What is Drugs?

Drug is defined as a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making

medicines which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. The use of
any drugs without an advice or prescription from a physician can be harmful.
Drugs is any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the
central nervous system of man.
A chemical substance that affects the functions of living cells and alters body
or mind processes when taken into the body or applied through the skin.
Is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral
change in a person taking it.
Any chemical substance, other than food, which is intended for used in the
diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention of disease or symptoms

World Health Organization also defines drug as any substance or product

that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or
pathological states for the benefits of the patient.

Etymology of the word Drug

The word "drug" is believe to had originated from Old French word "drogue", then
later changed into the term "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels"
that refers to medicinal plants preserved in them. (Douglas Harper, Online
Etymology Dictionary, 2000)

What Is the Difference Between a Drug and a Medicine?

Medicine is any substance that is designed to prevent or treat diseases while

drug is designed to produce a specific reaction inside the body. Cocaine for example
is a drug designed to create a specific mental reaction that leads to a "high" for the
user. However, medical establishment does not recognize any medical benefits for
cocaine, which means that cocaine is categorized as drug but not medicine. Over-
the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines such as Advil are designed to treat pain,
but they do not have a strong enough effect to fit into a controlled substance
classification, unlike stronger pain relievers, this means that these are medicines
and not drugs. Most of the medicines that are also drugs are considered "controlled
substances." This means that there are laws governing their use and that using
them in ways contrary to those laws can lead to criminal charges.

Other distinctive characteristics of drug and medicine

1. Drugs have general effect of confusing the mind unlike medicines.

2. Drugs have a potential of addiction while medicines (in the general sense) don’t
lead to such.

3. The term “drugs” (either for therapeutic or non-therapeutic purposes) is

nowadays thought to have a more negative connotation.

4. Drugs are substances that can still cure diseases to some extent but can have
severe adverse effects if used more than what’s necessary.

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 GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always
had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or
euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years.
Wine was used at least from the time of early Egyptians, narcotics from 4000 B.C.
and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C in china.
As time went by, Home Remedies were discovered and used to alleviate
aches, pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots,
mushrooms or fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to
achieve the desired effect.
One of the oldest records of such medicinal recommendations is found in the
writing of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who lived in 2735 BC. He
compiled a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that
listed all the then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some
Chinese herbs. For example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in treating
fevers; Ch’ang Shan is antimalarial in Chinese medicine and It has emetic effects.

Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances varying from tobacco and

other mind-expanding plants in their medicinal collections. The most fascinating
among these substances is the Psilocybin mushroom.

As the centuries unrolled and new civilizations appeared, cultural, artistic,

and medical developments shifted towards the new center of power. A reversal of
traditional botanical drugs occurred in Greece in the fourth century BC, when
Hippocrates who is known as the “Father of Medicine,’’ became interested in
inorganic salts as medications. Hippocrates authority lasted throughout the middle
Ages and reminded alchemists and medical experimenters of the potential of
inorganic drugs.
South American Indians, especially those in the Peruvian Andes Mountains
made several early discoveries of drug bearing plants. Two of these plants contain
alkaloids of worldwide importance that have become a modern drugs. They are
cocaine, and quinine. Cocaine ‘s potential for addiction was known and used with
sinister intent by South American Indian chiefs hundreds of years ago.
Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychoanalyst [1859-1939] treated many deeply
disturbed cocaine addicts. In the course of his practice, he noted the numbing effect
of the drug. He called the attention of the clinical pharmacologist who introduced
cocaine as a local anesthetic into surgical procedures. One interesting truth is that
Freud was a cocaine user himself. Only that cocaine was not yet prohibited during
his time, but was prescribed and used as euphoric. The harmful side of the
substance had not been discovered yet.
During the American Civil War, morphine was used freely by the soldiers
during the war, and those wounded veterans returned home with their kits of
morphine and hypodermic needles and continued to consume the mentioned drug.
Cocaine and heroin were sold as patent medicines in the 19 th and early 20th
centuries, and marketed as treatment for a wide variety of ailments. Recreational
use of opium was once common in Asia and from there spread to the West, peaking
in the 19th century, Opium dens flourished.

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 Regarding marijuana, another notable herb that has its hallucinogenic effect,
historians credited it [Cannabis Sativa] as the world‘s oldest cultivated plant started
by the Incas of Peru.
GENERAL DRUG CATEGORY

1. Analgesics: Drugs that relieve pain.

There are two main types:

a. non-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and

b. Narcotic analgesics for severe pain.

2. Antacids: Drugs that relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing

stomach acid.
3. Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic reactions.
4. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm
cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.
5. Decongestants –those that relieve congestion of the nasal passages.
6. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm
from the lungs and the throat.
7. Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel
movement.
8. Sedatives and Tranquilizer – are those that can calm and quiet the nerves
and relieve anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind.
9. Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal growth and development
and proper functioning of the body.
10. Antibiotics - are drugs that combat or control infectious organism.
11. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature or fever due to
infection.

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 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

1. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow
its purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s age,
weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else.

2. OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS

These are non – prescriptive drugs, which may be purchased from any
pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a doctor.
They are used to treat minor and short-term illnesses.

3. UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
These are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects
but are not usually considered as drugs. These substances are not
generally regulated by the law except insofar as standards of
sanitation and purity is required.

4. ILLICIT DRUGS
These are drugs whose sale, purchase, use or manufacture is generally
prohibited by law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators of these
laws.

How Drugs Works In our Body?

Drugs work in our body in a varied ways. They interfere with microorganisms
(germs) that invade our body, destroy abnormal cells that cause illness, replace
deficient substances (such as hormones or vitamins), or change the way that cells
work in our body. Most drugs act within our cell. Similar to common body
chemicals, drugs enters on cell and participates in the normal sequence of a cellular
process. Thus, drug may later, interfere on the established cellular life cycle,
hopefully for the betterment of the person. The actual action of a particular drug
depends on its chemical makeup.

When two drugs are taken together or taken within a few hours of each
other, they have the tendency to interact with each other a d may yield an un-
expected result. This is one of the reasons why a physician always asked the names
of drugs the patient is using.

DOSE
A dose of drug refers to the amount taken by the patient at one time. The
dose taken becomes extremely important part of developing drug abuse. There are
many factors taken into consideration when deciding a dose of drug - including age
of the patient, weight, sex, ethnicity, liver and kidney function and whether the
patient smokes or drinks alcohol. Other medicines may also affect the drug dose.

Classification of Drug Dosage

1. Minimal dose – The amount needed to treat or heal that is, the smallest
amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired

therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

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 3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of
poisoning

4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action
desired by the individual who improperly uses it.

5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause death.

How Drugs are administered?

Methods of Administering Drugs- Drugs may be introduced into the body in

several ways, each method serving a specific purpose.

1. ORAL—Among the advantages of administering medication orally) are

the following:
a. Oral medications are convenient. Oral medications are
cheaper.
b. Oral medications do not have to be pure or sterile. A
wide variety of oral dosage forms is available.
Oral medication administration may be disadvantageous for the
following reasons:
a. Some patients may have difficulty swallowing tablets
or capsules.
b. Oral medications are often absorbed too slowly.
c. Oral medications may be partially or completely
destroyed by the digestive system.

2. PARENTERAL— parenteral medications are introduced by injection.

All drugs used by this route must be pure, sterile, pyrogen-free, and in
a liquid state. There are several methods of parenteral administration,
including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, and
intra thecal or intra spinal.

a. SUBCUTANEOUS— — the drug is injected just below the skin’s

cutaneous layers. Example: Insulin.
b. INTRADERMAL— — the drug is injected within the dermis layer
of the skin. Example: Purified protein derivative (PPD).
c. INTRAMUSCULAR— The drug is injected into the
muscle. Example: Procaine penicillin G.
d. INTRAVENOUS— The drug is introduced directly into the
vein. Example: Intravenous fluids
e. INTRATHECAL OR INTRASPINAL- — The drug is introduced
into the subarachnoid space of the spinal
column. Example: Procaine hydrochloride.

3. INHALATION— this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs,

which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the cappillary
system of the respiratory tract. It is probably the second most
commonly-used route of drug administration.

4. TOPICAL— this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body

site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.

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 5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of
the skin by the use of special type of electric current for local effect.

6. Snorting- Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous from.

It is perform by inhaling a powder of liquid drug into the nose coats
of the mucous membrane.

7. Buccal- The drug is administered by placing them into the buccal

cavity just under the lips and the active ingredients of the drug will
be absorbed into the bloodstream through the soft tissues lining the
mouth.

8. Suppositories- The drug is administered through the vagina or

rectum in suppository form and the drug will also be absorbed into
the bloodstream.

9. TRANSDERMAL ROUTE- Some drugs are delivered body wide

through a patch on the skin. These drugs are sometimes mixed with a
chemical (such as alcohol) that enhances penetration through the
skin into the bloodstream without any injection.

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 DANGEROUS DRUGS

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS ACCORDING TO IT’S THE EFFECTS

1. Depressant – These are drug that has the effect of depressing the central
nervous system. They decrease or depress body function and nerve activity.
Depressants drugs include sedative, hypnotics and tranquilizers.

2. Stimulant – These are drug having the effect of stimulating the central
nervous system. These are drugs that produce a feeling of well-being.
Cocaine and amphetamine are the most common stimulant.

