Volume 9, Issue 10, October– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

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The Impact of Incorporation Renewable Energy on

Resilience and Stability of Power Grid System
Pawan Kumar Vishwakarma1 Muthuvel Raj Suyambu2
Independent Researcher BESS Projects, Energy Vault
California, USA

Abstract:- Energy resources from the natural sources such The transformation of the energy sector’s structure also
as, solar power, wind power, geothermal heat, which are requires stable and efficient networks, which can connect
important instruments in the mitigation of the impacts of distributed RES. There are challenges to solve before the globe
fossil energy on the environment, and part of the climate can incorporate RES into power systems, which might be
issue solution. This paper aims to explain some of the necessary to satisfy the increasing demand for renewable
major renewable energy sources subdivided into solar energy. The goal of decarbonising economies is anticipated to
energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower and lead to a substantial increase in renewable energy capacity by
bioenergy; this effect outlines their working principles and 2050. Demand for electricity will skyrocket as a result of the
role in renewable energy production. Due to the shift to RES and increased economic activity; it will rise 40%
persistence of government support and increase in the between 2020 and 2030 and tripling by 2050[3].
technological innovation of renewables, renewable energy
is expected to outcompete traditional energy sources such While renewables may not produce any energy at some
as coal in the subsequent years. The article also explores times, there are also scenarios where they overproduce such as
how in areas ranging from smart technology to renewable on very sunny or windy days. Sudden spikes can cause issues
energy it is possible to update and invigorate the power controlling frequency and voltage in the system and
infrastructure. Even though renewable sources can be exacerbate problems within the electrical infrastructure.
haphazard certain key strategies like demand response Transmission lines and substations in an aging grid system
portfolios, microgrids, and energy storage systems may not be able to handle the energy spikes. This can increase
contribute to the stability of the grid and reliability. This the risk of outages or require disconnecting energy generators
paper discusses some of the social or environmental altogether to avoid system-wide problems[4]. Figure 1 shows
benefits of renewable energy projects such as decreased the renewable energy.
carbon emissions, improved public health, and economic
benefits, and challenges of integrating these technologies
into existing structures. Thus, this paper underlines the
need to persist in the efforts to decarbonise the electricity
supply and upgrade the infrastructure of the energy
networks around the globe.

Keywords:- Renewable Energy, Grid Stability, Energy

Storage, Smart Grids, Grid Resilience, Environmental Impact,
Sustainable Energy Systems.

I. INTRODUCTION

A published technical accomplishment in a U.S. National

Academy of technical assessment named the power grid or
electricity infrastructure as the greatest technical achievement
of the century [1]. The drive for more power in the developed
as well as the emerging power has forced a change of source Fig 1 Renewable Energy
from the conventional energy such as the fossil fuels to more
efficient energy. In response to this ecological calamity newer Smart grid technologies can help modernize the current
processes of power generation from the more natural sources electrical infrastructure and reduce the strain on aging
such as solar, wind, water, bio-mass and geothermal power generators and transmission lines. In addition to batteries and
and last but not the least hydrogen power are in the process of other upgrades, these smart systems include PMUs that
being developed. Using fossil fuels' generated energy sources constantly assess grid stability and automated feeder switches
is causing negative environmental effects like global warming that can route electrical transmission around damaged lines or
and deterioration of climate change. Over the last several substations[5]. The overarching goal is to determine how the
decades, the contribution of power production to atmospheric integration of renewable energy sources affects the stability
greenhouse gas concentrations has expanded exponentially[2]. and resilience of the power system. By examining the

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challenges, opportunities, and potential solutions, this research II. OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE
seeks to contribute to the development of robust and ENERGY SOURCES
sustainable power systems capable of accommodating
increasing renewable energy penetration while maintaining Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources
reliable electricity supply. that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed.
Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are
 Structure of the Paper constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are
The following paper structure as: Section II provide the plentiful and all around us. Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on
Overview of Renewable energy sources, Then Section III talks the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take hundreds
about renewable energy and grid resilience, Then Section IV of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to
power grid infrastructure and modernization, Section V produce energy[6][7], cause harmful greenhouse gas
discussed the environmental and social impact of renewable emissions, such as carbon dioxide. Generating renewable
energy sources, and paper sum-up with conclusion and future energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels.
work provided in section VI. Transitioning from fossil fuels, which currently account for the
lion’s share of emissions, to renewable energy is key to
addressing the climate crisis. Renewables are now cheaper in
most countries, and generate three times more jobs than fossil
fuels[8]. Figure 2 shows the types of RES.

