Marie Palomino
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE_137_FLASHCARDS
In a conservative model (that is, without dissipations and acoustic irradiations and
therefore “in vacuum” ), the oscillation modes of a membrane of radius a have the form in
cylindrical coordinates
)
∗
{\displaystyle z(\rho ,\phi ,\tau )=R(\rho )*\Phi (\phi )*cos(\omega *\tau )}
(1)
where:
(
ρ
{\displaystyle R(\rho )=Jn(m,k\rho )}
and
A
∗
{\displaystyle \Phi (\phi )=A*cos(m*\phi +\phi ^{0})}
and where
J
{\displaystyle Jn(m,x)}
are Bessel functions of the first kind and of an order
0
{\displaystyle m*\phi ^{0}}
is an arbitrary phase dependent on the initial conditions (there cannot be any privileged
directions, since the problem applies to a circular symmetry).Owing to the constraint on the
rim,
0
{\displaystyle R(a)=Jn(m,k*a)=0}
, where
{\displaystyle a}
is the radius of the membrane; this allows calculating k (wave number) which is discrete
and dependent on two indices (m,n):
n
=
{\displaystyle k_{m,n}=R_{m,n}/a}
, where
m
,
{\displaystyle R_{m,n}}
is the nth root of the Bessel function of order
{\displaystyle m,Jn(m,x)}
.Hence (1) becomes
,
n
m
∗
{\displaystyle z_{m,n}(\rho ,\phi ,\tau )=A_{m,n}*Jn(m,k_{m,n}\rho )*cos(m*\phi +\phi
_{m,n}^{0})}
.Determination of the wave number is therefore possible by determining the roots of the
Bessel function of the first kind.Once the roots and wave numbers are determined, the
angular frequencies peculiar to the modes are given by:
ω
{\displaystyle \omega _{m,n}=k_{m,n}*c}
where c is the velocity propagation of transverse waves in the membrane,
c
{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {T/\sigma }}}
where
T
{\displaystyle T}
is the stretching force of the rim and
{\displaystyle \sigma }
is the surface density of the membrane.However,
{\displaystyle c}
can easily be estimated on the basis of the frequency
v
{\displaystyle v_{1}}
of mode
{\displaystyle (0,1)}
, the lowest of all (basic frequency), taking into account that
R
2.405
{\displaystyle R_{0,1}=2.405}
=
2
a
{\displaystyle c={\tfrac {2*\pi *v_{1}}{R_{0,1}}}*a}
For the Feed-Drum,
0.51
{\displaystyle a=0.51m}
and
1
=
30
{\displaystyle v_{1}=30Hz}
, and therefore
40
{\displaystyle c=40m/s}
.Irrespective of the order of the Bessel functions, the root base tends to
{\displaystyle \pi }
for
{\displaystyle m\rightarrow \infty }
[2]; in addition, Bessel functions of different order do not have coincident roots (an
important consideration for the purpose of the Feed-Drum).The exact calculation of the
roots can only be realized numerically, a task which is not particularly difficult given the
oscillatory character (even if not periodical) of Bessel functions.In fact, the roots of these
functions are each comprised between a maximum and a minimum or vice
versa.Calculations of the frequencies for the modes up to 5 octaves above the “basic
frequency” (960 Hz for the Feed-Drum) gives the following distributions of frequencies and
modal density:
The index
{\displaystyle m}
is responsible for the creation of nodal diameters, the index
n
{\displaystyle n}
for that of nodal circles.In general, the pattern of the modes is simply correlated to the
indices, as can be seen from the diagrams given below.== Conditioning system and
implementation ==
Excitation of the membrane is via a loudspeaker (Ø = 45 cm.)and an 11 cm-long wave guide
(designed to convey maximum acoustic pressure between the center and 1/3 of the radius);
that is, fairly short as far as the form factor is concerned.