3. Hallucinogens – These are drug that is considered as mind altering drugs

and gives general effects of mood distortion. These drugs are capable of
provoking change in sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.

4. Inhalants – Although not a drug but these are household and industrial
chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases are concentrated and
breathed in via the nose or mouth and produces intoxication, in a manner not
intended by the manufacturer.

DEPRESSANT (downer)

These are drugs that suppresses the vital body function especially those of
the brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment,
hearing, speech, and muscular coordination. They dull minds, slow down the
body reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and/or suicides usually
happen.

NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF DEPRESSANTS

LEGAL DEPRESSANTS

Alcohol – Alcohol is the most general legal depressant. There are different types of
alcohol such as beer, wine and liquor. Alcohol acts a psychoactive drug that
weakens attention and reduces reaction speed. Alcohol overdose affects the brain
resulting in slurred speech, clumsiness and delayed reflexes. Other physiological
impacts include altered insight of space and time, weakened psychomotor skills,
affecting balance. Instant effects of alcohol intoxication include slurred speech,
sleep problems, nausea and vomiting. Even when you consume low doses, alcohol
impairs judgment and coordination considerably.

Barbiturates – This group of drugs is also known as sedative-hypnotics. They help

in sleep disorders and reduce anxiety. Barbiturates generate impacts ranging mild
sedation to entire anesthesia. They can be injected directly into veins and muscles
but regularly taken in pill form. Signs of intoxication comprise respiratory
depression, low blood pressure, exhaustion, fever, strange excitement, irritability
and seizures. The major risk of intoxication is respiratory depression. Other impacts
of barbiturate overdoes include drowsiness, slurred speech and loss of inhibitions.

Benzodiazephine – This is a prescriptive drug used to treat anxiety problems,

alcohol withdrawal signs or muscle spasm. It is at times applied with other

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medicines to cure seizures. The most common Benzoz include xanax, activan and
valium. Benzodiazephine overdose can be dangerous. It can be very addictive.

ILLEGAL DEPRESSANTS

Inhalants – Inhalants normally include volatile substances that produce fumes or

vapors at room temperature. They include glue, paint thinner o hair spray. They
have the same effects as alcohol.

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (Rohypnol) – GHB is also known as “the date rape

drug” GHB has a very fast onset and is swiftly removed from the body system. This
is an illegal depressant regularly used to drug victims before sexually assaulting
them because of its sedative components. Its effects include nausea, amnesia,
drowsiness or coma.

Street name: The forget-me pill, Mexican Valium, or Roofies

Opium – narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsule of the
opium popy, papaver somniferum. Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar (formerly
Burma) and Afghanistan

Street name: weed, pot, dope, grass, reefer, herb, nuggets, blaze,
rope etc.

Morphine – most commonly used and best used opiate. It is effective as painkiller
six times potent than opium, with a high dependence producing potential, morphine
exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes and mental
clouding.

Street name: Dreamer, Gods Drug, Emsel, First line, Hows

Heroin – it is derive from morphine. It is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium derivative. With
continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days. It is the most powerful opium
derivative.

Discovered by ALDER WRIGHT

Street Name: Dragon, Big H, White Nurse, White Lady and many
others
Codeine – a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations.
These cough medicine have been widely abused by the youth whenever hard
narcotics are difficult to obtain withdrawal symptoms are less severe than other
drugs.

Street Name: Cody, Captain Cody, or School boy

Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first sensitized in Germany in 1943,

when an opiate analgesic was not available because of war, it was first called
“Dolophine” after Adolf Hitler. Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth
while methadone is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin
depends since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.

STIMULANT (uppers)

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 These are drugs that produced excitation, alertness and wakefulness, intense
feeling of “highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in blood pressure and
respiration.

a. They produce the opposite to that of depressant. Instead of

bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce increase mental
alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well-
being.

b. Their medical use includes treatment of narcolepsy – a condition

characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep. A person who
has narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day.

NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF STIMULANTS

Amphetamine - Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant

of the phenethylamine class that is approved for the treatment of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Amphetamine was discovered in
1887. Amphetamine is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and
recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.

Street name: Bennies, Ampes, Benzies, or Cartwheels

Caffeine- Caffeine is a stimulant compound belonging to the xanthine class of

chemicals naturally found in coffee, tea and (to a lesser degree) cocoa or chocolate.
It is included in many soft drinks, as well as a larger amount in energy drinks.
Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most
common stimulant.

Ephedrine- Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant,

concentration aid, and decongestant and to treat hypertension associated with
anesthesia.

MDMA - This commonly known as Ecstasy, MDMA is a psychoactive drug used

primarily as a recreational drug. The desired recreational effects include increased
empathy, euphoria, and heightened sensations. When taken by mouth, effects
begin after 30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by
Merck chemist Anton Kollisch.

Mephedrone - It is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone.

It is reported to be manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone
compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets
or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, or inject, producing similar effects to
MDMA, Amphetamines and cocaine. Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but
did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003.

Street name: Drone or MCAT

Cocaine- Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub, which grows in the
mountain regions of South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia and Peru.
In Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia, the most common form of
cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally
prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use
as a local anesthetic, in particular in ophthalmology.

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 Street name: blanca, crack, flake, gold dust, haven dust, line

Nicotine - It is the active chemical constituent in tobacco, which is available in

many forms, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco and smoking cessation
aids such as nicotine patches, nicotine gum and electronic cigarettes. Nicotine is
used widely throughout the world for its stimulating and relaxing effects.

HALLUCINOGEN (psychedelics)

Hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent that can cause hallucinations,

perceptual anomalies and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts,
emotion and consciousness. The common types of hallucinogens are psychedelics,
dissociative and deliriums.

NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF HALLUCINOGENS

Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa Lima) – the term marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican

term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is the most commonly abuse
hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown extensively in the country.
The effect of marijuana includes having a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce
opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

Two Varieties of the cannabis plant

Resin – Producing – (female MJ) – THC is found most abundantly in upper

leaves, barks and flowers of the resin – producing plant.

Fiber – Producing – (male MJ) – contains lesser THC

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – most active and are considered responsible

for the hallucinogenic effect of MJ. THC contains the highest concentration of the
drug.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – this drug was first synthesized by Dr. Albert
Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel from the ergot plant – a fungus that parasites rye and
other grains and diethylamide portion.

Peyote – This drug was derived from a small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a
nauseating odor and its user is commonly those who suffer from nausea. The drug
causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms.
-
Mescaline – this is the active ingredient of peyote cactus.

Phencyclidine (PCP) – known on the street as “angel dust” it is used as an

intravenous anesthetic and analgesic and used also as treatment for mental
disorder.

Killer weed – It is a combination of angel dust and marijuana.

Psilocybin – This is a hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushroom. This

mushroom induces nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with vision of bright
colors and shape.

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Morning Glory Seed – known as lysergic acid amide. Hallucinogenic affect may
last for 4-5 hours and later may be followed by depression, laziness, and complete
loss of time and space perception.

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 SEVEN ADDITIONAL SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF DANGEROUS
DRUGS (PDEA, 2016)

1. ACETYLFENTANYL – This drug is a painkiller which is five times more

powerful than heroin. Also studies have estimated acetylfentanyl to be fifteen
times more potent than morphine.

This drug is the culprit of what appears to be heroin overdoses,

acetylfentanyl is an opiate that is mixed into street drugs marketed as heroin or
may be sold in pills disguised as oxycodone.

Street Name: Apache, Good fella, Jackpot, TNT, Murder 8 and Tango and
Cash.

Routes of Administration: Oral, Intravenous, Insufflation

2. MT-45 is an Opioid analgesic drug invented in the 1970s by Dainippon

Pharmaceutical Co., It is a piperazine derivative with potent analgesic activity
comparable to morphine.

Recreational use of MT-45 has been associated with hearing loss and
unconsciousness.

Street name: IC-6, Wow

3. PARA-METHOXYMETHYLAMPHETAMINE – It is a stimulant and
psychedelic recreational drug which may be used as substitute to ecstasy. It
can cause hallucinations and fatal rise in body temperature.

Street name: Red Mitsubishi, PMMA

Routes of Administration: Oral

4. Alpha-PYRROLIDINOVALEROPHENONE is a psychomotor stimulant which

may cause cardio toxicity, violent behavior, and display of psychotic
behavior.

Street name: a-PVP, Gravel or Flakka

Routes of Administration: Oral, Intranasal, Vaporization, Intravenous,

Rectal, Sublingual

5. Para-METHYLAMINOREX – This drug is a new and potentially lethal

designer drug. This has been available particularly in Europe since the end of
2012 predominantly in powdered form or sold in an Ecstasy like tablets,
majority of powders are white but others have also been described as pale
yellow, pink, green and blue colored powders. Tablets have been observed in
various colors and shapes some of which bore logos such as ‘Playboy’,
‘Heart’, ‘Mitsubishi’, ‘Star’, ‘Transformers’, ‘Cherries’, and ‘Cross’.
Street name: 4-MAX, McN-822 and ‘ICE’. 4,4′-DMAR
Routes of Administration: nasal insufflation and oral administration.