Fig 2 Types of RES

 Types of Renewable Energy Sources through photovoltaic panels or through mirrors that
There are 5 types of Renewable energy sources are as concentrate solar radiation.
follows:
 Wind Energy
 Solar Energy Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air
Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy resources by using large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in
and can even be harnessed in cloudy weather. The rate at sea- or freshwater (offshore). Wind energy has been used for
which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10,000 millennia, but onshore and offshore wind energy technologies
times greater than the rate at which humankind consumes have evolved over the last few years to maximize the
energy. Solar technologies can deliver heat, cooling, natural electricity produced - with taller turbines and larger rotor
lighting, electricity, and fuels for a host of applications. Solar diameters.
technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either

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 Geothermal Energy The acceleration in clean, renewable energy power generation

Geothermal energy utilizes the accessible thermal energy comes not a moment too soon for policymakers and advocates
from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted from geothermal concerned with climate change caused by greenhouse gas
reservoirs using wells or other means. Reservoirs that are emissions[10].
naturally sufficiently hot and permeable are called
hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas reservoirs that are To develop renewable energy technology, governments
sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic are turning to various public policy measures. The European
stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems. Union’s Green Deal Industrial Plan, India’s Production Linked
Incentives (PLI) and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in the
 Hydro Power US are all policies designed to further stimulate the integration
Hydropower harnesses the energy of water moving from of sustainable energy. Supportive economic policies in China
higher to lower elevations. It can be generated from reservoirs have accelerated onshore wind and solar photovoltaic energy
and rivers. Reservoir hydropower plants rely on stored water projects there, helping the country surpass national 2030
in a reservoir, while run-of-river hydropower plants harness targets years ahead of schedule. (This is crucial to the goal of
energy from the available flow of the river. Hydropower tripling worldwide renewables as China accounts for almost
reservoirs often have multiple uses - providing drinking water, 60% of all new global renewable energy capacity expected to
water for irrigation, flood and drought control, navigation come online by 2028.) In addition, evolving regulations on
services, as well as energy supply. corporate environmental, social and governance
(ESG) initiatives around the world are increasing demand for
 Bioenergy renewable energy in the private sector, encouraging further
Bioenergy is produced from a variety of organic growth.
materials, called biomass[9], such as wood, charcoal, dung and
other manures for heat and power production, and agricultural III. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND GRID
crops for liquid biofuels. Most biomass is used in rural areas RESILIENCE
for cooking, lighting and space heating, generally by poorer
populations in developing countries. Ability to withstand and reduce the magnitude and/or
duration of disruptive events, which includes the capability to
 Growth and Integration Trends anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and/or rapidly recover from such
In a warming world, the transition from fossil fuels an event. In simple words, grid resilience describes the utility
to renewable energy is heating up. Global capacity for network’s ability to resist disturbances and bounce back with
renewable power generation is expanding more quickly than minimal downtime or disruptions. Grid resilience is also being
at any time in the last thirty years, according to the used to protect communities from oversupplies and shortages
International Energy Agency (IEA). The agency predicts that stemming from renewables like solar and wind energy – both
by 2025, renewable energy will surpass coal to become the of which are intermittent power sources that are difficult to
world’s top source of electricity. Wind and solar photovoltaic manage and predict. For example, utilities often use behind-
(PV) power generation are forecast to exceed nuclear power the-meter batteries and DERMS technology to streamline
generation in 2025 and 2026, respectively. And by 2028, 68 network management and smooth out peaks and valleys in
countries will boast renewables as their main source of power. energy supply[11]. The figure 3 shows the technologies that
improve electric grid resilience.

