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GHSS Vettanviduthi
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
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assaa dda a s saa
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PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
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N Neett N Neett
அைகு 𝟔 கதிர் ஒளியியல் ............................................................................................................................ 9

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குறுவினாக்கள் ................................................................................................................................................ 9
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1. xsp vjpnuhspg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d? ....................................9
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3. Nfhsf Mb xd;wpw;fhd fhu;l;Brpad; FwpaPl;L kuGfisf; $Wf.........................................9
4. xspapay; ghij vd;why; vd;d? xspapay; ghijf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. ...................9
5. ];ndy; tpjp / xsptpyfy; tpjpfis vOJf. ......................................................................9

N Nett
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6. xsp tpyfspdhy; Vw;gLk; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d? .........................................10

lalai.i. 7. xspapd; kPSk; nfhs;if

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(𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚) vd;why; vd;d? ......................10
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8. xg;Gik xsptpyfy; vz; vd;why; vd;d? ................................................................................10
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11. khWepiyf; Nfhzk; kw;Wk; KO mf vjpnuhspg;G vd;why; vd;d? KO mf
vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gl epge;jid vd;d? (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) ...................................................10

lai
12. khWepiyf; Nfhzj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. ................................................................11

N Neett N Neett
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13. ituk; n[hypg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff. ......................................................................11
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14. fhdy; ePu; kw;Wk; Fspu; khaj;Njhw;wk; (𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈) vd;why; vd;d? (𝟑𝒎) ........................11

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15. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Kg;gl;lfq;fs; vt;thW
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16. ];ndy; rhsuk; vd;why; vd;d? ................................................................................................12

17. mf cs;Nehf;fp (𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒆) nray;gLk; Kiwia tptup. ...............................................12
18. Fopnyd;]pd; Kjd;ikf; Ftpak; kw;Wk; Jizf; Ftpak; vd;why; vd;d?.......................12
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20. nyd;]; cUthf;Fgtu; rkd;ghl;bypUe;J nyd;]; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. ...........................12

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24. rpWk jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d? ............................................................................14
25. epwg;gpupif vd;why; vd;d? ........................................................................................................14
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26. thdtpy; vt;thW Njhd;WfpwJ? ...............................................................................................14

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27. uhNy xspr;rpjwy; vd;why; vd;d? uhNy xspr;rpjwy; tpjpiaf; $W?.................................14
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28. thdk; Vd; ePyepwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ? ..............................................................................14
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3. xspA+l;l Muk; (my;yJ) ];ney; rhsuj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf. .............................17
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lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
1 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
4. xsp ,io xd;wpd; Vw;Gf; Nfhzk; kw;Wk; vz;zpay; Jisf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg;

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ngWf. ..........................................................................................................................................17
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5. fz;zhbg; gl;lfk; 𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 xd;wpd; topahfg; ghAk; xspapd; gf;fthl;L

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7. nyd;]; cUthf;Fgtupd; rkd;ghl;il tUtpj;J> mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf. ........20
8. nky;ypa nyd;]; xd;wpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtpj;J> mjpypUe;J cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd
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N Nett
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9. Kg;gl;lfk; xd;wpd; jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtpj;J> mjpypUe;J
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Kg;gl;lfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghUspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhz;gjw;fhd

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அைகு 𝟕 அலை ஒளியியல் ....................................................................................................................... 23
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1. xspapd; Ez;Jfs; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit? .............................................23

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2. xspapd; miyf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa fUj;Jfs; vd;d? ...................................................24
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3. xspapd; kpd;fhe;j miyf; nfhs;ifapd; rpwg;gk;rk; vd;d? ................................................24
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8. xspapd; FWf;fPl;L tpisT vd;why; vd;d?............................................................................25
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9. miy xd;wpd; fl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? ......................................................................................25
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10. fl;l NtWghl;bw;Fk;> ghij NtWghl;bw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig tUtp? ..............................25

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13. xspr;nrwpT (my;yJ) tPr;Rg;gFg;G vd;why; vd;d? ................................................................26
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15. FWf;fPl;Lg;gl;il mikg;gpy; Njhd;Wk; gl;il mfyj;ij tiuaW. ..................................26
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20. FWf;fPl;L tpisTf;Fk;> tpspk;G tpisTf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? ...............27
21. tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzp vd;why; vd;d? ..............................................................................27

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
2 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett N Neett
22. gpupj;jwpjy; vd;why; vd;d? .......................................................................................................28

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26. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cl;ftu;jy; gw;wp RUf;fkhff; $Wf. .....................................................28
27. jstpisT Mf;fp kw;Wk; jstpisT Ma;tp vd;why; vd;d? .............................................29
28. KOtJk; jstpisT mile;j> jstpisT milahj kw;Wk; gFjp jstpisT

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mile;j xsp vd;why; vd;d? ...................................................................................................29

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33. jl;lLf;Ffisg; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. ............................................................................30

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36. epNfhy; gl;lfk; rpWFwpg;G tiuf. (𝟑𝒎) ...............................................................................31

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39. vz;nza;apy; %o;fpAs;s nghUsUF nyd;]; Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; Vd; tpUk;gp

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40. vjpnuhspg;G njhiy Nehf;fpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s epiwfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfs;
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ahit? .........................................................................................................................................32
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4. aq; ,ul;ilg;gpsT Ma;T mikg;ig tpsf;fp> ghij NtWghl;bw;fhd Nfhitiag;
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lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
3 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett N Neett
6. nky;NyLfspy; vjpnuhspg;G mile;j kw;Wk; xsptpyfy; mile;j fjpu;fspdhy; Vw;gLk;

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7. xw;iwg;gpstpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpspk;G tpistpid tptupj;J> 𝒏 tJ rpWkj;jpw;fhd

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9. tpsk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpiag; gad;gLj;jp> xw;iw epw xspapd; miyePsj;ijf; fhZk;
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10. tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; $l;L xspapd; (ntt;NtW tz;zq;fspd;)

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miyePsq;fisf; fhZk; Nrhjidia tptup. ......................................................................41

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அைகு 𝟖 கதிர்வச்சு
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5. Fthz;lk; fUj;Jg;gb> xspr;nrwpT vd;gij tiuaiw nra;f. mjd; myifj; jUf. ..48
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12. 𝒎 epiwAs;s JfSld; njhlu;Gila b g;uha; miyePsj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
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4 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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14. vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; My;/gh Jfs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rkkhd ,af;f Mw;wiyg;

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15. epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW...................................................................................................49
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17. gz;ila kpd; fhe;j nfhs;ifapdhy; tpsf;f Kbahj 𝑿 fjpH epwkhiyapd; ,uz;L
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khw;wkilfpwJ vd;gij tptup. ................................................................................................52
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5. xspkpd; tpisT tpjpfis tupirg;gLj;Jf. ...........................................................................53

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7. xspapd; Fthz;lk; fUj;jpid tptup. .................................................................................53

8. jFe;j tpsf;fq;fSld; Id;];Bdpd; xspkpd; rkd;ghl;il ngWf. ............................54
9. Id;];Bd; tpsf;fj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l xspkpd;
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11. vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miy ePsj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;bidg; ngWf. .....................................55

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14. vyf;l;uhdpd; miy ,ay;gpid tptupf;Fk; Nltprd; n[u;ku; Nrhjddia RUf;fkhf
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15. Nghl;lhd;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gl;baypLf. .......................................................................56
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1. Nfj;NjhL fjpu;fs; vd;why; vd;d?...........................................................................................58
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lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
5 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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6. madpahf;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk;
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10. jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fUtpd; FwpaPl;L Kiwia vOJf. mjpy; xt;nthU cWg;Gk; vijf;
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12. INrhNlhd; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf. .........................................................60

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14. tiuaW- mZepiw myF .......................................................................................................60

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15. midj;J mZf;fUf;fspd; (𝒁 > 𝟏𝟎) mZf;fU mlu;j;jp
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18. xU mZ epiw myfpw;F rkkhd Mw;wy; kjpg;igf; fzf;fpLf. ......................................61
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22. My;gh rpijtpy; epiyj;jd;ikaw;w xU mZf;fU Vd; 𝟐^𝟒 𝑯𝒆 mZf;fUit
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25. fjpupaf;fr; nray;ghL my;yJ rpijT tPjk; vd;why; vd;d?
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tptupf;fTk; ..................................................................................................................................62
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4. epiw vz;izg; nghUj;J ruhrup gpizg;ghw;wypd; khWghl;il tiuglj;Jld; tpsf;fp
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5. mZf;fU tpiriag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff................................................................................66
6. My;gh rpijT epfo;tpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. ........................................................67

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
6 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
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lalai .i. l a
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9. fjpupaf;f rpijT tpjpia jUtpf;f. .......................................................................................68

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11. fhu;gd; fhyf;fzpg;ig tpsf;fTk; ...........................................................................................69
12. mZf;fU gpsT epfo;tpidAk; mjd; gz;GfisAk; vLj;Jiuf;f.....................................70
13. mZf;fU ,iztpid tpsf;fp tpz;kPdf
; spy; Mw;wy; cUthjiy tpupthf vOJf. ....71

N Nett
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lalai.i. 14. glj;jpd; cjtpAld; mZf;fU ciy Ntiy

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15. ehd;F mbg;gil tpirfisg; gw;wp tpupthf vOjTk; . ......................................................73

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அைகு 10 ................................................................................................................................................................ 74
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எைக்ட்ரானியல் ேற்றும் தகவல் ததாடர்பு அலேப்புகள் ........................................... 74

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குறுவினாக்கள் ............................................................................................................................................. 74

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sa
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5. xU ilNahL xUjpirf;fUtp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ tpsf;Ff ..........................................75

6. xU ilNahby; frpT kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? ................................................75
7. xU KO miyjpUj;jpapd; cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; ntspaPl;L miytbtq;fis tiuf. ........75
Pa

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8. rupT KwpT kw;Wk; nrdhu; KwpT Mfpatw;iw NtWgLj;Jf? ............................................75
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9. njhlu;r;rpahd miyTfSf;fhd gu;f;nfsrd; (𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒏) epge;jidfis $Wf. ..76
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10. yh[pf;; Nfl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?..............................................................................................76

ad
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w
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13. rhu;gspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? ............................................................76
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14. xNu tifahd Fiwflj;jp nghUshy; nra;ag;gl;l NghjpYk; xU buhd;]p];lupd;

ckpo;g;ghd; kw;Wk; Vw;ghd; Mfpatw;iw gupkhw;wpg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ Vd;? .................77

N Neett N Neett
15. 𝑵𝑶𝑹 kw;Wk; 𝑵𝑨𝑵𝑫 Nfl;Lfs; nghJ Nfl;Lfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd Vd;?...............77

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assaa ddaasaa
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18. xsp ckpo;T ilNahbd; gad;ghLfis tupirg;gLj;J. .......................................................77

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19. R+upa kpd;fyq;fspd; (xsp Nthy;lh kpd;fyk;) jj;Jtj;ij jUf. ......................................77
20. njhFg;Gr; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? ..........................................................................................77
21. gz;Ngw;wk; tiuaW. ..................................................................................................................77

N Neett N Neett
22. xU gug;gp mikg;gpd; gl;il mfyk; vd;gij tiuaW. ......................................................78

lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
7 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett N Neett
23. jhT njhiyT tiuaW. ...........................................................................................................78

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a i
a
24. Nulhupd; gad;fis jUf. .........................................................................................................78
l
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
25. nry;Ngrp jfty; njhlu;G vd;why; vd;d? ...............................................................................78

ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
26. mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpy; ika mjpu;ntz; my;yJ Xa;T epiy mjpu;ntz; -
tpsf;Ff. .....................................................................................................................................78
w
www w
www
27. 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑨𝑹 vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ? .....................................................................................78
1. 𝒏 tif Gwtpayhd Fiwflj;jpfs; cUthf;fg;gLtij tpsf;fkhf vOJf. .................79
2. xU 𝐏𝐍 re;jp ilNahbd; ,af;fkpy;yhj gFjp kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j muz; Mfpait

N Nett
e N Neett
cUthtij tptup. .....................................................................................................................80

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
3. xU miu miy jpUj;jpapd; glk; tiue;J mjd; nray;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff. ......81

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
4. xU KO miyjpUj;jpapd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff. .................82

. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w ww
5. xsp ckpo; ilNahL vd;why; vd;d? nray;gLk; jj;Jtj;ijg; glj;Jld; jUf. .............82
w
www www
6. xsp ilNahL vd;gjidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngOJf. ...................................................................83
7. R+upa kpd;fyk; Ntiy nra;Ak; jj;Jtj;ij tptup. mjd; gad;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. ...84

lai
8. nghJ ckpo;g;ghd; buhd;rp];lupd; epiy rpwg;gpay;Gfis tiue;J cs;sPL kw;Wk;

N Neett N Neett
ntspaPL rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jfisj; jUf. ...............................................85

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
9. xU buhd;rp];lu; rhtpahf nray;gLtij tptup. ...................................................................87
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
10. njspthd kpd;Rw;W glj;Jld; buhd;rp];lu; ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij tptupf;fTk;.
cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL miytbtq;fis tiuf. .............................................................87

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
11. tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;ij Njitahd glq;fSld; tptup..............................................................89
w
www w
www
da

12. B khu;fd; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ Njw;wq;fis $wp ep&gpf;fTk;. .................................89

13. jfty;njhlu;G mikg;gpd; mbg;gil cWg;Gfisj; Njitahd fl;lg;glj;Jld; tptup. .90
14. ntspapd; topahf kpd;fhe;j miy guTjypy; jiu miy guty; kw;Wk; ntsp miy
Pa

N Neett N Neett
guty; Mfpatw;iw tptup. ........................................................................................................91

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
15. gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;Gfspy; xsp ,io jfty; njhlu;G rpwe;jjhf
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
tpsq;FfpwJ ep&gp. ....................................................................................................................92

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

16. mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; ed;ik kw;Wk; jPikfis tupirg;gLj;J. ................................93

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
17. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlu;G vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? mjd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? ..93
w
www w
www
18. gpd;tUk; yh[pf;Nfl;Lfspy; kpd;Rw;W FwpaPL> yh[pf;nray;ghL> cz;ik ml;ltiz
ww

kw;Wk; G+ypad; rkd;ghLfis jUf.........................................................................................94

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
8 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett N Neett
அலகு 𝟔 கதிர் ஒளியியல்
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aadd aassaa
குறுவினாக்கள்
aaddaassaa
ww . P P
.gLk; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;w .P
d? w .P
wwww
1. xsp vjpnuhspg;gpdhy; Vw;
www
gLfjpUf;Fk; w tpyFfjpUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Nfhzk; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;.

2. Nfhsf Mbapy; 𝒇 kw;Wk; 𝑹 f;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;gpid tUtp.

N Nett
e𝐶 vd;gJ tisT ikak.; Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F
N Neett
lalai.i. ,izahfr; nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu;; 𝑀 ,y;; gl;L
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
vjpnuhspj;J Kjd;ikf; Ftpak; 𝐹 topahfr;
nry;Yk;.
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
P
𝛥𝑀𝐶𝑃 kw;Wk; 𝛥𝑀𝐹𝑃 ,tw;wpypUe;J
. .Paa . P
. Paa

.N
𝑃𝑀
w w
w 𝑃𝑀
www
www www
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖 = 𝑃𝐶
= kw;Wk; 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖 = 𝑃𝐹
𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀
rpwpa Nfhzq;fSf;F> 𝑖 = = kw;Wk; 2𝑖 =
𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐹

lai
2PF = PC

N Neett
2𝑓 = 𝑅
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑓=
𝑅

l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
2

d daas s ddaass
. P
P a a
hd. fhu;l;Brpad; FwpaPl;L kuGfisf; $Wf. w . P
. Paa
3. w
Nfhsf Mb xd;wpw;
w w
f
w w
www www
da

1) gLk; xspapid> ,lg;gf;fj;jpypUe;J tyg;gf;fk; tUtJ Nghd;W vLf;fNtz;Lk;

2) midj;Jj; njhiyTfSk; Mb KidapypUe;J jhd; msf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3) Mb Kidf;F tyg;Gwkhf> Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F ,izahf msf;fg;gLk; J}uk; Neu;Fwp
Pa

4)

N
5)
Ne tt N N e tt
Mb Kidf;F ,lg;Gwkhf> Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F ,izahf msf;fg;gLk; J}uk; vjpu;Fwp
e e
Kjd;ik mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf> Nky;Nehf;fpa cauq;fs;> Neu;Fwp

l a
l i
a .i.
6)
l a
la i .i.
Kjd;ik mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf> fPo;Nehf;fpa cauq;fs; vjpu;Fwp
l a
l i
a
assaa aa d d aassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

4.
ww . P
.
xspapay; ghij vd;why; P
vd; d ? xspapay; ghijf; f hd rkd; g hl; i lg;
ww . P
. P
ngWf.
w
www www w
Clfk; xd;wpy; xsp 𝑑 njhiyitf; flf;f vt;tsT Neuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwNjh> mNj
Neu ,ilntspapy; ntw;wplj;jpd; topNa xsp fle;J nry;Yk; njhiyT 𝑑 ′ Clfj;jpd;
ww

xspg;ghij vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

𝑑 ′ = 𝑛𝑑

N Neett
𝑑ʹ vg;NghJk; 𝑑 I tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 5. ];ndy; aasaavOJf.
s
tpjp / xsptpyfy; tpjpfis
aadd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
midj;Jk; xNu jsj;jpy; mikAk;.
ww. P
. P w
w. P
. P
1) gLfjpu;> tpyFfjpu;> tpyFjsk; kw;Wk; tpyFjsj;jpw;F tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL

www w w
www
2) Kjy; Clfj;jpd; gLNfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ Clfj;jpd; tpyF Nfhzj;jpd;
ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk;> ,uz;lhtJ Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;Zf;Fk; Kjy;
Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;Zf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhFk;
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑛
= 𝑛2 my;yJ 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟

N Neett
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 1

N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
9 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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Neett N Neett
6. xsp tpyfspdhy; Vw;gLk; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d?
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
gLfjpUf;Fk; > tpyFfjpUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;.
l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
xsp mlH kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlHFiw Clfj;Jf;F nry;Yk;NghJ
xsp mlH Fiw Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlHkpF Clfj;Jf;F nry;Yk;NghJ aaddaassaa 𝑑 =𝑖−𝑟

ww . P
. P w
w .P.P 𝑑 =𝑟−𝑖

7. ww if (𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚) vd;ww

wk;wnfhs;
xspapd; kPS wwvd;d?
why;
kPSk; nfhs;ifapd;gb> xsp nry;Yk; ghijapd; jpiriag; gpd;Ndhf;fpj; jpUg;Gk; NghJ xsp
kpfr;rupahf jhd; fle;J te;j ghijapd; topahfNt jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i.
8. xg;Gik xsptpyfy; vz; vd;why; vd;d?
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
n2
n1
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
vd;gJ Kjy; Clfj;ijg; nghUj;J> ,uz;lhtJ Clfj;jpd; xg;Gik xsptpyfy; vz;
vdg;gLk;
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w 𝑛
𝑛21 = 𝑛2
www n12 = n1
n

www 1

www 2

9. Njhw;w Moj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia tUtp (𝟑𝒎)

tt
lai tt
njhl;bapd; mbapy; cs;s 𝑂 vd;w nghUspypUe;J tUk; xsp mlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J

i N
.i. Nee i N
.i. Nee
(ePu;) mlu;Fiw Clfj;jpw;F (fhw;W) te;J ekJ fz;fis milfpwJ.
i
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
sa
assaa 𝑛1 > 𝑛2
aas
];ney; tpjp;
aadd
aa
s 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
aaddaassaa
𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑟 rpwpait.
ww. P
. P vdNt> 𝑛1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑟
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵
𝛥𝐷𝑂𝐵 , 𝛥𝐷𝐼𝐵 apy; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖 = 𝐷𝑂 kw;Wk; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑟 = 𝐷𝐼
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵
𝑛1 𝐷𝑂 = 𝑛2 𝐷𝐼
Pa

N Neett
𝑑 ′ = 𝑛2 𝑑
𝑛

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 1

l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa s aa
s saa
s
𝑑
(𝑛2 = 1) ; (𝑛1 = 𝑛) vdpy; > Njhw;w Mok; 𝑑 ′ =

ad
a a
d a 𝑛

aaddaa
w.

w w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
njhl;bapd; mbg;gug;G 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ msT NkNy vOk;gpj; njupAk;. vdNt>
1
𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ = 𝑑 (1 − 𝑛)

ww w w w
w w
w
ww

10. tpz;kPd;fs; Vd; kpd;Dfpd;wd?

cz;ikapy; tpz;kd
P f
; s; kpd;Dtjpy;iy> kpd;DtJ Nghd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

N Ne ett
❖ fhuzk; :
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
ntt;NtW xsptpyfy; vz;fisg; ngw;Ws;s tspkz;ly mLf;Ffspd; ,af;fNkahFk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa 11. khWepiyf;
vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gl epge;jidaa da
Nfhzk; kw;Wk; KO mf
d
vd;
as avjpnuhspg;
s a G vd;why; vd;d? KO mf aassaa
d? (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) ad
a d
w
khWepiyf; Nfhzk; w . P
. P w
w. P
. P
❖
wwww w
www
mlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; ve;jg; gLNfhz kjpg;gpw;F> tpyFfjpu; Clfq;fisg; gpupf;Fk;
vy;iyiaj; jOtpr; nry;fpwNjh> me;jg; gLNfhzNk khWepiyf; NfhzkhFk; (𝑖𝑐 ).

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
10 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N eett
❖ KO mf
N
vjpnuhspg;G
N Neett
lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
xsp KOtJk; mlu;kpF Clfj;jpNyNa vjpnuhspf;Fk; epfo;r;rp
a l a
l i
a
assaa ❖ KO mf vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gd
aa ldaa
epge;
aa
sjsidfs;
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w
w .P.
xsp mlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J> mlu;Fiw Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
P
w
www
Ntz;Lk;. (𝑖 > 𝑖𝑐 ) w
mlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; gLNfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G> khWepiyf; Nfhzj;ijtpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f
www
12. khWepiyf; Nfhzj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.

NN e ett
khWepiy gLNfhzj;jpw;F>;
eett
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛90°
N N
lalai.i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛2

l
,q;F 𝑛1 > 𝑛2 .
a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
𝑐 𝑛1
mlu;Fiw Clfk; fhw;W
d aa ss
(𝑛2 = 1) kw;Wk; (𝑛1 = 𝑛) vdpy;
d d a
d s
a s
1
my;yJ .𝑖P
.P a a −1 1
. P
. Paa

.N
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛
w ww = sin
𝑐 [ ]
www
www www
𝑛

khWepiyf;Nfhzk; 𝑖𝑐 Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;izr; rhu;eJ

; s;sJ.

lai
13. ituk; n[hypg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.

N Neett N Neett
ituk; n[hypg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;> mjd; cs;Ns eilngWk; KO mf vjpnuhspg;Ng MFk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 2.417 rhjhuz fz;zhbapd; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.5 I tpl kpfTk;
sa
assaa saa s aa
mjpfk;. ituj;jpd; khWepiyf; Nfhzk; 24.40. ,J fz;zhbapd; khWepiy Nfhzj;ij tpl
kpfTk; FiwT.
ddaa s ddaa s
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
ituj;jpd; cs;Ns Eioe;j xsp ntspNaWtjw;F Kd;ghf ituj;jpd; cl;GwKs;s ntl;L

www w w
w
Kfq;fspy; gy Kiw KO mf vjpnuhspg;G milfpwJ. mt;thW KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
www www
da

miltjhy; ituk; ed;F n[hypf;fpwJ.

14. fhdy; ePu; kw;Wk; Fspu; khaj;Njhw;wk; (𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈) vd;why; vd;d? (𝟑𝒎)
Pa

N N ett N N ett
❖ fhdy; ePu; (𝑴𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆) (my;yJ) ntg;gkha xspj;Njhw;wk;
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
fhw;wpd; mlu;jj
; pAk; xsptpyfy; vz;Z ; k; NeHjfT. ntg;gf;fhw;wpd; mlu;jj
; p FiwT.

ddaass ddaass
ntg;gkhd gFjpfspy; cauj;jpy; cs;s fhw;iwtpl> jiuapd; mUfpy; cs;s fhw;wpd; ntg;gk;
aa aa
w.

mjpfk;. vdNt caukhd nghUs;fspypUe;J tUk; xsp jiuia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ;

ww. P
.
xsptpyfy; vz; FiwAk;. P w
w . P
. P
w
www
nrq;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;bidtpl;L njhlu;eJ
w
www
,J Nghd;w Clfj;jpd; topNa xspf;fjpu; nry;Yk;NghJ> fhw;wpd; ntt;NtW mLf;Ffspy;>
; tpyfyilAk;. jiuapd; mUNf gLNfhzk; khWepiyf;
ww

Nfhzj;ijtpl mjpfkhf cs;s epiyapy; KO mf vjpnuhspg;G milAk;.

mjhtJ xsp jiuapd; mbapypUe;J tUtJ Nghd;w Xu; khaj;Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. fhw;W

NN e tt N N ett
mLf;Ffspd; mirAk; jd;ikapdhy; ePu; epiyapy; ,Ue;J vjpnuhspg;gJ Nghd;W njupAk;.
e e
l a
l i
a .❖i. Fspu; kha xspj;Njhw;wk; (𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈) lalai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa ddaasaa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
Fspu;gpuNjrq;fspy; NkNy cs;s fhw;iwtplj; jiuf;F mUNf cs;s fhw;W mLf;fpd;
aa aa
w w P. P w
w. P
. P
ntg;gepiy FiwT. vdNt jiuia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ xsptpyfy; vz; mjpfupf;Fk;
.
wwww w
gdpg;ghiwfs;> ciwe;j Vupfs; kw;Wk; fly;fspy; fhdy; ePupd; vjpupilahd tpisT Vw;gLk;.
www
vdNt> jiyfPohd gpk;gk; jiuapypUe;J rw;W cauj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;. ,e;epfo;Tf;F Fspu; kha
xspj;Njhw;wk; (𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔) vd;W ngau;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
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eett
15. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy;
N N N Neett
lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
Kg;gl;lfq;fs; vt;thW cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
vd;gijg; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
ddaass ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
ww
KO mf vjpnuhspg;ig gad;gLj;jp xspia
w w w
w
www
90° my;yJ 180° vjpnuhspf;Fk; gb Kg;gl;lfg;
gl;lfq;fis tbtikf;fyhk; www
Kjy; ,uz;L epfo;Tfspy; Kg;gl;lfg; nghUspd;
khWepiyf; Nfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G 𝑖𝑐 ahdJ 45° I

N Nett
etplf; FiwT.
N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
Kg;gl;lfq;fisf; nfhz;L> gpk;gj;jpd; mstpid
a l a
l i
a

et
khw;whky; gpk;gq;fisj; jiyfPohf khw;wyhk;.

assaa 16. ];ndy; rhsuk; vd;why; vd;adad? daassaa ad

a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w w www
www www ;
ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J tUk; xspiaj; jz;zPUf;Fs; ,Ue;J ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ekJ ghu;it
khWepiyf; Nfhzj;jpw;Fr; (𝑖𝑐 ) rkkhd xU Nfhzj;jpw;Fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW
Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l MuKila xspA+l;lg;gl;l tl;lg;gug;gpw;F ];ndy; rhsuk; vd;W ngau

l a
l i
a N
.i. Ne
jj;
e
J
ttk;t:
lai
KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
l a
l i
a N
.i. Ne tt
17. mf cs;Nehf;fp (𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒆) nray;gLk; Kiwia tptup.
e
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aasaa
s
cs;Nehf;F clw;Foha; (𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒) vd;gJ> xsp ,iofspd; fl;L MFk;.
aadd aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P
Nehahspapd; clYf;Fs; nrYj;Jthu;fs;.
w
w . P
xsp ,iofis tha;> %f;F my;yJ VNjDk; clypy; cs;s xU jpwe;j Jthuk; topahf
. P
mt;thW nrYj;jp> mWit rpfpr;irfisAk;
w
www w
www
da

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

18. Fopnyd;]pd; Kjd;ikf; Ftpak; kw;Wk; Jizf; Ftpak; vd;why; vd;d?

Pa

N Neett❖ Kjd;ikf; Ftpak;

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
nyd;]pypUe;J ntsptUk; fjpu;fs; Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F ,izahf tUtjw;F> nghUis
l
nyd;]pd; kWGwk; vg;Gs;spapy; itf;fNtz;LNkh mg;Gs;spNa Kjd;ikf; FtpakhFk;.
a
l i
a
assaa ❖ ,uz;lhk; Ftpak;
aad a
d s
a aa
s
aaddaasaa
s
w.

gL ,izf;fjpu;fs; nyd;]pdhy; xsptpyfy; mile;J Kjd;ik mr;rpy; vg;Gs;spapy;

ww . P
. P
FtpfpwNjh> mg;Gs;spf;F ,uz;lhk; Ftpak; vd;W ngau;
w
w . P
. P
wwww w
www
ww

19. nyd;];fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPlL; kuGfs; ahit?

(m) nyd;]; KidapypUe;J Ftpaj;J}uj;ij msf;Fk; jpiriag; nghUj;Jf;
FtpaJ}uj;jpw;Ff; FwpaPL toq;ff;$lhJ. Vnddpy;> nyd;];fSf;F ,uz;L

N Neett N Neett
Ftpaj;J}uq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W ,lg;gf;fkhfTk; kw;nwhd;W tyg;gf;fkhfTk; cs;sJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa (M) Ftpf;Fk; nky;ypa nyd;]f

a dd as aa
s
nyd;];fSf;F Ftpaj;J}uk; vjpu;Fwp vdTk; vLf;fNtz;Lk;.
a ad
a d s
a aa
s
; Sf;F Ftpaj;J}uk; Neu;Fwp vdTk;> tpupf;Fk; nky;ypa
a a
w w. P P
.rkd;ghl;bypUe;J nyd;]; rkd;ghl;ilg; wngWf.
ww . P
. P
w
www
20. nyd;]; cUthf; F gtu;
www
1 1 n2 1 1
− = ( − 1) ( − )
v u n1 𝑅1 𝑅2

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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a
assaa dda a s saa
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N Nee
1tt n2 1 1
= ( − 1) ( − )
N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑓 n1 𝑅1 𝑅2
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 v u
dda s
a s ddaass
. P P aa
wpw;.fhd gf;fthl;L cUg;ngUf;fr; rkd;ghl;ilg; .P.Paa
ww
21. nky;ypa nyd;]; xd;
w w ww ngWf.
www www
ℎ cauk; nfhz;l 𝑂𝑂′ vd;w nghUs; Kjd;ik mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
ℎ′ cauKs;s jiyfPohd nka;gpk;gk; 𝐼𝐼′ fpilf;fpwJ

N Nett
eபக்கவாட்டு (அ)குறுக்குவவட்டு உருப்வபருக்கம் (𝑚)
N Neett
lalai.i. =
பிம்பத்தின்உயரம்
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
வபாருளின்உயரம்
𝐼𝐼′
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
𝑚=
𝑂𝑂 ′
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w
w
xj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs; 𝛥𝑃𝑂𝑂′ kw;Wk; 𝛥𝑃𝐼𝐼′
w www
apypUe;J
𝐼𝐼′
𝑂𝑂 ′ www
=
𝑃𝐼
𝑃𝑂 www −ℎ′ 𝑣
FwpaPl;L kugpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> = −𝑢

lai
ℎ

N Neett
cUg;ngUf;fk; 𝑚 =
ℎ′
=
N
𝑣

Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l
ℎ

a
l i
a .i. 𝑢

l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaas
cUg;ngUf;fk; nka;gpk;gq;fSf;F vjpu; Fwp;> kha gpk;gq;fSf;F Neu;Fwpsaa
w
w P
. P w
w . P
. P
Fopnyd;];fSf;F cUg;ngUf;fk; Neu;FwpahFk;> NkYk; xd;iwtpl FiwthFk;.
.
w
wwwvd;why; vd;d? w
www
da

22. nyd;rpd; jpwd;

xU nyd;]pd; Ftpaj;J}uj;jpd; jiyfPop> nyd;]pd; jpwd; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1
Pa

P= jpwdpd; myF ilahg;lh;

NN ee tt f

N Nee tt
l a
l i
a .i. xd;iw xd;W njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nyd;
l a
lai .i;f.Sf;fhd njhFgad; l a
l i
a
assaa Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;aaidlg;daangWf.
ssaa (𝟑𝒎) aa
23. ]
ddaass
aa
w.

. P
. P
xNu Kjd;ik mr;rpy; ,uz;L nyd;]f
w w
; s;
w w. P
. P xd;iw xd;W njhl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sthW

wwww
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
w
www
Kjd;ik mr;rpy;> 𝑂 vd;w nghUs; Kjy; nyd;]pd; Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;F mg;ghy;
ww

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;nghUspd; gpk;gk; 𝐼′ ,uz;lhtJ nyd;]f

; ;F nghUshfr;
nray;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpk;gk; 𝐼-apy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

N Neett
Kjy; nyd;];f;F
1 1
−𝑢 = 𝑓
1

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. v′

l a
lai.i.
1
1 1 1
l a
l i
a
assaa 1 − 1 = 1 + 1 aa aa
,uz;lhtJ nyd;];f;F − 𝑣′ = 𝑓

ddaass 𝑣 2

d a
d s
a s
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓1 𝑓
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
2

w w
w w w
w
www
,e;j nyd;];fspd; $l;likg;G> 𝑓 Ftpaj;J}uk; nfhz;l
xw;iw nyd;]; Nghd;W nray;gLfpd;wJ. www
1 1 1
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
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N eett
1 1 1
N= +
N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa s saa ssaa
1 1 1 1
gy nyd;];fs; nfhz;l $l;likg;gpw;F =𝑓 +𝑓 +𝑓 +⋯

aaddaa 𝑓 1 2 3

aaddaa
ww P
. P
nyd;];fspd; jpwd;fs; P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋯
. w
w .P.P
w
cUg;ngUf;fj;jpwd; 𝑚 = 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 × 𝑚3 × … ..
www w
www
24. rpWk jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d?
gLNfhzk; mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;W xU Fwpg;gpl;l

N Nett
gLNfhz
e kjpg;gpw;F rpWk epiyia
N Neett
milfpwJ. gLNfhz kjpg;gpid NkYk;

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ> jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ
l a
l i
a

et
assaa 25. epwg;gpupif vd;why; vd;d? aaddaassaa aa
jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzj;jpd; rpWk kjpg;gpw;F> rpWkj; jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; (𝐷) vd;W ngau;.

d a
d s
a s
. P
.P . P
. Paa

.N
w w w www
www www
nts;is xspapy; cs;s tz;zq;fs; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupAk; epfo;Tf;F epwg;gpupif vd;W
ngau;.
tz;zq;fspd; njhFg;Gf;F epwkhiy vd;W ngau;.

l a
l i
a
eett
ePu;jJ
lai
26. thdtpy; vt;thW Njhd;WfpwJ?
N
.i. N a i
a N
.i. Neett
; spfspdhy; R+upa xsp epwg;gpupif miltjhy; thdtpy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
l l l a
l i
a
sa
assaa ePu;jJ
ddaasaa
s
fhw;wpy; kpje;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; ePu;jJ
dd assaa
; spfs;> fz;zhb Kg;gl;lfk; Nghd;W nray;gLfpd;wd.
a
; spapDs; Eioe;j xspf;fjpu; xU KO mf vjpnuhspg;G miltjhy; Kjd;ik thdtpy;
aa aa
w
𝟒𝟎° Kjy; 𝟒𝟐° tiu. P
. P w
w . P
. P
cUthFk;. CjhtpypUe;J rptg;G tiu cs;s tz;zq;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;fhd ghu;itf; Nfhzk;
w
w
www w
www
da

Kjd;ik thdtpy;ypd; ntspg;Gwkhfj; Jiz thdtpy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ePu;jJ ; spapDs;

Eioe;j R+upa xsp ntspNaWtjw;F Kd;du;> ,uz;L KO mf vjpnuhspg;Gfis miltjhy;
Jiz thdtpy; Njhd;Wk;.
Pa

N eett
tiuapypUf;Fk;.
N N Neett
rptg;G tz;zj;jpypUe;J Cjh tz;zk; tiu ghu;g;gjw;fhd ghu;itf;Nfhzk;> 𝟓𝟐° Kjy; 𝟓𝟒°

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 27. uhNy xspr;rpjwy; vd;why; avd;addd?aauhNy
ssaaxspr;rpjwy; tpjpiaf; $W?
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww .
❖ uhNy xspr;rpjwy;:P
. P w w. P
. P
wwww
xspapd; miyePsj;ij (λ) tpl> kpfTk; Fiwthd msTila (𝑎) wwww mZf;fs; kw;Wk;
ww

%yf;$Wfspdhy; Vw;gLk; xspr;rpjwYf;F> ,uhNy xspr;rpjwy; vd;W ngau;.