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 The term “Bombing” as operationally defined in the way of consumption -
refers to the practice of wrapping powdered Para - Methylaminorex in
cigarette paper (or similar) before swallowing,

6. METHOXETAMINE (MXE) is a new recreational drug, structural analog of

ketamine (mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia) with potent
hallucinogenic properties. MXE is reported to have a similar effect to
ketamine, MXE may is an effective, fast-acting antidepressant like ketamine.

Street name: M-ket, K Max, Mexxy, or MXE

Routes of Administration: Oral, Sublingual, Nasal insufflation or snorting,

Rectal, IM (Intra Muscular)

7. PHENAZEPAM - it is a benzodiazepine (known as tranquilizers) with

anxiolytic, euphoric, anti-convulsant, amnestic, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic
(sleep-inducing) effects. This drug was developed by the Soviet Union in
1975.

Street name: Bonsai, Soviet Benzo, Fenaz, Panda

Routes of Administration: Oral, Intravenous, Intra Muscular
“DRUG ABUSE JARGONS”

Jargon Meaning

“opiate” - narcotic

“on the nod/ nodding” - the state produced by opiates like being
suspended on the edge of sleep

“mainline/ to shoot” - injecting a drug into the vein

“a hit” - the street slang term for injection of drugs

“a work” - an apparatus for injecting drugs

“a fix” - one injection of opiate

“juni” - heroin

“junkie” - an opiate addict

“skin popping” - to inject a drug under the skin

“a bag” - a pocket of drug

“cold turkey” - withdrawal effects of opiate use

“track” - scars on the skin due to injection

“overdose” - death occurred

“speed” - amphetamines

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“speed freaks” - amphetamine addict

“uppers” - street slang term for amphetamines

“rush” - the beginning of high

“high” - under the influence of drugs

“coke” - street slang term for cocaine

“flashback” - user can be thrown back into the drug experience

month after the original use of drugs
“acid” - street slang term for LSD

“acid head” - LSD user

“drop” - taking drug orally

“joint” - an MJ cigar

“roach” - butt end of a joint

“stoned” - the intoxicating effect of a drug

“trip” - reaction that is caused by drugs

“head” - drug user

“downer” - street slang term for depressant

THE CONCEPT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

Terms to ponder:
Drug Dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug
administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use
While Drug Addiction is a distinct concept of Drug Dependence, is defined
as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.

Drug Abuse – it is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.

Rehabilitation – it is a dynamic process directed towards the changes of
health of the person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities,
and making him law abiding and productive member of the community without
abusing drugs.
Treatment – a medical service rendered to a client for the effective
management of his total condition related to drug abuse

WHAT CAUSES DRUG ADDICTION

Drug Addiction maybe caused by the following;

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Genetical tendency - Some people are more susceptible to developing an
addiction. The biological make up of other individual may play an important role in
acquiring drug addiction.

Peer pressure - Peer pressure affect young people because they place a high
value on what their friends think and do and they desire to ‘fit in’ with their peer
group. Which then, if that group takes drugs, or smokes cigarettes or enjoys
drinking then the pressure is there to do the same.

Stress – Working for longer hours to provide a decent standard of living without
finding time to relax. Going for a few drinks after work is one way of relaxing as is
taking drugs such as cocaine at parties. Many individuals use this way of coping
with stress which eventually turn into habits, and that habituation may turn into
addiction.

Experimentation - The tendency to experiment is a form of behavior commonly

observed in young people. Experimentation with drink, drugs or smoking may result
in addiction. The tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of drug due to
curiosity or other reason is other way of acquiring drug addiction.

Environment - Being exposed to addictive substances at young age may increases

the risk of an individual towards drug addiction. Another related factor is a chaotic
childhood and abuse. Those who suffered abuse in their childhood have a stronger
trigger towards addiction.

Use of highly potent drugs - Some drugs is much more addictive than others, for
example cocaine, heroin and amphetamines can cause addiction after just one use.
Other drugs require several sessions before they result in an addiction.

Availability of drugs - If a drug is easier to get hold it will show higher rates of
addiction than something which is difficult to obtain. The availability of the illicit
drugs increases the tendency of individuals residing on that area to use drugs.

Psychological problems - Individuals suffering from a mental illness such as

anxiety, depression or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at an
increased risk of developing drug addiction. This is mainly due to the fact that they
believe that drugs prescribed for their illness help them to cope with life than if they
were without.

THE ONSET OF DRUG ADDICTION

Addiction had taken over a person already if these followings are

present;

1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable craving – A circumstance wherein a drug

user feels a compulsive craving to take drug repeatedly and tries to procure
the same by any means.

2. Tolerance – This refers to the tendency of the user to increase the dose of
the drug to produce the same effect as to that of the original effect.

3. Physical Dependence – It is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a

tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes
unpleasant physical symptoms.

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 4. Psychological Dependence – Emotional and mental discomfort exist to the
individual. The drug addict feels he cannot do without drug, consequently if
he does not take the drug his mental processes are affected. He cannot carry
out his work efficiently.

5. Withdrawal syndrome or Discontinuation Syndrome – It is the

circumstances wherein the drug user becomes nervous and restless occurring
as a result of discontinuing or dosage reduction of some types of medications
and recreational drugs. The risk of withdrawal syndrome increases with
dosage and length of use.

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

In order to understand the groups of people who abuse drugs, the group
classification of drug addict are presented as:
1. Situational users – Those users who use drug to keep them awake or for
additional energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may
not exhibit psychological dependence.
2. Spree users – School age users who take drug for “kicks”, or adventurous
daring experience, or as a means of fun.
3. Hard core addicts – Those whose activities revolve almost entirely around
the drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological
dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies – Those who are addicted to drug believing that drug is an integral
part of life.

IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

A drug abuser will do everything possible to conceal his habit. To be able to

recognize the outward sign and symptoms, it’s equally important to remember that
the drug problem is so complex that we should not jump into conclusion
immediately, we should remember that some individuals might have a legitimate
reason for possessing a tablets, syringe and needle, or other drug paraphernalia.
We must also understand that unusual or odd behavior may not be connected in
any way with drug use.

The symptoms of drug abuse will vary depending upon the substance, the
individual’s genetic makeup, the length of abuse, and the frequency of abuse. Some
of the common symptoms of drug abuse may include

WHAT TO OBSERVE?

The following markers can help in identifying drug abusers:

1. Change in interest – Users may lose interest in their studies and in their
work, They may fail in school, shift from one course to another, transfer of
school of lower standards until eventually drop out.

2. Frequent shifting of mood – Users may appear euphoric, elated and

sometimes even ecstatic when under the influence of drugs. They would be
indifferent, irritable and hostile when the effect of drug is winning from the
system.

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 3. Change in behavior – They usually spend a lot of time in the company of
known drug users in the community.

A drug user under the influence of drugs may be observed to manifest the
following changes on behavior;

a. Lack of ambition, reduced attention span, poor quality of school work, and
impaired communication skills.

b. Less care for the feeling of the others, lessening of accustomed family
warmth

c. Secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuable from

the house.

4. Changes in physical appearance – A drug user under the influence of

drugs may be observed to manifest the following changes;

a. Neglect of persons appearance and hygiene, pale face, red eyes, dilation
or constricted pupils, and wearing sunglasses at wrong place.

b. Friends defusing to identify themselves or hang up when you answer the

phone, and overreaction to mild conditions.

c. Knowledge on the lingo of drug abusers.

d. Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular aches,

insomnia and convulsions.

e. Presence drug paraphernalia in the belongings

METHODS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS

The detection of drug abusers involves the 4 processes namely:

1. OBSERVATION
Carefully observe the signs and symptoms of drug abuse such as but
not limited to;
a) Instant change in interest
b) Frequent shifting of mood
c) Sudden change in behavior
d) Changes in physical appearance

2. BACKGROUND CHECK
Information relative to drug use must be collected to determine
whether the suspected individual is indeed a drug user, it must be done
through the following means

Interview

The best information is from the patient himself, if not possible the
parent or close relative or close friend would be a good alternative to furnish
useful details that has a significant contribution to the possible cause of the
patient drug use.

3. LABORATORY EXAMINATION

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 If a person is suspected to have been involved in illegal drug use,
he must be subjected to drug test, for those person apprehended violating
the law on drugs must be submitted for drug testing in accordance with the
provision of Republic Act 9165 which read as follows;
Sec. 38. Any person apprehended or arrested for violating the
provisions of RA 9165 shall be subjected to screening laboratory
examination or test within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending
or arresting officer has reasonable ground to believe that the person
apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs or symptoms or
other visible or outward manifestation, is under the influence of
dangerous drugs. If found to be positive, the results of the screening
laboratory examination or test shall be challenged within fifteen (15)
days after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test conducted
in any accredited analytical laboratory equipment with a gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometry equipment or some such modern
and accepted method, if confirmed the same shall be prima facie
evidence that such person has used dangerous drugs, which is without
prejudice for the prosecution for other violations of the provisions of
this Act: Provided, That a positive screening laboratory test must be
confirmed for it to be valid in a court of law.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION (Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)

Psychological examination to determine whether a certain person

is using illegal drugs or not requires the expertise of trained psychologist.
Usually a set of questionnaires is given or interview sessions are scheduled.