Fig 3 Sectors of Electric Grid Resilience

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It’s impossible to overstate the economic benefits of electricity consumption, help to flatten the load curve.
increasing electric grid resilience to weather outages, with the Advanced grid management systems, incorporating real-time
us department of energy’s Berkeley laboratory reporting that: data analytics and artificial intelligence, optimize power flow
and prevent grid congestion[13].
 Weather-related outages cost utility customers $2 billion to
$3 billion annually. IV. POWER GRID INFRASTRUCTURE AND
 For the economy as a whole, these outages represent $20 MODERNIZATION
billion to $55 billion in lost business.
Our electric infrastructure is aging and it is being pushed
Note that this analysis only factors in weather-related to do more than it was originally designed to do. Modernizing
events, where most of the damage is physical and can be the grid to make it “smarter” and more resilient through the
repaired by field technicians. The economic impact of use of cutting-edge technologies, equipment, and controls that
cyberattacks is much harder to determine since this is communicate and work together to deliver electricity more
relatively new territory. But according to a 2015 analysis by reliably and efficiently can greatly reduce the frequency and
Lloyd’s and the University of Cambridge’s Centre for Risk duration of power outages, reduce storm impacts, and restore
Studies, a large-scale cyberattack on 15+ states could leave service faster when outages occur.
nearly 100 million Americans without power and result in up
to $1 trillion in direct economic losses.  Smart Grids and Advanced Technologies
Smart grid technology shows us a solution for improved
 Contributions of Renewable Energy to Resilience electric energy generation as well as an efficient means for
Renewable energy sources help the power grid systems transmitting and distributing this electricity. It is simpler to set
with higher reliability by improving the levels of diversity up and holds up less space than traditional grids due to its
hence decreasing centralization of power production. This versatility. The smart grid design idea seeks to increase grid
diversification helps to develop a more sophisticated stick for asset controllability, observability, performance, electrical
a response to certain accidents, for instance, natural disasters infrastructure and security, and, in particular, the financial
or equipment failure, and will allow utilizing power from elements of service, planning, and operations. Several smart
several sources. Small scale renewable energy systems such as grid technologies have been developed for various
photovoltaic and wind power can continue to deliver applications like communication and metering architecture.
electricity to a region while sections of the network are down. Transforming conventional energy networks into Smart grids
Additionally, the connection of renewable energy applications (SG) transforms the energy sector and improves performance
including micro-grids and storage systems increases the and reliability. It also provides better management, control,
robustness of the formed micro-grids and allows for faster and communication capabilities. Smart grids are known to be
restoration of power supply in case of outages. These next-generation conventional grids due to the information flow
technologies in turn allow and support the main purpose and capabilities and two-ways power supply [14].
help level and balance the supply and demand, and also alter
the grid’s flexibility.  Role of Energy Storage Systems
Energy storage is defined as the capture of intermittently
 Case Studies of Enhanced Resilience through Renewables produced energy for future use. Storage systems are
In the proposed examples of implementation, there are fundamental to the future of renewable energy. They store
more cases showing the increase of resistance provided by the electricity and make it available when there is greater need,
use of renewable energy sources. The MIRACL collaborative acting as a balance between supply and demand and thus
project, spearheaded by the National Renewable Energy helping to stabilize the grid. In this way it can be
Laboratory, investigated the integration of distributed wind made available for use 24 hours a day, and not just, for
energy for improving power system resilience. The project example, when the Sun is shining, and the wind is blowing. It
demonstrated that scaling up distributed wind as part of hybrid can also protect users from potential interruptions that could
systems and employing more sophisticated controls enhanced threaten the energy supply. As is the case with electric
the robustness of microgrids and distribution networks against vehicles, mobile phones and torches, batteries store the energy
natural disasters and cyber threats [12]. and make it available on demand, but on a larger scale. And
the development projections for storage are promising[15].
 Solutions and Technologies to Maintain Stability
Flexible control of the grid is required with the emerging  Grid Modernization Strategies
trend of increased deployment of renewable energy sources, Major advances in electricity generation, storage and
which require technological improvements and control control are transforming the global electricity marketplace.
systems. The flexibility needs of generation technologies have Electric grid operators are challenged with rising demand for
perhaps been best described by the integration of batter Energy reliability and resilience in the face of climate change, aging
storage technologies like battery storage, pumped hydro infrastructure and shifting customer load. They must balance
storage, and CAES are crucial in supporting variable the deployment of smart devices and distributed energy
renewable power generation. Facilities such as gas turbines resources that make managing the grid more complex than
and combined cycle plants for instance can easily regulate for ever before while ensuring always on
the supply of energy on the grid. Furthermore, demand reliability. Accomplishing this balancing act will require more
response programs, which incentivize consumers to shift than just new distribution equipment, but a holistic approach

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to grid design, finance, management and security. Today’s operations and maintenance into a proactive approach to
grid must carry, control and monitor the bi-directional flow of ensure customers experience new levels of service[16]. Figure
electric power more safely, reliably and efficiently than ever 4 shows the grid modernization: the key to a renewable energy
before. Communications infrastructure must be deployed to future.
enable more effective asset management programs and shift