N N ett
❖ uhNy xspr;rpjwy; tpjp:
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i.vjpu;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
,uhNy xspr;rpjwypy; rpjwyile;j xspapd; nrwpT> miyePsj;jpd; ehd;Fkb kjpg;Gf;F
a
assaa 28. thdk; Vd; ePyepwkhff; fhl;aa
rd
a
d as saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w. P
. P paspf; fpwJ?
w
w. P
. P
wwww w
www
Fiwe;j miyePsKila ePytz;zk; tspkz;lyj; Jfs;fspdhy;> tspkz;lyk; KOtJk;
rpjwbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ekJ fz;fspd; czu;T El;gk; Cjh tz;zj;ijtpl> ePy tz;zj;jpw;F mjpfk;. ,jd;
fhuzkhf thdk; ePyepwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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Neett N Neett
29. R+upa cjak; kw;Wk; kiwtpd;NghJ thdk; Vd; rptg;G epwkhfj; njupfpwJ?
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
R+upa cjak; kw;Wk; kiwAk; Neuq;fspy; R+upa xsp tspkz;lyk; topahf kpf ePz;l
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
njhiyT nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ.

ddaass
Fiwe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l ePy xsp rpjwyile;JtpLk;.
ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Pa
mjpf miyePsk; nfhz;l rptg;G xsp Fiwthfr; rpjwyile;J ekJ fz;fis milAk;.a
www w w
w
www www
,jd; fhuzkhf R+upad; cjak; kw;Wk; kiwtpd;NghJ thdk; rptg;G epwkhfj; njupfpwJ

30. Nkfq;fs; Vd; ntz;ikepwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd?

tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s J}R> kw;Wk; ePu;jJ; spfspd; msT (𝑎)> xspapd; miyePsj;ijtpl (𝜆)

N Nett
e N Neett
kpf mjpfkhf cs;s NghJ> (𝑎 > 𝜆) rpjwyile;j xspapd; nrwpT midj;J

lalai.i. miyePsq;fSf;Fk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
kpf mjpf msT J}R kw;Wk; ePu;jJ ; spfisg; ngw;Ws;s Nkfq;fspy; miyePsj;ijg;

aaddaa ad
a a
d
nghUj;J> xspr;rpwjy; Vw;glhky; midj;J tz;zq;fSk; rk mstpy; rpjwyilfpd;wd. a
. P
.P
,jd; fhuzkhf Nkfk; ntz;ik epwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
. P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

lai
வெடுவினாக்கள்

NN eett NN eett
l a
l i
a .1.i. Mbr; rkd;ghl;bid tUtpj;J> gf;fthl;LlalcUg;
ai .i.ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; l a
l i
a
sa
assaa ngWf. aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
nghUspd; J}uk; 𝑢, gpk;gj;jpd; J}uk; 𝑣 kw;Wk; Ftpaj;J}uk; 𝑓 Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd

w . P
. P
njhlu;gpidf; nfhLf;Fk; rkd;ghNl> Mbr;rkd;ghL MFk;.
w ww . P
. P
www w www w
da

𝐴𝐵 vd;w nghUs;; Kjd;ik mr;rpy;> tisT ikak; 𝐶 f;F mg;ghy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

𝐴´𝐵′ vd;gJ> 𝐴𝐵 d; jiyfPohd nka; gpk;gkhFk;.
∠𝐵𝑃𝐴 = ∠𝐵´𝑃𝐴′
Pa

N eett
𝛥𝐵𝑃𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝛥𝐵´𝑃𝐴´; xj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs;.
N N Neett A′ B ′
=
𝑃𝐴′
→ (1)

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. AB
A′ B ′
𝑃𝐴
𝐴′ 𝐹
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Δ𝐷𝑃𝐹 kw;Wk; Δ𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐹 xj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs; =
A′ B ′ 𝐴′ 𝐹
ddaass PD 𝑃𝐹

ddaass
aa aa
w.

= ( ∵ PD = AB )
AB
𝑃𝐴′
𝑃𝐹
𝑃𝐴′ −𝑃𝐹
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
𝑃𝐴
= 𝑃𝐹 w
www w
www
ww

PA = −u ; PA′ = −v ; PF = −f
v v−f

N N
uee
=ttf
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 1 1 1
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
= −
u f 𝑣
ddaass d a
d s
a s
1
v
+u=
1 1
f
P aa
,J Mbr;rkd;ghL MFk;
. . P . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www
பக்கவாட்டு உருப்வபருக்கம் = வபாருளின் உயரம்
www
பிம்பத்தின் உயரம்

ℎ′
𝑚=

N Neett ℎ

N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
15 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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a
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aa
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N eett
rkd;ghL (1) ,y; ,Ue;J
N
A′ B ′
=
N Neett
𝑃𝐴′

lalai .i. AB

l a
l i
a .i.
𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ = −ℎ′ ; 𝐴𝐵 = ℎ; 𝑃𝐴′ = −𝑣; 𝑃𝐴 = −𝑢
𝑃𝐴

l a
l i
a
assaa 𝑚= =
ℎ′ −𝑣
aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ℎ 𝑢
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www
Mb rkd;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp cUg;ngUf;fr; rkd;ghL
w
www 𝑚=
ℎ′
ℎ
=
𝑓−𝑣
𝑓
𝑓
= 𝑓−𝑢

2. xspapd; Ntfj;ijf; fz;lwpAk; /gp]PA (𝑭𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒂𝒖) Kiwia tptup.

N Nett
e
Ma;Tf;fUtpfs;:
N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
fhw;W Clfj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfj;ijf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Ma;Tf; fUtp glj;jpy;
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
xsp%yk; 𝑆 ,ypUe;J tUk; xspahdJ ghjp nts;sp G+rg;gl;l fz;zhbj;jfl;bd; kPJ (𝐺)
tpOfpwJ.
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w www
www www
fz;zhbj;jfL> xspiag; nghUj;J 45° Nfhzj;jpy; rha;eJ ; s;sJ. 𝑁 gw;fSk;> 𝑁
ntl;LfSk; nfhz;l RoYk; gw;rf;fuj;jpd;; xU ntl;L topNa nry;Yk; xsp
gw;rf;fuj;jpypUe;J ePz;l njhiytpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rkjs Mb 𝑀 My;

lai
vjpnuhspf;fg;gLfpwJ. gw;rf;fuk; Roytpy;iynadpy;> vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l xsp mNj ntl;L
topNa kPz;Lk; nrd;W> cw;W Nehf;Fgtupd; fz;fis milfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Ntiy nra;Ak; Kiw:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa RoYk;
NfhzNtfk;
a dd as
RopapypUe;J
a
aa
s
gw;rf;fuj;jpd;
a aaddaassaa
𝜔 kjpg;gpw;F
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ntl;L
www w
www
da

topahfr; nrd;w xspf;fjpu;

rkjs Mbapdhy;
vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l gpd;G>
mLj;j gy;ypdhy; KOtJk;
Pa

N Neett
jLf;fg;gLk; tiu
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. gw;rf;fuj;jpd;
mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ntfk;
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

rkd;ghl;bid tUtpj;jy;:

ww. P
.
காற்றில் ஒளியின் வவகம்P w
w . P
. P
= w
www w
www
ஒளி பற்சக்கரத்தில் இருந்து ஆடிக்கு வசன்று மீண்டும் பற்சக்கரத்தத அதையும் வதாதலவு
எடுத்துக்வகாண்ை வெரம்
ww

2𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡

N Neett N Neett
xsp Kjd; Kjypy; kiwAk; Neuj;jpy;> gw;rf;fuj;jpd; Nfhz Ntfk;; ω = θ/t

l a
l i
a .i. 𝜃= a
lai.i.
வட்ைத்தின் வமாத்தக்வகாணம்
l l a
l i
a
assaa saa s aa
பற்களின் எண்ணிக்தக + வவட்டுக்களின் எண்ணிக்தக
π
ddaa s d a
d a s
θ = 2π/2N =
N
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
𝜋
w w
w w w
w
www www
ω=
𝑁𝑡
π
t=
Nω
2dNω

N N
v=
eett π
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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N Neett N Neett
mLj;jLj;Js;s gw;fspdhy; xsp kiwf;fg;gLk; NghJ Njhd;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;r xspr;nrwptpidf;

lalai .i. l a
l ai .i.
cz;ikahd xspapd; Ntfj;jpw;F kpf neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
l a
l i
fhz;gjpy; gp]PAtpw;F rpy ,lu;ghLfs; Njhd;wpd. vdpDk; ,tu; fz;lwpe;j xspapd; Ntfk; >
a
assaa vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
rpy El;gkhd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fhw;wpy; xspapd; Ntfk; 𝑣 = 2.99792 × 108 𝑚 𝑠 −1

ww. P
. P ww .P.P
3. w
ww(my;
xspA+l;l Muk; w
w yJ) ];ney; rhsuj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg;wwngWf.
w
❖ Mu xspA+l;ly; (];ndy; rhsuk;)

N Nett
e N Neett
ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J tUk; xspiaj; jz;zPUf;Fs; ,Ue;J ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ekJ ghu;it
khWepiyf; Nfhzj;jpw;Fr; (𝑖𝑐 ) rkkhd xU Nfhzj;jpw;Fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l MuKila xspA+l;lg;gl;l tl;lg;gug;gpw;F ];ndy; rhsuk; vd;W ngau;.
l i
a

et
assaa ePu;tho; tpyq;Ffspd;
a ddas
a aa
s
ghu;itf;Nfhzk;>
a khWepiyf;
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P
Nfhzj;jpd; ,Uklq;fpw;Fr; (2𝑖𝑐 ) rkkhd Nfhzj;jpw;Fs;
. P
. P

.N
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
w w
w
jz;zPupd; khWepiyf;Nfhzk;
www
www
48.6°. vdNt Nky;Nehf;fpg; ghu;f;Fk; nkhj;j $k;G tbt
ghu;itf; Nfhzk; 97.2° MFk;.
www

lai
tl;lg;gug;gpd; Muk; (𝑅)> ePu;tho; tpyq;F vt;tsT

N Neett
Moj;jpypUe;J
nghUj;jJ.
(𝑑) NkNy ghu;f;fpwJ

N Neett
vd;gijg;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa ❖ ];ndy; rhsuj;jpd; Muj;ij afz;adlda ass; aa
wpjy;
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
xspahdJ 𝑑 Moj;jpYs;s> 𝐴 vd;w Gs;spapypUe;J ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝐵 Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; xsptpyfYf;F R2 + 𝑑 2 𝑛1 2

= ( )
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 𝑅2 𝑛2
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑛2
→ (1)
l a
lai .i. d2 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
sinic = =
𝑛1
ddaass 𝑅2 𝑛22
ddaass
aa aa
w.

Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 apy; sinic =

ww. P
. P 𝑅
→ (2) 𝑅 = 𝑑√ w
w . P
. P
𝑛22
w
www
√𝑑 2 +𝑅2
w
www 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
ww

mlHFiw Clfk; fhw;W vdpy; n2 = 1 ,

𝑅 𝑛2 n1 = 𝑛

N Neett
√𝑑 2 + 𝑅2
=
𝑛1
N Neett 1 1

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. 𝑅 = 𝑑√𝑛2−1 my;yJ 𝑅 = 𝑑 [
l a
l i
a √𝑛2 −1
]

assaa 4. xsp ,io xd;wpd; Vw;Gf; Nfhzk;

aaddaassaa
a
kw;Wk; vz;zpay; Jisf;fhd rkd;ghl;i ad
lg;
a
d s
a aa
s
ngWf.
w w.P. P ww . P
. P
❖ xsp ,ioapd;
w
wwVw;w
Gf;Nfhzk; www w
xsp ,ioapd; cl;gFjpapy;> cs;sfk; ntspg;G+r;R re;jpf;Fk; gug;gpy; tpOk; xspf;fjpupd;

N Neett N N ett
gLNfhzk;> khWepiyf;Nfhzj;jpy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpy;> xsp ,ioapd; Kidapy; xU
e
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
17 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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N Neett N Neett
Fwpg;gpl;l gLNfhzj;jpy; xspf;fjpiu nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gLNfhzj;jpw;F xsp ,ioapd;

lalai .i. Vw;Gf;Nfhzk; vd;W ngau;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Vw;Gf;Nfhzk; cs;sfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; (𝑛1 )> ntspg;G+r;rpd; xsptpyfy; vz; (𝑛2 ) kw;Wk;
aass
ntspg;Gw Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; (𝑛3 ) Mfpatw;iwr; rhu;eJ
dd ddaas
; s;sJ.s
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w
w
𝐴 Gs;spapy; xsp Vw;Gf; Nfhzj;jpy; (𝑖𝑎 ) tpOfpwJ vd;f.
w www
www
𝐴 Gs;spapy; ];ndy; tpjp www
n3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 = 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎 → (1)
,ioapd; cl;Gwk; KO mf vjpnuhspg;G eilngw Ntz;Lnkd;why;>; 𝐵 Gs;spapy; tpOk;

lai
xspapd; gLNfhzk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; khWepiyf; Nfhzkhf( 𝑖𝑐 ) ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐵 Gs;spapy; ];ndy; tpjp
l a
l i
a .i.
sinra = √1 − cos2 𝑟𝑎
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa n1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛90°

aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
.
(𝑛12 − 𝑛22 ) P
w
www w
www
da

sinra = √
𝑛12
𝑛2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛12 − 𝑛22
𝑛1
Pa

= √𝑛12 − 𝑛22

N Neett N Neett
n3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 = 𝑛1 √
𝑛12

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ΔABC apy; ic = 90° − ra

ddaass 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 = √
𝑛12 − 𝑛22
ddaass
aa 𝑛32
aa
w.

ww.
𝑛2 P
. P w
w . P
. P
sin(90° − ra ) = w
www 𝑛1 𝑖𝑎 = sin −1w
www [√
𝑛12 − 𝑛22
𝑛32
]
ww

N ee
vz;
N tpay;
z t Jis N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
xsp 0 Kjy; 𝑖𝑎 tiuapyhd ve;j xU gLNfhzj;ijAk; xsp ,ioapd; Kidg;gug;gpd;

assaa add asaa

s
ad
a d s
a aa
s
nrq;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;ilg; nghUj;J Vw;gLj;Jk;. gLNfhz kjpg;igf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;
a a
$k;G> Vw;Gf;$k;G vdg;gLk;. ,f;$k;gpDs; xsp ve;jj; jpirapYk; xsp ,ioapd; cs;Ns
a
Eioayhk;.
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www
vz;zpay; Jis 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛3 sin 𝑖𝑎 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22
ntspg;Gw Clfk; fhw;W vdpy; 𝑛3 = 1
w
www
𝑁𝐴 = sin 𝑖𝑎 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
18 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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Neett N Neett
5. fz;zhbg; gl;lfk; (𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃) xd;wpd; topahfg; ghAk; xspapd; gf;fthl;L
N
lalai .i.,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa ssaa
fz;zhbg;gl;lfk;; topNa xsp nry;Yk;NghJ mjd;; ,uz;L xsptpyF gug;GfspYk; xsptpyfy;

aaddaa aaddaa
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fz;zhbg;gl;lfj;jpd; cs;Ns xsp nry;Yk;NghJ> mlu; Fiw Clfj;jpy;

ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
,Ue;J mlu;kpF Clfj;jpw;F nry;tjhy; nrq;Fj;Jf;Nfhl;il Nehf;fp tpyFk;.
fz;zhbg; gl;lfj;jpypUe;J xsp ntspNaWk;NghJ> mlu;kpF Clfj;jpypUe;J> mlu;Fiw
w
www w
www
Clfj;jpw;F nry;tjhy; nrq;Fj;Jf;Nfhl;il tpl;L tpyfpr;nry;Yk;.
fz;zhbg; gl;lfj;jpypUe;J ntsptUk; xspf;fjpu; gf;fthl;L ,lg;ngau;r;rp (𝐿) mile;J
gLfjpupd; jpirf;F ,izahf nry;fpd;wd.

N Nett
jbkd; (𝑡), xsptpyfy; vz;
e
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
N N ett
(𝑛) nfhz;l fz;zhbg;gl;lfk; fhw;W Clfj;jpy;
e
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa as
a aa
s
𝐶𝐸 gf;fthl;L ,lg;ngau;r;rp (𝐿) I nfhLf;Fk;.
aadd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝛥𝐵𝐶𝐸-apy;
. P
.P
sin(i − r) = BC
L

. P
. P

.N
w w
w www
BC =
L
sin(𝑖 − 𝑟) www
→ (1)
𝑡
www

lai
𝛥𝐵𝐶𝐹-apy; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 =
𝐵𝐶

N Neett t
BC = cos 𝑟 → (2)
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ∵
L t
= cos 𝑟
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa s aa
sin(𝑖−𝑟)

sin(𝑖 − 𝑟)
ddaa s ddaa s
𝐿 = 𝑡(
cos 𝑟
)
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
www w w
w
www www
da

(𝑖) fz;zhbg;gl;lfj;jpd; jbkd; (𝑖𝑖) gLNfhzk; (𝑖𝑖𝑖) fz;zhbg;gl;lfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;

Mfpatw;Wf;F gf;fthl;L ,lg;ngau;r;rp NeHj;jfT
Pa

Neett N Neett
6. xw;iwf; Nfhsfg;gug;gpy; Vw;gLk; xsptpyfSf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
N
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 xsptpyfy; vz; nfhz;l
l a
lai .i.
,uz;L Clfq;fs; Nfhsfg;gug;G
l a i
a
xd;wpdhy;
l
assaa ssaa saa
s
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 𝑂 vd;w Gs;spg; nghUs; 𝑛1 xsptpyfy; nfhz;l Clfj;jpy; cs;sJ.

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

𝑂 tpypUe;J tUk; xspf;fjpu; 𝑁 Gs;spapy; tpOfpwJ.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
,q;F 𝑛2 > 𝑛1 . vdNt> mlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; cs;s xspf;fjpu; nrq;Fj;Jf;Nfhl;bid Nehf;fp
w
www w
www
tpyfp Kjd;ik mr;ir 𝐼 vd;w Gs;spapy; re;jpf;fpwJ. mg;Gs;spapy; gpk;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ww

𝑁 Gs;spapy; 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑟

N N ett
Nfhzq;fs; kpfr;rpwpait > 𝑛1 𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑟 → (1)
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝛥𝑁𝑂𝑃> 𝛥𝑁𝐶𝑃 kw;Wk; 𝛥𝑁𝐼𝑃 ypUe;J>
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = 𝑃𝑂 ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 =
ddaa
𝑃𝐶ss ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 = 𝑃𝐼
d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁
𝛼 = 𝑃𝑂 ; 𝛽 = 𝑃𝐶 ; 𝛾 =
w w
w 𝑃𝑁
w
w
→ (2) (∵ Nfhzq;fs;
w
www www
𝑃𝐼
kpfr;rpwpait )
𝛥𝑂𝑁𝐶> apypUe;J 𝑖 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 → (3)
𝛥𝐼𝑁𝐶> apypUe;J> 𝑟 = 𝛽 – 𝛾 → (4)

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
19 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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N eett
n1 α + n2 γ = (n2 − n1 )β
N N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁
𝑛1 ( ) + 𝑛2 ( ) = (𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ) ( )
l a
l i
𝑃𝑁
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝐼 𝑃𝐶
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛2 − 𝑛1
+ =
ddaass ddaass
𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝐼 𝑃𝐶
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
𝑛2
𝑣
−
n1
u
=
𝑛2 −𝑛1
𝑅 www → (5)
n 1 𝑛−1
www
𝑛1 = 1 , 𝑛2 = 𝑛 vdpy; − =
v u 𝑅

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. vOJf.
l a
l i
a .i.
7. nyd;]; cUthf;Fgtupd; rkd;ghl;il tUtpj;J> mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
l a
l i
a

et
assaa itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a
xsptpyfy; vz; 𝑛2 nfhz;l nky;ypa Ftpnyd;]; xsptpyfy; vz; 𝑛1 nfhz;l Clfj;jpy; aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w
w
𝑅1 kw;Wk; 𝑅2 vd;git Nfhsfg;gug;Gfspd;; tisT Muq;fs; vd;f.
w www
www www
Kjd;ik mr;rpy; cs;s 𝑂 vd;w Gs;spg;; nghUspypUe;J Gwg;gLk; xspf;fjpu; Nfhsfg;gug;G
(1) ,y; gl;L tpyfyile;J 𝐼′ vd;w gpk;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;; Nfhsfg;gug;G

lai
(2) My; tpyfy; mile;J ,Wjp gpk;gk; 𝐼 glj;jpy;; fhl;bAs;sthW fpilf;fpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
xw;iw Nfhsfg;gug;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; xsptpyfYf;fhd nghJthd rkd;ghL
n2

l
v
a
l i
−
a
n1
u
=
𝑛2 −𝑛1
𝑅
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
xsptpyF gug;G (1) ,y;> xspf;fjpu; 𝑛1 ,ypUe;J 𝑛2 f;F nry;fpwJ
n2 n1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1
→ (1) aaddaa aaddaa
v′
− =
u 𝑅1
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

xsptpyF gug;G (2) ,y; xspf;fjpu; 𝑛2 Clfj;jpy;

,Ue;J 𝑛1 Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpwJ.
n1 n2 𝑛1 − 𝑛2
− ′ = → (2)
v v 𝑅2
Pa

N eett
n1 n1
N
1 1
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. v
− = (𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ) ( − )
u 𝑅1 𝑅2
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
1 1 n2 1 1
− = ( − 1) ( − ) → (6)
v u n1 𝑅1 𝑅2
ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
nghUs; <upy;yhj; njhiytpy;w
www
nyd;]pd; Ftpaj;jpy; mikAk;.
,Ue;jhy;>w
www gpk;gk;
ww

𝑢 = ∞> 𝑣 = 𝑓
1 n2 1 1

N f
Neett
= ( − 1) ( − ) → (7)
n1 𝑅1 𝑅2
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
nyd;]; fhw;W Clfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lhy;. 𝑛2 = 𝑛 kw;Wk; 𝑛1 = 1.
l a
l i
a
assaa 1
f
= (n − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 )
1 1

aaddaasaa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
,e;j rkd;ghL nyd;]; cUthf;Fgtupd; rkd;ghL vdg;gLk;.
aa
P P
1 2

w
w . . P w
w. . P
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: w
www w
www
,r;rkd;ghl;bid nfhz;L ehk; tpUk;Gk; Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;F vt;tsT tisT Muk; nfhz;l
Nfhsfg;gug;G Njit vd;gijAk;> ve;j xsptpyfy; vz; nfhz;l nghUisg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; nyd;]; cUthf;Fgtu; mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhu;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
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N eett
(6) kw;Wk; (7) ,ypUe;J
N
1

N
−u=
Ne
1
ett 1
,r;rkd;ghL nyd;]; rkd;ghL vdg;gLk;

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
v f

l a
l i
a
assaa 8. nky; dda
ypa nyd;]; xd;wpw;fhd rkd;
aa agssaial tUtpj;J> mjpypUe;J
hl;
aaddaassaa
ww P
. P
cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag;
. ngWf.
w
w .P.P
wwww wwww
h cauk; nfhz;l𝑂𝑂′ vd;w nghUs; Kjd;ik mr;Rf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
h′ cauKs;s jiyfPohd nka;gpk;gk; 𝐼𝐼′ fpilf;fpwJ.
பிம்பத்தின் உயரம்
பக்கவாட்டு உருப்வபருக்கம் = .
வபாருளின் உயரம்

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑚 = 𝑂𝑂′
𝐼𝐼′

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa xj;j Kf;Nfhzq;fs;
apypUe;J
aaddas
a
𝛥𝑃𝑂𝑂′ aa
s kw;Wk; 𝛥𝑃𝐼𝐼′ >
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
II′ PI

w w
w www
www www
=
OO′ PO
FwpaPl;L kugpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ>
−ℎ ′ 𝑣

lai
= ℎ
= −𝑢

N eett
cUg;ngUf;fk;> m =
N
−ℎ′
=
𝑣

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ℎ ′
𝑣
ℎ −𝑢

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
m= =
ℎ 𝑢
aaddaa aaddaa
ww. P
. P
cUg;ngUf;fk; nka;gpk;gq;fSf;F vjpu; Fwp> kha gpk;gq;fSf;F Neu;Fwp
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

Fopnyd;];fSf;F cUg;ngUf;fk; vg;NghJk; Neu;FwpahFk;> NkYk; xd;iwtpl FiwthFk;.

nyd;]; rkd;ghl;bidAk;> cUg;ngUf;fr; rkd;ghl;bidAk; xd;wpizj;jhy;
ℎ′ 𝑓 ℎ′ 𝑓−𝑣
𝑚= ℎ
= 𝑓+𝑢 (my;yJ) 𝑚 = ℎ
= 𝑓
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
9. Kg;gl;lfk; xd;wpd; jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtpj;J>
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
mjpypUe;J Kg;gl;lfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghUspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf;
fhz;gjw;fhd NfhitiatUtp.
d da ass ddaass
aa aa
w.

ww . P
. P
❖ Kg;gl;lfk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jpirkhw; wf; Nfhzk;
w
w . P
. P
www w
𝑃𝑄 vd;w gLfjph; Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; tpyFKfk; w
www
ww

𝐴𝐵 - ,y; tpOfpwJ.; ,e;j fjpUf;fhd

gLNfhzk; kw;Wk; tpyF Nfhzq;fs;
KiwNa 𝑖1 kw;Wk; 𝑟1 MFk;. Kg;gl;lfj;jpd;

N eett
cs;Ns xspf;fjpupd; ghij 𝑄𝑅 MFk;.
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐴𝐶 apd; gLNfhzk; kw;Wk; tpyFNfhzq;fs;
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa KiwNa 𝑟2 kw;Wk; 𝑖2 MFk;.
𝑅𝑆 vd;gJ ntspNaWk; fjpuhFk;. 𝑖2 vd;gJ
aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
ntspNaW Nfhzk;.;
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www
𝑃𝑄 tpd; jpirf;Fk; 𝑅𝑆 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
w
www
Nfhzj;jpw;F jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; (𝑑) vd;W ngau;.
𝑄 kw;Wk; 𝑅 f;;F tiuag;gLk; nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhLfs; 𝑄𝑁 kw;Wk; 𝑅𝑁, 𝑁 Gs;spapy; re;jpf;fpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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N Neett N Neett
gLfjpu; kw;Wk; ntspNaWfjpu; ,uz;Lk; 𝑀 ,y; re;jpf;fpd;wd.

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
𝐴𝐵 gug;gpd; jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; ∠RQM = d1 = 𝑖1 − 𝑟1
l a
l i
a
assaa nkhj;j jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk;
aaddaassaa
𝐴𝐶 gug;gpd; jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; ∠QRM = d2 = 𝑖2 − 𝑟2
d = d1 + d2
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www
𝑑 = (𝑖1 − 𝑟1 ) + (𝑖2 − 𝑟2 ) → (1) w
www
ehw;fuk; 𝐴𝑄𝑁𝑅>; ,y; (𝑄 kw;Wk; 𝑅) nrq;Nfhzq;fshFk;. vdNt> ∠A + ∠QNR = 180°
Δ𝑄𝑁𝑅 ,y; 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 180° → (3)

N Nett
e
∴ 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝐴
N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑑 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝐴
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa Kg;gl;lfg;nghUspd; xsptpyfy;aadvz;
a
d s
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w w ww
rpWk jpirkhw;w epiyapy;> 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 𝑖 kw;Wk; 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = 𝑟
w
www
𝐷 = 2𝑖 − 𝐴 my;yJ i =
A
A+D
2 www
2𝑟 = 𝐴 my;yJ r =

lai
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖

N e
𝑛=
N ett
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐴+𝐷
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
sin ( 2 )
𝑛=
𝐴
ddaass ddaass
sin ( 2 )
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
w w w w
w vd;d? Clfk; xd;wpd; epwg;gpupifj;; jpwDf; fw
w w
da

10. epwg;gpupif ww
vd; why; w
w hd
Nfhitiag ngWf.
nts;is xspapy; cs;s tz;zq;fs; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupAk; epfo;Tf;F epwg;gpupif vd;W
Pa

NN e tt
ngau;. ,t;tz;zq;fspd; njhFg;Gf;F epwkhiy vd;W ngau;.
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .❖i. epwg;gpupifjpwd; (my;yJ) gpupjpwd; l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa Kg;gl;lff;Nfhzk; 10° vd;w
a add aassaamstpy; cs;s rpWNfhz
ddaasaa
s
Kg;gl;lfq;fSf;F
aa
w.

w w. P
jpirkhw;wf;NfhzKk; rpwpajhFk;.
.
jpirkhw;wf; Nfhzk; 𝛿 vdpy; P w
w . P
. P
𝐴+𝛿
sin ( 2 )www w w
www
ww

𝑛=
𝐴
sin ( 2 )

N eett
𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝛿 rpwpa Nfhzq;fs;. vdNt>
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐴+𝛿
𝛿
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
2
𝑛= = 1+𝐴
𝐴
2

ddaass d a
d s
a s
δ = (n − 1)A
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www
ntt;NtW tz;zq;fSf;fhd jpirkhw;wKk; xsptpyfy; vz;Zk; ntt;Ntwhdit
Cjh kw;Wk; rptg;G tz;zq;fSf;fhd rpWk jpir khw;wf; Nfhzq;fs; 𝛿𝑉 , 𝛿𝑅 kw;Wk;
xsptpyfy; vz;fs; 𝑛𝑉 , 𝑛𝑅

N N ett
δV = (nV − 1)A
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
22 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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aa
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N eett
𝛿𝑅 = (𝑛𝑅 − 1)𝐴
N N Neett
lalai .i. 𝛿𝑉 > 𝛿𝑅 kw;Wk; 𝑛𝑉 > 𝑛𝑅
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 𝛿𝑉 – 𝛿𝑅 = (𝑛𝑉 – 𝑛𝑅 )𝐴

aaddaassaa
aaddaa
𝛿𝑉 – 𝛿𝑅 vd;gJ epwkhiyapy; cs;s ,uz;L vy;iy tz;zq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd (Cjh
ssaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
kw;Wk; rptg;G) Nfhzg;gpupif vdg;gLk;. Nfhzg;gpupiff;Ff; Nfhz epwg;gpupif vd;W ngah;
w
www w
www
epwq;fisg; gpupf;Fk; Kg;gl;lfg;nghUspd; jpwDf;F Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; epwg;gpupifjpwd; vd;W
ngau;.
வகாண ெிறப்பிரிதக
epwg;gpupif jpwd; 𝜔 = தமய திதசமாற்ற வகாணம்

N Nett
e
ω=
δV − δR
N Neett
lalai.i. 𝛿
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa ω = n − n V R
aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝑛−1
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
epwg;gpupif jpwd; xU gupkhzkw;w vz;. ,jw;F myF fpilahJ. vg;NghJk; NeHf;Fwp.
www www
Kg;gl;lfg;nghUspd; jd;ikia kl;LNk rhHe;jJ. Kg;gl;lff; Nfhzj;ij rhHe;jJ my;y.

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa அலகு 𝟕sa
aaddaa s a ஒளியியல்
அதல
aaddaassaa
ww. PP
. குறுவினாக்கள் w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

1. xspapd; Ez;Jfs; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit?

Pa

N Neett
• epa+l;ld; vLj;Jiuj;jhH ,

N Neett
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 (1637) gupe;Jiuj;jhH.

l a
l i
a .i.❖

l a
lai .i.
நுண்துகள் தகாள்லகயின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள்

l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
1. xsp kpfr;rpwpa> epiwaw;w KO kPl;rpAWk; Ez;Jfs;fis ckpo;fpd;wJ.

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

2. Ez;Jfs;fs; kpfr;rpwpait. vdNt> xsp%yk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F xspia ckpo;e;jhYk;>

ww. P
. P
mjd; epiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; Vw;glhJ.
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
3. Ez;Jfs;fs; kpf Ntfkhfr; nry;tjhy;> GtpaPu;g;G tpirapdhy; ghjpg;G milahJ.
ww

4. xNu xsptpyfy; vz; nfhz;l rPuhd Clfj;jpy; Ez;Jfs;fspd; ghij xU Neu;;NfhlhFk;.

5. Ez;Jfs;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wNy xspapd; Mw;wyhFk;.

N N ett N N ett
6. Ez;Jfs;fs; tpopj;jpiuapd; kPJ NkhJtjhy; ghu;it Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
7. ntt;NtW msTfs; nfhz;l Ez;Jfs;fs; ntt;NtW tz;zq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
a l a
l i
a
assaa saa
s s aa
s
8. Ez;Jfs;fs; ,uz;L Clfq;fisg; gpupf;Fk; jsj;jpid milAk; NghJ> mit

aaddaa ad
a a
d
<u;f;fglyhk; (xsptpyfy;) my;yJ tpyf;fg;glyhk;( xsp vjpnuhspg;G) a
❖ குலைகள்
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www
xspahdJ mlu;Fiw Clfj;jpy; NtfkhfTk;>
nry;tjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;f Kbatpy;iy.
w
wwwmlu;kpF Clfj;jpy; nkJthfTk;

FWf;fPl;L tpisT> tpspk;G tpisT kw;Wk; js tpisT epfo;Tfis tpsf;f Kbatpy;iy

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
23 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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Neett N Neett
2. xspapd; miyf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa fUj;Jfs; vd;d?
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a
Clfj;jpd; topahf xsp guTtij tpsf;FfpwJ .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ,e;j khWghL
aadd ssaa
ntsp KOtJk; epuk;gpAs;s <ju; (𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟)
aad
vd;wd s
,e;j nfhs;ifapd;gb> xsp vd;gJ xsp%yj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; xU khWghlhFk;.
aa aa saa
Clfj;jpd; topNa

ww. P
.
nel;liy tbtpy; guTfpwJ P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
xsp vjpnuhspg;G> xsptpyfy;> FWf;fPl;L tpisT kw;Wk; tpspk;G tpisT Nghd;w xspapd;
tpisTfis tpsf;fpaJ.
❖ குலைகள்

<ju; Clfj;ijg; gw;wpa ,tu; nfhs;if jtW vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

N Nett
e N Neett
ntw;wplj;jpd; topNa xsp vt;thW guTfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;f Kbatpy;iy.
lalai.i. l a
l ai
xspapd; jstpisitAk;; tpsf;f Kbtpay;iy..i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa 3. xspapd; kpd;fhe;j miyf; anfhs;
d
a da assaa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P ifapd; rpwg;gk;rk; vd;d?
. P
. P

.N
w ww www
www www
xsp> FWf;fiy tbtpy; guTk; kpd;fhe;j Mw;wiy Rke;J nry;Yk; kpd;fhe;j miy vd;W
Nkf;];nty; (1864) ep&gpj;jhu;.
kpd;fhe;j miy guTtjw;F Clfk; Njitapy;iy.

lai
xspapd; midj;J epfo;TfisAk; ,f;nfhs;if ntw;wpfukhf ep&gpj;jJ.

N eett
❖ குலைகள்
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. xspkpd; tpisT
l a
l i
a .i.
kw;Wk; fhk;ld; tpisT
l a
l
Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;f Kbatpy;iy i
a
sa
assaa 4. xspapd; Fthz;lf; nfhs;iafiag;
d
a a
d assaa
aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

My;gu;l; Id;];Bd; (1905)> Nkf;]; gpshq; (1900) -fpd; fUj;Jfis gad;gLj;jp xspkpd;
tpisit tpsf;fpdhu;.
xspkpd; tpistpd;gb> xspahdJ /Nghl;lhd; tbtpy; gUg;nghUspd; kPJ Nkhjp>
gUg;nghUspypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fis ckpor; nra;fpwJ. /Nghl;lhd; vd;gJ jdpj;jdp Mw;wy;
Pa

rpg;gq;fshFk;.