The General Profile of Drug Abuser (Dangerous Drug Board)

Profile of Drug Abusers in Philippines

(Facility Based)*
CY 2015

Age: Mean age of 31 years

Sex: Ratio of male and female 14:1

Civil status: Single

Status of employment: Unemployed

Educational attainment: College Level

Economic status: Average Monthly Family Income Php 10,172.00

Place of residence: Urban (specifically NCR 43.89%)

Duration of drug – taking: More than six (6) years

Nature of drug – taking: Poly drug use

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DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE:

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

Cannabis (Marijuana)
Cocaine

*Residential Facilities

**Poly drug users – abuse of more than one (1) drug

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 The Effect of Drug Abuse

The effects of addiction and abuse of drugs can be all-encompassing, leaving

virtually no part of the drug user’s life untouched.

Effect on the General Health of the Drug Addict

Malnutrition – the life of an addict revolves around drug use. He misses

even his regular meals. He losses appetite and eventually develops
malnutrition.

Skin infection and skin rushes – often times the drug abuser neglects
his personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needle and syringes that result in
skin infection or even ulceration at the sites of the needle puncture. Skin
rushes even may occur as a side effect of sensitivity reaction to certain
drug abuse.

Others may include the following;

 Accidents
 Changes in the structure or functioning of the brain
 Unintentional injuries
 Damage to all organ systems in the body
 Weakening of immune system
 Cardiovascular complications
 Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
 Liver damage and/or failure
 Seizures
 Strokes
 Heart attacks
 Permanent brain damage
 Increasing medical problems
Effects of Psyche of the Drug Addict

The abuse of drug can bring many psychological malfunctions

such as the following:

 Addiction
 Tolerance
 Impaired decision-making
 Worsening of emotional wellbeing
 Loss of drive and ambition
 Development of psychosis and depression
 Loss of interest to study
 Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness
 Irritability, rebellious attitude
 Withdrawal forgetfulness

Effect of drug use on the social life of the Drug Addict

The drug abuser may also experience social malfunction such as the
following:
 Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and develop conflict
with authority.

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  Commission of crime

 Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work study and

participate in activities or to face challenges.
 Crumbling interpersonal relationships which would eventually
result into Domestic abuse and Divorce.
Effects of Drug use to the mental health of the Drug Addict

The drug abuser can experience adverse effect of the central nervous
system. Regular use or injection of large doses of substance reduces the
activity of the brain and depresses the central nervous system. The drug
dependent then manifest changes in his mind and behavior that are
undesirable by people in his environment.

Effects of Drug use to the financial stability of the drug addict

a. Inability to hold stable job

It’s impossible to drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends
his time and money on drugs. If he does not have a regular job, he and his
fried steal to raise money.

b. Dependence on family resources

Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a
dependent become an economic burden.

c. Work related accidents

In a state of agitation or dullness of a mind as a result of the drug
he has taken, the dependent become careless and lacks concentration on
his job. Consequently, an accident may occur in which may adversely
affect both drug abuser and his co-workers.

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 INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL DRUG TRAFFICKING

Bangkok (Thailand), 2 June 2023 – A new report from the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) warns that the synthetic drug market in East
and Southeast Asia is diversifying. High volumes of methamphetamine continue to
be produced and trafficked in and from the region while the production of ketamine
and other synthetic drugs has expanded.

“Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: latest developments and challenges
2023”, confirms an expansion and diversification of synthetic drug production and
trafficking in East and Southeast Asia, while trafficking routes have shifted
significantly. “Transnational organized crime groups anticipate, adapt and try to
circumvent what governments do, and in 2022 we saw them work around Thai
borders in the Golden Triangle more than in the past,” remarked Jeremy Douglas,
UNODC Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. “Traffickers
have continued to ship large volumes through Laos and northern Thailand, but at
the same time they have pushed significant supply through central Myanmar to the
Andaman Sea where it seems few were looking.” Douglas added, “Criminal groups
from across the region also started moving and reconnecting after lengthy
pandemic border closures, with late 2022 and early 2023 patterns starting to look
similar to 2019.”

Methamphetamine trafficking routes in East and Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Oceania

Methamphetamine seizures in 2022 returned to pre-COVID-19 levels in East

and SE Asia with nearly 151 tons seized in-part because land borders, particularly in
the lower Mekong subregion, remain very vulnerable to the trafficking of related
chemicals. At the same time, intensified law enforcement efforts in Yunnan China
and along the Thai border with Myanmar resulted in a large drop in
methamphetamine seizure levels in China and a slight decrease in Thailand, leading
to an increase in use of maritime routes for large shipments. South Asia has also
been further integrated into the Southeast Asian market, with methamphetamine
trafficked in high volumes from Myanmar into Bangladesh and rising frequency into
northeast India. Notably, wholesale and street prices of methamphetamine
remained at, or fell to, record lows in 2022 across the region, indicating supply was
uninterrupted.

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 Beyond methamphetamine, the region seized a record 27.4 tons of ketamine
in 2022, an increase of 167 per cent, with all countries and territories in the region
reporting an increase except Hong Kong, China. Notably, large mixed shipments of
methamphetamine and ketamine were seized by authorities across the region,
indicating organized crime continue to push the two drugs as a package to grow
ketamine demand.

HISTORICAL DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

In Southeast Asia, the “Golden Triangle” composed by the countries

Burma/Myanmar, Laos, Thailand approximately produced 60 percent of opium in
the world, 90 percent of opium in the Eastern part of Asia. It is also the formerly
acknowledge as the source of South East Asian heroin.

This heroin’s produced by the Golden triangle passes through nearby

countries in relatively small quantities through air transport while through land
transit to the United States and European countries.

In Southwest Asia the “Golden crescent” composed by the countries Iran,

Afghanistan, Pakistan, India is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana
and heroin products. It produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled
in the drug underworld market.

Significant Countries relative to drug trade

Afghanistan – Currently known to be the world’s main supplier of cannabis.

It produces between 10,000 and 24,000 hectares every year producing an
estimated 1,500 to 3,500 tons a year and production takes place in 17 of 34
provinces.

Spain – is known as the major transshipment point for international drug

traffickers in Europe – and became “the paradise of drug users in Europe”.

South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the principal
sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to the robust production of the
coca plants.

Mexico and Paraguay - Are known as the top two marijuana-producing

countries in the world

Philippines (a.k.a. HAVEN FOR SEX) – Second to Mexico as to the production

of marijuana. It also became the major transshipment point for the worldwide
distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and
South America. It is also noted that Philippines today is known as the “Drug
paradise of drug abusers in Asia”

Green Triangle- (Kalinga, Apayao and Mt. Province)

-biggest production of marijuana in the Philippines.

India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to the rapid addiction
among its people.

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 Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis
growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for
drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand – is the most favorable sites of drug

distribution from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong Kong. It’s also the country
where the “epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the
principal chemical for producing the drug shabu.

Trivia:
Singapore- the leading country in Asia that has less crime rate.
Thailand- the most country for notorious sex prostitution beacause
prostitution is legal in this country

Hong Kong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

Japan – became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United
States and Europe.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

The SINALOA CARTEL, Mexico - The biggest gang in Mexico right now is the
Sinaloa, whose leader, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, known as "El Chapo" or "Shorty", is
considered the most powerful drug lord in the world. The Sinaloa smuggles cocaine,
marijuana, methamphetamine and heroin by land or through tunnels into the US,
often via Arizona.

YAMAGUCHI-GUMI, Japan - The largest of Japan's Yakuza groups, the Yamaguchi

has its base and origins in Kobe, but works on a global scale. With a membership
running into tens of thousands, they deal in drugs, weapons, gambling, extortion
rackets and prostitution.

SOLNTSEVSKAYA BRATVA, Russia - The term "Russian Mafia" describes a range

of criminal bratvas, or brotherhoods, the largest of which is from Solntsevo district
on the southern outskirts of Moscow. The group is known to have links to Semion
Mogilevich, Europe's and perhaps the worlds, most powerful criminal.

The 'NDRANGHETA, Italy - The 'Ndrangheta from Calabria has now eclipsed the
nearby Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Neapolitan Camorra syndicates to become one
of the biggest drug gangs in the world. Its annual income from cocaine importation
and other businesses is estimated in the tens of billions of dollars.

ABERGIL FAMILY, Israel - The Abergils have been one of the world's largest
exporters of ecstasy, into the US and elsewhere, and prolific in gambling and
embezzlement too.

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 DRUG CARTELS IN PHILIPPINES
Drug trafficking in the Philippines are still dominated by the Mexican, African,
and Chinese Illicit Drug Traffickers. There has been a shift into the mode of
operation of drug traffickers, today the importation of illicit drugs into the country
had been decreasing due to the strict monitoring and security provided by the coast
guards and other responsible agencies. The most common way of smuggling drugs
are transit through air then dropped on the shorelines then the local members who
acts as a fisherman’s will collect them and deliver it to local drug groups for
distributions to the consumers.
“Shabu” or Methamphetamine Hydrochloride is still the most widely abused
drugs in the country followed by marijuana, due to this, the demand for “shabu”
continue to increase and the smuggled drugs could not sustain such demand so it
gave rise to the construction of “shabu” laboratories. These drug syndicates have
been producing methamphetamine in small-scale and kitchen-type laboratories to
avoid detection. Usually, drug syndicates rent warehouses for use as drug
laboratories. These syndicates have moved towards renting houses in private
subdivisions, condominiums and apartments to be used as bases for their illegal
drug production. Private properties are becoming more favorable to drug syndicates
as sites of illegal drug production.
Drug Syndicate in the Philippines
The Binondo based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the
Triad society, the Bamboo gang is Taiwan and 14k based on Hong Kong. The
Bamboo gang is influenced of the green gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14k is
the newest among the Triad families established only in 1947.