Fig 4 Grid Modernization: The Key to a Renewable Energy Future

Distribution networks are the frontlines of the electric V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
grid, and no two are the same. Weather, population density, OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
geography and a range of other factors require tailored
solutions to ensure optimal performance flexibility. The Renewable energy projects have also contributed in
integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar improving environmental impacts such as reduction of carbon
panels and wind turbines, supported by robust energy storage dioxide gas, awakening community about the climate change.
systems, helps balance supply and demand dynamically. The study observed very small impacts on the people living in
Implementation of demand response programs incentivizes a particular area, tourism, cost of energy supply, and
consumers to shift their energy usage during peak times, thus educational impacts. Significant impacts were observed in
reducing grid stress. Additionally, upgrading grid improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, and
infrastructure with smart technologies, such as sensors and community development. They also observed that the
automated controls, enables better monitoring and faster renewable energy projects are complex to install and are local
response to faults and disruptions. Advanced grid management environmental and condition sensitive[17]. Their forecasting,
systems, incorporating artificial intelligence and machine execution, and planning require more consideration and
learning, optimize power flow and improve the prediction of knowledge as compared to other projects. The two main
energy supply and demand patterns[12]. aspects of environment are air and water pollution, normally
created by the discharged water from houses, industries, and
polluted rain, and discharge of used oils and liquids contains
poisonous chemicals and heavy metals like mercury, lead, etc.
Along with water pollution, natural resources can be
maintained and greenhouse effect and air pollution can be
mitigated by the proper usage of renewable energy
sources. The figure 5 shows the carbon dioxide equivalent
emission during power generation.

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Fig 5 Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emission during Power Generation

These resources also provide social benefits like In[20], paper underscores the critical role of renewable
improvement of health, according to choice of consumer, energy sources as decentralized alternatives that bolster grid
advancement in technologies, and opportunities for the work, resilience. These renewable sources offer a range of electricity
but some basic considerations should be taken for the benefit generation options, fortifying the grid’s resilience against
of humans, for example, climate conditions, level of education various challenges. Moreover, this study sheds light on the
and standard of living, and region whether urban or rural from complexities involved in integrating renewables and
agricultural point of view. Social aspects are the basic underscores their indispensable role not only in mitigating
considerations for the development of any country. The environmental impacts but also in fortifying the power grid.
following social benefits can be achieved by renewable energy
systems: local employment, better health, job opportunities, In order to improve the safe and stable operation of
and consumer choice. The study concluded that the total power system[21], this paper proposes a dynamic reactive
emission reduction is exponentially increasing in different power configuration method of high penetration renewable
years after the installation of renewable energy projects in energy grid based on transient stability probability assessment.
remote areas[18]. Firstly, the dynamic reactive power allocation is realized by
finding the weakness of high penetration renewable energy
VI. LITERATURE REVIEW grid based on transient stability probability assessment; Then,
the dynamic reactive power capacity allocation is realized by
In this section provide the literature review on renewable multi-scenario comprehensive assessment of high penetration
energy on resilience and stability of power grid system. This renewable energy grid; Finally, choose the IEEE 39-bus
table 1 provides a structured review of various studies related system as example to verify feasibility of the method.
to renewable energy integration, grid resilience, and energy
storage, highlighting the methodologies, key findings, In[22], the existing monitoring methods are not able to
limitations, and suggested future research directions. obtain the in-depth information of grid connection adaptability
and support capacity. A new grid adaptability evaluation
With the rise of environmental awareness and carbon method considering the SCADA data is proposed. According
emissions concerns[19], many regions in the world have to the application scenarios, a multi-level architecture is
growing integrations of renewable energy sources (RES) and designed, which carries out evaluation index calculation at the
energy storage into both conventional transmission grids and station-level for high real-time requirements, and transfers the
distribution grids in the past two decades. Meanwhile, as results to superior-level for comprehensive analysis. The
extreme weather events are occurring more frequently and the method can be popularized and applied to the grid operation
threat of cyber-attacks is continuously growing, grid resilience monitoring of renewable energy, which may plays an
has been an important issue in industry practice, especially important role in improving the stability of weakly-
after the occurrence of recent power outages in Texas. synchronized sending-end DC power grid.

