dhd

ftp.gg

jBBBGda
 A ‘Teach to Reach’ Initiative

CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY
OF THE EYE

An Illustrated Manual
1st Edition

Dr Pranesh
Medical Officer
Aravind Eye Hospital and PG Institute of Ophthalmology
Coimbatore
 PREFACE

Embryology of eye is a difficult topic to master -

due to the obscure understanding of general
principles and lack of application of the learned
concepts in our routine practice.
This handwritten manual aims to bridge the
knowledge gaps & missing links - thereby
presenting itself as a Complete Course on Ocular
Embryology from Genes to Clinics.

Highlights :
① Profusely illustrated with colourful diagrams and
clinical photographs
② Flowcharts to aid understanding of complex
derivatives
③ Every detail on individual structure is
accompanied by relevant applied aspects
④ Must read for residents, practicing
ophthalmologists and paediatricians
 CONTENTS

1. General Embryology - Overview

2. Ocular Embryology - Overview Basics
3. Brief summary of Derivatives
4. Development of specific Ocular structures

a) Optic Nerve
b) Retina
c) Retinal Vasculature
d) Hyaloid Vasculature with relevant
e) Vitreous
f) Sclera & Choroid
clinical aspects
g) Iris & Ciliary Body
b) Lens
i) Cornea
j) Angle of Anterior chamber
k) Lids & Adnexa

5. Genetics - in Brief + Discussion on Coloboma

6. Big Picture + Summary repeated
7. References
 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

3 Germinal Layers
I b t
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
t I
4 No
Surface Neural contributionto
Neuro
deum oculardevelop
Ectoderm g

Mesenchyme
Note
Contributes to Eye Development

Mesenchyme Nut Mesoderm

NCC's contribution Mesodermal Mesenchyme

contribution
So for all practical purposes here Ncc Mesenchym
 3 Layers 0
formed

finishesKydd wk
 Gastrulation Neurulation
T
Formationof neural
formationof3germindlayes
tube
cranial a
pole

cross
section

caifdalpole
Neuralcrest
T ectoderm
Neuro

from neuro
ectoderm

Neurulation
 03 is

Neural Tube
c 3 Vesiclesformation
OCULAR EMBRYOLOGY

Day22 lsteventin eye develop

Neuro ectoderm

Tencephalon

Thickening
of surface ectoderm
 dotes
by 7thwk if not closed Coloboma

Inner layer NeurosensoryRetina

OpticCup
Outer Layer RetinalPigment Epithelium
migrating
Ncc
cells Ncc
x
SUMMARY must know
Optic Nerve Neuro ectoderm

Hyaloid
vessels

Central
Retinal Hall
 Congenital OpticDisc Anomalies

Congenital oD Pit
0N Head
focal excavation on

Examine
in
Discserous
central
petinopMM If
I
Serious
detachment
1 pit
 OD Dusen

focal collections of axonal metabolic

products calcified deposits within
ONH

Buried
dmsen

Pseudo
papilledema
 Glory Anomaly variant of
Morning oboma OD lol
Axial Coloboma
Geneinvolved PAX6
M c systemic
Association FrontoNasal Dysplasia
CNS disorders associated Neuroimaging required

Large disc
tunnel shaped excavation
Chorioretinaldisturbance
Ring of

spokes of wheel pattern

of radially emerging vessels

discussed in the
Details of OD coloboma

Last section of the manual

 Myelinated Nervefibres
Medullated Nerve fibres

progression of myelination starts

from optic tract
Lamina Cribwsa ends Lc
of Sdera CLA t
if Oligodendrocytes migrate
into intraocular area

Abnormal myelination of Ganglion

cell Axons b'yond LC

I
 Optic N Hypoplasia
Uk Squint
fed Nerve f snes
Bk Nystagmus

I
Absent Corpus Callosum
Septum Pellucidum
de Morsier syndrome 7
Bk on Hypoplasia
septo optic dysplasia7 Hypopituitarism
 RPE
Reti na n Neuro inn
Edmond
sensory retina
d L
Marginalzone

TransientLayer
of Chievitz
 Macularitoveal Development

Foreal maturation 4thmonth Fixation

completes Reflex
I
if impaired
develops
Nystagmus

eg.in
Albinism
 Retinal Vasculature

t Of

2nd
I 1st
Nasal retina
Temporal Retina
vascularised
fully Vascularised
fully by
by 8thmonth of GA
I month after birth
H
i Incomplete Vascularisation of Retina in
Preterm infants
Vascularisation occurs in Low O2 tension
in utero
RETINOPATHY of PREMATURITY
n't

