Biology
We learnt about The GMO (Genetically modified organisms) and used It in the prior solutions. It’s a result of
biotechnology called genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the process in which genetic material is
changed in such a way to make new substances or new functions. This technology is very useful in our
capstone because using it to modify food crops could have beneficial effects in terms of water use For
instance, genetic modification can decrease the water requirement of the staple cereal crops (maize, rice ,
wheat , barley ,sorghum ,etc. ) by selection for traits that increase the rate of photosynthesis and depth of
root structure, as well as decrease the rate at which water is lost through transpiration.
Examples:
1-Rice is a very water intensive food crop. The gene Arabidopsis HARDY has the effect of increasing the water
efficiency of rice by increasing the rate of photosynthesis, and decreasing the amount of water loss through
transpiration. Modification of this gene has also been shown to increase the strength and amount of root
structure of the plant.
2- Genetic modifications of the wheat plant focused on particular parts of the plant, such as the root systems,
and processes, such as transpiration, that can increase water use efficiency by the plant. Wheat can be
genetically modified to have deeper roots by extending the vegetation period of the plant through selection
for later-flowering genotypes. Deeper root systems promote more water uptake, which means the plants
require less irrigation and perform better under drought conditions
Geology
1-it help us to calculate different physical properties of water just as (it’s polar , universal solvent , its solid
form is less dense ( ice ) and has strong surface tension in addition to its exceptional capacity to absorb, store,
and release large amounts of energy ) and these properties of water explain why it’s used for many different
purposes and help us to specify the problem to be solved and the prior solution … For Example :
Using water in the industry for cooling is because of its exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large
amounts of energy so if we have to solve this problem we have to find a modified material can Compensate
water so that we can reduce its consumption
2-Water Cycle: since our capstone is about water m we have to know its mechanism and how it comes from
and where it goes, and we can knew that by studying the water cycle so that we can conclude the ranges of
the available water in Egypt specially and predict the time and the place in which the rain is expected to fall
and that will lead us to logical choices when we justify our solution. moreover , we recognized the types of the
water falls from the sky ( rain , snow , hails , sleet , etc. ) and differentiate between them to know which type
we can use later .
3- Reservoirs: instead of thinking about using the wasted water as a result of any aspect of life , studying
reservoirs grabbed our attention to the idea of using the wasted water from the water sources ( Water
Reservoirs ) .
For Example: instead of personal usage reduction, we can reduce the quantity of water that pours into the sea
( the mouth )
4- Collect data about the water use in different areas, compare them , measure domestic water use and Determine the
amount of water used for different purposes (industry, irrigation, drinking in addition to Collecting and interpreting
water analysis data for different surface and subsurface samples and identifying the different water supplies and ways
od getting water ; such as (withdrawing water from groundwater aquifers; • withdrawing water directly from nearby
rivers or lakes; • building dams to create reservoirs to store runoff; • improving the efficiency of water use through
water conservation; • transporting water from a distant area by means of aqueducts, and • converting salt water to
fresh water. )
5- Knowing - Water management methods attempt to distribute freshwater resources more evenly through the use of
dams, aqueducts, and wells in addition to – water conservation methods , for instance : (low-flush toilets, low-flow
showerheads, faucet aerators conserves water, drip irrigation which supplies water slowly to the soil through special
piping and tubing have many small holes so The water drips or oozes out around the plant roots and Xeriscaping which
means using plants that are naturally adapted to the climate of the area. These replace plants like grasses, which need
frequent watering during hot, dry weather)
6- . Investigating the vulnerability of water resources to pollution by both human use and natural cycles or processes,
knowing the different Pollutants that affects water ; For Ex. (Organic pollutants : sewage , livestock wastes, pathogenic
(disease-causing) microorganisms & Non-organic pollutants : nutrients in fertilizers (mainly nitrates and phosphates),
industrial and commercial chemicals, road salts, agricultural pesticides, acidic mining wastes, waste heat, radioactive
waste ) and the steps for making water drinkable (Screening, Flocculation, and Settling, Filtration, Disinfection )
Physics
1-Water flows downhill from higher to lower elevations due to the force of gravity with acceleration 9.8
m/s^2 .. in other form we can say that without gravity there will not be water cycle , no rains and the
evaporated water from the reservoirs would stay in the sky forever .. Also , the water flowing to the different
places in earth and water seep into the ground ) ground water ) are also happening due to the gravitational
force which can be determined with the law ( G=gMm/r^2 .. So in General without Gravity there won’t be
available water to use in any aspect of life
2-Knowing the law of the gravitation is very important in calculating the flowing rate of water ..
For Example:
We chose the personal aspect to be covered in our solution, and we want to measure the descending
acceleration othf the water from the tap, get its pressure and flowing rate to collect data and do
adjustments... In this Case we have to take in consideration the gravitational force that acts on the water
downward to get the net force and net acceleration.
Math
1 -We can Use the polynomial function to represent the relationship between data observed, create models
and apply to the water consuming analysis if appropriate.
For Example:
F(x) = X^2 + x -2 … Where X is the population and F(x) is the water consumption.
(This Equation is imaginary ... you can put any equation you think you can use) ,
2- Using Fundamental counting Principle in counting the number of ways we can use the different sources of water for
ex. We can use ( n+r-1! / n! ) where n is number of sources , and r is number of uses .
Also , we can calculate the number of ways we can use the materials in constructing prototype (ncr = n! / r! (n-r)! )
Chemistry
1- Use simple distillation to separate soluble salt, filtration to separate in soluble salt, carbon to remove tastes and
colors and calculate rates of chlorination of a sample of water that I want to examine to know where and how can I use
this water..
For Example :
I examined a sample of water and I found that it’s pure and fresh water .. Then I can use it in the personal aspect (
drinking , washing , Etc. ) .. And another sample was quite pure but its salinity rate is big Therefore I can’t use this water
for personal aspect but I can use it in saltwater Agriculture
2- analyzing physical and chemical properties of water from different sources (elevation in B.P,
depression in F.P, polar , universal solvent , its solid form is less dense ( ice ) and has strong surface tension in
addition to its exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large amounts of energy ), properties and types
of water , measuring densities, conductivity, pH, boiling points and identify the effect of solutes on physical properties.
3- Describing the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of water, knowing the equilibrium
constant for water ( Kw ) and determining the PH of water to find out if it’s valid or not .
NADA AGHA
STEM KFS
