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Biology Class 12 Investigatory Project-Types of Cancer

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958 views15 pages

Biology Class 12 Investigatory Project-Types of Cancer

Uploaded by

lcdon6703
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NATHELLA VIDHYODAYA

NSC STREET, VEKAT APUR AM ,AM BATTUR,CHENNAI-53

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

T op i c

DONE BY:
Certificate

ROLL
NO:

This is to certify that of


class has successfully completed the project on
the topic of -
during the
academic year

He/She has prepared the project under my guidance


and asper the norms by the CBSE Boards.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As a student of Class XII, I did this project as a part of my
studies entitled “Study of Cancer”. I owe a deep sense of
gratitude to my biology teacher Mr./Mrs……………………..,
whose valuable advice, guidance helped me in doing this
project from conception to completion.

At the same time, I cannot forget to express my gratitude to


our school Principal Mr./Mrs……………………………….. for
extending his generous, patronage and constant
encouragement.

Finally, I am thankful to my parents for helping me


economically, and my friends for being a helping hand at
every step of this project.

3|STUDY OF CANCER
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1, WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY? 5

2, COMMON TYPES OF CANCER 5


3, SIGN AND SYMPTOMS 6
4, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL CELL AND 7
CANCER CELL

5, HOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? 8


6, PREVENTION STEPS 9
7, DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER 10
8, MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER 11
9, TREATMENT OF CANCER 12
10, BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

4|STUDY OF CANCER
STUDY OF CANCER
1, What is Cancer actually?
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade to other parts of the body. In contrast
benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a
group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and
will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed
diffusely.

Cancer cells
stealing energy
from normal
healthy cells.
Cancer develops
when the cell’s
genetic material
gets damaged or
mutated.

2, Common types of Cancer


Bladder Cancer

Breast Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Kidney Cancer

Lung Cancer

Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin

Melanoma

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

5|STUDY OF CANCER
Prostate Cancer

Thyroid Cancer

Uterine Cancer

Brain Cancer

3, Signs and Symptoms


It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the
actual symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or
Ulcerates. People may become anxious or depressed post-
diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is
approximately double.
Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus
resulting in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer
can cause narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult or
painful to swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to
narrowing or blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel habits.
Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps.
Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung,
will lead to coughing up blood, in the bowels to anemia or
rectal bleeding, in the bladder to blood in the urine and in
the uterus to vaginal bleeding.
These are some local symptoms which can show up the
growth of cancer cells.

Ulcerates: Sore on
the skin or a
mucous
membrane
accompanied by
disintegration of
tissue. Results in
complete loss of
epidermis.

6|STUDY OF CANCER
4, Difference between Normal Cells and
Cancer Cells
NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS
CELL REPRODUCTION

Cell reproduction is needed These cells may have gene


to replenish the cell mutations or chromosome
population that ages or mutations that affect the
becomes damaged or reproductive properties the
destroyed. Normal cells cells. They don’t experience
reproduce properly. biological aging and
maintain their ability to
replicate and grow.

7|STUDY OF CANCER
5, How Does Cancer cells activate?
It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.
Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior,
damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that
regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that
tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.

Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be turned


on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the ability to
break DNA strands which can result in some genes being
permanently switched on, such is the case with cancerous cell
growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA mutations that

8|STUDY OF CANCER
lead to cancer happen at random, research suggests there are
epigenetic triggers that may increase prevalence of DNA damage.

6, Prevention Steps:

DNA is vital for cell function and the body has mechanisms
by which it protects DNA from being damaged. One of the
most important mechanisms is the one responsible for the
production of antioxidants. A major step in the prevention
of DNA damage, and therefore cancer, would be to
optimize antioxidant activity. Research has suggested that
this can be achieved through the adoption of a diet that
incorporates antioxidant rich foods or extracts.

9|STUDY OF CANCER
Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant activities
of the body. Evidence shows that this molecule alone has
the ability to influence cancer risk in a directly correlative
manner. This means that by increasing your body’s supply
of glutathione, you are drastically improving its ability to
control free radicals before they damage cells. There are
several ways in which you can increase your supply of
glutathione.

10 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R
7, Development of Cancer

8, Main Causes of Cancer:


 Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths.
 Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity, excessive drinking of alcohol.
 Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to hepatitis B,
hepatitis C and human papillomavirus.
 Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited
genetic defect from person’s parents.

11 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R
9, Treatment of Cancer:
SURGERY

12 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R
RADIATION THERAPY

CHEMOTHERAPY

13 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R
IMMUNOTHERAPY

THANK YOU!

14 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.thoughtco.com
 www.cancer.net
 www.healthtap.com
 www.cancerresearchuk.org
 www.academia.edu
 www.quora.com

15 | S T U D Y O F C A N C E R

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