In[1], article attempts to answer these Problems and In[4], paper uses dynamical models, household power
proposes the concept of community-centric asynchronous consumption, and photovoltaic generation data to show how
renewable and resilient energy grids. By clearly differentiating these characteristics vary with the level of distribution. This
the concepts of grid resilience and reliability, the importance can lead to a substantial decrease in grid resilience, explained
of building resilient power electronics’ devices and robust by periods of highly clustered generator output. Moreover, the
system-level control algorithms to achieve 100% renewable addition of batteries, while enabling consumer self-
energy integrated resilient grids is presented. sufficiency, fails to ameliorate these problems. The
methodology identifies a grid’s susceptibility to disruption
resulting from its network structure and modes of operation.

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Table 1 Comparative Analysis of Related Work for RES

Reference Methodology Key Findings Limitations Future Work
[19] Overview of global trends in Increasing RES integration Limited discussion on Further research needed
RES and energy storage strengthens environmental specific regional on adapting grids to
integration with a focus on sustainability and grid challenges and localized extreme
environmental concerns and resilience, especially in the technological weather events and
grid resilience. face of climate change and requirements for grid strengthening
cyber threats. stability. cybersecurity measures.
[1] Proposes the concept of Differentiates resilience Focuses primarily on Future work to
community-centric from reliability, promoting the conceptual implement and test
renewable and resilient 100% renewable, resilient framework, with community-based grids
grids, distinguishing grids through advanced limited real-world in various settings to
resilience and reliability, and control algorithms and application data. assess resilience in real-
emphasizing resilient power resilient power electronics. world scenarios.
electronics and control
algorithms.
[20] Highlights the role of Decentralized renewable Lacks detailed Explore practical
decentralized renewable energy sources are key to strategies for implementation
energy in enhancing grid fortifying grid resilience integrating strategies for integrating
resilience while reducing against diverse challenges, decentralized decentralized
environmental impacts. beyond just environmental renewables into renewables into both
benefits. existing grids with urban and rural grids.
varying infrastructures.
[21] Proposes a dynamic reactive Dynamic reactive power Focuses on theoretical Implement this dynamic
power configuration method configuration strengthens assessment without configuration method in
based on transient stability the stability of grids with addressing practical real-world grid systems
probability assessment for high RE penetration, challenges or real- to assess its practicality
high penetration RE grids. demonstrated using the world verification. and effectiveness.
IEEE 39-bus system.
[22] Proposes a new method for The multi-level architecture Limited application to Broaden the application
evaluating grid connection allows real-time station- specific regions or grid of the method across
adaptability and support level analysis, improving systems, and only different grid systems
capacity using SCADA data. monitoring of renewable theoretical evaluation globally to validate its
energy grid operations. provided. robustness and
applicability.
[4] Uses dynamic models of Resilience fluctuates due to Fails to account for Investigate broader grid
household consumption and daily oscillations in grid broader solutions resilience measures,
photovoltaic generation to structure and power beyond distribution- particularly in high-
assess grid resilience at the demand, with clustered level analysis, demand periods and
distribution level. generator output lowering especially in high- with more sophisticated
resilience. Batteries do not demand scenarios. storage.
fully mitigate these issues.

VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION flows, the need to renew some infrastructure, and guaranteeing
stable and reliable grid operations.
Renewable energy is required to lower the impact of
energy sources on the environment in addition to meeting the The areas of future development are directions of energy
increasing global flow of energy demand. Introducing accumulation like batteries, compressed air storage, and
renewable technologies such as renewable system integration pumped storage for stabilization of renewable energy sources.
of solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, and hydrogen into Real time monitoring of system conditions and managing of
power systems leads to higher reliability, robustness, and electricity grid with the help of AI and real-time use of smart
efficiency. Flexible generation such as energy storage systems, grid technologies will improve the grid management and
fast responding power plants and smart grid instruments are power flow aspects. The addition of microgrids and distributed
essential if the variability and uncertainty of renewables is to energy resources will further enhance resilience because it
be mitigated. Different case studies have demonstrated that supports decentralised and independent grid operation and fast
cost savings and improved communities can be obtained restoration from disruptions. Demand for quicker response to
through reduced carbon footprints, increased grid reliability the fluctuation in grid requirements calls for developed
and resilience, and incorporation of renewable energy. investments in the flexible power generation technologies,
However, few issues arise in relation to asymmetrical energy including the gas turbines and the combined cycle plants.
Creating positive policies that encourage integration and

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adoption of renewable energy will help increase investment in [12]. P. Bouchard, S. Voß, L. Heilig, and X. Shi, “A Case
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correct regulatory systems. Besides, the arrangements of Energy for Central Parts of Hamburg,” Sustainability,
cybersecurity should be improved in order that the grid would 2023, doi: 10.3390/su152215834.
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