N Neett N
xt;nthU /Nghl;lhDk; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; 𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ℎ vd;gJ gpshq; khwpypahFk;. (ℎ = 6.625 × 10– 34 𝐽𝑠)

d aass
𝑣 vd;gJ kpd;fhe;j miyapd; mjpu;ntz;
d ddaass
aa aa
w.

ww. P
. P
miyg;gz;G kw;Wk; Jfs;gz;G ,uz;ilAk;; xUq;Nf ngw;Ws;s
,ul;ilg;gz;G vd;W ngau;.
w
w . P P
xspapd; ,g;gz;gpw;F>
.
xsp guTk;NghJ w
www w
www
miyahfTk;> gUg;nghUSld; ,iltpid GupAk;NghJ JfshfTk;
ww

nray;gLfpd;wJ

N N ett
5. miyKfg;G vd;why; vd;d?
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. xNu
l lai.i.
epiyapy; my;yJ xNu fl;lj;jpy; mjpu;tilAk; Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Kd;Gw
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ciwf;F miyKfg;G vd;W ngau;.

ddaass d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
24 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
6. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F miyKfg;gpd; tbtq;fs; ahit: (m) <wpyhj;njhiytpy;
N
lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
%yk; (M) Gs;sp %yk; (,) Neupay; %yk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa 1 வ.எண் ஒளி மூைம்

a
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
addaassaa அலைமுகப்பு
Nfhsf
aaddaassaa
. P
. P
njhiytpy; cs;s
ww
miyKfg;G
w
w .P.P
2 w
Gs;sp xsp%yk;;
www
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
njhiytpy; cs;s
cUistbt
miyKfg;G
w
www
ePl;lg;gl;l(m) Nfhl;L
xsp%yk;

N Nett
3
e <upy;yhj; njhiytpy;
N
rkjs
Neett
lalai.i. mike;Js;s; xsp%yk;
l a
l i
a .i.miyKfg;G
l a
l i
a

et
assaa 7. i`nfd;]; nfhs;ifia a$Wf
d
a das
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w w www
miyKfg;gpYs;s xt;nthU Gs;spAk; ,uz;lhk;epiy miyf;Fl;bfis cUthf;Fk; xsp
www
%ykhfr; nray;gLk;.
www
,uz;lhk; epiy miyf;Fl;bfs;> miyapd; Ntfj;jpy;> Clfj;jpd; midj;Jj; jpirfspYk;
guTk;.

lai
,uz;lhk; epiy miyf;Fl;bfspd; Kd;Gw ciw> mLj;J Vw;gLk; Gjpa miyKfg;igf;

N eett
nfhLf;Fk;.
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 8. xspapd; FWf;fPl;L tpisTavd;
d
a
why;ss
daa aad?
vd;
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w
w . P
,uz;L xsp miyfs; xd;wpd; kPJ kw;nwhd;W Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhy; rpy Gs;spfspy; xspr;nrwpT
. P
mjpfupf;Fk;> NtWrpy Gs;spfspy; xspr;nrwpT FiwAk; epfo;Tf;F xspapd; FWf;fPl;L tpisT
w
www w
www
da

vd;W ngaH.

9. miy xd;wpd; fl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

Pa

N N e tt
mjpu;tpd; Nfhzepiyf;Ff; fl;lk; (𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) vd;W ngaH;.
e NN eett
l a
l i
a .i10.. fl;l NtWghl;bw;Fk;> ghij NtWghl;bw;lFalk;ai.ics;
. s njhlu;ig tUtp? l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

mjpu;tpd; Nfhzepiyf;Ff; fl;lk; vd;W ngau;.

ww . P
. P
Xu; miyePsk; 𝜆 tpw;Fr; rkkhd fl;lk; 2𝜋 MFk;.
ww . P
. P
wwww 𝜆
𝜙 fl;lNtWghl;bw;Fr; rkkhd ghij NtWghL 𝛿 = 2𝜋 × 𝜙 wwww
my;yJ 𝜙 =
2𝜋
×𝛿
ww

N N ett
11. Xupay; %yq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
xNu fl;l NtWghL my;yJ xNu fl;lj;ij cila miyfis cUthf;Fk; ,uz;L
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
miy%yq;fs; Xupay; %yq;fs; MFk;.
,uz;L miy%yq;fSk; xNu
ddaass
mjpu;ntz; my;yJ miyePsk; nfhz;l
d a
d s
a s
miyfis
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w w w
wG vt;thW Xupay; %yq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ? w
w
12.miyKfg;Gw
g;w
gFg; www
Gs;sp xsp%yk; xd;W Nfhsf miyKfg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,e;j miyKfg;gpy; cs;s xt;nthU Gs;spAk; xNu fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
25 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett N Neett
,ul;ilg;gpsT xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp miyKfg;gpYs;s ,z;L Gs;spfisj; Nju;T nra;jhy;

lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
mt;tpuz;L Gs;spfSk; Xupay; xsp%yq;fshfr; nray;gLk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa 13.xspr;nrwpT (my;yJ) tPr;Ra
g;gFg;a
add Gass
vd;
awahy; vd;d?
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w
w .P.P
gFjp nts;sp G+rg;gl;l fz;zhb topNa xspiar; nrYj;Jk;NghJ> xNu Neuj;jpy; xsp
w
www
vjpnuhspg;G kw;Wk; xsptpyfy; ,uz;Lk; Vw;gLk;.
w
www
xNu xsp%yj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L xspf;fw;iwfisg; ngWtjhy;> ,uz;L xspf;fw;iwfSk;
Xupay; xspf;fw;iwfshfr; nray;gLk;.
,uz;L Xupay; xspf; fw;iwfSk; xNu fl;lj;jpy; my;yJ khwhj fl;l NtWghl;by; cs;sd.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
14.xsp%yKk; mjd; gpk;gKk; vt;thW Xupay; %yq;fshfr; nray;gLfpd;wd
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa s aa
vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf tptup.
ddaa s d a
d a s
. P
.Paa
miyfisf; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
. P
. Paa
xsp %yKk; mjd; gpk;gKk; xNu fl;lj;jpy; my;yJ xNu fl;l NtWghl;ilAila xsp

.N
w w
w www
www
nray;gLfpd;wd.
yhapl; fz;zhbapy;
www
g;nudy; ,ul;il Kg;gl;lfj;jpy;; ,uz;L kha gpk;gq;fs; ,uz;L Xupay; %yq;fshfr;

xsp %yKk; mjd; kha gpk;gKk; ,uz;L Xupay; %yq;fshfr;

lai
nray;gLfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
15.FWf;fPl;Lg;gl;il mikg;gpy; Njhd;Wk; gl;il mfyj;ij tiuaW.
a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aad d as
gl;ilmfyk; (𝛽) vdmiof;fg;gLfpwJ
aa
s
,uz;L mLj;jLj;j nghypTtup my;yJ fUiktupfSf;F ,ilNa
a 𝜆𝐷
aaddaassaa
cs;s njhiyT

ww . P
. P 𝛽= 𝑑

w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

16.tpspk;G tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

jilapd; tpspk;gpy; tise;J nrd;W> jilapd; tbtpay; uPjpahd epoYf;Fs; miy nry;Yk;
Pa

epfo;Tf;F tpspk;G tpisT vd;W ngaH.

N N e tt
e NNeett
l a
l i
a .i17.. g;nudy; kw;Wk; g;uhNdh/gu; tpspk;G tpisTfSf;
l a
lai .i. F ,ilNa cs;s l a
l i
a
assaa NtWghLfs; ahit? (𝒎𝒂𝒓a𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎) adda as saa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

. P
. P
t.vz; g;nudy; tpspk;G tpisT
w w w w. P
. P
g;uhdgu; tpspk;G tpisT

1
www w
Nfhsf (my;yJ) cUis tbt
miyKfg;G tpspk;G tpistpw;F
w
www
rkjs miyKfg;G tpspk;G
tpistpw;F cl;gLfpd;wJ
ww

cl;gLfpd;wJ.

N N
2
eett xsp%yk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l njhiytpy;
N Neett xsp%yk;> <upy;yhj; njhiytpy;

l a
l i
a .i. ,Uf;Fk;
l a
lai.i. ,Uf;Fk;
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
3 Ma;tf R+oypy;> Ftpnyd;];fs; gad;gLj;j Ma;tf R+oypy;> Ftpnyd;];fs;
Ntz;bajpy;iy
ddaass d a
d s
a s
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
4
.P Paa
cw;W Nehf;fy; kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;tJ
. . P Paa
cw;W Nehf;fy; kw;Wk; Ma;T
.
fbdk;
w w
w w w
wnra;tJ vspJ
www www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
26 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
18.g;uhNdh/gu; tpspk;G tpistpy; Vw;gLk; Kjy; rpWkj;jpw;fhd rpwg;G Neu;tpidf;
N
lalai .i. $Wf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa ssaa
1 𝑎 < 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 > 1 tpspk;G tpisT eilngw rhj;jpakpy;iy
2 𝑎 = 𝜆 aa
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1ddaa aaddaa
Kjy; rpWkk; 90° ,y; Vw;gLfpwJ

ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
tbtpay; uPjpahd epoy; gFjp KOtJk; ikag;ngUkk;
w
www
θ = 90°
w
www
gutp> tpspk;G tpisTf; fjpiu 90° tisf;fpwJ.
3 𝑎 > 𝜆 1 fzprkhd gutYld; tpspk;G tpisT fhzg;gLfpwJ.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑎 = 2𝜆 2 tpspk;G tpisT njspthf fhzg;gLtjw;F gpstpd;

N Nett
e 𝜃 = 30°.
N Neett
mfyk; 𝑎 MdJ miyePsk; 𝜆 it tpl xU rpy

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.klq;Ffshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
4 𝑎 ≫ 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 << 1 Kjy; rpWkk; gpstpd; mfyj;jpw;Fs;shfNt miktjhy;

ddas
a s d a
d s
a
tpspk;G tpisitf; fhz ,ayhJ.s
. P P aa .
. vd;d? mjw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.www. P
P aa

.N
w ww
www
19.g;nudy; njhiyT vd; why;
www
ve;jj; njhiyT tiu xspahdJ fjpu; xspapaYf;F cl;gLfpwNjh my;yJ ve;jj;
njhiyTf;F mg;ghy; fjpu; xspapaYf;F cl;glhky; miy xspapaYf;F cl;gLfpwNjh

lai
me;jj; njhiyT g;nudy; njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Kjy; rpWkj;jpw;fhd tpspk;G tpisTr;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a saa
s a ssaa
𝜆
rkd;ghL 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑎
aadd a aadd a
𝜃=𝑎
𝜆

w . P
. P
(∵ 𝜃 rpwpaJ)
w w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝑎
glj;jpypUe;J 𝜃 =
2𝑧
𝜆 𝑎
∵ 𝑎
= 2𝑧
Pa

N Neett
g;nudy; njhiyT 𝒛=
𝒂𝟐

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝟐𝝀

l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 20.FWf;flP ;L ad
ada
tpisTf;Fk;> tpspk;
s
a a
s a
G tpisTf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? d
aa a
d s
a a
s a
w.

t.vz;
ww . P
.
FWf;fPl;L tpisTP w
w . P
.
tpspk;G tpisTP
1 wwww
nghypT kw;Wk; fUiktupfs; xNu w
www
kw;w tupfis tpl ika tupapd; mfyk;
ww

mfyk; nfhz;lit ,U klq;F

2 vy;yh nghypT tupfSk; fpl;lj;jl;l cau; tupir tpspk;G tpisT tupfspd;

N Neett xNu xspr;nrwpitg; ngw;wpUf;Fk

N Neett xspr;nrwpT Ntfkha;f; FiwAk;.

l a
l i
a .i. 3
l lai.i.
xsp tupfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;
a l a
l i
xsp tupfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwT
a
assaa 21.tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzp avd;adwdhy;aasvd;sada? ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w .P. P w
w. P
. P
tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpapy; rk mfyKila> mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; mike;j gpsTfs;
w
www w
www
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpsTfspd; mfyk;; xspapd; miyePsj;Jld; xg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. xspGFk; nghUspd; kPJ xspGfhf;NfhLfs; tiuag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
etPd tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpapy; xU nrd;bkPl;lupy; 6000 xspGfhf;NfhLfs;
tiaug;gl;bUf;Fk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
27 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N eett
fPw;wzp%yk;
N
(𝑒 = 𝑎 + 𝑏)
N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑏 − xspGfhf;NfhLfspd; mfyk;
l a
l i
a .i.
𝑎 −xspGFk; gFjpapd; mfyk;
l a
l i
a
assaa 22.gpupj;jwpjy; vd;why; vd;d? aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P
,U Gs;spfis my;yJ mUfUNf cs;s
w
w .P.P
nghUs;fis gpupj;Jg;ghu;f;Fk; (my;yJ)
wwww w
www
NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;Fk; jpwikf;F xspapay; fUtpapd; gpupjpwd; vd;W ngau;.
nghJthfg;gpupg;G vd;w nrhy; cUthFk; gpk;gj;jpd; juj;ijAk;> gpupjpwd; vd;gJ xspapay;
fUtpapd; gpupj;jwpAk; jpwikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. gpupg;G kw;Wk; gpupjpwd; ,uz;Lk; xd;wd;
jiyfPop kw;nwhd;W MFk;

N N eett N Neett
lalai.i23.. uhNy epge;jid vd;why; vd;d? l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aad das
a aa
s
xU gpk;gj;jpYs;s ,U mLj;jLj;j Gs;spfSs; ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
xU Gs;spapDila tpspk;G tpisT ikag;
w www
www
ngUkKk; kw;wjd; Kjy; rpWkKk; nghUe;jp
te;jhNyh (my;yJ) mjw;F kWjiyahf
,Ue;jhNyh mg;Gs;spfs; rw;Nw gpupf;fg;gl;l
www

lai
Gs;spfs; (𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑) vdg;gLk;

N
,U

Neett ikag; ngUkq;fSf;F

njhiyT Fiwe;jgl;rk; 𝑟𝑜 Mf ,Uf;f
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e N Neett
l a
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N Ne
3
ett jstpisT Mf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp>
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kughd xsp %yq;fspypUe;J
N N
l a
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a .i. jstpisT milahj xspapypUe;J>
l ala i.i.
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
l a
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assaa aa aa
ngwg;gLfpwJ.

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26.Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cl;.fP
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njupT cl;ftu;jy; vd;gJ nghUspd; xU gz;ghFk;. www
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ngw;Ws;s xsp miyfisj; jd; topNa nry;y mDkjpj;Jk;> kw;w midj;J xsp
mjpu;TfisAk; cl;ftUk; nghUspd; ,g;gz;gpw;Fj; njupT cl;ftu;jy; vd;W ngau;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
28 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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eett e
27.jstpisT Mf;fp kw;Wk; jstpisT Ma;tp vd;why; vd;d?
N N NN ett
lalai .i. jstpisT Mf;fp
l a
l i
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l i
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assaa ssaa ssaa
jd; topNa ghAk; jstpistw;w xspia> jd; topNa ghAk; xspia> jstpisT
KOtJk; jstpisT mile;j xspahf
aaddaa aaddaa
mile;j xspah? my;yJ jstpisT
khw;Wk; Nghyuha;L
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milahj xspah? vd Ma;T nra;Ak;
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N et t jstpisT mile;j xsp jstpisT

e
KOtJk;
N N Neetmilahj
t j xspkw;Wk; gFjp
lalai.i. l a
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jstpisT mile;
l a
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assaa aa das
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s
jstpisT Ma;tpia RopapypUe;J 90°
d
tiu Row;Wk; NghJ> xspr;nrwpT Ropf;Fk;
jstpisT
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Row;rpf;Fk;
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N eett eett
𝐼0 nrwpT nfhz;l KOtJk; jstpisT mile;j xsp> jstpisT Ma;tpapy;
N N N
tpOe;J

l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
𝐼 nrwpT nfhz;l xspahf jstpisT Ma;tpapypUe;J ntspNaWk;NghJ> mjd;
a l a
l i
a
nrwpT
sa
assaa aa aa
jstpisT Mf;fp kw;Wk; jstpisT Ma;tpapd; guT jsq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s

ddaass ddaass
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tpjp vd;W ngau;.
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I = I0 cos2 θ
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w
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ep&gzk;
jstpisT Mf;fpapypUe;J ntspNaWk; xspapd; kpd;Gy ntf;lupd; nrwpit 𝐼0 vdTk; mjd;
tPr;ir 𝑎 vdTk; nfhs;f.
Pa

N Neett
tPr;R 𝑎 ,uz;L $Wfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ,izf;$W: 𝑎 cos 𝜃
l lai .i.
nrq;Fj;Jf;$W: 𝑎 sin 𝜃
a l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
𝑎 cos 𝜃 $W kl;Lk; jstpisT Ma;tpapd; topahf
ntspNaWk;
ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

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w
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I = ka2 cos2 θ
𝐼 = 𝐼0 cos2 𝜃

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
𝐼0 = 𝑘𝑎2 (jstpisT Ma;tpapd; topahf ntspNaWk; xspapd; ngUk xspr;nrwpT)
l a
l i
a
assaa 30. Nghyuha;bd; gad;fisf; a$Wf.
d
a a
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s
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w
w
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2) N`hNyhfpuhgpia cUthf;f gad;gLfpd;wd.
3) gioa vz;nza; Xtpaq;fspy; epwq;fis NtWgLj;jp mwpa gad;gLfpd;wd.

N N ett
4) Nghyuha;Lfs; xspj;jifT gFg;gha;tpy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
29 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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N Neett N Neett
5) [d;dy; fz;zhbfspy; xspapd; nrwpitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

lalai .i. a i
a .i.
6) jstpistile;j Nyru; fw;iw> FWe;jfLfisg;
l l (𝐶𝐷𝑠)
a
gbf;fTk;
l l i
a mtw;wpy;

assaa s aa s aa
nra;jpfisg; gjpT nra;aTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

ddaa s ddaa s
7) 𝐿𝐶𝐷 jpiuapy;
. P
. Pa
jstpisT
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xsp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
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31.GU];lu; tpjpiaf; www
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vz;zpw;Fr; rkkhFk;.

N Neett
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝 = 𝑛
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

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assaa 32.jstpisTf; Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;ds
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ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l gLNfhz kjpg;gpw;F vjpnuhspg;G mile;j fjpu; Kw;wpYk; jstpisT
www
mile;jNjh> me;jg; gLNfhzNk jstpisTf;Nfhzk; MFk;.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝 = 𝑛
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l a
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lai
33. jl;lLf;Ffisg; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
N
.i. N l a
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.i. Neett
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sa
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assaa aaddaasaa
s
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w
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da

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topNa jstpisT mw;w xsp nry;Yk;NghJ> tpyfyile;j xspapy; gug;gpw;F ,izahfAs;s
mjpu;Tfs; mLj;jLj;j jl;Lfspy; NkYk; vjpnuhspg;G milfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk;> vjpnuhspg;G
mile;j fjpUk; tpyfyile;j fjpUk; KOtJk; jstpisT milfpd;wd.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
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a
assaa ad
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N Neett N Neett
l a
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da a? a
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w
w. P
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vdNt> w
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www
,e;j
epfo;r;rpf;F ,ul;il xsptpyfy; vd;W ngau;

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
30 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
35.xspapay; tpidGupAk; gbfq;fspd; tiffis cjhuzj;Jld; $Wf
N
lalai .i. Xur;Rg; gbfq;fs;
l a
l i
a .i. l a i
a
<ur;Rg;gbfq;fs;
l
assaa xNu xU xspapay; mr;irg;
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aassaa
,uz;L xspapay; mr;Rfisg; ngw;Ws;sd
aadd
ww P
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cjhuzk;:
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w .P.P cjhuzk;:

w
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fhy;irl;> Fthu;l;];> lu;kiyd; kw;Wk;
gdpf;fl;b w
www
ikf;fh> G\;guhfk; (𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑧) nrypidl;>
muhNfhidl;

36. epNfhy; gl;lfk; rpWFwpg;G tiuf. (𝟑𝒎)

N Nett
e N
epNfhy; (𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑙) gl;lfk;> KOtJk; jstpisT
Neett
lalai.i. l a
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l i
a

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assaa s aa
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s
ghu;f;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

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mfyj;ijg; Nghd;W %d;W klq;F ePsk;
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kw;Wk; 108° cs;sthW %iytpl;lj;jpd; topNa

lai
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N eett
xl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
N N Neett
l a
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xw;iw epw xsp%yk; xd;wpypUe;J tUk; jstpistw;w xsp> epNfhy; gl;lfj;jpd; kPJ
sa
assaa saa s aa
tpOfpwJ ,e;j xsp ,ul;il xsptpyfy; mile;J rhjhuz kw;Wk; mrhjhuz fjpu;fshfg;
ddaa s
gpupif mile;J ntt;NtW jpirNtfq;fspy; nry;fpd;wd.
ddaa s
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rhjhuz xspf;Fg; (xw;iwepw Nrhba xsp) gbfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.658

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w
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da

mrhjhuz xspf;F xsptpyfy; vz; 1.486.

,Nj xspf;Ff; fdlh ghy;rj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 1.523. fdlh ghy;rj;jpdhy;> rhjhuz
xsp KO mf vjpnuhspg;G mile;J> gbfj;jpd;; topahf ntspNawhky; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
KO jstpisT mile;j mrhjhuz xsp kl;Lk; gbfj;jpd; topahf ntspNaWfpwJ.
Pa

N Neet t gbfj;jpd; FiwghLfs; N Neett

l a
l i
a .i. ❖ epNfhy;
l a
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a aa
s
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s
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w.

w . P
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(𝑖𝑖) mrhjhuzf;fjpu; rha;ej
w ;
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w ntspNaWk; KO
w
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w
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xU gf;fkhf tpyfy; mile;jpUf;Fk;.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) xU Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;gpy; kl;LNk ,jidg; ghu;f;f KbAk;.
ww

(𝑖𝑣) epNfhy; gl;lfj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; xspf;fjpu;> rPuhf KO jstpisT mile;jpUf;fhJ.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
37.xspr;rpjwypd; %yk; vt;thW xsp jstpisT milfpwJ?
a l a
l i
a
assaa tspkz;ly %yf;$Wfshy; R+upa
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aa
s xsp rpjwyilAk; NghJ>
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d
kpd;Gyj;jpd; mjpu;tilAk;
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w
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R+upa xsp jstpisT
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
mw;w xsp
w
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
31 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett
mjpu;TWk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; mtw;wpd;
N eett
mjpu;TfSf;F
N
lalai .i. nrq;Fj;jhd jpirapy;
l l i
kl;LNk .i.
nrq;Fj;jhd jpirapy; ghu;f;ifapy;> ghu;f;Fk; jpirf;F
a a Mw;wiy
l a
l i
a
assaa ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd.

aaddaassaa
Ma;thsu; xUtu; R+upa xspia guTk; jpirf;F aaddaassaa
ww. P
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nrq;Fj;jhd jpirapy; ghu;f;ifapy;> ghu;f;Fk; jpirf;F
w .P.P
w
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nrq;Fj;jhf mjpu;TWk; vyf;l;uhd;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
fjpu;fs; kl;LNk mtiu te;jilAk;. Ma;thsiu
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,Uf;Fk.;

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
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a .i. l a
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www www
cs;shFk;. mz;ikg;Gs;spapd; njhiyT njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rPW njhiyT vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

lai
,ay;Gepiy Ftpag;gLj;Jjypy; nghUspd; gpk;gk; <upy;yhj;njhiytpy; Njhd;Wk;. ,e;j
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N Neett N Nee tt
l a
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l a
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nfhz;l vz;nza;

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da

epug;gg;gl;l nfhs;fydpy; %o;fitj;J> xspapd; ghijia mjpfupf;f KbAk;.

40.vjpnuhspg;G njhiy Nehf;fpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s epiwfs; kw;Wk;

Pa

Fiwfs; ahit?
N Neett N Neett
l a
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kw;w njhiyNehf;fpfspy; xNu
.
itj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy; nyd;]f
xU
w
w . P
. P
gug;gpid kl;Lk; nkUNfw;wpg; gsgsg;ghf
; s; mtw;wpd; tpspk;Gfspy; kl;LNk jhq;fp epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
w
www w
www
Mbfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mtw;wpd; gpd;gf;fk; KOtijAk; jhq;fpg;gpbg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ww

N N ett
FiwghL
e N Ne e tt
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
njhiy Nehf;fpf; Foypd; cs;NsNa xsp Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fz;zUF nyd;rpid Foypd;
a l a
l i
a
assaa 41.Gtpapay; njhiyNehf;fpapy;aagad; aa aa
cs;Ns nghUj;jp gpk;gj;ijf; fhz;gJ rpukkhFk;.

ddaa s s d a
d s
a s
. P
. P g Lj; j g; gLk; Neuhf; Fk; nyd; r pd;
.
gad; P
g
. P
hL aa
vd;d?
w w
w w ww
www www
Gtpapay; njhiyNehf;fpapy; $Ljyhf nyd;]; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Neuhf;fg;gl;l ,Wjpgpk;gk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
32 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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aa
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eett
42.,izahf;fpapd; gad; ahJ?
N N N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
,iz xspf;fw;iwia cUthf;Fk; mikg;Ng ,izahf;fp MFk;. ,J xU Ftpnyd;irAk;
l a
l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
xsp %yj;ij Nehf;fpathW cs;s> khw;wf;$ba tpupT cila nrq;Fj;Jg; gpsitAk;
ddaa s ddaa s
nfhz;lJ. gpstpd; njhiytpidr; rupnra;J nyd;rpd; Ftpaj;jpy; epiyepWj;j KbAk;.

. P. Paa .P.Paa
43.epwkhiykhdpapd; ww w
w
wwww gad; fs; ahit?
1. xsp %yq;fspypUe;J tUk; epwkhiyfis MuhaTk;>
w
www
2. xsptpyfy; vz;fisf; fzf;fplTk;; gad;gLfpd;wd.

Nett
e N Neett
44.fpl;lg;ghu;it vd;why; vd;d? mf;Fiwghl;il vt;thW rupnra;ayhk;?
N
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
fpl;lg;ghu;it Fiwghl;bdhy;; njhiytpy; cs;s nghUisj; njspthff; fhz ,ayhJ>

d a
dass d a
d s
a s
tpopnyd;rpd; Ftpaj;J}uk; kpfTk; Fiwe;J tpLtjhy; my;yJ tpopf;Nfhsj;jpd; tpl;lk;

. .Pa a
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,f;FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
P . P
. Paa

.N
w ww w w
w
Fop nyd;]; gad;gLj;jp fpl;lg;ghHit Fiwghl;il rupnra;ayhk;;
www www
45.J}ug;ghu;it vd;why; vd;d? ,jidr; rup nra;Ak; topKiwahJ?

lai
J}ug;ghu;it Fiwghl;bdhy;; mUNf cs;s nghUs;fisj; njspthff; fhz ,ayhJ.

N Neett N Neett
,tHfspd; tpopnyd;]; ,ay;igtpl nky;ypajhff; fhzg;gLk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
tpopnyd;rpd; Ftpaj;J}uk; kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; my;yJ ,ay;igtpl tpopf;Nfhsk; RUq;fp
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
,Uf;Fk;.

aaddaa a
vdNt Ftp nyd;]; gad;gLj;jp J}ug;ghHit Fiwghl;il rupnra;ayhk;;
addaa
w
w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
ghu;iw w
www
da

46. xUjsg;w
w t vd;why; vd;d?
tpopnyd;rpy;> ntt;NtW tisT Muq;fisg; ngw;w jsq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; xUjsg;ghu;itf;
FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
Pa

N N ett N N ett
,e;j FiwghLila egupdhy; midj;Jj; jpirfspYk; njspthf xd;WNghy; ghu;f;f ,ayhJ.
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
cUis tbt nyd;Rfs; gad;gLj;jp xUjsg;ghu;it Fiwghl;ilr; rupnra;ayhk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa 47. nts;nsOj;J vd;why; vd;adad? daassaa aaddaasaa
s
w.

w . P
. P w . P
. P
J}ug;ghu;it FiwghLila egu;fspd; njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyT
w w 25 𝑐𝑚 tpl
mjpfk;
w
www w
www
vdNt gbg;gJ kw;Wk; rpwpa nghUs;fisf; ifapy; vLj;Jg;ghu;g;gJ Nghd;w nray;fis
ww

,tu;fshy; vspjhfr; nra;a ,ayhJ.

taJ %g;G fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,t;tif Fiwghl;bw;F nts;nsOj;J vd;W ngau;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
வெடுவினாக்கள்
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
ww .P. P w w. P
. P
1. i`nfd;]w
; w
w w w w
wwep&gp.
jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfis
𝑋𝑌 vd;w rkjsf; fz;zhbapd; vjpnuhspg;Gg; gug;gpd; kPJ ,iz xspf;fw;iwfs; tpOfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
33 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
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N Neett
gLk; rkjs miyKfg;G 𝐴𝐵
N Neett
lalai .i. vjpnuhspg;G miyKfg;G 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
,uz;Lk;; xNu Clfj;jpy; cs;sd.
miyKfg;Gfs;
d
gLfjpu;fs;
daass
𝐿 ,𝑀
ddaass
P aa
kw;Wk; vjpnuhspg;Gf;fjpu;fs; 𝐿′ , 𝑀′
. . P .P.Paa
ww
Mfpatw;wpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf cs;sd.
w w w
w
vjpnuhspg;Gg; www
gLk; miyKfg;gpYs;s 𝐴 Gs;sp>
gug;igj; njhLk; www
Neuj;jpy;> 𝐵 Gs;sp 𝐵 ′ Gs;spia
milfpwJ.

N Nett
e
𝐵 Gs;sp 𝐵 ′ Gs;spia njhLk; me;j
N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
Neu ,ilntspapy;; 𝐴 Gs;sp 𝐴′ I milfpwJ. vdNt>
a l a
l i
𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ vd;w rkjs vjpnuhspg;G
a

et
assaa aa aa
miyKfg;G fpilf;Fk;.

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa
vjpnuhspg;Gf;F Kd;Gk;; gpd;Gk; xspapd;
. P
. Paa
jpirNtfk; khwhJ. (𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐵𝐵 ′ )

.N
w w
w www
www www
(𝑖) gLfjpu;fs;> vjpnuhspg;Gf; fjpu;fs;> vjpnuhspg;Gg; gug;G kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL
midj;Jk; xNu jsj;jpy; cs;sd.

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
(𝑖𝑖) gLNfhzk;>
lail a
l i
a N Neett
∠𝑖 = ∠𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 90° – ∠𝑁𝐴𝐵 = ∠ 𝐵𝐴𝐵 ′
.i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
vjpnuhspg;Gf;Nfhzk;> ∠𝑟 = ∠ 𝑁 ′ 𝐵 ′ 𝑀′ = 90°– ∠ 𝑁 ′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ = ∠ 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴

d
𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐵 ′ kw;Wk; 𝛥 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
daass
xg;G Kf;Nfhzq;fs;;
ddaass
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
w
𝑟 w
w
∵ ∠ 𝐵𝐴𝐵 ′ ; = ∠ 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴
w w w
w
www
da

vdNt> 𝑖 =w
w
gLNfhzk;> vjpnuhspg;Gf; N;fhzj;jpw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
vdNt> vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ld.
Pa

NN eett NNeett
l a
l i
a .2.i. i`nfd;]; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xsptpyfy;
l a
lai .i. tpjpfis ep&gp. l a
l i
a
assaa d daassaa
fz;zhbg; gug;G 𝑋𝑌 d; kPJ> ,iz xspf;fw;iwfs;
aa aaddaasaa
s
w.

tpOfpd;wd.
ww . P
. P w w. P
. P
wwww
gLk; miyKfg;G 𝐴𝐵 mlu;Fiw Clfk; (1) Yk;>
xsptpyF miyKfg;G> mlu;kpF Clfk; (2) Yk;
wwww
ww

cs;sd.
,uz;L miyKfg;GfSk; gLfjpu; 𝐿, 𝑀 kw;Wk; tpyF
fjpu; 𝐿′ , 𝑀′ Mfpatw;wpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;J

N Neett N N
gLk; miyKfg;gpYs;s 𝐴 Gs;sp> xsptpyF gug;igj;eett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
njhLk; me;j Neuj;jpy;> 𝐵 Gs;sp 𝐵𝐵 ′ njhiyitf;
l a
l i
a
assaa fle;J; 𝐵 ′ I j; njhLfpwJ.

aaddaasaa
s
𝐵 Gs;sp; 𝐵 ′ Gs;spiaj; njhLk; Neuj;jpy; A Gs;sp
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
.P. P
kw;Nwhu; Clfj;jpy; 𝐴′ njhiyit
w
w w
w. P
. P
flf;fpwJ. vdNt 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ vd;w xsp tpyF miyKfg;G
fpilf;Fk;.
w
www w
www
mlu; Fiw Clfj;jpy; (1) ,Ue;J mlu;kpF Clfj;jpw;F (2) xsptpyfy; Vw;gLtjhy;>
(𝑣1 > 𝑣2 ).
xspf;fjpu;fs; 𝐵 apypUe;J 𝐵 ′ f;F nry;y vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NeuKk; > 𝐴 apypUe;J 𝐴′ f;F

N Neett
nry;y vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NeuKk; rkk;.
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
34 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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N e
t=
N ett BB′
=
𝐴𝐴′
my;yJ t=
BB′
=
N Nee
𝑣1
tt
lalai .i. v1 𝑣2 𝐴𝐴′

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑣2

l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
(𝑖) gLfjpu;fs;> tpyFfjpu;fs; > xsptpyF gug;G 𝑋𝑌 kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;Jf; NfhLfs;
midj;Jk; xNu jsj;jpy; mikfpd;wd.
ddaass ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
(𝑖𝑖) gLk;Nfhzk;>
www www
𝑖 = ∠𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 90° – ∠ 𝑁𝐴𝐵 = ∠ 𝐵𝐴𝐵 ′
tpyFNfhzk;; > 𝑟 = ∠𝑁 ′ 𝐵 ′ 𝑀′ = 90° − ∠𝑁 ′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ = ∠ 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴
𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐵 ′ kw;Wk; 𝛥𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐴 -,ypUe;J>

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. sini
sinr
=
𝐵𝐵′ ⁄𝐴𝐵′
𝐴𝐴′ /𝐴𝐵′
BB′ 𝑣
= AA′ = 𝑣1 = 𝑐⁄𝑣2
𝑐 ⁄𝑣

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
2 1

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
𝑐 vd;gJ> ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk;. tpfpjk; 𝑐/𝑣 xU khwpypahFk;. ,J Clfj;jpd;
xsptpy;fy; vz; vdg;gLk;.
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w
w
Kjy; Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 𝑐/𝑣1 = 𝑛1
w www
www
,uz;lhtJ Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 𝑐/𝑣2 = 𝑛2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑛2
www

lai
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝑛1

NN ett
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
e NNeett
l a
l i
a .3.i. xspapd; FWf;fPl;L tpistpdhy; ngwg;gLk;lalanjhFgad;
i .i. xspr; nrwptpw;fhd l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Nfhitiag; ngWf. aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w w . P
. P
,uz;L miyfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; Clfj;jpYs;s Jfspd; topNa nry;Yk;NghJ njhFgad;

www w w
www
da

,lg;ngau;r;rpahdJ xt;nthU miyapdhYk; Jfspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jdpj;jdp

,lg;ngau;r;rpfspd; ntf;lu; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;.
Nkw;nghUe;Jk; miyfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s fl;lNtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> njhFgad;
,lg;ngau;r;rp ngUkkhfNth my;yJ rpWkkhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
𝑆1 kw;Wk; 𝑆2 xsp%yq;fspypUe;J tUk; xsp miyfs; P vd;w Gs;spapy; re;jpf;fpd;wd.

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑡 Neuj;jpy; 𝑆1 ,y; ,Ue;J 𝑃 I
l a
lai .i. milAk; miy> 𝑦1 = 𝑎1 sin 𝜔𝑡
l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
𝑡 Neuj;jpy; 𝑆2 ,y; ,Ue;J P I milAk; miy> 𝑦2 = 𝑎2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

njhFgad; ,lg;ngau;r;rp> 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 =
𝑎1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) w
www w
www
ww

,q;F> 𝐴 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
𝜃 = tan−1

N Neett 𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋. .. ⇒ njhFgad; tPr;R ngUkk;>
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑎12 + 𝑎22 )

aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋. ..
w
w .P⇒ njhFgad; tPr;R rpWkk;>
. P w
w. P
. P
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √(𝑎12 − 𝑎22 )
w
www
xspr;nrwpT> tPr;rpd; ,Ukbf;F Neu;jfT 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2
w
www
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
35 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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N Neett N Neett
xspapd; ngUkr; nrwptpw;fhd xspapd; rpWkr; nrwptpw;fhd

lalai .i. l
tpisT)
l i
a .i.
epge;jid (Mf;ff;FWf;fPl;L
a tpisT)
l l i
epge;jid (mopTf;FWf;fPl;L
a a
assaa fl;lNtWghL
aaddaassaa
𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋. ..
ddaassaa
𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋. ..
aa
njhFgad; ngUk
ww. P
. P 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛼 (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )2
w
w .P.P
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛼 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )2
xspr;nrwpT
w
www w
www
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2

N Nett
e
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎 vdpy;> A = √2𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
N Neett
lalai.i. ϕ
A = 2 acos ( 2 )
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa 𝜙
I α 4a2 cos2 ( )
aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
2
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
𝜙

w w
w www
www www
I = 4I0 cos2 ( 2 )
𝐼max = 4𝐼0 vdpy;> 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, 4𝜋, … ….

lai
𝐼min = 0 vdpy;> 𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋 … ….

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
4. aq; ,ul;ilg;gpsT Ma;T mikg;ig tpsf;fp> ghij NtWghl;bw;fhd
a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
ddaass ddaass
. . Paa . P
. Paa
𝑆1 kw;Wk; 𝑆2 vd;w Jisfs; 𝑆 vd;w xsp%yj;jpypUe;J rknjhiytpy; cs;sd.
P
ww
Jisapd; mfyk; 0.03 𝑚𝑚
w w
w
JisfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT 0.3 𝑚𝑚
w
www www
da

𝑆 ,ypUe;J 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 it milAk; miyfs; xNu fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 Xupay;

%yq;fshf nray;gl;Lf; FWf;fPl;L tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;.
gpsTfspypUe;J 1 𝑚 njhiytpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpiuapy; rk mfyKila FWf;fPl;Lg;
gl;ilfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
Pa

N eett N eett
jpiuapd; ikag;Gs;sp 𝑂 it milAk; xsp miyfs;> rk njhiyitf; fle;J te;Js;sjhy;
N N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
mit xNu fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,uz;L miyfSk; Mf;ff; FWf;fPl;L tpisit Vw;gLj;jp>

assaa s aa saa
𝑂 tpy; ikag;nghypT tupia cUthf;Fk;. VNjDk; xU gpsit %btpl;lhy; FWf;fPl;Ltupfs;
ddaa s ddaa s
kiwe;J jpiu rPuhf xspA+l;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpypUe;J> tupfs;; FWf;fPl;L tpistpdhy;
aa aa
w.

w w. P
Vw;gl;lit vd;gij mwpayhk;.
. P w
w . P
. P
ghij NtWghl; w
wwbw;wfhd rkd;ghL w
www
ww

gpsTfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT 𝑑 vd;f.

gpstpypUe;J 𝐷 njhiytpy; jpiu cs;sJ. 𝑂

N Neett
tpypUe;J 𝑌 njhiytpy; 𝑃 cs;sJ.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 tpypUe;J P Gs;spia milAk; xsp
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
miyfs;> mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s ghij

ddaass
NtWghl;ilg; nghUj;J> xNu fl;lj;jpNyh my;yJ
d a
d s
a s
. . Paa
vjpu;vjpu; fl;lj;jpNyh ,Uf;Fk;.
P . P
. Paa
w
w
ghij NtWghL 𝛿 = 𝑆2 𝑃 – 𝑆1 𝑃.
w w w
w
www
𝛿 = 𝑆2 𝑃 – 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑆2 𝑀 www
∠𝑂𝐶𝑃 = ∠𝑆2 𝑆1 𝑀 = 𝜃.
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzk; 𝛥𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑀 ,y;> 𝑆2 𝑀 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
36 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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N Neett
𝛿 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
N Neett
lalai .i. l a i
a
Nfhzk; rpwpaJ. vdNt> 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
l .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a ssaa a ssaa
𝑦

aa d a
nrq;NfhzKf;Nfhzk; 𝛥𝑂𝐶𝑃, ,y; 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐷
d aadd a
ghijNtWghL> 𝛿 =
ww. P
. P
𝑑𝑦

w
w .P.P
w
www
𝐷
w
www
ghijNtWghl;bd; epge;jidiag; nghUj;J> Gs;sp 𝑃 apy; nghypT tupNah (my;yJ)
fUik tupNah Njhd;Wk;.
nghypTtup (Mf;fFWf;fPl;L fUiktup (mopTf;FWf;fPl;L

N Nett
e N Neett
tpisT) tpisT)

lalai.i. ghijNtWghL
l a
l i
a .i.𝛿 = 𝑛𝜆
l a
l i
𝛿 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2
a
𝜆

et
assaa as aa
s a s aa
s
𝑑𝑦
a a
𝑦 𝜆
= 𝑛𝜆 𝑑 = (2𝑛 − 1)

PPaadd 𝐷

P Pad
a d 𝐷 2

. . . .
𝐷 (2n−1) 𝜆𝐷

.N
w w
w 𝑦 = 𝑛𝜆𝑑
www y=

www www
2 𝑑
𝐷 (2n − 1) 𝜆𝐷
𝑂 tpypUe;J 𝑛 tJ yn = 𝑛 𝜆 𝑑
nghypTtupapd; njhiyT yn =
2 𝑑

lai
𝑛 kjpg;G 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … …. 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 … ..

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
ikag;nghypTtupapd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; nghypT kw;Wk; fUiktupfs; mLj;jLj;Jj;
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa s saa ssaa
Njhd;Wk;. ikag;nghypT Ropg;nghypT vdg;gLk;.

a ad daa aaddaa
5. w
aq; ,ul;ilg; gpsT
w.
Ma;PP
.tpy; ngwg;gLk; gl;il mfyj;jpw;fhd w ww. P
.
Nfhitiag;P
www w www
da

ngWf.
,uz;L mLj;jLj;j nghypTtup my;yJ
fUik tupfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s
Pa

njhiyT gl;il mfyk; (𝛽) vd

N Neett
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ikag;Gs;sp 𝑂 tpypUe;J (𝑛 + 1) tJ
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT gl;il
ad
ad assaa
nghypTtupf;Fk;> 𝑛 tJ nghypTtupf;Fk;
a aaddaasaa
s
w.

.
mfyj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.
ww P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www
𝛽 = 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛 = ((𝑛 + 1)
𝜆𝐷
𝑑
) − (𝑛
𝜆𝐷
𝑑
) w
www
ww

𝜆𝐷
𝛽= 𝑑

N Neett N Neett
𝑂 tpypUe;J (𝑛 + 1) tJ fUiktupf;Fk;> 𝑛 tJ fUiktupf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiyTk;

l a
l i
a .i. > gl;il mfyj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
(2𝑛−1) 𝜆𝐷
𝛽 = 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛 = (
2(𝑛+1)−1) 𝜆𝐷
2
ddaass
𝑑
)−( 2 𝑑
)
d a
d s
a s
𝜆𝐷
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
𝛽=
w w
w w w
w
www www
𝑑
ikag;nghypT tupapd; ,UGwKk; rk mfyKila nghypT kw;Wk; fUiktupfs; rk
,ilntspapy; Njhd;Wk.;

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
37 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
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N Neett N Neett
❖ njspthd kw;Wk; mfykhd FWf;fPl;Lg; tupfisg; ngWtjw;fhd epge;jidfs;

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a i
a
(𝑖) xsp%yj;jpw;Fk; jpiuf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhiyT (𝐷) kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
l
assaa aassaa
(𝑖𝑖) xspapd; miyePsk; (𝜆) kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
aadd aad a
d s
a aa
s
ww P
. P ww . P
.P
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) gpsTfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s njhiyT (𝑑) kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
.
6.
w
w G mile;j kw;Wk; xsptpyfy; mile;
wwvjpnuhspg;
nky;NyLfspy;
w
wwjwfjpu;fspdhy;
Vw;gLk; Mf;ff;FWf;fl
P ;L tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghLfisg; ngWf.
xsptpyfy; vz; 𝜇 kw;Wk; jbkd; 𝑑 nfhz;l nky;Nyl;by; 𝑖 vd;w gLNfhzj;jpy; tpOk;

N Nett
e N Neett
,iz xspf;fw;iw vjpnuhspg;gilAk; gFjp kw;Wk; tpyfyilAk; gFjp vd;W ,uz;lhfg;

lalai.i. gpupfpwJ.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa s aa
xsptpyfy; mile;j gFjp nky;Nyl;bd; cs;Ns
ddaa s
nrd;W nky;Nyl;bd; mbg;gug;gpy; NkYk; ,uz;L
d a
d a s
P aa
gFjpfshfg; gpupfpwJ. xUgFjp nky;Nyl;bid
. .P . P
. Paa

.N
CLUtp
w
w
ntspNaWfpwJ.
w
kw;nwhU gFjp
www
www
nky;Nyl;bd; cs;NsNa vjpnuhspg;gilfpwJ.
nky;Nyl;bd; cl;Gwk; gyKiw vjpnuhspg;G www
miltjhy;> NkYk; vjpnuhspg;G kw;Wk;

lai
xsptpyfyile;j gFjpfs; cUthfpd;wd.

N Neett
,k;nky;Nyl;bdhy; vjpnuhspg;G kw;Wk; CLUty;
N
mile;j xsp miyfs; jdpj;jdpNa FWf;fPl;L
Neett
l a
l i
a .i. tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
cLUtpr; nrd;w
aaddaassaa
vjpnuhspg;G mile;j xspapdhy; Vw;gLk;

ww. P
. P
miyapdhy; Vw;gLk;
w
w . P
. P
FWf;fPl;L tpisT
w
www w
www
da

FWf;fPl;L tpisT
ghij NtWghL 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶.
Pa

N Neett
nrq;Fj;Jg;
gLfjpu; epiyapy;
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑑
N Neett 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑑.

l a
l i
a .i. (i = 0)
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa xspapay; ghij
aas
𝛿 = 2𝜇𝑑
ad
ad saa 𝛿 = 2𝜇𝑑
aaddaasaa
s
w.

NtWghL

w
fl;l NtWghL
w. P
. P
,uz;L miyfSk; xj;j
w
w . P
. P
𝐴 Gs;spapy; mlu;kpF nky;Nyl;L
w
www fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. w
www
gug;gpdhy;; vjpnuhspg;G mile;jjhy; 𝜋
fll NtWghl;il ngWfpwJ. $Ljy;
ww

ghij NtWghL 𝜆/2 Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

Mf;f FWf;fPl;L 𝜆

N Neett
tpistpw;fhd
2𝜇𝑑 = 𝑛𝜆

N Neett 2𝜇𝑑 +
2
= 𝑛𝜆 (m)

l a
l i
a .i. epge;jid
l a
lai.i. 𝜆
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
2𝜇𝑑 = (2𝑛 − 1)

ddaass d a
d s
a
2
s
mopTf; FWf;fPl;L
tpistpw;fhd .P. Paa
2𝜇𝑑 = (2𝑛 − 1)
𝜆
2𝜇𝑑 +
.
𝜆
P
. Paa
= (2𝑛 + 1)
𝜆

w w
w 2
w w
w 2 2

www www
epge;jid
(m) 2𝜇𝑑 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2
𝜆 (m) 2𝜇𝑑 = 𝑛𝜆

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
38 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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Neett N Neett
7. xw;iwg;gpstpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpspk;G tpistpid tptupj;J> 𝒏 tJ rpWkj;jpw;fhd
N
lalai .i.epge;jidiag; ngWf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa dd assaa
𝐴𝐵 mfyk; nfhz;l xw;iwg;gpsT kPJ
a
,iz xspf;fw;iw nrq;Fj;jhf tpOfpwJ.
aa aaddaassaa
tpspk;G
gpstpypUe;J . P
. P
tpistile;j
ww
xspf;fw;iw>
njhiytpy; w
w .P.P
w
www
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
𝐷
jpiuapy; tpOfpwJ.
gpstpd; jsj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf 𝐶 topNa
w
www
nry;Yk; Neu;NfhL jpiuapy; 𝑂 vd;w
Gs;spia milfpwJ.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa a dd s
a aa
s
ad d s
a aa
s
gpstpd; ntt;NtW Gs;spfspypUe;J tUk; ,iz xsp miyfs; 𝑃 kw;Wk; ,ju Gs;spfspy;
a a
xd;iw xd;W FWf;fpl;Lj; njhFgad; xspr;nrwpitf; nfhLf;fpd;wd. 𝑃 Gs;sp> tbtpay;
a a
. P
.P . P
. P
uPjpahd epoy; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. tpspk;G tpistpd; fhuzkhf> ,g;gFjp tiu ikag; ngUkk;

.N
w w
w
gutp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
www
www www
gpsit ,ul;ilg;gil vz;zpf;ifAila rpW rpW gFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;
mg;gFjpfspypUe;J tUk; xsp miyfspd; ghij NtWghLfs; xd;wpide;J, 𝑃 Gs;spapy;

lai
mopTf;FWf;fPl;L tpisit Vw;gLj;jp> rpWk xspr; nrwpit cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

N NeetGs;tspapy; rpWkk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd epge;jid NNeet t

l a
l i
a .i.❖ 𝑷
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Kjy; rpWkk;

aad daass aa,uz;lhtJ

rpWkk;
%d;whtJ

a
rpWkk;
addaassaa 𝒏 tJ rpWkk;

gpsT 𝐴𝐵 I
w w . P
. P
𝑎/2 mfyk; 𝑎/4 mfyk;
w
w . P
. P
a/6 mfyk; a/2𝑛 mfyk;

www w w
www
da

nfhz;l ,uz;L nfhz;l ehd;F nfhz;l MW nfhz;l 2𝑛

gFjpfshfg; gFjpfshfg; gpupTfshf gpupTfshf
gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupf;f gpupf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;
Pa

N Ne tt
xg;G Gs;spfs;
e 𝑎/2 J}uKila
N Neett
𝑎/4 J}uKila 𝑎/6 𝑎/2n

l a
l i
a .i. Gs;spfs;
l a
lai .i. Gs;spfs; J}uKila
l
Gs;spfs;a
l i
a
J}uKila
Gs;spfs;

assaa xg;G
ad
adaassaa
𝑎
𝛿 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎
𝛿 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 .
aaddaasaa
s
𝑎
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝛿 =
𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
w.

Gs;spfspypUe;J
tUk; xsp
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P 6 2n

w
www
miyfspd; ghij
NtWghL
w
www
ww

rpWkk; Njhd;w 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2
𝜆 𝑎 𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 𝑎 𝜆 𝑎 𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2
epge;jid 2 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑛
6 2

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. rpWkk; 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜆
l a
lai.i.
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2𝜆
l a
l
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 3𝜆i
a 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆

assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
.P P
.id
𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 …, vd;gJ rpWkq;fspd; tupirahFk;.
❖ ngUkq;fSf;fw w
w w
w. P
. P
www hd epge; j w
www
gpsit xw;iwg;gil vz;zpf;ifAila rpWgFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,t;thW
gpupg;gjdhy; VjhtJ xU xg;G Gs;spapypUe;J tUk; xsp miy mopf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
vdNt 𝑃 Gs;sp ngUk xspr;nrwptpy; fhzg;gLk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
39 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett
Kjy; ngUkk; ,uz;lhtJ ngUkk;
N Neett
%d;whtJ ngUkk; 𝒏 tJ ngUkk;

lalai .i. 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 3

𝜆 𝜆
l a
l i
a .i. 𝜆
l a
l i
a 𝜆

assaa aa aa
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 7 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2

ddaass2 2
ddaass 2

. P
. Paa .P.Paa
ww
𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3 …, vd;gJ ngUkq;fspd; tupirahFk;.
w w w
w
ika tupir www www
ngUkj;Jf;F> Rop tupir ngUkk; vd;W ngau;. fpl;lj;jl;l mLj;jLj;j
rpWkq;fSf;F eLNt ngUk xspr;nrwpT fhzg;gLk;.

ett
e
8. fPw;wzp xd;wpy; eilngWk; tpspk;G tpisit
N N N Neet t 𝒎 tJ tpsf;fp>

lalai.i. ngUkj;jpw;fhd epge;jidiag; ngWf.

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
𝐴𝐵 vd;gJ rk mfyk; 𝑎 nfhz;l gpsTfSk;> rk

aaddaa
mfyk; 𝑏 nfhz;l xspGfhf; NfhLfSk; nfhz;l
ad
a a
d a
. P
.P
rkjs tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzp. 𝜆 miyePsKila
. P
. P

.N
w
w
xw;iw epwr; rkjs miyKfg;G xd;W fPw;wzpapd;
w w ww
www
kPJ nrq;Fj;jhf tpOfpd;wJ
www

lai
fPw;wzpapd; kPJ tpOk; xspapd; miyePsk;> gpstpd;
mfyj;Jld; xg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; cs;sjhy;> tpspk;G

N eett
tpisT milAk;.
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aasaa
s
fPw;wdpapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J jpiuf;F tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;J Nfhl;Lld;
cs;s 𝑃 vd;w Gs;spia fUJf.
aadd a
𝜃

ad aassaa
Nfhzj;jpy;
d
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
xU N[hb xg;G Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J nrd;w tpspk;G tpisT mile;j miyfSf;F ,ilNaahd
w
www w
www
da

ghij NtWghL 𝛿 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑃 Gs;sp nghypTld; ,Uf;f 𝛿 = 𝑚 𝜆 ,q;F 𝑚 = 0,1,2,3
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚 𝜆
Pa

N eett
 𝑚 vd;gJ tpspk;G tpisT tupir
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
Gs;sp 𝑷 ngUkkhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jidfs;

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

Rop Kjy; ,uz;lhk; 𝒎 MtJ tupir

.
tupir
ww P
. P tupir tupir
w
w . P
. P
𝒎 w
www
𝒎 = 𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟏 𝒎 = 𝟐 w
www ika ngUkj;jpd; ,uz;L
gf;fq;fspYk; ntt;NtW Nfhz
ww

tpspk;G 𝟎 𝜃1 𝜃2 epiyfspy; cau; tupir

tpisTf; ngUkq;fs; fpilf;Fk;
Nfhzk; ( 𝜃)

N Neett N Neett 1
𝑁 = 𝑎+𝑏

l a
l i
a .i. (𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
l
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = a
lai.i.(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 = 2𝜆
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑁𝑚𝜆

d
𝜆
daass d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www
𝑁 = fPw;wzpapy; XuyF mfyj;jpw;F tiuag;gl;l xspGfh NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
40 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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aa
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N Neett N Neet
9. tpsk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpiag; gad;gLj;jp> xw;iw epw t xspapd; miyePsj;ijf;

lalai .i.fhZk; Nrhjidia tptup.

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa s aa
s
tpspk;G tpisTf; fPw;wzpiaf; nfhz;L epwkhiytupapd; miyePsj;ijj; Jy;ypakhff;

aaddaa
fz;lwpayhk;. ,jw;F epwkhiykhdp Njitg;gLfpwJ.
aadda a
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
epwkhiykhdpapd; njhlf;f rPuikg;Gfis nra;a Ntz;Lk;. miyePsk; fhzNtz;ba xw;iw

w
www wwww
epw xspapdhy; ,izahf;fpapd; gpstpid xspA+l;lNtz;Lk;. njhiyNehf;fpapid
,izahf;fpf;F Neuhf mikj;Jg; gpstpd; Neub gpk;gj;jpidf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
,izahf;fpypUe;J tUk;; xsp miyf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf cs;sthW tpspk;G tpisTf;
fPw;wzpia Kg;gl;lf Nkil kPJ mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

N Nett
e e
njhiyNehf;fpapid xU gf;fkhfr; Row;wNtz;Lk;.
N N ett
Kjy; tupir tpspk;G tpisT gpk;gk;> njupAk; tiu

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
njhiyNehf;fp mike;Js;s epiyf;fhd mstPLfisf;
l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

d
,NjNghd;W kw;nwhU gf;fkhf
das
a s njhiyNehf;fpiar;
d a
d s
a s
Rw;wp Kjy;tupir
. P
.Paa
tpspk;G tpisT gpk;gj;ij
. P
. Paa

.N
w
w
rupnra;jgpd; mstPLfisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
w www
,jpypUe;J
www
,uz;L epiyfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL 2𝜃
Kjy;tupir ngUkj;jpw;fhd tpspk;G
www

lai
tpisTf;Nfhzk; 𝜃 itf; fzf;fplyhk;;

N Neett
xspapd; miyePsk; 𝜆 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑁𝑚

l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
sa
𝑁 vd;gJ xU kPl;lu; ePsj;jpy; fPw;wzpapy; tiuag;gl;l NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if

assaa aassaa
𝑚 vd;gJ tpspk;G tpisT gpk;gj;jpd; tupir
aadd aaddaassaa
10. tpspk;G tpisTf; w w . P
. P ww . P
. P
ww sq;fisf; fhZk; Nrhjidia tptup.www w
da

fPw;wzpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; $l;L xspapd; (ntt;NtW

ww) miyeP
tz;zq;fspd;
nts;is xspiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> ikag;ngUkKk; mjd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk;
njhlu;r;rpahd tz;z tpspk;GtpisTg; gl;ilfSk; Njhd;Wk;.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
midj;J tz;zq;fSk; vt;tpj ghij NtWghLk; ,d;wp> xd;iw

l a
l i
a .i. xd;W tYT+l;Lk; tifapy;
ikag;ngUkk; ntz;ikahf njupAk;.
l a
lai .i.
ikaj;jpy; xd;wpiztjhy;
l a
l i
a
assaa aassaa
𝜃 mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ> ghij NtWghL Cjh Kjy; rptg;G tiu
ad
ad aaddaasaa
s
w.

cs;s midj;J tz;zq;fspd; tpspk;G tpisT epge;jidAk;

epiwNtw;Wk;.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ikag; nghyptpd; ,uz;Lg; gf;fq;fspYk; Cjh Kjy; rptg;G
tiuAs;s epwkhiy mikg;ig cUthf;Fk;. ntt;NtW
ww

tupirfisf; nfhz;l tpspk;G tpisTf; Nfhzq;fisf;

fz;lwpe;J> tz;zq;fspd; miyePsq;fisg; gpd;tUk;

N N ett
rkd;ghl;bidg; gad;gLj;jpf; fzf;fplyhk;
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝜆 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑁𝑚

d aass d
𝑁 vd;gJ fPw;wzpapy; xU kPl;lu; ePsj;jpy; tiuag;gl;l NfhLfspd;
d a
d s
a s
vz;zpf;if

.P. Paa
𝑚 vd;gJ tpspk;G tpisT gpk;gj;jpd; tupir
. P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
11. xspapay; wwwxd;wpd; gpupjpwDf;fhd Nfhitiag;ngWf.www
fUtp
gpk;gq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpspk;G tpisT tpUk;gj;jfhj xd;whFk;. xw;iwg; gpstpy; nghUspYs;s
xt;nthU Gs;spAk; Gs;sp %ykhfr; nray;gLtjhy;> mjd; gpk;gj;jpy; xt;nthU Gs;spapYk;

N Neett
ikag;ngUkk; tpuptile;J fhzg;gLk;.
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
41 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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N Neett N Neett
nrt;tfg;gpstpdhy; Vw;gLk; ikag;ngUkk; (my;yJ Kjy; rpWkk;) 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜆

lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
xU tl;lg;gpsT xU ika tisaq;fisg; Nghd;;w tpspk;G tpisT mikg;gpid
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ

ddaass
,it Vup jl;Lfs; (𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑦’𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑠) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
ngUk;ghyhd xspapay; fUtpfs; tl;lg;gpsTfs; %ykhfNt gpk;gq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

www w w
w
www www
tl;lg;gpstpw;fhd ikag;ngUkk; my;yJ Kjy; rpWkj;jpw;fhd epge;jid 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1.22 𝜆
1.22 vd;w kjpg;G> tl;lj;Jis xd;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; ikag;ngUkj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
rpwpa Nfhzq;fSf;F> 𝑎 𝜃 = 1.22 𝜆

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. 𝜃 =
1.22 𝜆
𝑎
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa as
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
𝑟0
tbtpaypd;gb> 𝜃 =
𝑓

PPaadd P Pad
a d
. . . .

.N
𝑟0 =
1.22 𝜆𝑓

w w
w www
www www
𝑎

jukhd ed;F gpupf;fg;gl;l gpk;gj;ij cUthf;f tpspk;G tpisT tbtikg;Gfs; xd;wd; Nky;

lai
xd;W nghUe;jhj tifapy; itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

N Neett N Neett
,uhNyapd; epge;jidg;gb> xU gpk;gj;jpYs;s ,U mLj;jLj;j Gs;spfSs; xU Gs;spapDila

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
tpspk;G tpisT ikag;ngUkKk; kw;wjd; Kjy; rpWkKk; nghUe;jp te;jhNyh (my;yJ)
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
mjw;F kWjiyahf ,Ue;jhNyh mg;Gs;spfs; rw;Nw gpupf;fg;gl;l Gs;spfs; vdg;gLk.; ,U

aaddaa aadd
ikag;ngUkq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT Fiwe;jgl;rk; 𝑟𝑜 Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.aa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
𝑟0 vd;gJ ,lk;rhu;gpupg;G vdTk; 𝜃 vd;gJ Nfhzk;rhu; gpupg;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
w
www w
www
da

xU nghUspd; kPJ kpf mUfUNfAs;s ,U Gs;spfis my;yJ mUfUNf cs;s

nghUs;fis gpupj;Jg;ghu;f;Fk;; jpwik xspapay; fUtpapd; gpupjpwd; vdg;gLk;.
gpupg;G vd;w nrhy; gpk;gj;jpd; juj;ijAk;> gpupjpwd; vd;gJ xspapay; fUtpapd; gpupj;jwpAk;
jpwikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
Pa

N N ee tt NN eett
gpupg;G kw;Wk; gpupjpwd; ,itapuz;Lk; xd;wd; jiyfPop kw;nwhd;W MFk;.

l a
l i
a .12.i. vspa Ez;Nzhf;fp xd;wpid tptupj;J> mz;
l a
la.iikg;. Gs;sp Ftpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
i l a
l i
a
assaa ,ay;Gepiyf; Ftpag;gLj;Jajypy; addaa s
Vw;
s
g
aLk;a cUg;ngUf;fq;fSf;fhd
aa ddaasaa
s
w.

rkd;ghLfisg; ngWf..P
. P . P
. P
w ww w ww
www www
vspa Ez;Nzhf;fp vd;gJ xU nghUspd; Neuhd cUg;ngUf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l kha gpk;gj;ijg;
ngw cjTk; Fiwe;j Ftpaj;J}uk; nfhz;l xU cUg;ngUf;Fk; nyd;R MFk;. vdNt>
ww

nyd;rpd; xU gf;fj;jpd; Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;F cl;gl;l njhiytpw;Fs; nghUs; itf;fg;gl;L

mLj;j gf;fj;jpd; topahf mijg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;;.

N N ett N N ett
kpfTk; mUfhikapy; cs;s ve;jg; Gs;sp tiuapy; fz;zhy; njspthff; fhz ,aYNkh
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
mJ mz;ikg;Gs;sp vdTk;> kpfTk; njhiytpy; cs;s ve;jg; Gs;sp tiuapy; njspthff;
fhz ,aYNkh mJ Nra;ikg;Gs;sp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a
eykhd fz;zpd; mz;ikg; Gs;spapd; njhiyT 25 𝑐𝑚 ( 𝐷)> Nra;ikg;Gs;sp
njhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk.;
a ad d ad
a d
aa
s <wpyhj;

ww.. PP w
w. P
. P
❖ mz;ikg;Gs;sw
pw w
ww Ftpag;gLj;jy;
www
gpk;gkhdJ mz;ikg;Gs;spapy; cUthFk;NghJ fz; kpff;Fiwe;j msT rpukj;jpw;F
cs;shFk;. ,e;j njhiyT njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rPW njhiyT vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

N N ett N N ett
nghUspd; njhiyT 𝑓 I tplf; FiwthfTk; gpk;gj;jpd; njhiyT 𝐷 MfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
e e
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
42 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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w ..
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N eett
nyd;rpd; cUg;ngUf;fk;> 𝑚 = 𝑢
N
𝑣

N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑣 = – 𝐷 vdTk; 𝑢 = – 𝑢 vd gpujpapl
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 𝑚=𝑢
𝐷

aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
nyd;R rkd;ghL
ww
1
. P
. P
1
−𝑢=𝑓
1
w
w .P.P
𝑣
w
www
𝑣

𝐷
w
www
𝑚 = 1 − 𝑓 my;yJ 𝑚 = 1 + 𝑓

,JNt mz;ikg;Gs;sp Ftpag;gLj;Jjypd; cUg;ngUf;fk; MFk;.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa ,ay;Gepiy Ftpag;gLj;Jjy;aaddaassaa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P
nghUspd; gpk;gk; <upy;yhj; njhiytpy; Njhd;Wk;. ,e;j epiyapy; fz;fSf;F vt;tpj rpukKk;

.N
ww
,d;wpg; gpk;gj;ij trjpahfg; ghu;f;fKbAk;.
w www
www www
<upy;yhj; njhiytpy; kw;Wk; <upy;yh mstpy; Vw;gLk; gpk;gj;jpw;fhd eilKiwj; njhlu;gpid
ngw ,ayhJ. vdNt> ehk; Nfhz cUg;ngUf;fj;ij; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

lai
வகாண உருப்வபருக்கம்

N N
=
eett eett
வலன்ஸ் உதவியால் பார்க்கப்படும் பிம்பம் ஏற்படுத்திய வகாணம்

N N
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
வவறும் கண்களால் பார்க்கப்படும் பிம்பம் ஏற்படுத்தி ய வகாணம்

a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
𝜃
m = 𝜃𝑖
0

ddaass ddaass
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃0 ≈ 𝜃0 = 𝐷
ℎ

. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
www w w
w
www www
da

ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑖 ≈ 𝜃𝑖 =
𝑓
𝜃𝑖 ℎ/𝑓
Nfhz cUg;ngUf;fk;> m = = ℎ/𝐷
𝜃0
Pa

N e
𝑚=
N ett 𝐷

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑓

l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Nkw;fz;l rkd;ghL> ,ay;Gepiy

ddaass
Ftpag;gLj;JjYf;fhd cUg;ngUf;fj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk.;
ddaass
aa aa
w.

mz;ikg;Gs;sp
cUg;ngUf;fj;ijtpl>
ww. P
. P Ftpag;gLj;JjYf;fhd
,ay;Gepiy
w
w . P
. P
w
www
Ftpag;gLj;JjYf;fhd cUg;ngUf;fk; FiwthFk;. w
www
ww

13. $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fp xd;wpid tptupj;J> mjd; cUg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd

N N ett
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l
fz;zUF nyd;Rf;F nghUshfr; nray;gLfpwJ. fz;zUF nyd;]; Xu; vspa Ez;Nzhf;fp a
l i
nghUsUF nyd;]; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l jiyfPohd nka; gpk;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,g;gpk;gk;>
a
assaa aadda saa
s
ad
a a
d
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l jiyfPohd Kjy; gpk;gk;> fz;zUF nyd;Rf;F neUf;fkhf
s
a aa
s
Nghd;W nray;gl;L ngupjhf;fg;gl;l khagpk;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. nghUsUF nyd;rpdhy;
a mjd;

w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
Ftpag;gug;gpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;gb rupnra;Ak; NghJ> ,Wjp gpk;gk; fpl;lj;jl;l <upy;yhj;

w
www
nghUj;Jj; jiyfPohff; fpilf;Fk;. w
njhiytpy; my;yJ mz;ikg;Gs;spapy; Njhd;Wk;. ,Wjpgpk;gk; cz;ikahd nghUisg;
www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
43 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N eett
$l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; cUg;ngUf;fk;
N N Neett
lalai .i. nghUsUF nyd;rpd; gf;fthl;L cUg;ngUf;fk;>
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
ℎ′
𝑚0 = ℎ
ddaa s ddaa s
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 =
ℎ
=
ℎ′
.
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
𝑓0 𝐿

www w w
w
𝑚0 = 𝑓
𝐿
0
www www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
𝐿 vd;gJ fz;zUF nyd;rpd; Kjy; Ftpag;Gs;spf;Fk;> nghUsUF nyd;rpd; ,uz;lhk;
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
Ftpag;Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiythFk;. ,jw;Ff; $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; Foypd;
ePsk; vd;W ngau;.
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w www
,Wjp gpk;gk;> mz;ikg;Gs;spapy; mike;jhy;> fz;zUF nyd;rpd; cUg;ngUf;fk;
𝑚𝑒 = 1 + 𝑓
𝐷
𝑒
www www

lai
𝐿 𝐷
nkhj;j cUg;ngUf;fk; m = m0 𝑚𝑒 = (𝑓 ) (1 + 𝑓 )

N Neett N Neett 0 𝑒

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
,Wjpgpk;gk; <upy;yhj; njhiytpy; mike;jhy; fz;zUF nyd;rpd; cUg;ngUf;fk; me = 𝑓
𝐷
sa
assaa saa s aa 𝑒

dd aa s 𝐿
ddaa
𝐷 s
. . Paa
nkhj;j cUg;ngUf;fk; m = m0 𝑚𝑒 = (𝑓 ) (𝑓 )
P . P
. Paa
0 𝑒

ww ww w w
w
ww
da

14. Ez;Nzhf;fwxd;wpd; gpupjpwDf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. w

pw
xU ey;y Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ nghUis cUg;ngUf;fk; nra;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; mg;nghUspy;
rpWkj; njhiytpy; (𝑑சிறுமம் ;) gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;l ,U Gs;spfisg; gpupj;jwpe;J fhl;lTk;
Pa

N Neett N Neett
Ntz;Lk;. 𝑑சிறுமம் vd;gJ gpupg;G vdTk; mjd; jiyfPop gpupjpwd; vdTk; mwpag;gLk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
1.22𝜆 𝑓

ddaas
,lk;rhu; gpupg;G (ikag;ngUkj;jpd; Muk;) 𝑟௦ =
s ddaass𝑎

aa aa
w.

xU Ez;Nzhf;fpapy;> nghUspd; njhiyT Ftpaj;J}uj;ij (𝑓 ) tpl rw;W mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

gpk;gj;jpd; njhiyT 𝑣
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
𝑓 f;Fg; gjpyhf 𝑣 vd;W khw;w w
www 𝑟0 = w
www
1.22𝜆𝑣
𝑎
ww

𝑟0
cUg;ngUf;fk; 𝑚 = 𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛

NN ett
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚0 =
e
𝑟 1.22𝜆𝑣
𝑎𝑚
=
1.22𝜆𝑣
𝑣 (∵ 𝑚 = 𝑢)
𝑣

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. = 𝑎( )
𝑢

l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa d = aa aa
1.22𝜆𝑢
𝑎
ddaass d a
d s
a s
𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.22𝜆𝑓
(∵ u ≈ f)
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
𝑎

w w w w w
w
www www
𝑎
nghUs; cs;s gf;fj;jpy;> 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 ≈ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑓
1.22𝜆
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
44 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
rpWkj;njhiyT (𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) j;jpd; kjpg;ig NkYk; Fiwg;gjw;F>; nghUsUF nyd;i] mjpf

lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
xsptpyfy; vz; (𝑛) nfhz;l vz;nza; epug;gg;gl;l nfhs;fydpy; %o;fitj;J> xspapd;
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ghijia mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1.22𝜆
ddaass ddaass
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www www
vz;zpay; Jis 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
1.22𝜆
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑁𝐴
1 2𝑁𝐴
Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gpupjpwd; 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑑 = 1.22𝜆

N N eet t fpapd; gpupjpwd; 𝑚𝑖𝑛

N Neett
lalai.i. njhiyNehf;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa 1 𝑎
a ad a
das saa
,lk;rhu;gpupg;gpd; jiyfPop njhiyNehf;fpapd; gpupjpwd; vdg;gLfpwJ.

ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝑅 = 𝑟 = 1.22𝜆𝑓
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
0

www w w
www
ww
15. thdpay; njhiyNehf;fp xd;wpidg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff
w
w

lai
thd; nghUs;fis fhz;gjw;Fg;

N eett
gad;gLk; njhiyNehf;fpNa thdpay;
njhiyNehf;fpahFk;.
N thdpapay;
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. njhiyNehf;fpapy; Njhd;Wk; gpk;gk;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
jiyfPohdjhFk;. fz;zUF
nyd;irtpl mjpf
d a
Ftpaj;J}uKk;
d ass ddaass
ngupa JisAk; nfhz;l nghUsUF
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
nyd;]; ,jpy;
www cs;sJ.
w w
w
www www
da

kpfj;njhiytpYs;s nghUspypUe;J
tUk; xsp> nghUsUF nyd;rpd; topNa
Eioe;J thdpay; njhiyNehf;fpf;
Foypd; Ftpag;Gs;spapy; xU nka;
gpk;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. fz;zUF
Pa

N eett
nyd;];> ,e;jgpk;gj;ij cUg;ngUf;fk;
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. nra;J> ngupjhd jiyfPohd ,Wjp
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
gpk;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

d d a ass ddaass
aa aa
w.

w w . P
.
thdpay; njhiyNehf;fpapd;PcUg; n gUf; f k;
w
w . P
. P
w
www
வானியல் வதாதலவொக்கியின் உருப்வபருக்கம்(𝑚) = w
www
பிம்பம் ஏற்படுத்தும் வகாணம்
வபாருள் முதன்தம அச்சுைன் ஏற்படுத்தும் வகாணம்
ww

β
m=α

N ee
𝛼=𝑓
N tt
ℎ
; 𝛽 = ℎ/𝑓𝑒
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑓
0

l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑚 = 𝑓0
𝑒

ddaass d a
d s
a s
L = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑒
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w w w ww
wwxd;wwpd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fisf;$wp> epwkhiykhdpapd;
16. epwkhiykhdp www njhlf;fr;
rPuikTfisg;gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
epwkhiyfis MuhaTk;> xsptpyfy; vz;fisf; fzf;fplTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
45 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N eett
(𝒊) ,izahf;fp
N N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. a
,iz xspf;fw;iwia cUthf;Fk; mikg;Ng ,izahf;fp MFk;. ,J xU Ftpnyd;irAk;
l l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
nrq;Fj;Jg;gpsitAk; nfhz;lJ. gpstpd; njhiytpidr; rupnra;J nyd;rpd; Ftpaj;jpy;

d aa s d aa s
epiyepWj;j KbAk;. Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; mbghfj;Jld; ,izahf;fp n;ghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
d d
.
(ii) Kg;gl;lf Nkil
P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www 𝑉1 kw;Wk; 𝑉2 %yk;
www
Kg;gl;lfk;> fPw;wzp Nghd;wtw;iwg nghUj;Jtjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. %d;W rup nra;Ak;
jpUFfSld; mike;j ,uz;L ,izahd tl;ltbtj;jl;Lfs;; cs;sd. Kg;gl;lf Nkilapd;
epiyia ntu;dpau; mwpayhk;. Njitahd cauj;jpy;
itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

N N tt
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) njhiyNehf;fp
ee N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
thdpay; njhiyNehf;fp tifiar; rhu;ej
a a .i. l a
l i
; jhFk;. xU Kidapy; FWf;Ff; fk;gpfSld;
a

et
assaa aa aa
mike;j fz;zUF nyd;Rk; kWKidapy; nghUsUF nyd;Rk; cs;sJ. fz;zUF

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
nyd;Rf;Fk; nghUsUF nyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiytpidr; rupnra;J> njspthd

. .Paa
gpk;gj;ijf; FWf;Ff;fk;gpapy; Njhd;w nra;ayhk;.
P . P
. Paa

.N
tl;ltbt
w w
msTNfhy;
w xd;W
ww
njhiyNehf;fpAld;
w Nru;eJ
; RoYk; tifapy;

www www
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhiyNehf;fp kw;Wk; Kg;gl;lfNkil ,uz;ilAk; tpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpy;
epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;L Mu jpUF MzpfSk; El;gkhfr; rupnra;tjw;Fj; njhLNfhL
jpUF MzpfSk; cs;sd.

l a
l i
a N
.i. eett
lai
(m) fz;zUF nyd;irr; rPuikj;jy;
l a
l i
a
eett
epwkhiykhdpapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba njhlf;fr; rPuikg;Gfs;:
N N
.i. N l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Kd;Dk;gpd;Dk; efu;jj
a ddaasaa
s
a ddaassaa
njhiyNehf;fpia > xspA+l;lg;gl;l gug;gpid Nehf;fpr; Row;wp> FWf;Ff;fk;gpia
; pj; njspthd gpk;gk; fz;fSf;Fj; njupAk; ,lj;jpy; epiyepWj;j
a a
Ntz;Lk;.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

(M) njhiyNehf;fpiar; rPuikj;jy;

xspthd gpk;gk; tpOtjw;F ,izfjpu;fisg; ngWk; tifapy; njhiyNehf;fpia; njhiytpy;
cs;s nghUs; xd;iwf;fhZk; tifapy; epiyepWj;jNtz;Lk;.
(,) ,izahf;fpiar; rPuikj;jy;
Pa

N Neett N Neett
,izahf;fpf;F Neuhf njhiyNehf;fpiaf; n;fhz;L tuTk;. FWf;Ff;fk;gpapy; njspthd

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
gpk;gk; fpilf;Fk; tiu> ,izahf;fpapd; gpstpw;Fk; nyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiyitr;
a
assaa aa aa
rupnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

dda as s
(<) Kg;gl;lf Nkiliar; rPuikj;jy;
ddaass
aa aa
w.

w.
epiyapy; ,Uj;jyhk;
P
. P w
w . P
. P
,urkl;lk; kw;Wk; rupnra;Ak; jpUfhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp> Kg;gl;lf Nkilia fpilkl;l
w
wwww w
www
ww

17. epwkhiykhdpiaf; nfhz;L> Kg;gl;lfg;

nghUspd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhZk;

N Neett
Nrhjidia tptup.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. epwkhiykhdpapd; njhlf;fr;
l a
lai.i.
rPuikg;Gfisr;
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
nra;aNtz;Lk;.
(𝒊)
dd
Kg;gl;lff;Nfhzk; (𝑨)aass d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa
Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; xsptpyFg; gf;fq;fs; re;jpf;Fk; Kid> . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www
,izahf;fpiag; ghu;f;Fk; tifapy; Kg;gl;lfNkil
kPJ itf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,izahf;fpapd; gpsT Nrhba
Mtp tpsf;fpidf; nfhz;L xspA+l;lg;gLfpwJ.
,izahf;fpapypUe;J tUk; ,izfjpu;fs;
Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; 𝐴𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝐴𝐶 gf;fq;fspy; tpOe;J

N Neett
vjpnuhspg;G milfpd;wd.
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
46 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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w ..
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N Neett N Neett
,t;tpuz;L mstPLfspd; NtWghl;by;; ghjp Kg;gl;lff; Nfhzj;ijf; (𝐴) nfhLf;Fk;.

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa ssaa
(𝒊𝒊) rpWkjpirkhw;wf;Nfhzk; (𝑫)

aaddaa
,izahf;fpapypUe;J tUk; xsp Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; Xu; xsptpyF
aaddaa
ww. P
. P
gf;fj;jpd; kPJ tpOe;J> kWgf;fj;jpd; topNa xsptpyfy;
w
w .P.P
w
www
tifapy;> Kg;gl;lfj;ij w
www
mile;j xspiaj; njhiyNehf;fpapd; topNa ghu;f;Fk;
NkilkPJ nghUj;jNtz;Lk;.
jw;NghJ jpirkhw;wf;Nfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G FiwAk; tifapy;
Kg;gl;lf Nkiliar; Row;Wk; NghJ gpk;gk; Xu; ,lj;jpy;
epd;W> jpUk;g Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,e;epiyf;fhd mstPl;il Fwpj;Jf;

N Nett
e
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
N Neett
lalai.i. Kg;gl;lfj;ij ePf;fptpl;L>
l a
l i
a .i.
,izahf;fpapypUe;J tUk;
l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
gpk;gj;ij Neubahf njhiyNehf;fpapd; topNa ghu;f;Fk;
tifapy;
as
a s
njhiyNehf;fpiar;
dd Row;wp mstPLfisf;
d a
d s
a s
. .Paa
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpuz;L mstPLfspd; NtWghL
P . P
. Paa

.N
w w
rpWkjpirkhw;wf; Nfhzj;ijf; (𝐷) nfhLf;Fk;.
w www
www
Kg;gl;lfg; nghUspd; xsptpyfy; vz; 𝜇= www
sin(𝐴+ )
𝐴
sin( )
2
𝐷
2

lai
ntw;wpl Kg;gl;lfk; xd;wpDs; jputj;ij epug;gp> jputj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;izf; fhzyhk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa அலகு 𝟖 கதிர்வச்சு ீP aaddaas aa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. . Pமற்றும் பருப்வபாருளின்
w
w . P
. P
இருதமப்பண்பு
w
www w
www
da

சிறுவினாக்கள்
Pa

N N ett N N ett
1. cNyhfq;fspy; fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; Vd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;sd?
e e
l a
l i
a .i. cNyhfq;fspd;
l lai .i.
ntspf;$l;by; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZf;fUf;fSld; jsu;thf
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. miw ntg;gepiyfspy; $l> mjpf mstpyhd fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs;

ddaass ddaass
cNyhfq;fspd; cs;Ns ntt;NtW jpirfspy; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sd.cNyhfj;jpDs; ,e;j
aa aa
w.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp ,aq;fpdhYk; gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fshy; ntspNaw

,ayhJ.
ww. P
. P w w. P
. P
2. xU
w
cNyhfj;
w
wwjwpd; xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vd;gij tiuaW.
www mjd;
ww

myifj; jUf.
cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;wj; Njitg;gLk; Nghl;lhdpd; rpWk Mw;wy;

N eett
ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. myF : vyf;l;uhd; Nthy;l;
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 3. xspkpd; tpisT vd;why; vd;aadd?daassaa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w.P. P ww . P
. P
cNyhfj;jl;L xd;wpd; kPJ xsp my;yJ jFe;j miyePsk; nfhz;l kpd;fhe;jf; fjpu;tPr;R
w
wwnw
gLk;NghJ> mjpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T.
4. gLfjpupd; xspr; rwpitg; nghUj;J xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; vt;thWw
w ww
khWgLfpwJ?
xspkpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ (xU tpdhbapy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if) gLfjpupd;
nrwptpw;F Neu;jj
; ftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
47 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
5. Fthz;lk; fUj;Jg;gb> xspr;nrwpT vd;gij tiuaiw nra;f. mjd; myifj;
N
lalai .i. jUf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
nfhLf;fg;gl;l miyePsj;jpy; xspr;nrwpT vd;gJ XuyF fhyj;jpy; XuyFg; gug;gpd; kPJ

d aa s
gLk; rkkhd Mw;wiyg; ngw;Ws;s Nghl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
d ddaa s
myF: 𝑊𝑚−2
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w w
w
6. gad;njhlf;wmjpu;ntz; vd;gij vt;tW tiuaWg;gha;? w
fw ww
nfhLf;fg;gLk; cNyhf gug;Gf;F gLfjpupd; mjpu;ntz; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpWk
mjpu;ntz;iz tpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk xsp vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T Vw;gLk;.

N N e tt N N e tt
,e;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz; gad;njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLk;.
e e
lalai.i7.. xsp kpd;fyk; vd;why; vd;d? xsp kpd;flayj;
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
jpd; gy;NtW tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ddas
a s
xsp kpd;fyk; vd;gJ xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; rhjdk; MFk;.
d da s
a s
jj;Jtk;:
.
xspkpd; tpisTP
.Paa . P
. Pa a

.N
w w w w ww
tiffs:;
www
1. xsp ckpo;T kpd;fyk; 2. xsp Nthy;lh www
kpd;fyk; 3. xsp flj;Jk; kpd;fyk;

lai
8. 𝒒 kpd;D}l;lKk;> 𝒎 epiwAk; nfhz;l kpd;JfshdJ 𝑽 vd;w kpd;dOj;j
N Neett N Neett
NtWghl;bdhy; KLf;fg;gLk; NghJ> mjDld; njhlu;Gila b g;uha;
l a
l i
a .i. miyePsj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilvOJf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a saa
s a ssaa
ℎ
𝜆 =
√2𝑚𝑞𝑉
aadd a aadd a
w w. P P
. $Wf. w
w . P
. P
wwww w
www
da

9. b g;uha; fUJNfhspidf;
,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epA+l;uhd;fs; Nghd;w midj;J
gUg;nghUs; Jfs;fSk; miyg;gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j miyfs; b g;uha; miyfs;
my;yJ gUg;nghUs; miyfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
10.kl;ilg;ge;jpd; miyg;gz;gpid Vd; ek;khy; fhz Kbtjpy;iy?
a l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
ℎ
𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣

aa ddaa aaddaa
w.

ww. P
. P
vdNt mjd; miyePsj;ij fhz ,ayhJ.
ww . P
kl;ilg;ge;jpd; epiw kpfTk; mjpfk; vdNt b g;uha; miyePsk; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
. P
wwww w
www
ww

11.GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd; Mfpait rkkhd ,af;f Mw;wiy ngw;Ws;sd.

,jpy; ve;j JfSf;F b g;uha; miyePsk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. fhuzk; $Wf.

N Ne
𝜆 =
ett √2𝑚𝐾
ℎ

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miyePsk;
l
𝜆𝑒 =
a
lai.i.
ℎ

l a
l i
a
assaa saa s aa
√2𝑚𝑒 𝐾

GNuhl;lhdpd; b g;uha; miyePsk;

ddaa s ℎ
d a
d a s
.P. Paa 𝜆𝑝 =
√2𝑚𝑝 𝐾
. P
. Paa
𝜆𝑒 𝑚𝑝

w w
w w w
w
www www
𝜆𝑝
= 𝑚𝑒

𝑚𝑝 > 𝑚𝑒 vdNt 𝜆𝑒 > 𝜆𝑝

vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miyePsk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
48 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
fhuzk;: rkkhd ,af;f Mw;wiy ngw;Ws;s epiw Fiwthd Jfs; mjpf miyePsk;

lalai .i. nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 12.𝒎Jfspd;epiwAs;s JfSld; njhlu;a
,af;f Mw;wy; P aaddGassaa b g;uha; miyePsj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilaassaa
ila
a ad d
ww . . P
𝐊 %yk; vOJf.
ww.P.P
𝜆 =
www
ℎ
w www w
√2𝑚𝐾

N Nett
13.vyf;l;uhd; miy ,ay;ig
e N N ett
tpsf;Fk; Nrhjid xd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf. vyf;l;uhd;
e
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
fw;iw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,r;Nrhrhjddapy; ve;j epfo;T cw;W Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ?
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
Nltprd; - n[u;ku; Nrhjid
tpspk;G tpisT
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
. P
.P aa . P
. Paa

.N
k; w
14.vyf;l;uhd; kw;Ww w /gh Jfs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rkkhd ,af;w ww
ngw;Ws;sdw w w> mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila b g;uha; mdyePwswq;fw
vdpy;
My; f Mw; wiyg;
s; vt;thW
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?;.

lai
ℎ
𝜆 =

N Neett √2𝑚𝐾

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miyePsk;
l a
l i
a .i.
𝜆𝑒 =
ℎ
√2𝑚𝑒 𝐾
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
ℎ
𝛼 Jfsps; b g;uha; miyePsk;
aaddaa 𝜆𝛼 =
√2𝑚𝛼 𝐾
aaddaa
𝜆𝑒 𝑚𝛼
=
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝜆𝛼 𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝛼 > 𝑚𝑒 vdNt 𝜆𝑒 > 𝜆𝛼
vyf;uhdpd; epiw My;gh Jfspd; epiwia tpl kpfTk; FiwT. vdNt vnyf;l;uhdpd; b
g;uha; miyePsk; My;gh Jfistpl kpf mjpfk;
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i.
15.epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d
ad assaa
aadd asaa
s
ngUk ,af;f Mw;wiy nfhz;l xsp vyf;l;uhd;fis epWj;jp xspkpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr;
a a
Ropahf;Ftjw;F MNdhbw;F mspf;fg;gLk; vjpu; kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kjpg;G.
a
w.

w
w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w
16.gug;G muz; v.v w
www
cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fis ntspNawtplhky; jLf;Fk; kpd;dOj;j muz;.
ww

N eett
,uz;L rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf
N N Neett
17.gz;ila kpd; fhe;j nfhs;ifapdhy; tpsf;f Kbahj 𝑿 fjpH epwkhiyapd;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
nfhLf;fg;gl;l KLf;F kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;by;> njhlu; 𝑋-fjpu; epwkhiyapy; miyePsj;jpd;

assaa a
MdJ ntl;L miyePsk; vdg;gLk;
addaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
rpWkkjpg;ghdJ vy;yh ,yf;F nghUs;fSf;Fk; rkkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jr; rpWk miyePsk;

ww .P. P w. P
. P
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l rpy miyePsq;fspy; ; 𝑋 -fjpu;fspd; nrwpT fzprkhf
w
18.g;uk;];buhyq;
w
wwvd;w
why; vd;d?
w
www
mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,J khypg;Bdj;jpd; rpwg;G epwkhiyapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

vjph; KLf;fk; mile;j vyf;l;uhdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; fjpHtPr;R g;uk;]b

; uhyq my;yJ
jilAW fjpu;tPr;R vdg;gLk;

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
49 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N N eett
lalai .i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa
விரிவான
aadd ssaaவினாக்கள்
aaddaassaa
1. vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T vd;.gP
. P
jd; nghUs; vd; d ? gy; N tW tif vyf; l; u .
hd; P
.P
w ww w w w
www
ckpo;Tfisr; RUf; f khf tptup.
www
nghUspd; gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; epfo;T vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T vdg;gLk;.
ntg;g madp ckpo;T

N Nett
xU cNyhfj;ij cau; ntg;gepiyf;Fr; R+Nlw;Wk;
e
NghJ> cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy;
N
cs;s
Neett fl;Lwh

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
vyf;l;uhd;fs; gug;gpypUe;J ntspNaWfpd;wd.
l a
l i
a

et
assaa dd s
a aa
s
ntg;g madp ckpo;tpd; nrwpT gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
a
cNyhfk; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiyiag; nghUj;jJ.
aa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: Nfj;NjhL fjpu; Foha;;> vyf;l;uhd;
. P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www
Ez;Nzhf;fp> 𝑋-fjpu; Foha;

lai
Gy ckpo;T

N Neett N Nee
kpf typikahd kpd;Gyj;ij cNyhfj;jpd; FWf;Nftt
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
mspf;Fk; NghJ kpd;Gy ckpo;T Vw;gLfpwJ.
a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: Gyckpo;T tupf;fz;Nzhl;l

ddaass
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp> Gy ckpo;T fhl;rpf;fUtp
ddaass
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
www w w
w
www www
da

xspkpd; ckpo;T
Fwpg;gpl;l mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l kpd;fhe;jf; fjpu;tPr;R
Pa

N Neett e
cNyhfg; gug;gpd; kPJ gLk; NghJ> Mw;wyhdJ
N N ett
l a
l i
a .i. fjpu;tPr;rpy; ,Ue;J
l lai
fl;Lwh
a .i.vyf;l;uhd;fSf;F
khw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wyhy; fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs;
l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
gug;G muiz fle;J ntspNaWfpd;wd.

aaddaasaa
s
w.

ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ

ww. P
. P
gLfjpu;tPr;rpd; nrwptpidg; nghUj;J mikAk;.
w
w . P
. P
w
www
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: xsp ilNahL> xsp kpd;fyk; w
www
ww

,uz;lhk; epiy ckpo;T

N Neett
kpf Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk;
N Neett
vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw

l a
l i
a .i. Mw;wy; cNyhfg;
l a
la .i.
cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpd; kPJ NkhJk;NghJ> mjd; ,af;f
i
gug;gpYs;s fl;Lwh
l a
l i
a
assaa saa
s s aa
s
vyf;l;uhd;fSf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ. fl;Lwh

aaddaa
vyf;l;uhd;fs; Nghjpa msT ,af;f Mw;wiyg;
ad
a a
d a
Vw;gLfpwJ.
w
w P. P
ngWtjhy; ,uz;lhk; epiy vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T
. w
w. P
. P
w
www
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: gpk;gr; nrwpthf;fp> xsp
ngUf;fpf;Foha
w
www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
50 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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eet t
2. n`u;l;];>
N N
`hy;thf;]; kw;Wk; Nydhu;L
eet t
MfpNahupd;
N N
Nrhjidfis

lalai .
i . RUf;fkhf tpthjp.
l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
❖ n`u; l; ] pd; Nrhjid
ddaa s
n`u;l;]; Kjd;Kjypy; kpd;fhe;j miyfis cUthf;fpdhu;. ddaa s
. P
. Paa .P.P
cau; kpd;dOj;j J}z;L RUs;fspd; Kidfspy; ,U cNyhf Nfhsq;fis ,izj;J>aa
w ww w ww
www www
mtw;wpd; ,ilNa kpd;dpwf;fj; jPg;nghwpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. jPg;nghwp Vw;gl;lTld;
kpd;Jfs;fs; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; miyTWtjhy; kpd;fhe;j miyfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Gw Cjhf; fjpu;fis jPg;nghwp kPJ tpor;nra;Ak; NghJ mJ jPtpukiltijf; fz;lwpe;jhu;.
,jw;F xspkpd; ckpo;Nt fhuzk; vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

N Nett
e
jPg;nghwp jPtpukilfpwJ.
N Neett
Gw Cjhf;fjpu;fs; gLk;NghJ cNyhfj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjhy;

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa `hy;thf;]; Nrhjid aaddaassaa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P
`hy;thf;];> jPg;nghwpapd; ,ay;ghdJ GwCjhf; fjpupdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij Nrhjid

.N
ww
%yk; ep&gpj;jhu;.
w www
www www
kpd;fhg;Gj; J}zpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;l Jj;jehfj; jl;L
xd;W jq;f ,iy kpd;fhl;bAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

l a
l i
a N
.i. eett
lai l a
l i eett
GwCjhf; fjpu;fis kpd;D}l;lkw;w Jj;jehfj; jl;bd;
N N
.i. N
kPJ gLkhW nra;jhy;> jl;lhdJ Neu;kpd;D}l;lj;ijg;
a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
ngWfpwJ. MfNt ,iyfs; tpyfy; milfpd;wd.

ddaass ddaass
. P
. Paa
vjpu; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jj;jehfj;jl;bd; kPJ Gw
. P
. Paa
www w w
w
Cjhf; fjpu;fisg; gLkhW nra;jhy;> kpd; Jfs;fs; Ntfkhf frptjhy; ,iyfs; mUfpy;
www www
da

tUfpd;wd.

Neu; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jj;jehfj; jl;by; GwCjhf; fjpu;fs; gLk;NghJ> mJ NkYk;

Pa

Neu;kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;ljhf khWfpwJ. mjdhy; ,iyfs; NkYk; jpwe;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
Nkw;fz;l NrhjidfspypUe;J> GwCjhf; fjpu;fs; gLk;NghJ Jj;jehfj; jl;bypUe;J

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd vd;W KbthfpwJ.
l a
l i
a
assaa nydhu;L Nrhjid ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P
nydhu;L vd;gtu; vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T
w
w
epfo;tpid. P
. P
w
www
tpupthfr; Nrhjid nra;jhu; w
www
ww

𝐴 kw;Wk; 𝐶 vd;w ,U cNyhf jl;Lfs;

ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l Fthu;l;]; FohapDs;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhy;tdhkPl;lu; 𝐺 kw;Wk;

N eett
kpd;fyj; njhFg;G 𝐵 Mfpait
N N Neett
kpd;Rw;wpy;

l a
l i
a .i. ,izf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
vjpu;kpd; jl;L 𝐶 kPJ Gw Cjhf;fjpu;fs; gLk;NghJ>
aass
kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
dd Mdhy;>
d a
d s
a s
. . Paa
Neu;kpd; jl;bd; kPJ gLk; NghJ>
P kpd;Ndhl;lk;
. P
. Paa
Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
w w
w w w
w
Nkw;fz;l
wwwNrhjidfspypUe;J>
www
vjpu;kpd;jl;bd; kPJ GwCjhf; fjpu;fs; tpOk; NghJ
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd. mit Neu;kpd; jl;L 𝐴 tpdhy; ftug;gLfpd;wd
vdNt vjpu;kpd; jl;bd; kPJ gLk; Gw Cjhf;fjpu;fs;> jl;bd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J vyf;l;uhd;
ckpo;T eilngWtjw;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
51 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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w ..
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eett
3. xspkpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;
N N eet t
kPjhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd;
N N
tpisit tpsf;Ff.

lalai .i. gLfjpupd; mjpu;ntz; kw;Wk;

a i
nrwpT
l l a .
i .
Mfpait
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
khwpypfshf itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ddaass d a
d s
a s
𝐴 thdJ
Nfj;NjhL
Neu;
. . Paa
kpd;dOj;jj;jpy;
P itf;fg;gl;L>
kPJ xsp tpOkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ. .P.Pa a
www w ww
www
𝐴 ,d; Neu; kpd;dOj;jk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ>
xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfupj;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiyapy;
njtpl;ba kjpg;ig ( njtpl;L kpd;Ndhl;lk; )
www
milfpwJ..

N Nett
,e;epiyapy;
e midj;J xsp vyf;l;uhd;fSk;
N Neett
𝐴

lalai.i. tpdhy; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
𝐶 apidg; nghUj;J 𝐴 tpw;F vjpu; kpd;dOj;jk;
a
mspf;Fk;NghJ> xspkpd;Ndhl;lk;
dd s
a s a
cldbahf Rop kjpg;ig miltjpy;iy.
d d s
a s Vnddpy;

. .Paa . P
. Paa
ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntt;NtW mstpyhd ,af;f Mw;wy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
P

.N
w
w
𝐴 tpw;F mspf;fg;gLk; vjpu;
w ww
kpd;dOj;jj;ijg; gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ>
w
www www
xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;J 𝑉0 vd;w Fwpg;gpl;l vjpu; kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Rop kjpg;ig milfpwJ.
,k;kpd;dOj;jk; epWj;J my;yJ ntl;L kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
epWj;J kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ xspkpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; Ropahf;Ftjw;F MNdhbw;F mspf;fg;gLk;

lai
vjpu; kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; kjpg;ghFk;.

N Neett N Neett
ngUk Ntfk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; Muk;g ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ >epWj;J kpd;dOj;jj;jpdhy;

l a
l i
a .i. nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyf;Fr; rkkhFk;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
1
2
𝑚𝑣 2 வபருமம் = 𝑒𝑉0
ddaass ddaass
𝑣வபருமம் = √
2𝑒𝑉0
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
𝑚

www w w
w
www www
da

xspr;nrwpit kl;Lk; mjpfupj;jhy;> njtpl;ba kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. Mdhy; 𝑉0 tpd;

kjpg;G khwhJ.
epWj;J kpd;dOj;jkhdJ gLfjpupd; nrwptpid nghUj;J mikahJ.
Pa

xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wYk; nrwptpidg; nghUj;J mikahJ.

N N eett N Ne tt
e
l a
l i
a .i4.. gL xspapd; mjpu;ntz;izg; nghUj;lJalai.epWj;
i. J kpd;dOj;jk; vt;thW l a
l i
a
assaa khw;wkilfpwJ vd;gij tptup. ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
w w . P
gLfjpupd; nrwpT khwpypahf
. P ww . P
. P
MNdhL wwww
kpd;dOj;jj;ijg; www w
ww

nghUj;J
xspkpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
khWghlhdJ ntt;NtW

N eett
mjpu;ntz;fSf;F
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Muhag;gLfpwJ.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J> epWj;J kpd;dOj;jkhdJ mjpu;ntz;izg; nghUj;J Neu;tpfpjj;jpy;

w
www w
mjpfupf;fpwJ. vdNt mjpu;ntz; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,af;f Mw;wYk;
www
mjpfupf;fpwJ. vdNt vjpu; KLf;F kpd;dOj;jKk; mjpfkhfpwJ.
tiuglj;jpy; ,Ue;J>. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjpu;ntz;zpw;F fPNo vyf;l;uhd;fs;
ckpog;gLtjpy;iy ,e;j mjpu;ntz; gad;njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLk;. gad;njhlf;f
mjpu;ntz;zpy; epWj;Jkpd;dOj;jk; RopahFk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
52 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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aa
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eett
5. xspkpd; tpisT tpjpfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
N N N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
1. nfhLf;fg;gLk; cNyhfj;jpw;F > gLfjpupd; mjpu;ntz; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpWk mjpu;ntz;iz
a
assaa aa aa
tpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk xsp vyf;l;uhd; ckpo;T Vw;gLk;. ,e;jr; rpWk mjpu;ntz;

ddaass
gad;njhlf;f mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLk;.
ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
ww
2. nfhLf;fg;gLk; mjpu;ntz;Zf;F>
w w w
xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ gLfjpupd;
w
Neu;jj www
nrwptpw;F Neu;jj
; ftpy;mikAk;
; fT. NkYk; njtpl;L
wwwkpd;Ndhl;lKk; xspr;nrwptpw;F

3. xspvyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ gLfjpupd; xspr; nrwpitg; nghUj;J

mikahJ.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
4. nfhLf;fg;gLk; cNyhfj;jpw;F> xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ gLfjpupd;
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
mjpu;ntz;zpw;F Neu;jj
; fT

dd as
a s d a
d s
a s
fhyjhkjk; ,Uf;fhJ
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa
5. cNyhfj;jpd; kPJ xsp gLtjw;Fk; xsp vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilNa

.N
w w ww w ww
6. miy ww
,ay; gpd; mbg;gilapy; xspkpd; tpistpid Vd; w ww
tpsf; f KbahJ
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

lai
khf;];nty;ypd; nfhs;ifapypUe;J> xsp vd;gJ kpd;fhe;j miy. xsp miyg;gz;igf;

NNeett
nfhz;lJ.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. miy l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
,ay;gpd; mbg;gil Nrhjid KbTfs;

ddaass
cNyhf ,yf;fpd; kPJ xspgLk;NghJ> cNyhfj;jpy; cs;s
ddaass
P aa
vyf;l;uhd;fSf;F Mw;wy; njhlu;r;rpahf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
. . P . P
. Paa
xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk
,af;f Mw;wyhdJ xspapd;

w ww w w
w nrwptpidg; nghUj;jJ
www www
da

mjpf nrwpTs;s xspahdJ ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fSf;F

my;y.
,af;f Mw;wiyj; ju Ntz;Lk;
cNyhfg; gug;gpd; kPJ NghJkhd nrwpTs;s xspf;fw;iw
Fwpg;gpl;l mjpu;ntz;zpw;F
gLk; NghJ> xspf;fw;iwapd; mjpu;ntz; vt;tsT Fiwthf
fPNo xspkpd; ckpo;T
Pa

N Neett
,Ue;jhYk;>
ckpog;gLk;.
cNyhfg; gug;gpypUe;J
N Neett
vyf;l;uhd;fs;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
xspapd; Mw;wyhdJ miyKfg;G KOtJk; gutp
aass
,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhy;> ,e;j Mw;wiy
dd kpf mjpf
ddaass
aa aa
w.

vz;zpf;ifapyhd vyf;l;uhd;fs; ngWfpd;wd. xt;nthU xspkpd; tpisT vd;gJ

. P
. P
vyf;l;uhDk; ntspNaw;W Mw;wiy tpl mjpfkhd msT
ww w
w . P
. P cldb epfo;T
w
www w
www
Mw;wiyg;ngw rpy kzp Neuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
ww

vdNt miyf;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; xspkpd; tpisit tptupf;f Kbatpy;iy.

N eett
7. xspapd; Fthz;lk;
N fUj;jpid
N
tptup.
Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ▪
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
Id;];Bd; nfhs;ifg;gb> xsp Mw;wyhdJ > rpW rpg;gq;fs; my;yJ Fthz;lhf;fspy;

assaa ▪
Ftpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

a ddaasaa
s
ad a
d
xsp %yj;jpypUe;J tUk; xsp Fthz;lh fw;iwfshf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
a a
s
a aa
s
▪
.P. P
xsp Fthz;lj;jpd; Mw;wy; 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈
w
w w
w. P
. P
▪ w
www
xsp Fthz;lj;jpd; Neu;f;Nfhl;Lce;jk; 𝑝= w
www
ℎ𝜈
𝐶
▪ xsp Fthz;lkhdJ Jfs; gz;igg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
▪ xsp Fthz;lkhdJ /Nghl;lhd; vdg;gLk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
53 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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w ..
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eet
8. jFe;j
N N t e
tpsf;fq;fSld; Id;];Bdpd; xspkpd; rkd;
N N et gthl;il ngWf.

lalai .
i . l a
l i
a .
i . l a
xU cNyhfg;gug;gpd; kPJ ℎ𝜈 Mw;wy; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; xd;W gLk;NghJ> ,e;j Mw;wy;
l i
a
assaa aa aa
KOtJkhf vyf;l;uhd; xd;wpdhy; cl;ftug;gl;L me;j vyf;l;uhd; ckpog;gLfpwJ.

ddaass
/Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; ,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
ddaass
. P
. Paa
1) cNyhfg;gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;w
.P.Paa
w w
w w ww
www www
2) ckpog;gl;l vyf;l;uhid ,aq;f itf;f
1
Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpg;gb> ℎ𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 2 𝑚𝑣 2
gad;njhlf;f mjpu;ntz;zpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,af;f Mw;wy; VJkpd;wp ckpog;gLfpd;wd.

N N tt
ℎ𝜈0 = 𝜙0
ee N Neett
lalai.i. [d;]B
; dpd; xspkpd; rkd;ghL
l a
l i
a .i. 1
ℎ𝜗 = ℎ𝜗0 + 𝑚𝑣 2
l a
l i
a

et
2

assaa ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
aad
𝐾வபருமம்das
a aa
s1
= 𝑚𝑣 2 வபருமம்
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
mf Nkhjy;fspdhy; Mw;wy; ,og;G ,y;iy vdpy;> vyf;l;uhd;fs; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wYld;

. P
.P 2
. P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www
𝐾வபருமம் = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙0

9. Id;];Bd; tpsf;fj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l

lai
xspkpd; tpistpd; fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.

N Neett N Neett
xt;nthU Nghl;lhDk; xU vyf;l;uhid cNyhfg;gug;gpypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjhy;> xspr;nrwpT

l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fpwJ.
a l a
l i
xspkpd;Ndhl;lKk;
a
sa
assaa aa aa
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
𝐾வபருமம்
ddaass
MdJ mjpu;ntz;Zf;F Neu;jj
ddaass
; ftpy; mikAk;. Mdhy; xspr;nrwptpidg;
nghUj;J mikahJ.
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
www w w
w
www www
cNyhfg; gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;Wtjw;F /Nghl;lhDf;F rpWk Mw;wy;
da

Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mw;wYf;F fPNo mjhtJ gad;njhlf;f mjpu;ntz;zpw;F fPNo

xspkpd; ckpo;T ,Uf;fhJ.
Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifapd;gb> /Nghl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J vyf;l;uhDf;F Mw;wy; khw;wg;gLtJ xU
cldb epfo;thFk;. vdNt /Nghl;lhd; gLtjw;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; ckpog;gLtjw;Fk; ,ilNa
Pa

N eett
fhyjhkjk; ,Uf;fhJ
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 10.xspmikg;ckpo;T
a addaa aaWk; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff. aassaa
kpd;fyj;jpd; mikg;Gskw;
s
aadd
w.

❖ G

w w. P
. P ww . P
. P
w
www w
www
ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l Fthu;l;]; Fkpopy; kpd;tha;fs; Nfj;NjhL kw;Wk;
MNdhL nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
ww

Nfj;NjhL 𝐶 MdJ xsp czu; nghUs; G+rg;gl;L miu cUis

tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. fk;gpahyhd MNdhL 𝐴 > Nfj;Njhbd; mr;rpy;

N Neett N Neett
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfj;NjhL kw;Wk; MNdhL ,ilNa kpd;dOj;j

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
NtWghlhdJ fhy;tdh kPl;lu; topahf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk;

d aa
Nfj;Njhbd; kPJ xsp gLk; NghJ>
d ss d a s
a
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
d s
,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;
.P. Paa
MNdhbdhy; ftug;gLtjhy;>
. aa
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
P
. P
cUthfpwJ.
w w
w
,jidf;
w
w
fhy;tdh kPl;lu; %yk; mstplyhk;.
w
www
gLfjpu;tPr;rpd; nrwpT , MNdhL www
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Nfj;Njhbw;F> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G
kw;Wk; Nfj;NjhLf;F ,ilg;gl;l
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;J mikAk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
54 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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Neett N Neett
11.vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miy ePsj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;bidg; ngWf.
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
𝑚 epiw nfhz;lvyf;l;uhd; MdJ 𝑉 Nthy;l; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bdhy; KLf;fg;gLfpwJ

assaa aa aa
vd;f.

ddaass 1
ddaass
. . Paa
vyf;l;uhd; ngWfpd;w ,af;fMw;wy;
P 2
.P.Paa
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉

www w w
w
www www
2𝑒𝑉
vyf;l;uhdpd; jpirNtfk; 𝑣 = √ 𝑚
ℎ ℎ
vyf;l;uhNdhL njhlu;Gila gUg;nghUs; miyfspd; b g;uha; miyePsk; 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 =
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
12.27
njupe;j kjpg;Gfis Nkw;fz;l rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapl> ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ 𝜆 = 𝐴°

N Nett
e N Neett √𝑉

lalai.i. a i .i.
vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; 𝑒𝑉 = 𝐾 vdpy; 𝜆 =
l l a
ℎ

l a
l i
a

et
assaa 12.b g;uha; miy ePsj;jpw;fhdaarkd; aa aa
√2𝑚𝐾

ddaa ss d a
d s
a s
. P
. P ghl;bidg; ngWf.
. P
. Paa

.N
w ww www
www www
ℎ𝜈 ℎ
/Nghl;lhdpd; ce;jk; 𝑝 = =
𝐶 𝜆
ℎ
/Nghl;lhdpd; miyePsk; 𝜆=
𝑝

lai
,e;j rkd;ghlhdJ gUg;nghUs; Jfs;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;$ba nghJthd rkd;ghL MFk;.

