of SST over CT in
increased flow of active power. Another considerations with size, volume and operating
function, which the SST can provide is to frequency. SST gives future challenges like
improve system damping during the improvement in efficiencies, Reduction in power
transient state. conversion stages, Optimum control algorithms, and
7. Application between two distribution grids - Suitable modulation techniques to reduce switching
One of the features of the SST is that it does losses, Reduction in cost etc. SST has great
not require both grids to have the same opportunities in future such as Hybrid vehicles,
voltage level, frequency or to operate Electric vehicle charging station, Ships and
synchronously. The SST can be used to submarines, Traction locomotives, Microgrids,
control the active power flow between both Distribution systems due to its advance features and
Proceedings of 11th IRF International Conference, 15th June-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-27-8
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 Solid State Transformers: New Approach and New Opportunity

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[12] S. Baek, Y. Du, G. Y. Wang, and S. Bhattacharya, “Design
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