In Preterm infants
immaturity
02supplementation given for lung

902Tension
1
Growth of Peripheral Retinal Vesselsout off
Retina thinks no need for vessels dueb ROD
Oz removed

Ischemic response abnormal vessel

production
t
Leahy new vessels fibrovascular
4 Tissues

Retinopathy of Prematurity
prop
Retinal Vascular Anomalies
familial Exudative VitteoRetinopathy

I
1119 to Rop
Tt
failure of
Xascularisation
of
Temporal
Retina

Screen the relatives of PE E FEUR

 Hyaloid Vasculature

portionof
pinkaneural
Hyaloid vessels

t central
Retinal A'eV

ya aeagyeof yfgawdue.se
Tunica Vasculosa TUL refresses in Thrimestv
Lenh's

Regressed PrimaryVitreous
3 components t
AnteriorVascular Capsule
Cloquet's Canal
Ant pupillary membrane x
Details below
Capsulopupillary portion

PosteriorVascularCapsule

Post Pupillarymembrane
 Persisting pupillary Membran

Mittendorf
Dot

BergMeister
papilla
 ft t
Mittendorf Bergmeister papilla
Persistent persistent
fetalVasculature HyaloidArtery
Retrolentalmass
Vitreous
 Vitreous Development

t.de
Pnimary PrimiliveSeconday Tertiary
Definite.ve
ViFeousPwpev

From
Mesenchyme
From 7mm
of Ncc
NeuroEctoderm Neuro
Ectoderm
Surface Ectoderm

2ndmonth 374
1 month
month

Vascular AVascular Becomes

1
whenzolineous Vitreous
fills the cavity Basee
fills cavity it Ciliary2onules
fwmjtfyafoyt.es
becomes Cloquet's Canal
 Persistent Hypoplastic
PrimaryVitreous
Persistent Fetal Vasculature
t
t t
Persistent Posterior
Persistent Anterior
Fetal Vasculature Fetal Vasculature
t t
Reholental fibrovascular Mass Retinal Detachment

LEUCOCORIA
11
DifferentialDiagnosis
Retinoblastoma Persistent 7daL
Vasculature
Rop
congenital Cataract
Retinal Dysplasia
Goat's disease
Toxocara Coloboma Choroid
Endophthalmitis ODisc
 Persistent
fetal
Vasculature

Persistent Anterior Fetal Vasculature

 Scleras choroid Ncc

continues

Anteninly Posteriorly

sclera Substantia Dura

cornea
propria of

choroid Ciliary Body Pia Arachnoid

 SCLERA

T hotherparkofsdera
Tempyalsdera I
t
from Mesoderm from NCC
mesenchyme Mesenchyme
 Iris ciliary Body

Outerlayer
of optic
up
Inner
layer of
opticCup

DIn's fromNeuwectoderm
Mff
from NCC
Muscleof CB Ciliarymuscle
 Vascular mesenchyme

Pupillary membrane

optic Cupmargin
Neuroectoderm

cm a ciliary muscle
CB Ciliary Body
Tm Trabecular
Mesh
SS scleralspur

Iris

J
Retina
 schlemm'scanal

Cp Ciliary Processes

Posterior Non Pigment

U Epithelium
of developing in's

Attains
melanin pigment

Melanogenesis

Ut
Becoming Posterior Pigmented
Iris
Epithelium of
 Melanocytes
FT
Ncc derived Neuwedndermal
derived
t
t
choroid
RPE
skinehair
Epithelium't
f
Race related
Irisa ciliary body
to
pigmented in all
races

If affected melanin production

d
ALBINISM

Oaelocutaneous Ocular
 Oculocutaneous Albinism

Tyrosinase negative Ilusinase

Incomplete
complete
til Hariable Melanin
Not capable of producing production
melanin
 c Let us review
Iris developmen
again

Aniridia PAX 6 gene mutation

Autosomal Dominant
BIL condition misnomer not complete absence of
iris
Abnormal Iris seen as a stump of hypercellular stroma
Leads to malformed outflow system Glaucoma
75 t
syndrome associated
L WAGR syndrome WIM'sTumor
Aniridia
WT mutation abnormalities
Genitourinary
Retarded mental
status
Do 456 Abdomen for all cases
of sporadic Aniridia to detect Wim's Tumor