N Neett
vdNt 𝑚 epdwAk; 𝑣
N Neett
NtfKk; nfhz;l Jfspd; miyePsk;
ℎ

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
,e;j miyePsk;> b g;uha; miy ePsk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

dd aass ddaass
,e;j rkd;ghlhdJ miyg; gz;gpidAk; (miyePsk; ) Jfs; gz;gpidAk;> (ce;jk;) gpshq;f;

. P P
khwpyp %yk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.
. a a . P
. Paa
w ww w ww
wwNw w
da

13.vyf;l;uhd; Ez; zhf;fpapd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak;w

w
tpjj;ij RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
Pa

N Neet t jj;Jtk ;
N Neett
a
ll i
a .
i . l a
lai .i.
Jfs;fspd; miy gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a
s
a a
s a aassaa
Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gFjpwd; cUg;ngUf;f Ntz;ba
aasaa
s
nghUspd; kPJ gLk; xspapd;
dd
miyePsj;jpw;F vjpu;jftpy; mikAk;.
aa aadd
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
vyf;l;uhdpd; b g;uha; miyePsk; fz;ZW xspapd; miy ePsj;ij tpl kpff; FiwT .
w
www w
www
vdNt vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpfspd; gFjpwd; xspapay; Ez;Nzhf;fpfis tpl kpf mjpfk;.
(2>00>000 klq;F)
ww

❖ Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk;;

N Neett
xspapay; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; nray;ghL Nghd;wJ.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwiaf; Ftpg;gjw;F kpd;Gy my;yJ
fhe;jg;Gy nyd;Rfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
l a
l i
a
assaa aasaa
s
kpd;Gyk; my;yJ fhe;jg;Gyk; topahfr; nry;Yk;
aadd
vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwia tpupjYf;Nfh FWFjYf;Nfh
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P
cl;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd; %yk;> vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw
w
w. P
. P
w
www
Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
w
www
vyf;l;uhd; %yj;jpypUe;J ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs;
cau; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bdhy; KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhe;jg;Gy Ftpf;Fk; nyd;R %yk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw
,izf; fw;iwahf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
55 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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N eett
,e;jf; fw;iw
N eett
cUg;ngUf;fk; nra;a Ntz;ba nghUs; topahfr; nry;Yk;NghJ> mjd;
N N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
gpk;gj;ijj; jhq;fpr; nry;fpwJ.; fhe;jg;Gy nghUsUF nyd;R kw;Wk; tPo;j;Jk; nyd;R
a
mikg;Gfspd; cjtpAld; cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;l gpk;gk; jpiuapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
gad;ghL
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
Muha;r;rpf;$lq;fspy; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

14.vyf;l;uhdpd; miy ,ay;gpid tptupf;Fk; Nltprd; n[u;ku; Nrhjddia

RUf;fkhf tptup.

N Nett
e
Nltprd; kw;Wk; n[u;ku; MfpNahu; ee
b g;uhapd;
N N tt
lalai.i. l l i
gUg;nghUs; miyfs; gw;wpa vLNfhis Nrhjid
a a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
%yk; cWjp nra;jdh;.

ddas
a s
gbf jpz;kq;fspd; kPJ gLk; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwfs;
d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa
tpspk;G tpisT miltij nra;J fhl;bdhu;fs;.
. P
. Paa

.N
w
w
jpz;k gbfk; Kg;gupkhz tpspk;G tpisT
w www
www
fPw;wzpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
Fiwe;j kpd;dOj;j kpd;fy mLf;F %yk; www
kpd;dpio R+LgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ntg;g madp

lai
ckpo;T %yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.

N Neett
cau; kpd;dOj;j kpd;fy mLf;F %yk;>
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. vyf;l;uhd;fs; KLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
,U nky;ypa mYkpdpaj; jfLfs; topahfr; nry;Yk; NghJ ,izf; fw;iwahf khWk;
vyf;l;uhd;fs;> xw;iwg; gbf epf;fypd; kPJ gLfpwJ. epf;fy; mZtpdhy; rpjwbf;fg;gLk;
w
www w
www
da

vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; nrwpT vyf;l;uhd; gFg;ghdhy; mstplg;gLfpwJ. gFg;ghid Row;wp

gLfw;iwf;Fk; rpjwbf;fg;gl;l fw;iwf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nfhzk; 𝜃 tpd; kjpg;ig khw;wp
mikf;fyhk;. rpjwbf;fg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; nrwpT MdJ 𝜃 ,d; rhu;ghf
mstplg;gLfpwJ.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
nfhLf;fg;gl;l KLf;F kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;F> rpjwbf;fg;gl;l miyapd; nrwpT 50° Nfhzj;jpy;

l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
ngUkkhf mikAk;. cNyhfj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW mZ jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpspk;G tpisT
a l
mile;J tUk; vyf;l;uhd; miyfspd; Mf;f FWf;fPl;L tpistpdhy; ,e;j ngUkk; a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
ngwg;gLfpwJ. epf;fypd; mZ jsq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiytpd; kjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J>
w.

vyf;l;uhd; miyapd; miyePsk; Nrhjid %yk; 1.65 𝐴° vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www
b gpuha; njhlh;G %yk; w
www
𝑉 = 54 𝑉 vd;w kjpg;gpw;F> 𝜆=
12.27
√𝑉
𝐴°
ww

𝜆 = 1.67 𝐴°
,J Nrhjid kjpg;Gld; (1.65 𝐴° ) nghUe;jpAs;sJ.

N N e ett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i15.. Nghl;lhd;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gl;baypLf.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa ❖
❖ Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈
aaddaass aa
Nghl;lhd; vd;gJ fjpu;tPr;rpd; mbg;gilf;$W
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
❖
ww .P. P w
w. P
. P
Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; mjpu;ntz;iz kl;Lk; rhu;e;j;J. nrwpitr; rhu;ej
; J my;y.
❖
❖ www w
xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;. ,jd; ce;jk; 𝑝 = ℎ𝜈/𝐶
w
www
kpd; eLepiy Jfs;. kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyq;fshy; tpyfy; milahJ.
❖ gUg;nghUSld; tpidGupAk; NghJ nkhj;j Mw;wy;> Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk; > Nfhz ce;jk;
khwhJ. Mdhy; /Nghl;lhd; vz;zpf;if khwyhk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
56 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

eett
16.xsp kpd;fyj;jpd; gad;fisj; jUf.
N N N Neett
lalai .i. ❖
a i .i.
kpd; ,af;fpfs; kw;Wk; kpd; czu;tpfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
l l a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
❖ ,Us; Neuj;jpy; jhdhf xspUk; kpd; tpsf;Ffspy;; gad;gLfpd;wd.
❖
d aass
njUtpsf;Ffs; jhdhf ,aq;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
d ddaass
❖
P aa P aa
jpiug;glq;fspy; xypapidj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;F; gad;gLfpd;wd.
. . P . .P
❖
ww w
w
Xl;lg; ge;jaq;fspy; jlfs tPuu;fspd; Ntfj;ij mstpLk; fbfhuq;fspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
w w
❖
www www
Gifg;glj; Jiwapy; xspr; nrwpit mstpl;L> gpd;G Gifg;glf; fUtpapy; xspgLtjw;Fj;;
Njitahd Neuj;ijf; (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) fzf;fplg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

17.rpwg;G 𝑿 -fjpu; epwkhiyia vt;thW ehk; ngWfpNwhk;?

N Nett
e N Neett
cau; Ntf vyfl;uhd;fshy; ,yf;Fg; nghUs; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ> ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rpy

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
miyePsq;fspy; FWfpa KfLfs; 𝑋 -fjpu; epwkiyapy; Njhd;Wfpdwd. ,e;j KfLfSld;
a

et
assaa s aa s aa
Njhd;Wk; tup epwkhiy MdJ rpwg;G 𝑋 fjpu; epwkhiy vdg;gLk;.

ddaa s d a
d a s
,e;j epwkhiy mZtpDs; Vw;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; epiykhw;wj;jpdhy; (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P
,yf;F mZtpd; cs;Ns CLUTk; mjpf
w
w . P
. P
w
www
Mw;wy; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhd; MdJ rpy 𝐾-$L
vyf;l;uhd;fis ntspNaw;w KbAk;. 𝐾-$l;by;
w
www
ww

Vw;gl;Ls;s fhypaplj;ij epug;Gtjw;F ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; ,Ue;J vyf;l;uhd;fs; jhTfpd;wd.

,e;j fPo; Nehf;fpa epiykhw;wj;jpd; NghJ> Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l Mw;wy; NtWghL
MdJ 𝑋-fjpu; /Nghl;lhd; tbtpy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j/Nghl;lhdpd; miyePsk;

N Neett N Neett
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kjpg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,yf;Fg;nghUspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;ghf mikAk; ,e;j

l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
miyePsq;fs;> tup epwkhiyia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
a l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝐿, 𝑀, 𝑁 …. Nghd;w Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 𝐾-Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;F vyf;l;uhd; epiykhw;wk;

w
w .P. P
eilngWtjhy;> 𝐾-tupir epwkhiytupfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
,Nj Nghy> 𝐿 −vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZtpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhy;> 𝑀, 𝑁, 𝑂 …. Nghd;w Mw;wy;
kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 𝐿 −Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;F vyf;l;uhd; epiykhw;wk; eilngWfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;
mjpf miyePsk; nfhz;l 𝐿− tupir epwkhiytupfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. kw;w tupirfSk; ,J

N N ett
NghyNt cUthfpd;wd.
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
57 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
𝐾-tupirapd; 𝐾𝛼 kw;Wk; 𝐾𝛽 tupfs;> glk; 8.21 (M) ,y; cs;s khypg;Bdj;jpd; 𝑋-fjpu;
a
assaa aa aa
epwkhiyapd; ,U KfLfs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

ddaass ddaass
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www www
அைகு 9 அணு ேற்றும் அணுக்கரு இயற்பியல்
N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aadd a s
a aa
s
சிறுவினாக்கள்
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
Nfj;NjhL fjpu;w
w
w www
1.
www fs; vd; why; vd; d ?
www
kpd;dpwf;f Fohapy; 0.01 𝑚𝑚 ghjur mOj;jj;jpy; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj fjpu;fs; vjpu; kpd;

lai
thapypUe;J ntspNaWk;. ,e;j fjpu;fs; NfNjhL fjpu;fs; vdg;gLk; . ,it vyf;l;uhd;
fw;iwNa MFk;.

NN ee tt N Neett
l a
l i
a .2.i. Nfj;NjhL fjpu;fspd; gz;Gfis vOJf.lalai.i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa ▪
aaddaasaa
s
NfNjhL fjpu;fs; Mw;wy; kw;Wk; ce;jj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd.
aaddaassaa
▪
ww . P
. P
Neu;f;Nfhl;by; nry;fpd;wd.
w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
da

▪ kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyq;fshy; tpyf;fk; milfpd;wd.

▪ nghUs;fspd; kPJ tPOk; NghJ> ntg;gk; cUthfpd;wJ.
▪ Gifg;glj; jfl;il ghjpf;Fk; xspu;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Pa

N N
▪
eett N N ett
mjpf mZ vil nfhz;l nghUs;fspd; kPJ tpOk; NghJ> 𝑋–fjpu;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
e
l a
l i
a .i. ▪ thAf;fis madpahf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
▪ xspapd; Ntfj;jpy; 1/10 klq;F Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

d d aa ss ddaass
aa aa
w.

3.
ww . P
.
&ju;Nghu;L My;gh rpjwy; P
Ma; t pd; KbTfisf; $Wf.
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
 ngUk;ghyhd My;gh Jfs;fs; jq;f nkd; jfl;bdhy; tpyf;fk; milahky; Neuhf
ww

nry;fpd;wd.
 rpy My;gh Jfs;fs; rpwpa Nfhz msNt tpyf;fk; milfpd;wd.

N Neett N N ett
 Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd (Mapuj;jpy; xd;W) My;gh Jfs;fs; 90° Nfhzj;jpw;Fk;
e
l a
l i
a .i. Nkyhd tpyf;fk; milfpd;wd.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
 kpff;Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd My;gh Jfs;fs; 180° Nfhz mstpy; gpd;Ndhf;fpa
rpjwy; milfpd;wd.
ddaass d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w ww w w
w
4.
(m) epiywww
Nghu; mZ khjpupapd; fUJNfhs;fisf; $Wf.
www
kpd;dpay; ftu;r;rp tpirapdhy; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp Xu; vyf;l;uhd;
tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;fj; Njitahd ika Nehf;F tpiria
$Y}k; tpir mspf;fpd;wJ.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
58 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N eett
(M) Nfhz ce;j Fthz;lkhf;fy;
N N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
mZtpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jdpj;jdpahd ghijfspy; mZf;fUitr;

assaa ssaa ssaa

Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. ,g;ghijfspy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; kpd;fhe;j Mw;wiy fjpu; tPRtjpy;iy.

aaddaa
,j;jifa Rw;Wg;ghijfs; epiyj;jd;ik ngw;wit.
aaddaa
ww . P
. P
vyf;l;uhdpd; Nfhz ce;jk;
ℎ

w
w .P.P ℎ
,d; KO klq;fhf ,Uf;Fk;. 𝑙 = 𝑛 2𝜋

ww
(,) Mw;wypd; wwlkhf;fy;
Fthz;
2𝜋
w
www
Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; Mw;wy; njhlu;r;rpahf ,y;yhky; jdpj;jdp kjpg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,U Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; Mw;wy; NtWghl;Lf;Fr; (𝛥𝐸) rkkhd Mw;wy; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhid

N Nett
e eett
cl;ftu;tjhNyh my;yJ ntsptpLtjhNyh vyf;l;uhd; xU
N N
Rw;Wg;ghijapypUe;J

lalai.i. kw;nwhd;Wf;F jht ,aYk;.

l a
l i
a .i.
∆𝐸 = ℎ𝜈
l a
l i
a

et
assaa 5. fpsu;T Mw;wy; vd;why; avd;
add aassaa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P d?
. P
. P

.N
w ww www
www www
ve;jnthU Fiwe;j Mw;wy; epiyapypUe;Jk; mjpf Mw;wy; epiyf;F Xh; vyf;l;uhid
fpsu;Twr; nra;a Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy; fpsu;T Mw;wy; vdggLk;

lai
6. madpahf;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaWf;fTk;?

N Neet t f Mw;wy; N Neetkpd;

t dOj;jk;
l a
l i
a .i. madpahf;
l l i
a .i.
madpahf;
a f
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aasaa
s
mb epiyapYs;s mZtpd; vyf;l;uhd; XuyF
aadd aassaa
kpd;D}llj;jpw;fhd
aadd madpahf;f

Mw;wy
ww . P
xd;wpid ntspNaw;wj; Njitg;gLk; rpWk Mw;wy;
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

7. Nghu; mZ khjpupapd; FiwghLfisf; $Wf.

Pa

(m) i`l;u[idg; Nghd;w mZf;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUj;jkhdJ.

N Neett N Neett
(M) i`l;u[d; epwkhiyapy; fhzg;gLk;> Ez;tupaikg;Gf;F tpsf;fk; jutpy;iy.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
(,) epwkhiytupfspd; nrwptpy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;fhd
l a
l i
a
tpsf;fk; jutpy;iy.

assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
(<) vyf;l;uhd;fspd; gfpu;T njhlu;ghd KOikahd tpsf;fKk; jug;gltpy;iy.
w.

mZFwww . PP
. my;yJ njhLif njhiyT vd;why;www. P
.? P
8. kPr;rpW
wwwnjhiyT
www vd; d
mZf;fUit Nehf;fp Neuhf XH My;gh Jfs; nry;Yk;NghJ 𝟏𝟖𝟎° Nfhzj;jpy; vjpnuhspg;G
ww

miltjw;F Kd;> My;gh JfSf;Fk; mZf;fUTf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rpWk

njhiyT kPr;rpW − mZF njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

NN e ett N Neett
l a
l i
a .9.i. Nkhjy; fhuzp- tiuaWf;fTk;. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa d a
d s
a aa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
mZf;fUtpd; ikaj;jpw;Fk;> My;gh Jfs; mjpf njhiytpy; cs;sNghJ mjd; jpirNtf
aa aa
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.ww .P. P ww. P
. P
ntf;lupd; jpirf;Fk; ,ilg;gll nrq;Fj;Jj; njhiythdJ> Nkhjy; fhuzp vd

10. jdpkj;jpd; w
w
mZf;
w
wwfUtpd; FwpaPlL; Kiwia vOJf. mjpy;wxt;
wnwthU cWg;Gk;
vijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd?

N N ett
FwpaPL →
e
𝐴
𝑍𝑋

N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
59 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N eett
𝑋 - jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpf; FwpaPL
N N Neett
lalai .i. 𝐴- epiw vz;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 𝑍 -mZ vz;

aadda s
a saa
aaddaassaa
w
11. INrhNlhg;G vd;why; . PP
vd;.d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf.
w w
w .P.P
w
www
rkkhd mZ vz; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l w
www
epiwvz; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs;
1 2 3
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1𝐻 (i`l;u[d;)> 1𝐻 (bA+l;bupak;) kw;Wk; 1𝐻 (bupl;bak;)

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
12. INrhNlhd; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf.
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
rk vz;zpf;ifapy; epA+l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;

d a
d ass d a
d s
a s
(v.fh): 12
5𝐵 kw;Wk;
. P
.Paa
13
6𝐶 .

. P
. Paa

.N
w
why;w
ww www
ww
13. INrhghu; vd; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf. www
rkkhd epiw vz; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l mZ vz; nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;

lai
40 40 40
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 20𝐶𝑎 , 17𝐶𝑙 , 18𝐴𝑟

N N eett N Neett
l a
l i
a .14.i. tiuaW- mZepiw myF l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
mZ epiw myF (𝑢) vd;gJ fhu;gd; INrhNlhg;Gfspy;
aaddaassaa fhzg;gLk; 12
6𝐶 INrhNlhg;gpd;

ww P
. P
epiwapy; 12 ,y; xU gq;F MFk;.
. ww. P
. P
ww ww
da

1𝑢 = 1.660 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
w
w
15. midj;J mZf;fUf;fspd; (𝒁 > 𝟏𝟎) mZf;fU mlu;j;jp
w
w
khwpyp vdf;
fhl;Lf.
Pa

N eett
mZf;fU mlu;jj
N ; p 𝜌=4
𝑚

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l
3
a
lai .i.
𝜋𝑅03

l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
mZf;fU mlu;jj
; p epiw vz;izr; rhu;ej
; J my;y. vdNt midj;J mZf;fUf;fSk;

ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

(𝑍 > 10) xNu mlu;jj

; piaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

ww.
𝜌 = 2.3 × 1017 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

16. epiw FiwghL vd;why; vd;d?

N Neett
mZf;fUj;Jfspd; nkhj;j
N N ett
epiwf;Fk; mZf;fUtpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL
e
l a
l i
a .i. ∆𝑚 = (𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 ) − 𝑀
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 17. mZf;fUtpd; gpizg;ghw;aad daas aa
s
vd;why; vd;d ? mjd; Nfhitia vOJf a addaasaa
s
w
w .P. Pwy;
ww. P
. P
w
mZf;fU Jfs;fs; ,ize;J mZf;fU cUthFk;NghJ
www
Mw;wy; gpizg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;. w
www
FiwAk; epiwf;F rkkhd

𝐵𝐸 = (𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀)𝑐 2

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
60 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
18. xU mZ epiw myfpw;F rkkhd Mw;wy; kjpg;igf; fzf;fpLf.
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
Id;];Bdpd; epiw - Mw;wy; rkd;ghl;bypUe;J
l a
l i
a
xU mZ epiw myfpw;Fr; rkkhd Mw;wy;

assaa aad
= 14.94 × 10−11 𝐽 ≈ 931𝑀𝑒𝑉d ass
1𝑢 = 1.66 × 10−27 × (3 × 108 )2
a aa
aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P w w. P
.P
19. epA+f;spahd;w
w
wxd; w
wWf;fhd gpizg;ghw;wy; vd;gjd; wmu;wjw
;jj;ij $Wf.
mZf;fU xd;wpypUe;J xU epA+f;spahid ntspNaw;wj; Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy;

tt tt
2
̅̅̅̅ = (𝑍𝑚𝐻 +𝑁𝑚𝑛−𝑀𝐴 )𝑐

i N
.i. Nee𝐵𝐸
𝐴

i N
.i. Nee i
lala l a
l a l a
l a

et
assaa 20. fjpupaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? aaddaassaa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P
xU jdpkj;jpypUeJ 𝛼, 𝛽 kw;Wk 𝛾 fjpufs; jd;dpr;irahf
. P
. P ckpog;gLk; epfo;T fjpupaf;fk;

.N
vdg;gLk;.
w w w www
www www
,j;jifa jdpkq;fs; fjpupaf;f jdpkq;fs; vdg;gLk;

l a
l i
a N
.i. N tt
rpijT (𝒊𝒊𝒊) fhkh rpijT
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. N ett
21. FwpaPl;L Kiwapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw vOJf: (𝒊) My;gh rpijT (𝒊𝒊) gPl;lh
ee e
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
𝑨 𝑨−𝟒 𝟒
𝒁𝑿 → 𝒁−𝟐𝒀 + 𝟐𝑯𝒆
𝑨 𝑨 −
𝒁𝑿 → 𝒁+𝟏𝒀 + 𝒆 + 𝝂̅
aaddaa aaddaa
𝑨 ∗ 𝑨
𝒁𝑿 → 𝒁𝑿 + 𝜸
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝟒
22. My;gh rpijtpy; epiyj;jd;ikaw;w xU mZf;fU Vd; 𝟐𝑯𝒆 mZf;fUit
ckpo;fpwJ? ehd;F jdpj;jdp epA+f;spahd;fis mJ Vd; ckpo;tjpy;iy ?
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 238
92𝑈 mZf;fUthdJ ehd;F jdpj;jdp
l a
lai .i.
epA+f;spahd;fis
a i
ntspapLtjd;
l l a %yk;

assaa aa aa
rpijTw;why;> rpijT Mw;wy; vjpu;f;Fwp nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

vdNt tpisTg; nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j epiwahdJ> jha; mZf;fUtpd; epiwia tpl

mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
Mw;wy; khwh tpjpg;gb ,j;jifa epfo;T ,aw;ifapy; Vw;glhJ.
ww

23. mZf;fUtpd; ruhrup MAl;fhyk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; rkd;ghl;bid vOJf.

N Neett N Neett
அனைத்து அணுக்களின் ஆயுட்காலங்களின் கூடுதல் அல்லது ததானகயீடு

l a
l i
a .i. சராசரி ஆயுட்காலம் =
l a
lai.i. l a i
a
ததாடக்கத்தில் உள்ள அணுக்கருக்களின் த ாத்த எண்ணிக்னக
l
assaa aaddaasaa
s 𝜏=𝜆
1

ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P ww. P
. P
w
w MAl;fhyk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; rkd;w
wwmiu
24. mZf;fUtpd; gw w
hl;bw
id vOJf.
njhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspy; ghjpasT rpijtila vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhyk;
0.6931

N Neett
𝑇1=
2 𝜆

N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
61 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N N e e tt N N ee tt
lalai .25.i. fjpupaf;fr; nray;ghL my;yJ rpijT tPljalk;ai.vd;
i . why; vd;d? mjd; myF l a
l i
a
assaa vd;d? aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
w w P
. P
xU tpdhbapy; rpijtilAk; mZf;fUf;fspd;
. w
w .P.P
vz;zpf;if rpijT tPjk; vdg;gLk;.

w
www
fjpupaf;frr; nray;ghl;bd; 𝑆𝐼 myF ngf;nfhuy; (𝐵𝑞).
w
www
26. fpA+up tiuaWf;fTk;

N Nett
xU fpuhk; Nubak;
e N N ett
xU tpehbapy; ckpOk; rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;if.
e
lalai.i. xU tpehbf;F 𝟑 . 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 rpijTfs;
l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa 27. epA+l;uhd; kw;Wk; GNuhl;lhd; d
aa daass
Mfpait
aa
ve;j Jfs;fspdhy; Mdit?
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w ww www
ஒரு புரராட்டான் = 2 ர ல் குவார்க்குகள் ற்றும் 1 கீழ் குவார்க்
www
ஒரு நியூட்ரான் www
= 2 கீழ் குவார்க்குகள் ற்றும் 1 ர ல் குவார்க்

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
வபருவினாக்கள்
ddaass ddaass
. PPaa
}l;l .vz;izf; fz;lwpa cjTk; N[.N[. jhk;rd;
vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dw . PP aa
. tpid
1.
tptupf;fTk;w ww w w ww Ma;
www
da

w
❖ jj;Jtk;:
Pa

NNeett N Neett
NfNjhL fjpu;fs; kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy; tpyfyilAk;.

l a
l i
a .i. ❖ mikg;G l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa cau; ntw;wpl
addaassaa
kpd;dpwf;ff;
a
Foha;
aaddaasaa
s
w.

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ww. P
. P
NfNjhbypUe;J ntspNaWk; NfNjhL fjpu;fs; w
w . P
. P
FWfpa w
www
fw;iwahf MNdhL
mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
Nehf;fp w
www
ww

gpwF Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;by;

cs;s cNyhfj; jfLfSf;F ,ilNa

N Neett
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; kpd;dpwf;ff; Foha; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa s aa
s
NfNjhL fjpu;fs; 𝑍𝑛𝑆 G+rg;gl;l jpiuapy; gl;lTld; xU xspu;Tg; Gs;sp Njhd;WfpwJ.

aadda
❖ NfNjhL fjpu;fspd; jpirNtfj;
a ad
a a
d a
ww . P
. P ijf; fz;lwpjy;:
w
w. P
. P
www
fjpu;fis
w
jfLfSf;fpilNa kpd;Gyj;ij w
www
epWtpagpd; fhe;jg; Gyj;ij rupnra;J
Kjypy; ,Ue;j 𝑂 Gs;spia te;jilAkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ .
NfNjhL

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
62 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N eett
kpd;tpir = fhe;j tpir
N N Neett
lalai .i. 𝑒𝐸 = 𝑒𝐵𝑣
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a s aa
s a ssaa
𝑬
𝒗=𝑩
aa dd a aadd a
❖ kpd;D}l;l w w w . PP
.fz;lwpjy; : w
w .P.P
www vz; i zf; w
www
NfNjhby; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw ngWk; kpd;dOj;j
Mw;wyhdJ mJ MNdhil milAk; NghJ ngw;Ws;s
,af;f Mw;wYf;Fr; rkk;

N Nett
e 1
N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑒𝑉 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa s aa
𝑣2
𝑒
𝑚
= 2𝑉
ddaa s d a
d a s
𝑣 d; kjpg;ig gpujpapl
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
𝑒 1 𝐸2
w w
w www
www www
𝑚
= 2𝑉 𝐵2
𝑒
𝑚
= 1.7 × 1011 𝐶𝑘𝑔−1

l a
l i
a N
.i. N tt
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. N ett
❖ rPuhd kpd; Gyj;jhy; kl;Lk; kpd; Jfspd; ghijapy; cUthFk; tpyf;fk;
ee e
fhe;jg;Gyj;ij epWj;jpa gpwF kpd;Gyj;jhy; kl;Lk; tpyf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑒𝐸 → (1)
aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P 1
vyf;l;uhdpd; KLf;fk; ae = 𝑚 𝐹𝑒 → (2)
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

𝑒
(1) kw;Wk; (2) ,y; ,Ue;J 𝑎𝑒 = 𝐸
𝑚
jpiuapy; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw Kjypy; tpOe;j epiyapy;
,Ue;J jw;NghJ mile;Js;s tpyf;fk; = 𝑦
Pa

N eett
NfNjhL fjpHfspd; Nky;Nehf;fpa njhlf;f jpirNtfk;
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑢=0
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
kpd; Gyj;jfLfspd; ePsk; = 𝑙

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

𝑙
kpd;Gyj;ij flf;f NfNjhL fjpHfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhyk; 𝑡=𝑣

ww. P
. P w
w . P
.1P
w
www
jfLfspd; Kbtpy; NfNjhL fjpHfs; milAk; tpyf;fk;
1 𝑒 𝑙 2 𝐵2
w
www
y ′ = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
ww

𝑦′ = 2 𝑚 𝐸

jpiuapy; Vw;gLk; tpyf;fk; y = Cy ′

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑦 = C2𝑚
1 𝑒 𝑙 2 𝐵2

l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝐸

e 2𝑦𝐸 𝑒
ddaass d a
d s
a s
m
=
𝐶𝑙 2 𝐵2
.
𝑚
P. Paa
= 1.7 × 1011 𝐶𝑘𝑔−1
. P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
63 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

eet t
2. vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;igf; fz;lwpa
N N
cjTk; tkpy;
N Nee t ypfd; vz;nza;j; Jsp

lalai .
i . Ma;tpid tptupf;fTk;?
l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a
assaa aassaa
vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;igf; fhz gad;gLfpwJ.
aadd aadd aassaa
ww P
. P
kpd; Gyj;ij rupnra;J vz;nza;jJ
. w
efur;nra;ayhk;. my;yJ Gyj;jpNyNa epiyahf ,Uj;jp itf;f KbAk;.
w.P
; spia Nky;Nehf;fpNah my;yJ
.P fPo;Nehf;fpNah

w wG
wwmikg;
❖ nra;Kiw wwww
20𝑐𝑚 tpl;lk; nfhz;l ,U cNyhfj;jl;Lfs;> 1.5𝑐𝑚 ,ilntspapy; gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;L
fz;zhb fydhy; R+og;gl;Ls;sd.

N Nett
e
Nky; jl;L 𝐴 y; cs;s rpwpa Jis topahf
N Neett
Ez;njspg;ghd; %yk; fpsprupd; Nghd;w

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
mjpf ghFepiy nfhz;l jputk; njspf;fg;gLk;NghJ> <u;g;G
l a
l i
a
tpirapdhy; fPNo tpOfpd;wd.

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
𝑋 fjpu;fshy; rpy vz;nza;j; Jspfs; kpd;D}l;lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
;.
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
kpd;Gyj;ij khw;Wtjd; %yk; vz;nza;j; Jspapd; ,af;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ❖ Jspapd; kPJ nray;gLk; atpirfs;
addaas aa
s
aaddaasaa
s
w.

. P
. P
m) Gtp<u;g;G tpir 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
ww w
w . P
. P
M) kpd; tpir 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸

w
www
,) kpjg;G tpir 𝐹𝑏 w
www
<) ghfpay; tpir 𝐹𝑣
ww

❖ vz;vza;j; Jspapd; Muk; fhzy;

N eett
kpd;Gyk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> vz;nza;jJ
N eett
; sp fPo;Nehf;fp KLf;fk; milfpwJ.
N N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghfpay; tpirapdhy; vz;nza;j; Jsp rPuhd Kw;Wj; jpirNtfj;ij
a
assaa aa aa
milfpwJ.

ddaass d a
d s
a s
vz;nza;j; Jsp
.P. Paa . P
. Pa
4
a
kPJ nray;gLk; GtpaPu;g;G tpir 𝐹𝑔 = 𝜌 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔

w w
w w w
w
www www
4
fhw;wpdhy; nray;gLk; Nky;Nehf;fpa tpir(kpjg;G tpir) 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜎 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔
vz;nza;jJ; sp Kw;Wj;jpirNtfj;ij milAk; NghJ> ghfpay; tpirahdJ fPo;Nehf;fpa
epfu tpirf;F rkk;.

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a
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N Neett
];Nlhf;]; tpjpg;gb> ghfpay; tpir 𝐹𝑣 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
N Neett
lalai .i. tpirfspd; rkepiyf;fhd rkd;ghL 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑣
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a ssaa a ssaa
4 4

aa d a
𝜌 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔 = 𝜎 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔 + 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
d aadd a
4
3
𝜋𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
𝑟 = [2(𝜌−𝜎)𝑔]
9𝜂𝑣
1
2 w
www w
www

N Nett
❖ kpd;D}l;l kjpg;igf; fhzy;
e N Neett
lalai.i. vz;nza;jJ
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
; spfis Rw;wp kpd;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ> mjd; kPJ xU Nky; Nehf;fpa kpd;

et
assaa aa aa
tpir nray;gLfpd;wJ.

ddas
a s d a
d
kpd;Gyj;ij rupnra;J> xU Jspia epiyahf epWj;jp itf;Fk; NghJ ghfpay; tpirs
a s
vJTk; nray;glhJ.
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w www
www www
vz;nza;j; Jsp kPJ nray;gLk; epfu tpir 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑔
4 4
𝑞𝐸 + 𝜎 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔 = 𝜌 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 𝑔

lai
4
𝑞 = 3𝐸 𝜋𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔

N Neett N Neett 1

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑟 kjpg;ig gpujpapl
l a
l i
a .i.
𝑞=
18𝜋
𝐸
[
𝜂3 𝑣 3
2(𝜌−𝜎)𝑔
2
]
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; kpy;ypfd; vz;nza;jJ
vd;w mbg;gil kjpg;gpd; KO klq;Ffshf ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;jhu;.
aaddaassaa
; spfspd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;G 𝑒 = −1.6 × 10(−19) C

w
w . P
. P ww . P
. P
w w
w gad;gLj;jp i`l;u[d; mZtpd; Mw;wwwYf;wfhd
da

3. Nghu; mZ ww
khjpupiag;
Nfhitiaj; jUtpf;fTk; .
Pa

𝑍𝑒 2

N N ett
𝑛 MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapd; epiy kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; 𝑈𝑛 = −
e N Neett 1
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑛

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑛 MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapd; Muk;
l a
lai .i. 0
𝑟𝑛 = 𝜋𝑚𝑒
𝜀 ℎ2 𝑛2
l a
l i
a
assaa s aa saa
2

1 𝑍2 𝑚𝑒 4
ddaa s dda
𝑍

a s
𝑈𝑛 = − 4𝜀2
aa aa
w.

0 𝑛2 ℎ 2

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P 1 1 𝑍2 𝑚𝑒 4
𝑛
𝑈𝑛 = −2 𝐾𝐸𝑛
w w
MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapy; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = 𝑚𝑣𝑛2 =
www www 2 8𝜀02 𝑛2 ℎ 2
ww

𝑛 MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐾𝐸𝑛 + 𝑈𝑛

N Neett
𝐸𝑛 = −𝐾𝐸𝑛
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
1 𝑍 2 𝑚𝑒 4
𝐸𝑛 = − 8𝜀2
0 𝑛2 ℎ2
ddaass d a
d s
a s
i`l;u[d; mZTf;F .P. Paa 𝑍 = 1 . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
𝐸𝑛 = − 8𝜀2
1
0
www
𝑚𝑒 4
𝑛2 ℎ 2
𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 www
𝑛 vd;gJ Kjd;ik Fthz;lk; vz;.