The Filipino – Chinese drug syndicate are groups responsible in smuggling

shabu into the country. Most drug couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their
embarkation pont for the Philippines. And recently, intelligence reports reveals that
large quintets of shabu are smuggled in the airlines and ocean – sea vessels.
The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicate – posing as fishermen
along Philippine seas, particularly, the Northern province of Luzon such as La Union,
Ilocos and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicate are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other
drug smuggling including drug manufacture.

ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF RA 9165

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  The Comprehensive Dangerous Acts of 2002
 Signed by GMA on June 7, 2002
 Took effect July 4, 2002

RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

 Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - policy and strategy formulating
body.
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) - as its implementing
arm

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

 Headed by Director General with the rank of Undersecretary, appointed
by the President.
 The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputies Director General, with
the rank of Assistant Secretary, 1 for Operations and 1 for
Administration, also appointed by the President.
 In July 2002, PDDG Anselmo Avenido (Ret.) appointed as first Director
General of PDEA.

This table lists all PDEA Directors General, their dates of service, and under which
administration they served.

Administratio
Director General Term
n

USEC. Anselmo S. Avenido, Jr. (Ret. PDDG) July 2002 – April 2006 Arroyo

April 2006 – January Arroyo, Aquino

USEC. Dionisio R. Santiago (Ret. GEN)
2011 III

January 2011 – October

USEC. Jose S. Gutierrez, Jr. (Ret. PCSUPT) Aquino III
2012

October 2012 – June

USEC. Arturo G. Cacdac, Jr. (Ret. PDDG) Aquino III
2016

USEC. Isidro S. Lapeña, Ph.D., CSEE

July 2016 – August 2017 Duterte
(Ret. PDDG)

September 2017 – May

USEC. Aaron N. Aquino (Ret. PCSUPT) Duterte
2020

May 2020 – October Duterte

USEC. Wilkins M. Villanueva, MPA, CESE
2022 Marcos Jr.

USEC. Moro Virgilio M. Lazo (Ret. PMGEN) October 2022 – present Marcos Jr.

 the secretariat of the National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention

Coordinating Center or DEP Center has been absorbed by the new agency
 Narcotics Group of the PNP;
 Narcotics Division of the NBI; and
 Narcotics Interdiction Unit of the Bureau of Customs have been
abolished

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 218

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“Strengthening the support mechanism for the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency”
 issued on June 18, 2003 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
 Creation of Task Forces: The Office of the President, the PNP, and other
agencies which were performing drug law enforcement and prevention
function prior to the enactment of RA 9165 shall organize anti-drug forces to
support the PDEA.
 The PDEA shall exercise operational supervision and provide technical
support to the main task force created by the PNP

PDEA Academy
 Shall be established either in Baguio or Tagaytay, and in such other places as
may be necessary.
 responsible in the recruitment and training of all PDEA agents and personnel
 Recruits must be at least 21 years of age, with proven integrity and honesty
and a Baccalaureate degree holder.
 The graduates of the Academy shall later comprise the operating units of the
PDEA after the termination of the transition period of five years during which
all the intelligence network and standard operating procedure of the PDEA
has been set up and operationalized.
 The Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent, with the rank of Director.
He /she shall be appointed by the PDEA Director General.
 The Narcotics Group of the PNP, the Narcotics Divisions of the NBI and the
customs narcotics Interdiction Unit are hereby abolished.

POWER AND DUTIES OF PDEA
 Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control
strategy,
 Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
 Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension of violators and
seizure and confiscation of dangerous drugs,
 Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum relative
to the conduct of investigation involving the violations of RA 9165;
 Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of properties and other assets of persons
and/or corporations found to be violating the provisions of RA 9165 and in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of
2001
 Establish forensic laboratories,
 Filing of appropriate drug cases,
 Conduct eradication programs,
 Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
 Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.

DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)

 Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as Dangerous
Drug Act of 1972 subsequently repealed by RA 9165.
 The policy-making & strategy-formulating body in the planning & formulation
of policies & programs on drug prevention & control.
 It shall develop and adopt comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced
national drug abuse prevention and control strategy.

POWER AND DUTIES OF DDB

 Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,
 Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act,
 Conduct policy studies and researches,

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  Develop educational programs and info drive,
 Conduct continuing seminars and consultations,
 Design special training,
 Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
 Maintain international networking,

COMPOSITION
DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are permanent members,
the other 12 members are ex- officio capacity and 2 regular members.
THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS
 At least 7 years of training and experience in the field of the ff: fields in law,
medicine, criminology, psychology or social work.
 Appointed by the president.
 One designated as the Chairman with the rank of Secretary and the two other
regular members as undersecretary. (with the term of 6 years)

TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS

 Secretary or representative of the following Department:
 DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd,
 Chairman CHED, NYC
 Director General - PDEA

TWO (2) REGULAR MEMBERS

 President of Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP).
 Chairman or President of a non- government organization involved in
dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President.
NOTE: The Director of NBI and Chief, PNP are the permanent consultant of
the DDB.

THE FOUR PILLARS OF ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN

1. Drug Supply Reduction Drive
 Reduce the supply of drugs
 Drive the prices high and create acute shortage of drugs
 Neutralize sources of drugs
2. Drug Demand Reduction Drive
 Reduce the demand side of the drug chain
 Concentrates on anti-drug advocacy efforts – public information and
treatment and rehabilitation
 Targets non-users, casual drug users and addicts/recovering persons
3. Alternative Development/Reform Programs
 Development/livelihood program
 Education program
 Family solidarity/development program
 Good governance program
 Legal reforms
4. International Cooperation
 Neutralize transnational drug syndicates
 Minimize drug trafficking to and from the country
 Exchange of information and technologies
 Multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral assistance and cooperation
OPERATION “PRIVATE EYE”
• Operation “Private Eye” a citizen based information collection project of
(former) DEP Center and now the PDEA will continue what it has started.
• Launched on June 26, 2001
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 • It aims to counter fear and apathy as hindrances to citizenry participation in
reporting illegal drug activities by ensuring anonymity of the informant and
giving monetary rewards.

TERMS TO PONDER
 Administer – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of
any person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation,
ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable
assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to him/her unless
administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.
 Deliver– Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another,
personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.
 Dispense – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any
dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
 Sell – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.
 Use– Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming,
either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or
otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the
dangerous drugs.
 Manufacture – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin.
 Cultivate or Culture – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or
permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of
a dangerous drug.
 Clandestine Laboratory – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
 Den, Dive or Resort– A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal
purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.
 Screening Test – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive
positive result.
 Confirmatory Test – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment
with a different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will
validate and confirm the result of the screening test
 Drug Syndicate– Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or
joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed
under this Act.
 Financier – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or
underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act
 Protector/Coddler – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the
unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or
position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any
person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects,
has violated the provisions of this Act in order to prevent the arrest,
prosecution and conviction of the violator.
 Pusher – Any person, who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or
gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in
transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such
transactions, in violation of this Act.
 Center – any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers which undertake the
treatment, after-care and follow-up treatment of drug dependents.
 Confinement - refers to the residential treatment and rehabilitation of
trainees, clients and patients in a center.

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  Rehabilitation – the dynamic process, including after-care and follow-up
treatment, directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological,
vocational, social and spiritual change/enhancement of a drug dependent to
enable him/her to live without dangerous drugs, enjoy the fullest life
compatible with his/her capabilities and potentials and render him/her able to
become a law-abiding and productive memberof the community.
 Controlled Delivery – the investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or
suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia or property believed to be
derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of
the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to
gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous drug
related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense.

COMPARISON OF RA 6425 AND RA 9165

RA 6425 of 1972 RA 9165 of 2002
1. Dangerous drugs are categorized as All drugs are categorized as
Regulated & Prohibited Dangerous Drugs

2. Accused can avail of Parole, Pardon These privileges are curtailed

and Probation

3. Planting of evidence as a violation Applies to any person

applies only to Law Enforcers

4. Penalties are lower Penalties has increased

5. Quantity & quality of drugs is It does not consider quality as basis

considered in the imposition of for the imposition of penalty
penalties

6. Procedures after arrest & Procedure after arrest & confiscation

confiscation of drugs does not involve of drugs has become complicated
other personalities it requires the presence of other
personalities

7. Destruction of Drugs is done in bulk Destruction Procedures on-

Dangerous
Drugs happens immediately except
retained samples

THE UNLAWFUL ACTS PUNISHABLE BY LIFE IMPRISONMENT AND FINE

RANGING FROM 500K TO 10M
A. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs
B. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical through using diplomatic
passport or facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate
unlawful entry of the same (sec 4, Art II).
C. Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as “financiers” of any of
the activities involving dangerous drugs (sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art II).
D. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and
transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals within 100 meters from the school (sec 5, Art II).