Partial Aniridia Total Aniridia

 Associated features
of Aniridia

calaraff 701gal
subluxation Hypoplasia

Assoc Limbalstem Poor'Exation

cell deficiency to
Nystagmus
 Lens Surface Ectoderm

formed in 4th7kWh
Affected in Rubella in 1sttrimester

f y
congenital
primam
lens cataract
fibres

Equatorial
f LensBow

Embryonic
Nucleus
 Lens Vesicle
v d
Anterior epithelium posterior
1 epithelium
equatortorms t
elongates loses
secondary
Lensfibres
SLF formprimaylensmoki
1 fibres
fetal Nucleus
1
Infantile Nucleus Embryonic
Adult Nucleus Nucleus
Coney H
central core
i oldestfibres

SLF
grows anteriorly posteriorly suture dotted area
Feet y sutures
t
anteriorly straight'Y iii
i i
inverted1
posteriorly
 CONGENITAL CATARACT
I
t I
43rd
43rd
y H
Assoc I
Notassoci
systemicillness
t Intrauterine
Nonsyndromic Metabolic
Hereditary disorder Infections
I

1 Syndromes

Human
gamma
Erystallins intens
tens proteins

Genes encoding crystalline

mutations
1

Cataract duets
protein misfolding
 Assoc E

t Intrauterine t
Metabolic Syndromes
disorders Infections

Galactosemia GPUT enzyme deficiency

Galactose 1 Phosphate
oil droplet cataract Luridyltransferase

Lowe syndrome Oculocerebro renal

syndrome XLR

Fabry disease
Mannosidosis deficiency a mannosidase
 Assoc E

Moffat EitEfinne syndromes

b

syphilis
TORCH es
Herpes
Toxoplasma RIbeyatcytomg.gg
 Rubella Syndrome
Congenital
Gregg's syndrome

H
Classic
Triad

Dense Nu ear cataract Rubell Retinopathy

Congenital syphilis

saddle
shaped
Note

Clutton's
Joints
SabreTibia

notched
smallteeth

Hutchison's
Teeth

Interstitial
keratitis
1
Sensorineural
Hearing
Loss
HUTCHISON'sTRIAD
 Congenital Toxoplasmosis

SABIN's TETRAD

Cartwheel Madison
Intracranial
calcification

Mental
Retardation

Hydrocephalus
microcephaly
 Syndromes
t t t
Downs Edwards Patan
Trisomy21 Trisomy18 Trisomy 13
 Down's syndrome
congenital cataract

flat nasal bridge

Brushfield spots
1
Y
focal areas of stromal
Tissue Hyperplasia

Upslanting palpebral fissure

epicanthal folds Got

error Hypermetropia
Mc Refractory

M Oblique
c Typeof Astigmatism
M c Typeof strabismus Esotropia

common
NLD obstruction
 Defect information of Lenscapsule
H
Lenticonus

Anterior Posterior
1 t
Assoc ALPORT's Assoc E Lowe's
c
SYNDROME
SYNDROME
 t t
microspherophahia microphatia
He
shatter diameter
smaller diameter
f
spherical
in Lowe's
A
syndrome
Risk of Pupillary Block Angle
closure

Weil Marchasani
Marfan's

Hyperlysinemia
Peter's Anomaly
 Ectopia Lentis EL
J
t t
congenital Acquired
t t
Marfan's Post Traumatic

Weil Marchasani
Homocystinuria
Ehler Danlos syndrome
Retinal
Sticklersynd Most common oath 2 Detach
manifest

Inferonasal EL
Superoptemporeaf micyspherophahia

Homotustinuria Inmate.IT
pYanfmidsi'sIIIan
ui
eg
Homocystinuria Marfan's Weitmarchasani
Syndrome

BIL
Inferonasal Superolemporal Inferior EL
EL EL
t
Zonulav Intactanules Microspherophab
Disintegration
t t
40 Accomodation IntactAccomod 2 pupillaryblouk
glaucoma

Matanoid Tall.thin Opposite K

features Arachnodactyly marfans
I
t
GothiclHighanhed short fingers
Thrombo palate
embolism Tnt'Laxity shortstature