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N Neett N Neett
vyf;l;uhd; mZf;fUTld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sij vjpu;f;Fwp fhl;LfpwJ.

lalai .i. l
kjpg;Gfis gpujpapl;lhy; a
l i
a .i. 1
l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑚, 𝑒, ℎ 𝐸𝑛 = −13.6 𝑛2 𝑒𝑉

ddaass ddaass
mbepiy Mw;wy;
. P
. Paa ;𝐸1 = −13.6 𝑒𝑉
.P.Paa
www w w
w
www www
Kjy; fpsu;T Mw;wy ; 𝐸2 = −3.4 𝑒𝑉

,uz;lhtJ fpsu;T Mw;wy; 𝐸3 = −1.51 𝑒𝑉

N N tftp mjd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

e N N ett
4. epiw vz;izg; nghUj;J ruhrup gpizg;ghw;wypd; khWghl;il tiuglj;Jld;
e e
lalai.i. tpsf;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddaass aa
epiw vz;zpd; kjpg;G $lf;$l 𝐵𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ d; kjpg;G
mjpfupj;J 𝐴 = 56 ,y; (,Uk;G) ngUk kjpg;ig
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
(8.8𝑀𝑒𝑉 )
. P
.P
mile;J> mjd; gpwF nkJthff;
. P
. P

.N
w ww www
www www
FiwfpwJ.
epiw vz; 𝐴 = 40 ,ypUe;J 120 tiu ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐸 kjpg;G
8.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉. ,it mjpf epiyj;jd;ikAilaJ.

lai
fjpupaf;fj;jd;ik mw;wJ.

N Neett
120 f;F Nky; > 𝐵𝐸
N Neett
̅̅̅̅ ,d; kjpg;G nkJthff;

l a
l i
a .i. FiwfpwJ.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
v.fh: ANudpaj;jpd; ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 kjpg;G 7.6 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ,it
epiyj;jd;ik mw;wJ.
ddaass
fjpupaf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
ddaass
𝐴 < 28
P Paa
nfhz;l ,U ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs;
. . P
Nru;eJ
. .;
Paa 𝐴 < 56 nfhz;l xU
mZf;fUit
www cUthf;Fk;NghJ ,Wjp mZf;fUtpd; 𝐵𝐸
w w
w ̅̅̅̅ kjpg;G njhlf;f
www www
da

mZf;fUtpd; kjpg;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

❖ mZf;fU ,izT
Pa

NNeett N Neett
,U ,Nyrhd jdpkq;fs; ,ize;J xU mZf;fUit cUthf;Fk;NghJ> Vuhskhd

l a
l i
a .i.❖ mZf;fU gpsT
Mw;wy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
l lai .i.
i`l;u[d; Fz;by; gad;gLfpwJ.
a l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

w
w P
. P
fdkhd jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fUitg;
. w
w . P
. P
gpsT nra;J ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhd
mZf;fUf;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJk; Vuhskhd Mw;wy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

wwww
mZ Fz;bd; jj;Jtkhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ. w
www
ww

5. mZf;fU tpiriag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

N eett
mZf;fUthdJ
N eett
GNuhl;lhd;fisAk; epA+l;uhd;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. GNuhl;lhd;fs; kpf
N N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
neUf;fkhf cs;sjhy; mtw;Wf;fpilNa nray;gLk;> kpf typikahd epiykpd;dpay;
a
assaa aa aa
tpyf;F tpirahy; mZf;fU rpjwpg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mt;thW epfotpy;iy.

ddaass d a
d s
a s
,jd; %yk; $Y}k; tpyf;F tpiria tpl typikahd ftu;T tpir xd;W nray;gl

P aa P aa
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,e;j ftu;T tpir mZf;fU tpir vdg;gLk;.
. . P . . P
w ww
w gz;Gfs; w w
w
wwtpirapd;
❖ mZf;fU www
kpfTk; FWfpa vy;iyf;Fs; nray;glf;$baJ. xU rpy ngu;kp njhiyT tiu
kl;LNk nray;gLfpwJ.

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a
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N Neett ,aw;ifapNyNa kpfTk; typikahdJ

N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
,J xU ftu;T tpirahFk; NkYk; 𝑝 − 𝑝, 𝑛 − 𝑝, 𝑛 − 𝑛 ,ilNa rk typikAld;
a
assaa aa aa
nray;gLfpd;wJ.

ddaass
mZf;fU tpir vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ nray;glhJ.
ddaass
vdNt> mJ Ntjpapay;

. P
. Paa
gz;Gfis khw;wpaikg;gjpy;iy
.P.Paa
w ww
wtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. www w w
w
6. wwepfo;
My;gh rpijT

mZf;fU xd;W α -Jfis ntspapLk;NghJ ,U GNuhl;lhd;fisAk; ,U epA+l;uhd;fisAk;

,of;fpd;wJ.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. mZ vz; ,uz;Lk;>
l l i
a .i.
epiw vz; ehd;Fk; FiwAk;.
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa →𝑨−𝟒
as aa
s a s aa
s
𝑨 𝟒
𝒁𝑿 𝒛−𝟐 𝒀 + 𝟐𝑯𝒆

aadd a ad
a d a
vLj;Jfhl;L :
. P
.P
ANudpak; mZf;fU
.
My;gh
P
. P
Jfis ntspapl;L Njhupakhf khWjy;.

.N
w w
w www
www www
238 234
92𝑈 → 90𝑇ℎ + 42𝐻 𝑒

Nra; mZf;fU kw;Wk; My;gh mZf;fUtpd;; nkhj;j epiw jha; mZf;fUtpd;

lai
epiwiatplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j epiw NtWghL Mw;wyhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j

N Neett
Mw;wy; rpijT Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
𝑄 = (𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑚𝛼 )𝑐 2

assaa aa aa
rpijT Mw;wy;

ddaass ddaass
jd;dpay;G rpijTf;F
. P
. Paa (,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;)
. P
. Paa
𝑄 > 0

www w w
w
www www
α rpijT epfo;tpy; 𝑄 > 0
da

jd;dpay;G mw;w rpijTf;F 𝑄< 0

Pa

N eett N
7. gPl;lh rpijT epfo;tpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
gPl;lh rpijtpd; NghJ> fjpupaf;f mZf;fU vyf;l;uhd; my;yJ ghrpl;uhid ntsptpLfpwJ.
vyf;l;uhd; ntspaplg;gl;lhy;
ad
adaa 𝛽 −
a dd
rpijT vd;Wk;>
a aa ghrpl;uhd; ntspaplg;gl;lhy; 𝛽+
w.

ww. P
.
rpijT vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
P w
w . P
. P
ghrpl;uhd; vd;gJ
w
www w
www
vyf;l;uhd; epiwAk; +𝑒 kpd;D}l;lKk; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhdpd; vjpu;;Jfs;
ww

𝜷− சிததவு

N Neett
epiw vz; khwhJ. mZ vz; xd;W mjpfupf;Fk;.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑨
𝒁𝑿 → 𝑨
𝒁+𝟏𝒀
−
+ 𝒆 + 𝝂̅
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa mZf;fU 𝑋
ddaasaa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
,y; cs;s xU epa+l;uhd; xU vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; xU epa+l;upNdhit ntspapl;L
aa aa
GNuhl;lhdhf khWfpwJ.
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
𝒏 → 𝒑 + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅ w
www w
www
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
v.fh: fhu;gd; iel;u[dhf khWjy; 𝟔𝑪 → 𝟕𝑵 + 𝒆− + 𝝂̅

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
67 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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N Neett
𝜷+ சினதவு
N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
epiw vz; khwhJ. mZ vz; xd;W FiwAk;.

ddaass ddaass
𝑨
𝒁𝑿 → 𝑨
𝒁−𝟏𝒀 + 𝒆+ + 𝝂
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www www
mZf;fU 𝑋 ,y; cs;s xU GNuhl;lhd; , xU ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; xU epa+l;upNdhit
ntspapl;L epa+l;uhdhf khWfpwJ.

𝒑 → 𝒏 + 𝒆+ + 𝝂

N Nett
e
v.fh: Nrhbak; epahdhf
N Neett
khWjy; 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝑵𝒂 → 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝑵𝒆 + 𝒆+ + 𝝂

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa fhkh rpijT epfo;tpid vLj;
8.
aad a
Jd as saa
f;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w ww www
www www
𝛼 kw;Wk; 𝛽 rpijTfspy; Nra; mZf;fU ngUk;ghYk; fpsu;Tw;w epiyapNyNa fhzg;gLk;.
fpsu;T epiyapd; MAl;fhyk; 10−11 𝑠 .

lai
fpsu;T epiy mZf;fU Fiwe;j Mw;wy; epiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;NghJ > 𝛾 fjpu;
Nghl;lhd;fis ntsptpLk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐴 ∗
𝑍𝑋 → 𝐴𝑍𝑋 + 𝛾
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Nghuhd; aa aa
fhkh rpijtpy; epiw vz; kw;Wk; mZ vz; khwhJ.

d daa ss ddaass
gPl;lh rpijT ,U a a aa
ww . P
. Ptopfspy; eilngWfpwJ
w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
da

13.4 𝑀𝑒𝑉 Mw;wy; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhid ntspapl;L

Neubahf mb epiyapYs;s fhu;gdhf khWfpwJ.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 − ̅
𝟓𝑩 → 𝟔𝑪 + 𝒆 + 𝝑
Pa

N Neett e
9.0 𝑀𝑒𝑉 Mw;wy; nfhz;l vyf;l;uhid ntsptpl;L fpsu;T
N N ett
l a
l i
a .i. epiyapYs;s fhu;gdhf khWfpwJ.
a i .i.
gpd;G 4.4 𝑀𝑒𝑉
l la l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Mw;wy; nfhz;l 𝛾 Nghl;lhid ntsptpl;L mb epiyf;F
tUfpwJ.
ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

𝟏𝟐 ∗
𝟔𝑪 → 𝟏𝟐
𝟔𝑪 +𝜸
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

9. fjpupaf;f rpijT tpjpia jUtpf;f.

N N
xU
eett Fwpg;gpl;l fzj;jpy; > XuyF Neuj;jpy;
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. eilngWk; rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;if
tPjk;) MdJ> mf;fzj;jpy;
l a
lai.i.
(rpijT
cs;s
l a
l i
a
assaa saa
s s aa
s
mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neu;jj; ftpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
aaddaa ad
a a
d a
𝑑𝑁
𝛼𝑁
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡
= −𝜆𝑁 w
www w
www
𝜆 vd;gJ rpijT khwpyp

N Neett N Neett
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l ai .i.
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l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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N eett
vjpu;f;FwpahdJ
N eett
Neuk; nry;yr; nry;y mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
N N
FiwAk; vd;gijf;

lalai .i. fhl;LfpwJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 𝑑𝑁
= −𝜆𝑑𝑡
aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
𝑁
𝑑𝑁 → 𝑑𝑡
ww. P
. P w
w
Neuj;jpy; rpijtilAk; mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if..P.P
𝑁0 → 𝑡 = 0 w
www
Neuj;jpy; w
www
cs;s mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
𝑁 𝑑𝑁 𝑡
ve;j xU 𝑡 fzj;jpYk;; cs;s mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ∫𝑁 𝑁
= − ∫0 𝜆𝑑𝑡
0
𝑁

N Nett
ln (𝑁 ) = −𝜆𝑡
e 0

N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa a dd s
a aa
s
Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mLf;Ff;Fwp Kiwg;gb FiwAk;> ,e;j
a
rkd;ghL fjpupaf;fr; rpijT tpjp vdg;gLk;.
a ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P
,e;j rkd;ghL ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; cs;s mZf;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpl

.N
w w
w www
www www
gad;gLk;.

lai
10. epA+l;upNdhtpd; gz;Gfis tpsf;fp gPl;lh rpijtpy; mjd; gq;fpid

N N ett
vLj;Jiuf;f .
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l
gPl;lh rpijtpy;> gPl;lh Jfs;fs; njhlu;rra
l i
a .i. l
; pahd Mw;wy; kjpg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
Mw;wy; jdpj;j kjpg;Gfisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
aaddaassaa
Mw;wy; khwh tpjp kw;Wk; ce;jk; khwh tpjpg;gb vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; Nra; mZf;fUtpd;

vdNt
ww. P
. P
gPl;lh Jfspd; Mw;wy; Vd; njhlu;rr
w
w . P
. P
; pahd kjpg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij
w
www w
www
da

tpsf;f ,aytpy;iy.
,jid tpsf;Ftjw;F> gPl;lh rpijtpy; %d;whtjhf xU Jfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W gTyp vd;ghu; vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. ,j;Jfs; epA+l;upNdh vdg;gLk;.
Pa

N ❖e
N et t upNdhtpd; gz;Gfs;(𝐌𝐀𝐑 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎) NNeet t
epA+l;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
▪
▪
kpd;D}l;lk; Rop .

dda ass
vjpu;j;Jfs; - vjpu; epA+l;upNdh
ddaass
aa aa
w.

▪
.
kpfr;rpwpa
ww P
. P
epiwia ngw;Ws;sJ.
w
w . P
. P
▪
▪ wwww
gUg;nghUSld; kpf kpff; Fiwe;j
fz;Lgpbg;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;.
w
www msNt ,iltpid GupfpwJ.
ww

11. fhu;gd; fhyf;fzpg;ig tpsf;fTk;

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. gPl;lh
l lai.i.
rpijtpd; xU Kf;fpakhd gad;ghL
a l a
l i
a
assaa saa
s s aa
s
goq;fhyg; nghUs;fspd; taijf; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
midj;J
aaddaa
capupdq;fSk; fhw;wpypUe;J 𝐶𝑂2 I
ad
a a
d a
cl;ftu;fpd;wd.
cl;ftug;gl;l
w
w .P
𝐶𝑂2. P tpy; ngUk; gFjp
w
w .
12 P P
. gFjp
; rpwpa
6𝐶 MfTk;> kpfTk
w
www
14
fjphpaf;f 6𝐶 MfTk; cs;sJ (miu MAl;fhyk; w
www 5730 Mz;Lfs;)
tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s fhu;gd; - 14 njhlu;eJ
; rpijtilfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;>
tpz;ntspapypUe;J tUk; fh];kpf; fjpu;fs; tspkz;ly mZf;fSld; njhlu;eJ
;

N Neett 14
NkhJtjhy; 6𝐶
N Neett
MdJ cUthfpf; nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;.

lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
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l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
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aa
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N Neett vdNt thOk; capu; xd;wpy;

N Neett
12
6𝐶 kw;Wk; 14
6𝐶 f;F ,ilNaahd tpfpjk; khwhky;

lalai .i. ,Uf;Fk;.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa ssaa 14
capupdk; ,we;jTld; 𝐶𝑂2 cl;ftu;tJ epd;W tpLfpwJ. 6𝐶 rpijT fhuzkhf>

a ddaa
,we;j capupdj;jpd; clypy; cs;s 146𝐶:12
a 6 𝐶 tpfpjk;
aaddaa Fiwaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.

ww. P
. P
kz;Zf;Fs; Gije;j xU goq;fhy kuj;jpd;>
w
w .P.P 14 12
6𝐶 : 6𝐶 tpfpjk; mwpag;gl;lhy; kuj;jpd;
w
www
taijf; fzf;fpl KbAk;. w
www
12. mZf;fU gpsT epfo;tpidAk; mjd; gz;GfisAk; vLj;Jiuf;f

N ❖e
N tt
e N Neett
lalai.i. mZf;fU gpsT
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa d d s
a aa
s
tz;zk; gpsTWk; epfo;T mZf;fU gpsT vdg;gLk;.
a a ad
a d s
a aa
s
xU fdkhd mZf;fU ,U rpwpa mZf;fUf;fSld; mjpf mstpyhd Mw;wYk; ntspg;gLk;
a a
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
ww ww
gpstpd; NghJ epA+l;uhd;fSk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. mZf;fU gpstpy; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wy;
ww w
w
ww
Ntjptpidfspy; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wiytpl
❖ ngUk;ghd;ikahf epfOk; gpsT tpidfs;
w
w
gy klq;F mjpfk;.

lai
235 236 ∗ 92
+ 10𝑛 → 141
𝐾 𝑟 + 3 10𝑛 + 𝑄

N Neett
92𝑈 92𝑈 → 56𝐵 𝑎 + 36

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 235
92𝑈 + 10𝑛 → 236 ∗
92𝑈 → 140
54𝑋 𝑒
l a i
94
+ 38
l a .i.
𝑆𝑟 + 2 10𝑛 + 𝑄
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aas
𝑄 − gpsTWk; NghJ ntspg;gLk; Mw;wy;
aadd
aa
s
aaddaassaa
xU Fiw Ntf epA+l;uhid
ww. P
. P ANudpak; mZf;fU
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

cl;ftUk; NghJ 236 92𝑈 ∗

vd; w fpsu;
T epiyf; Fr;
−12
nry;fpwJ. 10 𝑠 Neuj;jpy; 2 my;yJ 3
epA+l;uhd;fSld; $ba ,U Nra; mZf;fUf;fshfr;
rpijTWfpwJ.
Pa

N eett
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
N N Neett
xt;nthU tpidapypUe;Jk; ruhrupahf 2.5 epA+l;uhd;fs;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ❖ xU gpstpy; ntspg;gLk; aMw;adwdy;aassaa aaddaasaa
s
w.

. P
. P
mjpf tha;g;Gs;s mZf;fU gpsT
ww .
tpidahdJ>
w
w P
. P
235
92𝑈 w
www
+ 10𝑛 → 236 ∗
92𝑈 → 141
56𝐵𝑎
92
+ 36 w
www
𝐾 𝑟 + 3 10𝑛 + 𝑄
ww

235
92𝑈 ,d; epiw = 235.045733𝑢
1
0𝑛 ,d; epiw= 1.008665 𝑢

N eett
tpidgL nghUs;fspd;
N nkhj;j epiw
N Neett = 236.054398 𝑢

l a
l i
a .i. 141
56𝐵 𝑎 ,d; epiw
l a
lai.i. = 140.9177 𝑢
l a
l i
a
assaa 92
36𝐾 𝑟 ,d; epiw

aaddaasaa
s a s
a aa
s
= 91.8854 𝑢
ad
a d
3 epa+l;uhd;fspd; epiw
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
= 3.025995 𝑢

w
tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j epiw
www
epiw ,og;G ∆𝑚 = 0.225303 𝑢
w
www
= 235.829095 𝑢

xt;nthU gpstpYk; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wy; = 0.225303 × 931𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 200𝑀𝑒𝑉

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
70 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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 ww.. w
w ..
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N eett
❖ njhlu; tpid
N N Neett
lalai .i. 235
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
xU 92𝑈 mZf;fU gpsTWk;NghJ %d;W epA+l;uhd;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
mit %d;Wk;> %d;W
d
235
d
92𝑈aassmZf;fUf;fisg; gpse;J 9
ddaass
epA+l;uhd;fis

. P
. Paa
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j 9 epA+l;uhd;fs; NkYk; 27
P aa
epA+l;uhd;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
. .P
ww
epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUf;Fj; njhlupy;
w w
w
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
w
,JNt njhlu;tpid
vdg;gLfpwJ.
www www
❖ njhlu; tpidfspd; tiffs;

N Nett
e
(m) fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlu;tpid:
eett
epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;if Kbtpy;yhky;
N N
ngUFtjhy;

lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
kpff;Fiwe;j Neuj;jpNyNa nkhj;j Mw;wYk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mZFz;L

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
(M) fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s
. P
.Paa
njhlu;tpid: epA+l;uhd;fspd;
. P
. P
ruhrupaa xd;W vd;wstpy;

.N
w w
w www
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wiy Nrkpf;f ,aYk;.
www
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mZf;fU ciy www

lai
13. mZf;fU ,iztpid tpsf;fp tpz;kPd;fspy; Mw;wy; cUthjiy tpupthf

N Neett
vOJf.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Fiwe;j epiw nfhz;l (𝐴 < 20) mZf;fUf;fs;
,ize;J mjpf epiw nfhz;l mZf;fUit
ddaass ddaa
cUthf;Fk; epfo;T mZf;fU ,izTss
vdg;gLk;.
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
miw
ww
ntg;g epiyapy; mZf;fU ,izT epfohJ.
w w
Vnddpy;> mZf;fUf;fs;
w w
www www
da

neUq;Fk;NghJ $Y}k; tpyf;F tpirapdhy; fLikahf tpyf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

107 𝐾 ntg;gepiyapy; kl;LNk mZf;fU ,izT epfOk;. vdNt ,e;epfo;T ntg;g
mZf;fU tpid vdg;gLk;.
Pa

N eet t kPd;fspy; Mw;wy; cUthjy;:

❖ tpz;
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
tpz;kd ; spd; ntg;gepiy 107 𝐾
P f mstpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,aw;ifapNyNa mZf;fU ,izT
eilngWfpwJ.
dda a ss ddaass
aa aa
w.

tpz;kdP f
ww P
. P
R+upad; cl;gl ngUk;ghyhd tpz;kd
. P f
w
w P
. P
; spy; i`l;u[d; ,ize;J `PypaKk; rpy
.
; spy; `Pypak; ,ize;J mjpf epiwAila jdpkq;fSk; cUthfpd;wd.

wwww
R+upadpd; cl;gFjp ntg;g epiy 1.5 × 107 𝐾 .w
www xt;nthU tpdhbAk; 6 × 1011 𝑘𝑔
ww

i`l;u[d; `Pypakhf khWfpwJ.

N Neett
ngj;Nj

N N ett
vd;ghupd; fUj;Jg;gb R+upadpd; Mw;wy; GNuhl;lhd;- GNuhl;lhd; Rw;W vdg;gLk;
e
,izT tpidapdhy; cUthfpwJ. ,r;Rw;W %d;W gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ>

l a
l i
a .i. 1
1𝐻 + 1
1𝐻 → 2
1𝐻
+
+𝑒 +𝜈
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 1
1𝐻 + 21𝐻 → 32𝐻 𝑒 + 𝛾
aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
3
2𝐻 𝑒 w
w .P. P
+ 32𝐻 𝑒 → 42𝐻 𝑒 + 11𝐻 + 11𝐻
w
w. P
. P
w
www
,e;j tpidfspy; cUthFk; nkhj;j Mw;wypd; kjpg;G
w
www 27𝑀𝑒𝑉.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
71 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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eett
14. glj;jpd; cjtpAld; mZf;fU ciy Ntiy
N N N Neett nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpsf;fTk;

lalai .i. mZf;fU ciy vd;gJ jw;rhu;Gila

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhlu;tpid eilngWk;

assaa mikg;G.
aadda ass aa
mwptpay; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; kpd;jpwd; cw;gj;jpapy;
aaddaas
gad;gLfpwJ.
saa
w
w . P
.
Kjy; mZf;fU ciyP 𝐸. ngu;kp vd;gtuhy; 1942
w
w .P.
,y;P rpfhNfh efupy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
wwww w
w w
w
❖ mZf;fU ciyapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; :

N Nett
e
vupnghUs;
nghUs;)
(gpsTf;F cl;gLk;

N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
ANudpak; my;yJ GSl;Nlhdpak;
vupnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
,aw;ifapy;
. P
.Paa
fpilf;Fk;
. P
. Paa

.N
ANudpaj;jpy;
w w
w 0.7% 235
92𝑈
www
cs;sJ.
cs;sJ. www 99.3% 23892𝑈
www
nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l> ANudpaj;jpy;

lai
235
2 − 4% > 92𝑈 cs;sJ.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. epA+l;uhd; %yk;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aasaa
s
njhlu; tpiddaj; Jtf;Ftjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
aadd aaddaassaa
gad;gLfpwJ.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
GSl;Nlhdpak; my;yJ nghNyhdpaj;Jld; ngupypak; fye;j fyit epA+l;uhd; %ykhfg;

w
www w
www
da

mZf;fU tpidfs; njhlu;e;J eilngWtjw;F FiwNtf epA+l;uhd;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Pa

N Neett
jzpg;ghd;fs;

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
Ntf epA+l;uhd;fis FiwNtf epA+l;uhd;fshf khw;WfpwJ.
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ePu;> fdePu; > kw;Wk; fpuhigl; Mfpad jzpg;ghd;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

ww. P
. P
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;Lfs;:
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
mZf;fU gpsT tpid eilngWk; tPjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLfpd;wd.
ww

fhl;kpak; my;yJ Nghuhd; Mfpad fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;lhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

ruhrup epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if xd;W vdpy; nray;ghl;L epiy

N Neett
xd;iw tpl mjpfk; vdpy; kPr;nray;ghl;L epiy

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
jLg;G mikg;G

ddaass d a
d s
a s
. . Paa
fjpu;tPr;RfspypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s 2 − 2.5 𝑚
P
mZf;fU ciyiar; Rw;wp mikf;fg; gLfpwJ.
. P
. Paa
jbkDs;s fhd;fpuPl; RtuhdJ

w w
w w w
w
www
Fspu;tpf;Fk; mikg;G: www
mZf;fU ciyapy; cUthFk; ntg;gj;ij ePf;f cjTfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
72 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N Neett
kpf mjpf jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwDk; mjpf nfhjpepiyiaAk; nfhz;Ls;s ePu;> fdePu;

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
kw;Wk; jput Nrhbak; Mfpait Fspu;tpg;ghd;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
a
assaa aa aa
Fspu;tpg;ghd; mikg;ghdJ> cl;ftu;ej
; ntg;gj;ij ePuhtp ,aw;wpf;Ff; flj;Jfpd;wJ.

ddaass
ePuhtpapdhy; Roypfs; ,af;fg;gl;L
ddaass
kpd;dhw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

. PPaa
. gw;wp tpupthf vOjTk; . .P.Paa
w w w w w
w
www www
15. ehd;F mbg;gil tpirfisg;
<u;g;Gtpir> kpd;fhe;jtpir> mZf;fUtpir kw;Wk; nkd; tpir Mfpa ehd;Fk;
,aw;ifapd; mbg;gil tpirfs;.

N Neetg;Gttpir
<u;
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
,U epiwfSf;F ,ilapy; nray;gLfpwJ.

aaddaa
midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd xd;W
ad
a a
d a
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w ww
R+upadpd; <u;g;G tpirahy; Nfhs;fs; R+upaid Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
w
www www
ehk; G+kpapy; ,Ug;gjw;F Gtp <u;g;G tpir fhuzkhf cs;sJ

lai
kpd;fhe;jtpir

N Neett N Neett
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
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73 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N eett
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ஒரு புரராட்டான் = 2 ர ல் குவார்க்குகள் ற்றும் 1 கீழ் குவார்க்
aadd ad
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. P
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அலேப்புகள்
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N N ett
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ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ kpd;flj;jy; mjpfupf;Fk;; kpd;jil FiwAk;

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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
74 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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Neett N Neett
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lalai .i. khR
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N Nett
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re;jpfspy; eilngWfpwJ gFjp ,Uf;Fk;

N 2e
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
75 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

NN eett rfg;gpizg;ig Kwpj;J

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N N
kpd;D}l;l Cu;jpfis

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assaa Gjpajhf
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cUthf;fg;gl;l kpd;D}l;l
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N Nett
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9. njhlu;r;rpahd miyTfSf;fhd gu;f;nfsrd; (𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒉𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒏) epge;jidfis

lalai.i. $Wf.
l a
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P

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w
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tiy ngUf;fk; xd;whf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ> 𝐴𝛽 = 1
w www
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lai
10. yh[pf;; Nfl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?

N eett
vyf;l;uhdpay; Rw;W MFk;.
N N Neett
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l a
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,U mbkhd vz;fis nfhz;lit.

ddaass ddaass
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mbg;gil yh[pf; Nfl;Lfs;. 𝐴𝑁𝐷, 𝑂𝑅 kw;Wk; 𝑁𝑂𝑇

gpw yh[pf;Nfl;Lfs; 𝐸𝑥– 𝑂𝑅, 𝑁𝐴𝑁𝐷 kw;Wk; 𝑁𝑂𝑅
Pa

N N eett N N eett
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l i
a
assaa aa dda assaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

jilaw;w miyTfis Njhw;Wtpf;f gpd;D}l;l Rw;wpd; %yk; Neu;gpd;D}l;lk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

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12. 𝑷𝑵 re;jpapd; FWf;Nf ghAk; tputy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

re;jpapd; FWf;Nf ngUk;ghd;ik kpd;D}l;l Cu;jpfspd; tputy; Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;

N N e ett N Nee tt
l a
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
76 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
14. xNu tifahd Fiwflj;jp nghUshy; nra;ag;gl;l NghjpYk; xU buhd;]p];lupd;
N
lalai .i. ckpo;gg
l l i
a .i.
; hd; kw;Wk; Vw;ghd; Mfpatw;iw gupkhw;wpg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ Vd;?
a l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
tbtk; kw;Wk; khR+l;ly; mstpd; NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf ckpo;g;ghDf;F
aa dda
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ww. P
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ww Nfl;Lfs; nghJ Nfl;Lfs; vd miof;w
ww𝑵𝑨𝑵𝑫
15. 𝑵𝑶𝑹 kw;Wk; fw
ww
g;gLfpd;wd Vd;?
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N N tt
e N N ett
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e e
lalai.i. l a
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a a
d s
a aa
s
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. P
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(𝑉𝑏 ) vdg;gLk;.
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17. jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?

lai
khWjpir kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Neu;jpir kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ

N Neett N N ee tt
Neu;jpir kpd;Ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; nray; Kiw jpUj;Jjy; vdg;gLk;.

l a
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l vd miof;fg;gLk;.
l a
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sa
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aad d aasaa
s
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❖ mwptpay; kw;Wk; Ma;tff; fUtpfspd; Kfg;G gyifapy; Rl;L tpsf;fhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

❖ VO cWg;G fhl;rpj; jpiuahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
❖ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; irif tpsf;Ffs;> mtru fhy Cu;jpfspd; tpsf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
gad;gLfpwJ
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N Neett
gad;gLfpwJ.
N Neett
❖ njhiyf;fhl;rp> miw Fsp&l;b Mfpatw;wpd; njhiy ,af;fpf; fUtpahfg;

l a
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lai .i. l a
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adda lh s
a saafyk jj;Jtj;ij jUf.
kpd; ;)
aaddaasaa
s
w.

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20. njhFg;Gr; Rw;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?

N Neett N Neett
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l a
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l
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s s aa
s
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21. gz;Ngw;wk; tiuaW.
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neLe;njhiyT gug;Giff;F Fiwe;j mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l mbf;fw;iw irifahdJ mjpf
mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l NubNah irifapd; kPJ Nkw;nghUj;jg;gLfpd;w nray;Kiw

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
77 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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aa
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 ww.. w
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Neett N Neett
22. xU gug;gp mikg;gpd; gl;il mfyk; vd;gij tiuaW.
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
xU Fwpg;gpl;l miytupirapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; gFjpiag; gug;Gtjw;F Njitahd
a
assaa aa aa
mjpu;ntz;fspd; neLf;fkhdJ miytupirapd; gl;il mfyk; my;yJ gug;Gk; mikg;gpd;
gl;il mfyk; vdg;gLk;.
ddaass ddaass
. P
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23. jhT njhiyT w
ww w w
w
wwwtiuaW.
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gug;gpf;Fk;> jiug;gFjpia milAk; thd; miyapd; Vw;Fk; Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rpWkj;
njhiyT

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i.
24. Nulhupd; gad;fis jUf.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

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assaa aa aa
,uhZtj;jpy;> ,yf;Ffis ,lk; fhz gad;gLfpd;wd.

ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa
mikg;Gfspy; gad;gLfpwJ. . P
. Paa
fly; gug;gpy; NjLjy;> thd; NjLjy; kw;Wk; VTfiz topelj;Jk; mikg;G Nghd;w topfhl;Lk;

.N
w w
w www
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thdpiy fz;fhzpg;gpy;; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
www
mtru fhy R+o;epiyfspy;> kf;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J> mtu;fis kPl;Fk; gzpapy;

lai
cjTfpwJ.

N N ee tt N Neett
l a
l i
a .25.i. nry;Ngrp jfty; njhlu;G vd;why; vd;d?lalai.i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aad da assaa
aad
,d;wp ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;stu;fSld; njhlu;G nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. mjpfkhddaassaa
nry;Ngrp jfty; njhlu;ghdJ fk;gpfs; my;yJ fk;gptlq;fs; Nghd;w ve;j ,izg;GfSk;

ww. P
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gug;gpw;F ,izg;G ,d;wpNa gug;Gifia mDkjpf;fpwJ.
w
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w
www w
www
da

njhiy J}u ,lq;fSf;Fk; jfty; njhlu;G trjpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

,lk;ngaUk; (𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔) trjpia mspf;fpwJ.;
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
26. mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpy; ika mjpu;ntz; my;yJ Xa;T epiy mjpu;ntz; -
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
tpsf;Ff.
ddaass d aass
mbf;fw;iw irifapd; kpd;dOj;jk; Ropahf cs;sNghJ Cu;jp miyapd; mjpu;ntz;zpy;
d
aa aa
w.

ww. P
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Xa;Tepiy mjpu;ntz; vd miof;fyhk;.
w
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khw;wkpd;wp mjd; ,ay;ghd mjpu;ntz;zpy; cs;sJ. mjid ika mjpu;ntz; my;yJ
. P
w
www w
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ww

27. 𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑨𝑹 vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ?

Nulhu; (𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐴𝑅) vd;gJ 𝑅𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 vd;w nrhw;nwhlupd; RUf;fkhFk;.

N Neett N Neett
,J jfty ;njhlu;G mikg;Gfspd; gad;ghLfspy; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. ,J thD}u;jp>

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
fg;gy;fs;> tpz;fyd; Mfpa njhiyJ}ug; nghUl;fis fz;Lzu;tjw;F kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
a
assaa saa s aa
,Ug;gplj;ij mwpatjw;F gad;gLfpwJ

ddaa s d a
d a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
78 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
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l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
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PP d
aa
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NN eett வபருவினாக்கள்
N N eett
lalai .1.i. 𝒏 tif Gwtpayhd Fiwflj;jpfs; cUthf;
l a
l i
a .fi.g;gLtij tpsf;fkhf vOJf. l a
l i
a
assaa i) 𝒏-tif Fiwflj;jp aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P
xU J}a rpypf;fhd; gbfj;Jld; Ie;J ,izjpwd; khR mZf;fis ww .P.P(gh];gu];> Mu;rdpf;)
wwww
khR+l;Lk; NghJ 𝑛 −tif Fiwflj;jpfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
wwww
khR+l;bfs; Ie;J ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;lit
rpypf;fhd; ehd;F ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;lJ.