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 E. Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as
runners, couriers and messengers or in any other capacity directly connected
to the dangerous drug trade
F. If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or
should a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical
involved in the offense be the proximate cause of death of the victim (sec 5,
Art II).
G. Any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort
where any dangerous drug is used or sold in any form.
H. When dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is
allowed to use the same in such a place (sec 6, Art II).
I. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs Sec 8)
J. Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to
deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for
dangerous drugs (sec. 10, Art II).
K. Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings
(sec. 13), and Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings (sec. 14)
L. Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources
(Sec. 16)
M. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs ( Sec. 19)
N. Any public officer or employee, who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to
account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals,
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the
proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts. ( Sec. 27)

THE UNLAWFUL ACTS PUNISHABLE BY 12 YEARS AND 1 DAY TO 20 YEARS

AND FINE RANGING FROM 100K TO 500K
A. Shall import any controlled precursor and essential chemical. (sec 4, Art II)
B. Any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer,
dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or
transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a
broker in such transactions.
C. Any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive, or resort where
any controlled precursor and essential chemical is used or sold in any form. (sec
5)
D. Manufacture of Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.(Sec 8)
E. Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort (sec 7)
F. Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals(sec
9)
G. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals(sec 10)
H. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs (sec 18)
I. Any member of law enforcement agencies or any other government official and
employee who, after due notice, fails or refuses intentionally or negligently, to
appear as a witness for the prosecution in any proceedings, involving violations
of this Act, without any valid reason (sec 91)
J. Delay and Bungling in the Prosecution of Drug Cases –NO FINE (sec 92)
K. Any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions
under RA 9165

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CLANDESTINE LABORATORY ESTABLISHED UNDER THE FOLLOWING
CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BE CONSIDERED AGGRAVTING CIRCUMSTANCES
(Sec. 8)
 Conducted in the presence or with the help of minor/s:
 Established within one hundred (100) meters of a residential, business,
church or school premises.
 Secured or protected with booby traps
 Concealed with legitimate business operations
 Employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner

POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.11)

Elements:
A. Person is in possession which is identified to be a prohibited drug
B. Such possession is not authorized by law
C. Person freely & consciously possessed the said prohibited drug

PENALTY - Life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400K to 500K
 50 grams or more of shabu
 500 grams or more of marijuana
 10 grams or more for any Dangerous Drugs

PENALTY- Imprisonment of 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment and

fine ranging from Php. 400k to 500k
 10 grams but not more than 50 grams of Shabu
 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams of Marijuana
 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of any Dangerous Drugs

PENALTY- imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine

ranging from Php 300K to 400K
 Less than 10 grams of Shabu
 Less than 300 grams of Marijuana
 Less than 5 grams of any Dangerous Drugs

USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.15)

 1st offense- minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center
 2nd offense- imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a
fine ranging from 50K to 200K, provided did not violated section 12

CUSTODY AND DISPOSITION OF CONFISCATED, SEIZED, AND/OR

SURRENDERED DANGEROUS DRUGS (SEC. 21)(RA 10640)
A. The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall,
immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and
photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s
from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her
representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the
Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall
be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof
B. 24 hours- upon confiscation or seizure, quantitative or qualitative
examination
C. 24 hours-Certification of Examination results if the volume can’t be
completed within the time frame extended for another 24 hours.
D. 72 hours- after filling of criminal case, court shall conduct ocular
inspection.

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 E. 24 hours- order of destruction

PLEA-BARGAINING PROVISION (SEC. 23)

Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable
penalty shall NOT be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-bargaining.

PLANTING OF EVIDENCE (SEC. 29)

ANY PERSON who is found guilty of “planting” any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall
suffer the penalty of DEATH. (Life Imprisonment)

AUTHORIZED DRUG TESTING

Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government forensic laboratory or by
any of the drug testing laboratories accredited and monitored by the DOH to
safeguard the quality of test results.
 The drug testing shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods.
 Drug test certificates issued by accredited drug testing centers shall be
valid for a one- year period from the date of issue which may be used for
other purposes.

MANDATORY DRUG TESTING

A. applicants for drivers license ( Remove by RA 10586 “Anti – Drunk and
Driving Act of 2013”.)
B. applicants for Firearms license & PTCFOR
C. members of the PNP, AFP, & other LEA
D. All persons charged with criminal offense with penalty of not less than 6
years.
E. All candidates for public office national/ local

RANDOM DRUG TESTING

A. Students of secondary and tertiary schools
B. Officers and employees of public & private offices

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF APPREHENDED OFFENDERS (SEC. 38)

If the apprehending or arresting officer has reasonable ground to believe that
the person apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs or symptoms or
other visible or outward manifestation is under the influence of dangerous drugs.
A. 24 hours- subject to screening laboratory examination
B. 15 days- results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be
challenged after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test

JURISDICTION OVER DANGEROUS DRUG CASES

 The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing
RTC in each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving
violation of RA 9165.
 The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases
involving violation of RA 9165.

APPLICATION FOR PROBATION

NOTE: As a General Rule Violations of RA 9165 shall disqualify an offender to avail
of the benefits of PD 968, as amended EXCEPT:

 Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.

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  Section 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings.
 Section 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions on
Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
 Section 70. Probation or Community Service for a First-Time Minor Offender
in Lieu of Imprisonment.

PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN VIOLATION OF RA 9165

 Regional Trial Court (RTC)- Holds the Jurisdiction of Violations of RA 9165
 30 days- Conduct of Preliminary Investigation
 24 hours- filling of information
 48 hours- Filling of information of the MTC judge who conduct PI to the
proper prosecutor.
 15 days-Termination of the reinvestigation when prosecutor disagree to
the MTC judge.
 60 days- Trial period of the case
 15 days- Decision shall be rendered
 15 days- If no appeal was taken the decision shall become final.

DRUGS INVESTIGATION PROCESSES

A. Initial Investigation
 Gathered information by personnel and from other sources – processing
 Use of informants or special agent (counter surveillance)
 Casing
 Tests buy
 Entrapment/Poseur buying/buy bust operation NOT INSTIGATION
PROCEDURES:
 Preparation of needs & coordination
 Coordinated instructions between all members of the team
 Test buy using marked money
 Pre-arranged signal
 Search Warrant and how it is enforced
 Arrest
B. Investigation Proper – completion of needed documents for inquest to
include crime lab examination of the confiscated contraband.
C. Filing of investigation records
D. Testimonies

INVESTIGATION OF DRUG-RELATED CRIME AND ILLEGAL MANUFACTURE OF

DRUGS
The PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) is the lead agency in
the anti- illegal drug operations and the PNP must coordinate with the agency
whenever it launches operations against illegal drugs. However, there are also drug-
related crimes such as murder/homicide and rape. The following are checklists to
help the police investigator:
Crime scenes within crime scenes
There are instant drug test kits for tests of suspected amphetamine,
heroin, cocaine and cannabis. These tests can be performed on site and provide a
preliminary answer within a few minutes.
Do not use test kits in the following cases:

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  If the powder is not soluble in water. The material may consist of explosives,
which may explode when they come into contact with the liquid in the test
kit.
 If there is a very small quantity of material, i.e. trace quantities.
 If the suspected drugs are in liquid form
Drug laboratories
Extreme caution must be taken in connection with operations against illegal
drug laboratories, since the following may be present:
 Booby traps
 Persons who are armed
 Persons who use chemicals as weapons
 Corrosive, flammable, hazardous (toxic) and explosive substances
 Air that is polluted by solvents and chemicals
 Hydrogen gas, which forms explosive mixtures with air – do not switch on the
lights.
The chemicals that are handled in illegal drug laboratories occur in various
mixtures, in ongoing processes, in open vessels or in any form other than in closed
original packages. As a result, such substances/chemicals may be or become
explosive, flammable, corrosive or hazardous. In the event of any uncertainty, seek
assistance of experts.
Checklist for investigations in connection with production of illegal drugs
 Find out as much as possible about the accident both before going to the
scene and upon arrival.
 Decide whether you need help. Always contact the PDEA before action is
taken against a drug laboratory.
 Start keeping an action log.
 Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
 Carry out a security check. Wearing appropriate protective clothing, scene-of-
crime officers are to check for traps, after which the chemist assesses the
risks associated with the handling of chemicals.
 Turn off the heat for the still, hot plate etc. NB: Do not turn off the water or
cooling and ventilation fans.
 Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the crime scene.
 Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene with a video
camera.
 Pause for thought and start planning.
 Make a sketch. Mark the places where evidence and reference samples are
collected.
 Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc. that are
relevant to the crime investigation.
 Write a continuous seizure report.
 Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted. Make sure that you have
not forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports. A suspect
may enter the crime scene area after the cordon has been lifted, and this
must not be allowed to destroy the value of the evidence collected.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
 Seize any documents that indicate the extent of production, perpetrators or
buyers. Look for receipts, bills, delivery notes etc.
 Where drug production is suspected, take samples from the various stages of
the production process. Samples of ventilation ducts, fans and water seals
may be useful. Wipe any waste chemicals/drugs with a cotton compress
soaked in an alcohol mixture (about 80%).

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  Seize packaging material, e.g. bags, rolls of plastic bags and tape. These can
then be used to compare with corresponding materials from other seizures
and used as a basis for calculation of the amounts produced

QUANTITY OF DRUGS USE FOR SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

 Not more than five (5) grams per package/bag
 Not more than three (3) tablets for capsules or tablets
 Not more than fifty (50 ml) for liquid solution
 Not more than ten (10 grams) for dried leaves and not more than 2 plants.