MentalRetard
 Stickler syndrome
Hereditary Arthro Ophthalmopathy

3main features

High myopia
Vitreous Retinal
4 degeneration
RD
Cataract
 3 waves of NCC

3 waves of NCC migration bln Lens surface

1 ectoderm
1
L v
2nd wave 3rd wave
1st wave

t t t
Endothelium Shoma of cornea
stoma of Iris
of cornea membrane
Descend's memb pupillary

Ref AAO 2019 woo some books say 2 YnaeaYs mmas

l 3rd wave in's

 cornea

t
t 1
Epithelium other layers
t t
from surface Ectoderm from NCC

corneal Transparency
1

due to maturation of corneal Lamellae

but failure of heratocytes to produce

collagen fibres in Lamellar Array

t
Scleralisation of cornea

Sotero cornea
 moderate Sdewcome a
severe Sdew cornea

Differentials for Congenital Corneal Clouding

clew cornea
Tears in Des cemets post Trauma

Iker
M ucopolysaccharidosis Metabolic disorders

Peder's Anomaly Posterior axialstromal defect

EndothelialDystrophy
Edema CongenitalHereditary

Dermoid
 Microcornea us Megalocornea
t t
Horizontal corneal
Horizontal corneal
diameter 213mm
diameter Elomm
in adults
in adults
Cor f
9mm in newborn

Nole corneal diameter

Assoc Pigment pension
12mm Syndrome
10mm
1
Neonates 2 yrs till Adult
I
s

a
 Anterior Chamber Posterior Chamber

pig me

see Primo men

ftp.eo.i.mesenchsylimteihbln

developing in's Hens

posterior
chamber Pc
 Trabecular Meshwork

corneal endothelium

Dgeveloping
elopingcornea

Ncc
Mesenchyme

e iieiine a

t.fi
Ac

CollectionFest undifferentiated Ncc mesenchyme

of
t
Trabecular Anlage
b
Cinema mu mean eY it
t
 Trabecular Anlage

13Wh 0

capillaries
Ant chamber

y to
membrane
Trabecular Pupillary
cells
Schlemm's
Sc canal
22Wh giant Vacuoles
in SC

Enlarged
Connective
Inter Trabecular
spaces
Tissue
LTrabewfaveys
 Schemm's Canal

me.sentiemme

Fm from Ncc mesenchyme

Deep ATM
collection of small capillaries
fuse to form

single elongated slit likevessel

from Mesodermaf
CANAL of Sc LE nm
Mesenchyme
vessel w

Endothelial cells
vacuoles
 Trabecular Anlage
t
Trabeculen Meshwork
Develops into
x

3pqHs
l 1
I
Middle Outermost
Innermost
H Hi
H
Comeosderal Juxta
Unreal Meshwork canalicular
Meshwork
I
f Cribriform
cord like Lamellar Zone
f
Loosely
arranged

Schlemm
Tuxtacanaticular Meshwork
fffcandoc corneosderal Meshwork

j 99 saved meshwork
 Tn

Er

Microscopic Anatomy of Tnt in Adults

 GONIO DYSGENESIS
Maldevelopment of Iridocorneal Angle

t t
Trabeculedysgenesis Fido corner

only dysgenesis
Isolated TM maldevelop

t a

Impaired Aqueous outflow 1 Axenield

W o other major ocular Riegersyndrome

abnormalities 2 Peter'sAnomaly

I 3 Aniridia
PRIMARY CONGENITAL
SECONDARY CONGENITAL
GLAUCOMA
GLAUCOMA

Mostimportantgene
CYPIBI
 Congenital Glaucoma
Primary
1 Epiphora 2 Photophobia
Triad
D Blephawspasm

I
HAAB's
STRIAE

cut'rvilinear
healed breaks in Descend's membrane
 Axenfeld Riegersyndrome

to 4
Riteger
Axenfeld Anomaly Rieger
Anomaly syndrome
f
Reiger Anomaly
Extraocular
manifestations

1 displaced
prominenteanteriorly
Schwalbe's line _posterior
Embryotoxon
f

peripheral
iris strands extending
into cornea
 Rieger's Anomaly
mimics In do cornealEndothelial ICE syndrome
 Rieger's syndrome Telecanthus

BroadNasalBridge

MaxillaryHypoplasia

Dental Anomalies

microdontia Hypodontia
small teeth fewteeth

Peter's Anomaly

1 2
Corneal involvement Corneatlens
only Type 2
Type I

Hallmark Central defect in Descemets's Endothelin

Thinning opacified corresponding Shona

Central corneal
opacity

Ii docorneal Adhesions

Lenticulo corneal
Adhesions
Eye Lids

fusion of Lids
complete 10wks of

GA
 mesoderm
yureof 1
Tarsal
plate

lqwksremainfusedtill28thwhlSacendosedbyfusedlidsft.y

Conjunct sac
Corneal Epithelium I
lined
by ectoderm
 r

cornea

Note
failure of
T
I
Lidfusion Lidseparation
Lidformation
t CotoBomA
CRYPTOPHTHALMOS Away
BLEPHARON
t
Assoc c Fraser I
Syndrome
 LID COLOBOMAS

2 syndromes

Treacher Collins Goldenhar

H
H
Upper lid coloboma
Lower Lid coloboma
details given later 1
Triad

Peribulbar dermoid
Pre auricularappendages
Pre tragal fistulas
 Goldenhav syndrome

limbaldermoid Preauriculattags
Epicanthus in versus

foldof skin extending

from lower lid to medial
canthus
1
1

Assoc I BPES

Blepharophimosis
Ptosis
Epicanthus inversus
syndrome
Telecanthus us Hypertelorism
4
f Bendohyperklorism

Abnormally ton
wide bonyseparation
canthallIndons
medial of orbits
I f orbital Hyperklorism
fed distance bln I
medialcanthi manifestation of a

TInnercanthal
f distance
craniofacial deformity

OCD IPD TICD OCD IPD

OCD Outer
Canthal
Distance

IPD Inter
pupil
Dist
ICD Inner
canthd
pistons
edetainthus
Hyterlelorism
 Orbit
contents

Bones Striated
Tendons ExtraocularMuscles

Intermusadarseplae
ConnectiveTissue
AdiposeTissue
Mesoderm
Neural CrestCells

Note
All bones are membranous except

sphenoid cartilaginous

Ossification
3rdmonth 2
of GA

7 fusion
f 7thmonth
 Congenital Craniofacial Abnormalities

f t
craniosynostosis Non synostosis
t t
Premature fusion of Branchial ArchSyndrome
4
Cranialsutures failure of Development of
151 2 Branchial Arches
f
3 syndromes I
2 syndromes
L I
Aperisterouson
Treacher Goldenhar
Pfeiffer coins
t i
Mandibulofacial nYdD
Dysostosis
Apeitsyndrome most severe
craniosynostosis

mid facial
Hypoplasia

Parrotbeaknose

syndactyl

oxycephaly
CConicalskull
Lowsetears
Gougon Syndrome

Midfacial Hypoplasia
shallow orbits Proptosis

Hypertelorism

Shot anlocoposterior Diameter

of Shul
Pfeiffer syndrome

cloverleaf
shaped skull

Exorbilism
spontaneous profusion of eyes

due to shallow orbit

Treacher Collins Synd

Downward
slantingeyes

Bk Hypoplasia
of mandible

Zygoma

Lid
Lower
colobomas

Punctal Atresia
 Lacrimal Gland
surface
NasoLacrimal Drainage Ectoderm

LacrimalGland

go.sepittdialbudsfwmfoyyngngn.nl

Nonfunctioning till Newborn don't tearup

bwnsglik when
they cry

Congenital ALacrimia ltypoplastiahbsI.tljyeeye.inyoung

 Lacrimal Drainage

Vaso lacrimal solidepithelial

Groove cord
blnfwntonasal 5 swhsot
GA
Maxillary process

Isolated complete
cavities canalisation
4h7 9thmon
 NasoLacrimal Duct patency

1
7thmonthof
completes by
life
H
Incomplete canalisation of NLD
1
Congenital NLD obstruction

th
MC c Imperforate Hasner's Membrane

Value of Hasner lowerendof NLD

Last part to canalised

 Epiphora in Newborn
l
t t
Congenital Acquired
Is

EffITgenimeDaoyogstowe
L NLD
Punto IngenitalNLDObslmoti
Agenesis H
Atresia Most common cause
Eanalicular of
Fistula
Epiphora in
Agenesis
Newborn
Atresia H
Non Patent NLD Competent Valve of Hasner