OPERATIONAL PLANS AGAINST THE DRUG PROBLEM

 Oplan Thunderbolt I – operations to create impact to the underworld.
 Oplan Thunderbolt II – operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug
laboratories.
 Oplan Thunderbolt III – operations for the neutralization of big time drug
pushers, drug dealers and drug lords.
 Oplan Iceberg – special operations team in selected drug prone areas in
order to get rid of illegal drug activities in the area.
 Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel
who are engaged in illegal drug activities.
 Oplan Mercurio – Operations against drug stores, which are violating
existing regulations on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the
DDB/DOH and BFAD.
 Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
 Oplan Greengold – NARCOM’s nationwide MJ eradication operations in
coordination with the local governments and NGO’s.
 Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local
government offices to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street
children as drug conduits.
 Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in
the barangay level in cooperation with barangay officials.

CONCEPT OF VICES
VICE
 Any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness and corruption of the minds and body.
 It comes from the Latin word vitium, meaning "failing or defect.

THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF VICES

 Drug Addiction, Alcoholism, Prostitution, and Gambling.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF VICE

 The study of vice is important because these crimes are ever present and
persistent in all forms of society.
 It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous, morally and
physically that other crimes.
 It is important because commercialized vice disrupt the social make-up of the
community.
 It is important because vice effect the daily lives of more people that nay
other crime.
 It is important because its existence caused a serious problem in law
enforcement.
POLICE PROBLEMS IN VICE CONTROL

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  Clandestine nature of the commission of the acts.
 Lack of cooperation from players, customers, and victims of vices,
 Enjoyment of goodwill by vice operators
 Public apathy and indifference
 Unwilling government officials to work against vice existence

I. ALCOHOLISM
TERMS TO PONDER
 Alcoholism – state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating
liquors excessively and with habitual frequency. (State vs. Savage, 89 Ala. 17
LBA 426, 7 South, Rep. 183). It is a condition wherein a person is under the
influence or intoxicated with alcohol.
 Alcoholic Liquor – is any beverages or compound, whether distilled,
fermented, or otherwise, which will produce intoxication or which contains in
excess of one percentum of alcohol and is used as a beverage. (State vs.
Oliver, 133 S.C. 125, 130 S.S. Rep. 213).

 Drunkard – is a person who habitually takes or use any intoxicating alcoholic

liquor and while under the influence of such, or in consequence of the effect
thereof, is either dangerous to himself or to others, or is a cause of harm or
serious annoyance to his family or his affair, or of ordinary proper conduct.
 Chronic Alcoholics – person who, from the prolonged and excessive use
alcoholic beverages, finally develops physical and psycho-changes and
dependence to alcohol.
NOTE: This person develops physical and moral deterioration, difficulties with the
law, loss of his job and family problems.

DRUNKNESS AS A CRIME
 In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may
drink to excess in the privacy of his home or in the party and commit no
crime at all.
 It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs,
endangers, or injured others, that he became an offender and therefore,
subject to arrest and punishment.
 Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor,
as provided in the election law.
 Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is
prohibited.

THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF INTOXICATION AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY

The Revised Penal Code of the Philippine (Art. 15) provides that intoxication is
an alternative circumstance whenever present in the commission of crimes. An
alternative circumstance is one which must be taken into consideration as either
MITIGATING (Art. 13, RPC) or AGGRAVATING (Art. 14, RPC) according to the nature
and effects of the crime and their other conditions attending its commission.
In order that intoxication maybe considered as a MITIGATING
CIRCUMSTANCE, two elements are necessary to be present:
 First, that intoxication not be habitual, that is, that the person who commits
the offense in an intoxicated condition has become drunk by accident and not
be habit or custom. In the absence of proof to the contrary, drunkenness will
be presumed not to be habitual.

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  Second, that the intoxication be not planted before the commission of crime,
because if the perpetrator deliberately seeks in alcohol the necessary
courage to execute the crime, or a means with which to suffocate any
remorse, or as a mitigation for his offense, then his intoxication would
constitute a premeditation and cannot afford him any excuse; instead it
should aggravate his criminal liability.
Intoxication is AGGRAVATING when it is habitual or intentional and
subsequent to the plan to commit a crime. But under our legal concept,
intoxication is no defense in the commission of a crime.
KINDS OF INTOXICATION
 Involuntary – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating
strength of beverage he has taken.
 Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its
effects, either to obtain mitigation or to find the liquor as stimulant to commit
crime.
 Habitual – when the person finds that drinking his a constant necessary and
the vice ultimately takes hold of him.

VARIOUS DEGREE OF INTOXICATION
 Slight Inebriation – there is reddening of the face. There is no sign of
mental impairment, in coordination and difficulty of speech.
 Moderate Inebriation – the person is argumentative and overconfident.
There is slight impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, loss
of coordination of finer movements. The face is flushed with digested
eyeball. He is reckless and shows motor in coordination. The person maybe
certified by the doctor as being under the influence of liquor.
 Drunk – the mind is confused, behavior is irregular and the movement is
uncontrolled. The speech us thick and in coordinated. The behavior is
uncontrollable.
 Very drunk – the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in
speech and marked motor incoordination and often walking is impossible.
 Coma – the subject is stuperous or in comatous condition. Sometimes it is
difficult to differentiate this condition with other conditions having coma.

BRIEF EXPLANATION HOW A PERSON GETS DRUNK

Alcohol has its maximum period of absorption from 30 to 60 minutes after
ingestion and it is absorbed in the stomach and in the intestines. Technically, if
alcohol is only inside the stomach and instestine and not yet absorbed, it is
practically outside of the body because it cannot produce its physiologic and
neurologic effects.
The rate of absorption of alcohol in the stomach and intestine depends upon the
following factors:
 Concentration and total quantity of alcohol taken.
 Nature of food present in the stomach and intestine.
 Fatty foods make absorption of alcohol slower as compared with sugar and
other carbohydrates and protein.
 The length of time the gastric contents are held in the stomach prior to the
opening of the pylorus
 Permeability of the stomach and intestinal membrane to alcohol.
 Chronic drinkers absorb alcohol faster than non-habitual drinkers.
 Concentration of alcohol in the beverages between 10 and 20% is the most
rapidly absorbed.

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FORMS OF CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTS OF INTOXICATION
 Analysis of blood for alcohol contents
 Analysis of urine for alcohol contents
 Analysis of saliva for alcohol contents
 Analysis of breath to determine concentration of alcohol
 Analysis of body tissue and spinal fluid

THE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST

This test is the most widely accepted and direct method of determining the
concentration of alcohol in the blood. This is done by physician, nurse or competent
technician upon request of the police investigator. The following are the present
two presumptive standards relating to the interpretation of blood alcohol contents:
 If there is 0.05 percent or less by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it shall
be presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
 If there is 0.15 percent or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it
shall be presumed that he is under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

THE URINE-ALCOHOL TEST:

Urine examination to determine blood alcohol contents gives an acceptable
result to the court although the use of this chemical test is not yet widespread in
our jurisdiction. Sample of urine must not be taken at one time only because
urinary excretion of alcohol varies with time. Excretion is less during the early
stage of absorption and may be more than that in the blood during the later stage.
METHODS OF THERAPY ON ALCOHOLISM
A. The Aversion Treatment
 This treatment seeks to create an aversion from alcohol by the administration
of a Nauseating drug to be followed by a drink of liquor, and thus develops a
dislike of alcohol.
 The method maybe rather costly since hospitalization maybe required.
 Moreover, the effect is not always lasting and treatment must be repeated.
 Yet, it is said that this method has proven effective in more than half of the
cases.
B. The Psychotherapy Method
 This cure depends upon showing that the real problem of the alcoholic is not
the
 Alcoholitself but the emotional problem that led the alcoholics to drink.
 This method therefore, aims to eliminate these emotional tensions.
 Through therapeutic interviews, it undertakes to make the alcoholics aware
of why he drinks and to provide him with the strength necessary to combat
his problems.
C. The Program of Alcoholics Anonymous
 This method is based on conversion and fellowship.
 It emphasizes that alcoholics understand alcoholism better than anyone else
 man is dependent upon God and must turn to Him for help; that the alcoholic
must sincerely desire to stop drinking
 He must admit that he is an alcoholic and cannot drink in moderation.

II. GAMBLING

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TERMS TO PONDER
 GAMBLING Wagering of money or something of material value on an event
with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional
money and/or material goods.
 Chance or Hazard – is the uncertainty of the result of the game or when the
outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason, foresight,
sagacity or design.
 WAGER – is the bet or consideration placed on gambling games.
 PRIZE – is the unequal amount due to the winner.
 ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME Any form of illegal gambling activity which uses
numbers or combination as factors in giving out jackpots.
 JUETENG illegal numbers game that involves the combination of numbers as
a form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination .
 MASIAO illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived
from the results of the last game of Jai Alai or the Special Llave portion
 LAST TWO - Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived
from the last two numbers of the first prize of the winning Sweepstakes
ticket.
 BETTOR (Mananaya) Any person, who places bets for himself/herself or in
behalf of another person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal
numbers game operation.
 COLLECTOR or AGENT (Cabo, Cobrador) Any person who collects, solicits
or produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game
who is usually in possession of gambling paraphernalia
 MAINTAINER, MANAGER OR OPERATOR Any person who maintains,
manages, or operates any illegal number game in a specific area.
 FINANCIERS OR CAPITALIST Any person who finances the operations of
any illegal numbers game.
 PROTECTOR OR CODDLER Any person who lends or provides protection, or
receives benefits in any manner in the operation of any illegal numbers
game.
 GULLIBLE PERSON – person who easily deceived especially in crooked
gambling.
 CONDUCTOR – is the person who manages or carries the gambling game.
 BANKER – is the person who keeps the money from which the winner is to be
paid.
 PAGCOR (Philippine Amusement and Gambling Corporation) – office
that controls/regulates gambling games.
CLASSIFICATION OF GAMBLING GAMES
1. Those who are absolutely or per se prohibited
 Under Art. 195, RPC – monte, jueteng, other form of lottery, policy, banking or
percentage game and dog races;
 Faro and roulette is absolutely prohibited by the Gambling Law.
2. Those which are regulated by law. These games are regulated in the
sense that the law allows the same to be played except on certain
specified of the day.
 Cockfighting under Art. 199, Revised Penal Code
 Horse Racing under Art. 198, Revised Penal Code
 Panguingue, cuajo, domino, mahjong, entre cuatro, and other under Sec. 828,
Revised Ordinances of the City of Manila
REQUISITES/ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME OF GAMBLING
 That money or other consideration of value is at stake
 That the result of the games depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazrd
 In cases of lottery, there must be:
 consideration;

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  chance, and;
 prize or the inequal amount due to the winner
NOTE: Lottery becomes punishable only when the participants buys ticket only for
purposes of participating in the lottery but not when the participation is only
incidental to buying a certain good wherein the participation entitles the buyer an
equal value of his money’s worth.

LAWS RELEVANT TO GAMBLING

Article 195 of RPC
 Acts punishable in gambling – any person directly or indirectly take part in
any game of Monte, jueteng, other form of lottery, policy, banking or
percentage game, dog races or any other game the result of which
depends wholly upon a chance wherein wagers consisting of money, articles
of value, or representative of value are made.
 Article 195 of RPC. The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine not exceeding
two hundred pesos, and, in case of recidivism, the penalty of arresto mayor
or a fine ranging from two hundred or six thousand pesos,
 The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum degree shall be imposed
upon the maintainer, conductor, or banker in a game of jueteng or any similar
game.
Article 196 (RPC)
 Penalizing any person who shall import into the Philippine Islands from
any foreign place or port any lottery ticket or advertisement, or in
connivance with the importer, shall sell or distribute the same.
 The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in
its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the
discretion of the court
Article 197 (RPC). Betting in sports Contest
 Penalizing any person who shall bet money or any object or article of value or
representative of value upon the result of any boxing or other sports contest.

 The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,
Article 198 (RPC). Illegal betting on horse races
 Penalizing any person who, except during the periods allowed by law, shall
bet on horse races.
 The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,
Article 199 (RPC). Illegal cockfighting –
 Penalizing any person who directly or indirectly participates in cockfights, at a
place other than a licensed cockpit.
 The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, in
the discretion of the court
RA 3063 – Approved June 17, 1961
 authorizing licensed race tracks and racing clubs and their authorized agent
to offer, take or arrange bets outside the place, enclosure of track where the
races held.
 Penalty - fine of not less than one thousand pesos not more than two
thousand pesos or by imprisonment for not less than one month or more than
six months, or both, in the discretion of the court. If the offender is a
partnership, corporation or association, the criminal liability shall devolve
upon its president, director, or any other official responsible for the violation.
PD 449 – Cockfighting Law of 1974 – Approved May 9, 1974.
PD 483 - Penalizing Betting, Game-fixing or point shaving and Machinations in
Sports Contents. Approved on June 13, 1974.

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PD 1602 – Approved June 11, 1978. prescribing stiffer penalties on illegal gambling.
RA 9287 – Approved 2, 2004An Act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers
games, amending certain provisions of P.D. 1602, and for other purposes.

III. SMOKING
Is a practice in which a substance is burned and the result smoke breathed in
to be tasted and absorbed into the blood stream.
TOBACCO
The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant
grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects.
Tobacco is considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical
Nicotine. Sniffing and chewing tobacco originated in North America and Europe
Tobacco Chemicals
The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette
smoke are:
1. Nicotine – it is the most common important active ingredient in controlled
doses. It is an extremely toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1 – 2
mg of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg from each cigarette is filtered
or not depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and frequency
of inhalation and the length of the butt.
2. Carbon Monoxide – a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from
a car’s exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate
amounts of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the
shortness of breath among smokers.
3. Tar – the brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer – causing
component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth, and tongue
of the smoker. Along with the other noxious substances in cigarette smoking,
it can lead to lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Forms of Smoking
1. Tobacco smoking- this refers to the act of burning the tobacco leaves and
inhaling the smoke. The Frenchmen Jean Nicot, from whose name the word
Nicotine was based. Similar to other intoxicating substances like coffee, tea and
even opium, tobacco was initially used as kind of medicine.
Methods of Tobacco Smoking
a. CIGARETTE- the word cigarette means “small cigar” in French. Perhaps,
this is the most commonly used type of tobacco product finely cut and cured
tobacco leaves sometimes combined with additives, which are rolled into slim,
cylinder shaped paper tubes.
b. PIPE SMOKING- in the old times, pipe smoking used to be more popular.
Here, shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the pipe chamber and then
ignited. The smoke is inhaled through a pipe that is connected to the chamber.
c. CIGARS- larger than cigarettes, cigars are tightly rolled bundles of
fermented and dried that are ignited in one tip so that the smoker can draw out the
smoke from the other tip using one mouth .
d. HOOKAH- this are common in Mediterranean countries. A hookah is a
single or multi- stemmed glass water pipe used for smoking. Originally from India,
the hookah is used to be a symbol of pride for wealthy and high class people. A

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hookah runs via water filtration and indirect heat and can be used for smoking
tobacco, herbal fruits or even cannabis.
e. ELECTRONIC CIGARRETE (E- CIGARRETE)- is a handheld electronic
device that stimulates the feeling of smoking. It works by heating a liquid to
generate an aerosol commonly called vapor that the user inhales. Using cigarette is
commonly referred to as “vaping”. The liquid in the e-cigarette called e-liquid or e
juice is usually made of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin and flavorings, but not
all liquids contain nicotine.
f. PASSIVE SMOKING- this refers to involuntary consumption of smoked
tobacco generated around the passive smoker.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING

The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily of ill health and of human
suffering. These necessarily, to the productivity of the work force, the need for
medical care and other variables. Thus smoking impairs society’s total well – being
and possess substantial economic loss of the nation.
Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Increases in heart attack risk with amount smoke; increase heart rates 15 –
25 beats with one to two cigarettes; constrict small arteries causing higher blood
pressure; increase the chance of developing peripheral, vascular diseases; causes
carbon monoxide from smoke to rob oxygen carrying potential of blood; causes
increase of free fatty acids in blood which may be related to heart attack.
Effects on the Respiratory System
Increases risks of developing lung cancer ten – fold for the average of one
pack a day smoke; increases lung cancer risk with amount, with length of time
smoked and early age starting; major factor identified in the development of lung
cancer; only one in twenty lung cancer victims is saved from death per year.
Effects on the Reproductive System
Women who smoke during pregnancy increase the risk of still birth and
prenatal mortality, and the child physical and intellectual is delayed. Women who
smoke cause menopause in early age than in normal; male smokers, penile arteries
become constricted bringing about slower erection time, impotence in 1 in 4 heavy
smokers versus 1 in 12 non – smokers. Smoking fathers may beget children who
may suffer from brain tumor, leukemia and other abnormalities due to decreased
number of spermatozoa.
BENEFITS OF QUITTING TOBACCO SMOKING
1. With in 20 minutes, the blood pressures and pulse rate drop to normal, the
body temperature of the hands and feet returns to normal.
2. With in 8 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the blood drops to normal and
the oxygen level in the blood increases to normal.
3. With in 24 hours, the risk of sudden heart attack decreases.
4. With in 48 hours, the nerve ending begin to regenerate and a person’s ability
to smell and taste begin to return to normal
5. With in 2 weeks to 3 weeks, blood circulation improves and lung function
increase to 30 percent.
6. Within 1 – 9 months, over all energy increases – signs and symptoms of
coughing, nasal congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are remarkably

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 reduced. Natural cleansing mechanism of the respiratory tract returns to
normal so that the body is able to handle mucus, clean the respiratory tract,
and prevent respiratory infections.
7. With in 1 year, risk of coronary heart disease is reduced by 50%.
8. With in 5 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer is reduced by 50%.
9. With in 10 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer, stroke and heart attack
is as that of a non – smoker.

Republic Act 9211

Also known as “Tobacco Law”, or an act that regulates the packaging, use,
sale, distribution and advertisements of tobacco products. Especially in the
Philippines where cigarettes are ubiquitously sold, this law is an important one as it
curbs the illegal sale and use of cigarettes among minors.

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