Collection of Amnioticfluid Mucus

in Lacrimal sac

Amniontocede Congenital Dacryocele

perinatal bluish
or
cystic swelling
below medial canthus

DD Encephalocele above medial canthat

tendon
k
 GENETICS

Master Gene in developmentof Eye PAX G

t
PAX 6 gene mutation Paised Box 6gene
t
Coloboma
Microphthalmia
Peters
Anomaly

Generesponsible for Division of Eyefield

into 2 eye Globes SHH
Soni'T Hedgehog
 PAX6 expression

PAX G switch for eye development

D

D
 Holo Prose N CEPHALY Defect in SHH
Gene

Proboscis

Cyclopean
Eye
fSyn ophthalmia7

ANOPHTHALMIA failure offormation of opticVesicle

to

attain
e

visible globe structure

any
MICROPHTHALMIA

to
simple_Pure Complex

Nanophtralmos f
t
Associated features
Structurally eyeball
of Dysgenesis
short Axial length
oboma
eg.co
orbital cyst
Bllolobomas

Orbital
cyst
 COLO BOMA Mutilation

PAX 6 gene mutation

Chtoidal Normally closes

fissure hot closed
by 7th week
1
Coloboma

t H
Isis Retinae optic Disc

µ
ciliary choroid
Body Recoloboma x
2onules ODpit Axial
Coloboma
of OD

MORNING Glory
SYNDROME

M.c.sie Inkronasalheyhole
defect of iris Typical
Coloboma
 Calamitous lens
Hq keyholedefectinin's
I ymissingzonules 2ondaddoboma

Types

I It
Typical Atypical
other areas
Inferonasal quadrant
macular'Toloboma
choroidalfissure closure
siteof is also atypical

Atrial

Complete E Incomplete

fulllhickness Partial thickness

defect defect of epithelium
stroma
 Retinochoroidal Globo ma

r Retinalvessels
down
dip

Excavated area Choroid

yo RPE
Exposing bare sclera

Edges dean cut

 Histopathology

Inner Nyagkey ppenfierarm

SplitinNeurosensory Retina
Layer
a
Intercalary
ignerlayer membrane

7
t.TT

sFsRPElchaoid outer layer fusey.si RPE

Disorganised mass
Termination
of choroid
H
Junction Locus Minoris
Resistentiae
Pathophysiology

Defective fetal fissure closure

t
Inner Layer of opticCup growsfaster
than outerLayer future RP E

f Eversion

11

Gradual displacement of RPE

t
Double Layer of photoreceptors
each other
facing

Absent RPE
1
Absent choroid
Ida Mann Classification

AboveDisc

superior bogda

Below disc
Nimue area
of Retina
bn OD Globo ma
 Isolationism

J
so

pigmendfoftwbana

extreme
 Gopal Classification of RC Globoma
Lingam
19967

NO Disc OD is outside fundus

I coloboma

I
Abnormal Disco

I Colobomalous Disc
isolated

Disc OD is within Fundus

I coloboma

I ColobomatousDisc 4

I Disc shape not identified

Blood vessels emanating from
superior aspectof large fundalwlobom
 Lingam Gopal Classification

r E
I I o
x

I
f f I

abnormal

TI r I I

I myopia Good Visual Acuity

I TI High
III Microphthalmos common
 OD Colo boma
focalglistening while bowel shaped excavation

Inferior
NRR
1
Absent

Thin

Assoc
O D pit
Association Hoboma
of
Rhegmatogenous RD I 401
CHD7 geneinvolved
CHARGE syndrome
Edoboma
HeartDefects
Atresia choanae
Retarded growth
Genital hypoplasia
Ear malformation

AICARDI syndrome
WARBURG syndrome
Note
Lens Coloboma Misnomer
CB
coloboma
I
Absence

ofwhales
1
Indented
Lens
 BIG PICTURE
orbit
Efm
NYids
migrating

Sark
Ectoderm
sypienophab
1
i II
mean
Lens
NTeuralabe ftp 7Iweloph.g
Hyaloidvessels
Neuroectoderm

Future Retina

Neuroectoderm
Neural crest Mesenchyme
surface Ectoderm
mesodermal Mesenchyme
SUMMARY Go throughagain
 of the derivatives been
Summary
Repeated to have the final
the Picture
understanding of Big
References
For relevant video based discussions
on embryology and more topics
Visit YouTube.com/kingsclasses