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
khR mZtpd; Ie;J ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fspy; ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; ehd;F rpypf;fhd;
a

et
mZf;fSld; rfg;gpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

assaa ddas
a aa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
Ie;jhtJ vyf;l;uhd; rfg;gpizg;G cUthfg; gad;gltpy;iy Mjyhy;> mJ mZf;fUTld;
aa aa
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jsu;thf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
. P
. P

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Ie;jhtJ vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; epiy MdJ> flj;Jk; gl;ilapd; tpspk;Gf;F rw;W fPNo
mike;Js;sJ. ,J nfhilahsp Mw;wy; epiy vdg;gLk;.

lai
miw ntg;gepiyapy; ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; ntg;g Mw;wiy cl;ftu;eJ
; nfhz;L
flj;Jg;gl;ilia milAk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. cs;shu;ej
l l i
a .i. l a
l i
; Fiwflj;jpapy; ,izjpwd; gl;ilapypUe;J vyf;l;uhid> flj;J gl;ilf;F khw;w
a a
sa
assaa aa aa
Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy; n[u;khdpak; kw;Wk; rpypf;fhdpy; KiwNa 0.7𝑒𝑉 kw;Wk; 1.1𝑒𝑉 MFk;>

ddaass ddaass
Mdhy;> nfhilahsp vyf;l;uhidf; fl;Lwhepiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy;

. . Paa . P
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n[u;khdpak; kw;Wk; rpypf;fhDf;F KiwNa 0.01 𝑒𝑉 kw;Wk; 0.05 𝑒𝑉 kl;LNk
P
www w w
w
Ie;J ,izjpwd; khR mZf;fs; flj;J gl;ilf;F Xu; vyf;l;uhid mspg;gjhy;> mit
www www
da

nfhilahsp khRfs; vdg;gLk;. vdNt> flj;J gl;ilapy; ntg;g mjpu;tpd; fhuzkhf cs;s
vyl;uhd;fSld; $Ljyhf xt;nthU khR mZTk; Xu; vyf;l;uhid mspf;Fk;. ntg;gj;jpdhy;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpwd; gl;ilapy; Jisia cz;lhf;Fk;.
Pa

N N ett N N ett
𝑛 −tif Fiwflj;jpapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ngUk;ghd;ik kpd;Ndhl;l Cu;jpfshfTk;> Jisfs;
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l lai
rpWghd;ik Cu;jpfshfTk; mike;Js;sd.
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
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w
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N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
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N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
79 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
2. xU 𝐏𝐍 re;jp ilNahbd; ,af;fkpy;yhj gFjp kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j muz;
N
lalai .i.Mfpait cUthtij tptup.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa i) ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjp cUthf;
aadda
fk;
s
a aa
s
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w
w .P.P
Fiw
w
www
xU xw;iw gbf Fiwflj;jpapd; xU gFjp 𝑝 −tif
flj;jpahfTk;> kw;nwhU gFjp 𝑛 −tif
w
www
Fiwflj;jpahfTk; ,Uf;FkhW khR+l;lg;gLfpwJ. ,U
gFjpfSf;fpilg;gl;l njhLk; gug;G 𝑝−𝑛 re;jp

N N tt
vdg;gLk;.
ee N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp cUthdTld;> 𝑛 −gFjpapypUe;J xU rpy
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa s aa s aa
fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; 𝑝 −gFjpf;Fk; 𝑝 - gFjpapYs;s
Jisfs; 𝑛 −gFjpf;Fk; tpuTfpd;wd.
ddaa s d d> aa s
re;jpapd; FWf;Nf ngUk;.gP.P a a . P
. P aa

.N
k; w w
hd; i k kpd; D }l; l Cu; j pfspd; tputy; Vw; g Lj; J k; kpd; N dhl; l k;
tputy; kpd;Ndhl;w
ww lw w
vdg; gLk;.
www w w
𝑛- gFjpapypUe;J xU vyf;l;uhd; ntspNaWk; NghJ xU Ie;J ,izjpwd; mZthdJ

lai
Neu;kpd; madpahf khWk;

N Neett N Neett
𝑝-gFjpf;F ,lk;ngaUk; fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd; MdJ %d;W ,izjpwd; mZtpYs;s

l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
JisAld; kW ,izg;gpy; <LgLtjhy; %d;W ,izjpwd; mZthdJ vjpu;kpd; madpahf
a l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
khWk;.

ddaass ddaass
,e;j madpfs; mUfpYs;s gbf mZf;fSld; gpizf;fg;gLtjhy;; efu ,ayhJ. ,e;j
. P
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tputy; epfo;T njhlu;e;J eilngWtjhy; re;jp ,UGwq;fspYk; Neu; madp mLf;F kw;Wk;

www w w
w
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vjpu; madp mLf;F cUthfpd;wd. re;jpf;F mUfpy; cs;s kpd;D}l;l Cu;jpfsw;w nky;ypa
da

mLf;F ,af;fkpy;yh gFjp vdg;gLk;

Neu;kpd;D}l;l mLf;F kw;Wk; vjpu; kpd;D}l;l mLf;F ,ilNa kpd;Gyk; xd;W Vw;gLfpwJ.
,e;j kpd;Gyk; 𝑝-gFjpapYs;s vyf;l;uhd;fis 𝑛 −gFjpf;Fk; 𝑛 −gFjpapYs;s Jisfis
Pa

N eett
𝑝-gFjpf;Fk; ,Of;fpwJ.
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
kpd; Gyj;jpd; fhuzkhf rpWghd;ik kpd;D}l;l Cu;jpfspd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

assaa dd assaa
vjpnujpu; jpirapy; gha;fpd;wd.
aa aadd asaa
s
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,Og;G kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;. tputy; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; ,Og;G kpd;Ndhl;lKk;
a a
w.

ww. P
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Muk;gj;jpy; ,Og;G kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ tputy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijtpl Fiwthf ,Ue;j NghJk;
w
www w
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Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF rkepiy milAk;. xt;nthU vyf;l;uhDk; (my;yJ JisAk;)
re;jpapd; FWf;Nf tpuTk; NghJ> kpd;Gyj;jpd; typik mjpfupj;J; ,uz;L kpd;Ndhl;lq;fSk;
ww

rkkhFk; tiu ,Og;G kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;. vdNt rkepiyapy; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf

vt;tpj epfu kpd;Ndhl;lKk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,t;thW 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

N ii) e
N etjtp kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ kpd;dOj;j muz; NNeet t
re;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
re;jpapd; FWf;Nf Fwpg;gpl;l xU epiy tiu kpd;D}l;l
Cu;jpfspd; ,af;fk;
d a
eilngWk;.
d as smjd; gpd;du;
d a
d s
a s
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w w
re;jpapd; FWf;Nf tpuTtij jLf;Fk;. ,jw;F fhuzk;>
w w w
w
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re;jpapd; FWf;Nf ,UGwq;fspYk; cs;s efu ,ayhj
madpfs; cUthf;Fk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL MFk;. www
vdNt> ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; cl;Gwj;jpw;F tput
Kaw;rpf;Fk; vyf;l;uhd;; vjpu;kpd; madpfspd; muzhy;

N N ett
tpul;lg;gLk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fspd;
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
80 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
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w ..
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N Neett N Neett
Mw;wy; NghJkhd msT ,Ue;jhy; muiz Kwpj;J 𝑝-gFjpapy; cs;s JisAld; ,ize;J

lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
kw;Nwhu; vjpu;kpd; madpia cUthf;Fk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa add assaa
aadd assaa
,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhdJ vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ,e;j
a a
tputypdhy; rkepiyia va;Jk; tiu mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;. ,e;epiyapy;>
a
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapd; mftpyf;F tpirahdJ> NkYk; fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; re;jpapd;

w
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NtWghL kpd;dOj;j muz; (𝑉𝑏 ) vdg;gLk;. w
FWf;Nf tpuTtijj; jLf;Fk;. ,e;j ,af;fkpy;yhg ;gFjpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j
www
rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; n[u;khdpaj;jpw;F 25°𝐶 ntg;gepiyapy; kpd;dOj;j muzpd; kjpg;Gfs;
KiwNa 0.7𝑉 kw;Wk; 0.3𝑉 MFk;.

NN ett
e NNeett
lalai.3.i. xU miu miy jpUj;jpapd; glk; tiue;
l a
l i
a .i. mjd; nray;ghl;bid l a
l i
a

et
assaa tpsf;Ff. aa aa
J
d a
das s d a
d s
a s
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.P aa . P
. Paa

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w ww w w w
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l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
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w w
kpd; Rw;whdJ xU kpd;khw;wp> xU 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp ilNahL kw;Wk; kpd;jil Mfpatw;iwf;
www www
da

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
miu miyjpUj;jp Rw;wpy; 𝐴𝐶 cs;sPbd; Neu; miu miy my;yJ vjpu; miu miy
ilNahL topNa nrYj;jg;gl;L kw;nwhU ghjp jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. cs;sPL miyapd; xU ghjp
Pa

N N ett N N ett
kl;LNk jpUj;jg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ,J miu miyjpUj;jp vdg;gLk;.
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa cs; ad
adaassaacs;sPL irifapd; vjpu; miu miyapd; aassaa
sPL irifapd; Neu; miu miyapd;
aadd
w.

NghJ NghJ
w w . P
. P ww. P
. P
www
𝐴 KidahdJ w
Neu;kpd;Kid
𝐵 Kidiag; nghUj;J 𝐴 KidahdJ 𝐵 w
www
vjpu;kpd; Kid
Kidiag; nghUj;J
ww

ilNahlhdJ Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpy; mike;J ilNahL gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpy; mike;J

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; flj;JfpwJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; flj;jhJ

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
gS kpd;jil 𝑅𝐿 topahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; 𝑅𝐿
a l a
l i
topNa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ 𝐴𝐶
a
assaa aa aa
gha;eJ
; > mjd; FWf;Nf 𝑉0 vd;w ntspaPL cs; s Pbd; vjpu; miur;Rw;W ntspaPl;by;
kpd;dOj;jk; cUthfpwJ.
ddaass ngwg;glhJ.
d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa .
𝐷𝐶 வவளியீடு திறன்
P
. Paa
w
w
miy jpUj;jpapd; gaDWjpwd; (𝜂) =
w w w
w
www www
𝐴𝐶 உள்ள ீடு திறன்

miu miy miyjpUj;jpapd; gaDWjpwd; (𝜂) kjpg;G 40.6%

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
81 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Neett
4. xU KO miyjpUj;jpapd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
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N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa ddas
a aa
s d a
d s
a aa
s
cs;sPL 𝐴𝐶 irifapd; Neu; kw;Wk; vjpu; miur; Rw;Wfs;; jpUj;jg;gLtjhy; KO miyjpUj;jp
aa aa
.
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www
,e;j kpd;Rw;wpy; ,uz;L 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp ilNahLfs;> ikar;rhtp kpd;khw;wp kw;Wk; xU gS
kpd;jil(𝑅𝐿 ) Mfpait cs;sd. ika KidahdJ jiu ,izg;G my;yJ Rop kpd;dOj;j
Fwpg;G Gs;spahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ikar;rhtp kpd;khw;wpapd; cjtpahy;> xt;nthU ilNahLk;

lai
nkhj;j Jizr;Rw;W kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; xU ghjpiaj; jpUj;JfpwJ.

NNeett NN eett
l a
l i
a .i. cs;sPL irifapd; Neu; miu l a
l a .
siPLi.irifapd; vjpu; miu miyapd; l a
l i
a
sa
assaa miyapd; NghJ aaNghJ aa
cs;

ddaass ddaass
𝑀 Neu;kpd; Kid . P
. Paa . P
. Paa
w w w 𝑁 MdJ Neu;kpd; Kid
w w w
www www
da

𝐶 MdJ Ropkpd;dOj;jk; 𝐶 MdJ Rop kpd;dOj;jk;

𝑁 MdJ vjpu;kpd; Kid 𝑀 MdJ vjpu;kpd; Kid
Pa

N Neett
𝐷1 Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G
N N ett
𝐷2 Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G
e
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐷2 gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G
l a
lai .i.
𝐷1 gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G
l a
l i
a
assaa aassaa
ilNahL 𝐷1 kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij 𝑀𝐷1 𝐴𝐵𝐶
ad
ad aa daasaa
s
ilNahL 𝐷2 MdJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij 𝑁𝐷2 𝐴𝐵𝐶
d
w.

ww P
ghij topNa flj;JfpwJ
. . P w
w . P
. P
vd;Dk; ghijapy; flj;JfpwJ.

w
www w
www
ww

cs;sPbd; Neu; kw;Wk; vjpu; miur;Rw;wpd; NghJ> gS topNa nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xNu
jpirapy; mikfpwJ.

N N ett
KO miyjpUj;jpapd; gaDWjpwd; (η) = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟐%
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 5. xsp ckpo; ilNahL vd;why;aadvd;dadas? snray;
aa gLk; jj;Jtj;ijg; glj;Jld; jUf. aassaa
ad
a d
ww.P. P
ckpOk; 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp ilNahL MFk;.
w w. P
. P
𝐿𝐸𝐷 vd;gJ Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpy; nray;gLk; NghJ fl;GydhFk; kw;Wk; fl;Gydhfhj xspia

w
www wwww
kpd;dhw;wyhdJ xsp Mw;wyhf khWtjhy;> ,J kpd; xspu;T vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
𝐿𝐸𝐷 ,d; kpd;Rw;Wf;FwpaPL glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;Gf;Fwpapd; jpirahdJ
ilNahbypUe;J xsp ckpog;gLtij Fwpf;fpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
82 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N Neett
❖ nray;gLk; jj;Jtk;
N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a
𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jpahdJ Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpy; .i. l a
l i
a
assaa mikf;fg;gl;lhy;>

aaddaass
𝑛-gFjpapy;aa cs;s
vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; 𝑝 −gFjpapy; cs;s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P
Jisfs; re;jpapd; FWf;Nf tpuTfpd;wd.
w
w .P.P
w
www
mit re;jpiaf; fle;j gpwF> kpFjpahd
rpWghd;ik Cu;jpfshfpd;wd.
w
www
kpFjpahd rpWghd;ik Cu;jpfs;
ngUk;ghd;ik Cu;jpfSld; kW ,izg;gpy;

N Nett
e
<LgLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> flj;J gl;il
N Neett
lalai.i. vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpwd;
l l i
a .i.
gl;ilapd;
a l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
JisfSld; kW ,izg;gpy; <LgLfpd;wd.

ddas
a s
kW ,izg;G epfo;tpd;NghJ> Mw;wyhdJ>
d a
d s
a s
xsp my;yJ
. P
.Paa ntg;g tbtpy;
. P
. Paa

.N
w w
w
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. fjpu;tPr;R kW ,izg;gpy;>
www
ℎ𝑣 www
Mw;wYs;s
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
/Nghl;lhd;
fjpu;tPr;rw;w kW
www

lai
,izg;gpy;> Mw;wyhdJ ntg;gtbtpy;
ntspaplg;gLk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
ntspaplg;gLk; xspapd; epwkhdJ nghUspd; Mw;wy; gl;il
a
,ilntspiag;
l a
l i
nghUj;jJ
a
sa
assaa s aa
s ssaa
ePyk; gr;ir rptg;G nts;is
𝑆𝑖𝐶
aadd a a𝐴𝑙𝐺𝑎𝑃 𝐺𝑎𝐴𝑠𝑃
aaddaa 𝐺𝑎𝐼𝑛𝑁

ww . P
. P w
w . P
. P
ww w
w
da

6.
ww
xsp ilNahL vd;gjidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngOJf.
w
w
xspapay; iriffis kpd; iriffshf khw;Wk; 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp ilNahL xspilNahL
Pa

N N ett
vdg;gLk;.
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
𝐿𝐸𝐷 ,d; nray;ghl;Lf;F Neu; vjpuhdJ MFk;.
a l a
l i
a
assaa aassaa
xsp ilNahL gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpy; nray;gLk;.
ad
ad aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P
mjd;kPJ gLtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. w
w . P
. P
kpd;Rw;Wf; FwpaPL glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;Gf;Fwpfs; xsp

அலேப்பு
w
www w
www
ww

xsp czu;T cs;s Fiw flj;jpg; nghUshy; Md 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jpahdJ ghJfhg;ghf xU

N N ett N N ett
nefpopg; ngl;bapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp kPJ xsp tpo VJthf xsp CLUTk;
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai
nra;tjhy; xsp czu;tpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd..i.
xU rpwpa rd;dy; cs;sJ. 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp kPJ xspgl;lTld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij cw;gj;jp
l a
l i
a
assaa தசயல்பாடு
aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
NghJkhd Mw;wy; nfhz;l Nghl;lhd; (ℎ𝑣) ilNahbd; ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjp kPJ gLk;NghJ>
w
www w
www
,izjpwd; gl;ilapYs;s rpy vyf;l;uhd;fs; flj;J gl;ilf;F nry;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;>
,izjpwd; gl;ilapy; Jisfs; cUthfpd;wd. ,J vyf;l;uhd; - Jis ,izia
cUthf;Fk;. vyf;l;uhd; - Jis ,izapd; vz;zpf;if 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp kPJ gLk; xspapd;
nrwptpidg; nghUj;J mikAk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
83 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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N Neett N N eett
vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk; Jisfs; kW ,izg;G Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng> gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G

lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
kpd;dOj;jj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; vjpnujpuhf tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. Jisfs;
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑛 −gFjpf;Fk;> vyf;l;uhd;fs; 𝑝-gFjpf;Fk; nry;fpd;wd.

ddaas s
Gw kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ> vyf;l;uhd;fs; Gwkpd; Rw;wpy; gha;eJ
ddaa
; xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij
ss
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
. PP aa
. gpd;Ndhf;F kpd;Ndhl;lk;> ,Us; kpd;Ndhl;wlk;ww.P Pa a
.gLk;. ,J
w
w ww
ww
xsp glhj epiyapy;
ntg;gj;jpdhy;
Vw; g Lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l rpWghd;ik Cu;jpfshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.www vdg;

பயன்பாடுகள்

N Nett
e vr;rupf;if kzp mikg;G
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
fpilj;js ,af;fj;jpYs;s ,aq;F gl;ilapy; vz;zpf;iff; fUtpahf gad;gLjy;

et
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
xsp flj;jpfs;

aaddaa
FWe;jfL ,af;fpfs;> Gif fz;Lzu;tpfs;
ad
a a
d a
. PP . P P
kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; 𝑥 −fjpu;fs; %yk; cly; cWg;Gfisf; fz;Lzu;e;J fzpdp
. .

.N
w
w
%yk; tiuglkhf mspj;jy;.
w www
www www

lai
7. R+upa kpd;fyk; Ntiy nra;Ak; jj;Jtj;ij tptup. mjd; gad;ghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
தத்துவம் ∶ xsp Nthy;lh tpisT

ddaass ddaass
. . Paa
𝑝– 𝑛 re;jp kPJ R+upa xspgLk; NghJ
P
kpd;dpaf;F tpiria cUthf;FfpwJ. . P
. Paa
www w w
w
www www
da

வசயல்பாடு:

re;jpf;F mUfpy; cl;ftug;gLk; xspapdhy;

vyf;l;uhd; - Jis ,izfs;
Pa

N N ett
cUthfpd;wd. ,af;fkpy;yhg; gFjpapy;
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. cs;s kpd;Gyj;jpd; fhuzkhf> kpd;D}l;l
l a
lai .i.
Cu;jpfs; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vyf;l;uhd;fs;
l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
𝑛- tif rpypf;fhd; mLf;if Nehf;fpAk;>

aaddaasaa
s
w.

Jisfs; 𝑝–tif rpypf;fhd; glyj;ij Nehf;fpAk; efu;fpd;wd. 𝑛–gFjpia milAk;

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
vyf;l;uhd;fis Kd;Gw kpd; ,izg;Gk; 𝑝–gFjpia milAk; Jisfis gpd;Gw kpd;
w
www w
www
,izg;Gk; Nrfupf;Fk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf kpd;fyj;jpd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL cUthFk;.
R+upa kpd;fyj;Jld; ntspg;Gw gS ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ > xsp kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
ww

mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; R+upa kpd;fyd;fs; njhlupizg;ghfNth gf;f ,izg;ghfNth

,izf;fg;gl;L R+upagyif (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙) cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. R+upakpd;fyd; gyiffs;

N Neett N Neett
xd;Wld; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;L R+upajfLfspd; njhFg;G (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦) cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
பயன்பாடுகள்:

ddaass d a
d s
a s
fzpg;ghd;fs;>
.P. Paa
fbfhuq;fs;> nghk;ikfs;
. P
. Paa
Mfpatw;wpy; R+upa kpd;fyd;fs;;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. R+upa kpd;fyd;fs; ,aq;ff;$ba kpd;toq;fpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
w w
w w w
w
www www
nraw;ifN;fhs; kw;Wk; tpz;ntsp gad;ghLfspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
R+upagyiffs; (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠) kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
84 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
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Neett N Ne ett
8. nghJ ckpo;g;ghd; buhd;rp];lupd; epiy rpwg;gpay;Gfis tiue;J cs;sPL kw;Wk;
N
lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
ntspaPL rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jfisj; jUf.
a l a
l i
a
assaa ❖ nghJ ckpo;g;ghd; buhd;rap];adld aa s aa
s
upd; epiyr; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www
Vw;ghd; - ckpo;g;ghd; re;jpfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. w
www
𝑉𝐵𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝑉𝐶𝐶 Mfpa rhu;GgLj;Jk; kpd;dOj;jq;fs; KiwNa mbtha; - ckpo;g;ghd; kw;Wk;

𝑉𝐵𝐸 − mbtha; - ckpo;g;ghd; re;jp kpd;dOj;jk;

N N tt
e N N ett
𝑉𝐶𝐸 − Vw;ghd; - ckpo;g;ghd; re;jp kpd;dOj;jk;
e e
lalai.i. 𝑅1 kw;Wk; 𝑅2 Mfpait
l a
l i
a .i.
KiwNa mbtha; kw;Wk;
l a
l i
Vw;ghd;
a kpd;Ndhl;lq;fis khw;wg;

et
assaa 𝒊) cs;sPL rpwg;gpay;G aaddaassaa aa
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

d a
d s
a s
. P
.P . P
. Paa

.N
w w w www
www www
𝑉𝐶𝐸 khwpypahf cs;sNghJ 𝐼𝐵 kw;Wk; 𝑉𝐵𝐸 Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilNa cs;s njhlu;gpidj; jUfpwJ.
𝑉𝐶𝐸 I Fwpg;gpl;l xU kjpg;gpy; itj;J 𝑉𝐵𝐸 −

lai
mjpfupf;fg;gl;L 𝐼𝐵 gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. tiuag;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a .i.
𝑉𝐵𝐸 −I 𝑥 −mr;rpYk;> 𝐼𝐵 −I 𝑦 −mr;rpYk; itj;J tiuglk;
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa ddaasaa
s
𝑉𝐶𝐸 apd; gy;NtW kjpg;GfSf;Fj; jpUk;gr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
aa aaddaassaa
w
w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
wwJ ngwg;gLk;; KbTfs;: w
www
da

❖ tiuglj;w
jpypUe;
tisNfhL 𝑝 − 𝑛 re;jp ilNahbd; Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;G rpwg;gpay;gpidg; Nghd;W cs;sJ.
Pa

N Neett
kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; mikAk;.
N Neett
gad; njhlf;f kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ tisTg; gFjp;; kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Ff; (𝑉𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒 ) fPNo mbtha;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
rpypf;fhd; buhd;rp];lUf;F 𝑉𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 0.7𝑉 n[u;khdpak; buhd;rp];lUf;F 𝑉𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒 = 0.3𝑉

ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

gad; njhlf;f kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;F mjpfkhd kpd;dOj;jq;fspy;> 𝑉𝐵𝐸 I nghUj;J 𝐼𝐵

mjpfupf;Fk;.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
𝑉𝐶𝐸 mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ> 𝐼𝐵 FiwfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; 𝑉𝐶𝐸 mjpfupj;jhy; ,af;fkpy;yhg;
ww

gFjpapd; mfyk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. mjdhy; mbthapd; mfyk; Fiwe;J 𝐼𝐵 FiwfpwJ.

N ee
cs;
N tPLt kpd;ndjpu;g;G
s
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
𝑉𝐶𝐸 khwpypahf cs;s NghJ mbtha; − ckpo;g;ghd; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;by; (𝑉𝐵𝐸 ) Vw;gl;l

ddaass d a s
a s
khWghl;bw;Fk; mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; (𝐼𝐵 ) Vw;gl;l khWghl;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tpfpjk;
d
.P. Paa
cs;sPL kpd;ndjpu;g;G (𝑟𝑖 ) vdg;gLk;.
. P
. Paa
w w w w w
w
www www
cs;sPL kpd;ndjpu;g;ghdJ tisNfhl;bd; mbg;gFjpapy; khwpypahf mikahJ
Δ𝑉
𝑟𝑖 = ( Δ𝐼𝐵𝐸 )
𝐵 𝑉𝐶𝐸

N N ett
cs;sPL kpd;ndjpu;g;G mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
85 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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N eett
𝒊𝒊) ntspaPL rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
N N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
𝐼𝐵 khwhj NghJ; 𝐼𝐶 kw;Wk;; 𝑉𝐶𝐸 ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;gpid ntspaPL rpwg;gpay;G mspf;fpwJ.

assaa 𝐼𝐵 I
ddaassaa
ddaassaa
Fwpg;gpl;l xU kjpg;gpy; itj;J 𝑉𝐶𝐸 mjpfupf;fg;gl;L 𝐼𝐶 gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
aa aa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
𝑉𝐶𝐸 -I 𝑥 −mr;rpYk; 𝐼𝐶 -I 𝑦-mr;rpYk; nfhz;L tiuglk; tiuag;gLfpwJ.
w
www
ntt;NtW 𝐼𝐵 kjpg;GfSf;F jpUk;gr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. w
www
𝒊) njtpl;bagFjp

N N tt
𝑉𝐶𝐸 MdJ 0𝑉 I tpl mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ 𝐼𝐶 -d; kjpg;G
ee N Neett
lalai.i. Ntfkhf mjpfupj;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l 𝑉𝐶𝐸 kjpg;gpy;
l a
l i
a .i.
njtpl;ba kjpg;ig milAk;. ,k;kpd;dOj;jk; tisTg;
l a
l i
a

et
assaa gFjp kpd;dOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P
𝑂 kw;Wk; 𝐴 f;F ,ilg;gl;l tiuNfhl;bd; Muk;gg;gFjp
. P
. P

.N
w w
w
𝑂𝐴 (Xk; tpjpf;F cl;gl;lJ) njtpl;bagFjp vdg;gLk;.
www
www
buhd;rp];lu;fs; vg;NghJk; ,e;j kpd;dOj;jj;ijtpl www
mjpf kpd;dOj;jq;fspNyNa nray;gLfpd;wd.

tt
lai
tt
𝒊𝒊) ntl;Lg;gFjp

i N
.i. Nee i N
.i. Nee
𝐼𝐵 = 0 f;F fPNo cs;s gFjp ntl;Lg;gFjp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
i
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
sa
assaa 𝒊𝒊𝒊) nray;gLk; gFjp aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P w
w . P
.
tiuNfhl;bd; ikag;gFjp nray;gLk; gFjp vdg;gLk;.
P
w
www w
www
da

,g;gFjpapy;> ckpo;g;ghd;-mbtha; re;jp> Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpYk; Vw;ghd;-mbtha; re;jp>

gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhu;gpYk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapy; nray;gLk; buhd;rp];lu;fs;
kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; kpd;jpwd; ngUf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Pa

𝒊𝒗) KwpTg; gFjp

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
cw;gj;jpahsuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kjpg;igtpl 𝑉𝐶𝐸 mjpfupf;fg;gLk;NghJ> 𝐼𝐶 kpfg;ngupa msT
a
assaa aa aa
mjpfupj;J buhd;rp];lupd; re;jpfs; KwptilAk;. ,e;jr; rupT KwpT buhd;rp];liur;
Nrjkilar; nra;Ak;.
ddaass ddaass
aa aa
w.

ntspaPL kpd;ndjpu;g;G
w w. P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
𝐼𝐵 khwhjNghJ> Vw;ghd;-ckpo;g;ghd; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;by; Vw;gLk; khWghl;bw;Fk; (Δ𝑉𝐶𝐸 )
Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWghl;bw;Fk; (Δ𝐼𝐶 ) ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk; ntspaPL
ww

kpd;ndjpu;g;G (𝑟0 ) vdg;gLk;.

N eett
𝑟0 = (
N
Δ𝑉𝐶𝐸
)
eett
ntspaPL kpd;ndjpu;g;G kpff;FiwT MFk;.
N N
l a
l i
a .i. Δ𝐼𝐶 𝑉𝐶𝐸

l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
86 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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w ..
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e
9. xU
N N ett buhd;rp];lu; rhtpahf
N Neett
lalai .i. nray;gLtij tptup.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
buhd;rp];luhdJ njtpl;ba epiyapy; %ba
aaddaassaa
rhtpahfTk;>
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
ntl;L w
www
epiyapy;
nray;gLk;.
jpwe;j rhtpahfTk; w
www

N etstPL Ropahf cs;s NghJ

e
cs;
N eet t ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
cs;sPL mjpfkhf
N N
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Ropahf mikAk;; mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfupg;gjhy; Vw;ghd;

ddas
a s d a s
a s
kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ngUk kjpg;ig milAk;.
d
. P
.Paa
buhd;rp];luhdJ ntl;L epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. buhd;rp];luhdJ. P
. Paa
njtpl;ba epiyf;Fr;

.N
w w
w w w w
www www
nry;Yk;.
Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Rop Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; (𝐼𝐶 ) Vw;gl;l

lai
mjpfupg;G 𝑅𝐶 d; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j
𝑅𝐶 apd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j ,wf;fKk; Rop.
,wf;fj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. ntspaPL kpd;dOj;jk; cau;eJ
; 𝑉𝐶𝐶
l a
l i
a .i.
f;F ntspaPL kpd;dOj;jk;
l a
l i
Fiwe;J
a
Ropia
sa
neUq;Fk;

assaa aa aa
rkkhFk;.

ddaass ddaass
buhd;rp];lu; topahf vt;tpj kpd;Ndhl;lKk; buhd;rp];lu; topahf ngUk kpd;Ndhl;lk;
. P
. Paa
ghahky; ,aq;fh (𝑂𝐹𝐹) epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. gha;eJ
. P
. Paa
; ,aq;F epiyf;F (𝑂𝑁) nry;fpwJ.

www w w
w
www www
da

buhd;rp];lu; jpwe;j rhtpahfr; nray;gLk; buhd;rp];luhdJ %ba rhtpahf nray;gLk;.

Pa

𝑉0 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 – 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 .

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai .i.
buhd;rp];luhdJ mjpf cs;sPl;bw;Ff; Fiwe;j ntspaPl;ilAk;> Fiwe;j cs;sPl;bw;F mjpf
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
ntspaPl;ilAk; mspf;fpwJ

dda s
a s
ntspaPL kpd;dOj;jkhdJ cs;sPL kpd;dOj;jpj;jpw;F vjpu;fl;lj;jpy; mikAk;.
ddaass
aa aa
w.

ww. P
. P ww. P
. P
w
10. njspthd kpd; ww
Rw;w ww w
W glj;Jld; buhd;rp];lu; ngUf;fpahfr; nray; gw
Ltij
ww

tptupf;fTk;. cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL miytbtq;fis tiuf.

N N eett N Neett
nray;gLk; epiyapy; cs;s buhd;rp];luhdJ tYf;Fiwe;j iriffisg; ngUf;Fk; jpwd;

l a
l i
a .i. nfhz;lJ.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa njhlf;fj;jpy; buhd;rp];luhdJaad da as s aa
𝑁𝑃𝑁 buhd;rp];luhdJ nghJ ckpo;g;ghd; tbtikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a ad a
d𝑸 s
a aa
s
w
w . P P
spf;.F mUfpNyh ntl;Lg;Gs;spf;F mUfpNyh ,y;
ntspaP l; b y; ngUk irif ngWtjw; F
.
buhd;
w w
rP P
. epiy
p]; l upd;

www
epWj;jg;gLfpwJ w
Gs;sp njtpl;ba Gs;
wwww yhky;

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
87 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N eett
𝑅𝐶 ⇒
N
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il
N Neett
mstpl

lalai .i. njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a ddaassaa
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅𝐸 ⇒ rhu;gspf;Fk; kw;Wk;
epWj;Jk; kpd;Rw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
a
epiy

aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P
𝐶1 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 kpd;dOj;jj;ij kl;LNk mDkjpf;Fk;.
w
w .P.P
w
www
𝐶𝐸 ⇒ ngUf;fg;gl;l 𝐴𝐶 iriff;Ff; Fiwe;j
w
www
kpd;kWg;Gg; ghijia mspf;fpwJ.
𝐶𝐶 ⇒ ngUf;fpapd; xU epiyia mLj;j

N Nett
e
epiyAld; ,izj;J gy;epiy ngUf;fpia
N Neett
lalai.i. cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa as
a aa
s
𝑉𝑆 ⇒ rPupirahf khWk; cs;sPL irif ahdJ
mbtha;-ckpo;g;ghd;
aadd
re;jpf;Ff; FWf;Nf
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
w w
w www
www www
❖ ngUf;fpapd; nray;ghL

tt
lai tt
cs;sPL irifapd; Neu; miu miyapd; cs;sPL irifapd; vjpu; miu miyapd;

i N
.i. Nee
NghJ
i N
.i. Nee NghJ>
i
l a
l a l a
l a
ckpo;g;ghd; - mbtha;f;Ff; FWf;Nf cs;s
a a
ckpo;g;ghd; - mbtha; FWf;Nf cs;s
l l
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
Kd;Ndhf;F kpd;dOj;jk; cs;sPL Kd;Ndhf;F kpd;dOj;jj;ij cs;sPL irif
ddaa
irifapdhy; (𝑉𝑆 ) mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
aa aadd
(𝑉𝑆 ) Fiwf;fpwJ.aa
ww. P
. P
mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lk; (𝐼𝐵 ) mjpfupf;Fk;.
w
w . P
. P
mbtha; kpd;Ndhl;lk; (𝐼𝐵 ) Fiwe;J Vw;ghd;
w
www w
www
da

kpd;Ndhl;lKk; (𝐼𝑐 ) FiwfpwJ

Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; MdJ> β klq;F
mjpfupf;Fk;.

,J apd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j 𝑅𝑐 apd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j ,wf;fk;

Pa

𝑅𝐶

N Neett eett
,wf;fj;ij (𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝑐 ) mjpfupj;J Vw;ghd;- Fiwe;J>
N N
Vw;ghd;-ckpo;g;ghd;

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
ckpo;g;ghd; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il (𝑉𝐶𝐸 ) kpd;dOj;jNtWghL (𝑉𝐶𝐸 ) mjpfupf;Fk;
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
Fiwf;Fk;.

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

Neu; miu cs;sPL irif> ntspaPl;by; vjpu; miu cs;sPL irif ntspaPl;by;
ngUf;fg;gl;l
ww.
vjpu;P
. P miu
w
w .
irifahf ngUf;fg;gl;lP
. P Neu; miu irifia
cUthfpwJ. w
www w
www
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
ww

ntspaPl;L irif 180° jpUg;gg;gLfpwJ. ntspaPl;L irif 180° jpUg;gg;gLfpwJ.

N Neett N Neett
ntspaPlhdJ Vw;ghd;-ckpo;g;ghDf;Ff; FWf;Nf ngwg;gLfpwJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵

ddaass d a
d s
a s
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
88 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
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eett
11. tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;ij Njitahd glq;fSld; tptup.
N N N Neett
lalai .i. l l i
a .i.
mbf;fw;iw irifapd; fzNeu tPr;rpw;F Vw;g Cu;jp irifapd; tPr;R khw;wg;gl;lhy; mJ
a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
tPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

ddaass ddaass
. P
. Pa
Cu;jp irifapd; mjpu;ntz; kw;Wk; fl;lk; khwhky; cs;sd.
a .P.Paa
w w w
w
tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;wkhdJ thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp xypgug;gpy; gad;gLfpwJ
w wpd; ed;ikfs; w
ww
tPr;Rg; gz;Ngw; wj;j www
𝑖) vspjhd gug;Gif kw;Wk; Vw;G

N N tt
𝑖𝑖) Fiwthd gl;il mfyj;Njit
ee N Neett
lalai.i. 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Fiwe;j tpiy
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa tPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;aaddaassaa ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝑖) . P
.P
,iur;ry; msT mjpfk; . P
. P

.N
w w w www
www
𝑖𝑖) Fiwe;j nray;jpwd;
www
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Fiwthd nray; neLf;fk;

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l al i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 12. B khu;fd; Kjy;Kjy;kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJss
Njw;wk; d
a a daa aa
Njw; wq;fis $wp ep&gpf;fTk;.
,uz;lhk; Njw;wk;
aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P w w . P
. P
w w w w
da

,U yh[pf; cs;sPLfspd; $Ljypd; ,U yh[pf cs;sPLfspd; ngUf;fy;gydpd;

ww
epug;gpahdJ
ngUf;fy;gyDf;Fr;
mtw;wpd;
rkkhFk;
w w
epug;gpfspd; epug;gpahdJ mjd; epug;gpfspd; $LjYf;Fr;
rkkhFk;.

ep&gzk; ep&gzk;
Pa

N Neett
𝑁𝑂𝑅 Nfl;bd; G+ypad; rkd;ghL
N eett
𝑁𝐴𝑁𝐷 Nfl;bd; G+ypad; rkd;ghL 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅
N 𝐴. 𝐵

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
Fkpo; ,izf;fg;gl;l 𝐴𝑁𝐷 Nfl;Lf;fhd Fkpo; ,izf;fg;gl;l 𝑂𝑅 Nfl;Lf;fhd
d
G+ypad; rkd;ghL 𝑌 = 𝐴̅. 𝐵̅
aa daa aadd
G+ypad; rkd;ghL 𝑌 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅aa
w.

cz;ik ml;ltiz w w. PP
.̅ ̅ ̅ cz;ik ml;ltiz ww . P
.̅P
𝑨 B A+Bww w
𝑨w
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
+ 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨. 𝑩 𝑨 B A . B 𝑨. 𝑩 w
̅̅̅̅̅
w
̅ w
𝑨 𝑩w𝑨 + 𝑩
̅ ̅
ww

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

N Neett
1 0 1
1 1 1
0
0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
N Ne
1
e
0tt0
0
1 1
0 0

l a
l i
a .i. cz;ik ml;ltizapy; ,Ue;J ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
l a
lai.i.
𝐴 + 𝐵 = cz;ik ml;ltizapy;
l a
l i
a
,Ue;J ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅+
𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝑨

assaa saa
s s aa
s
̅. 𝑩
𝑨 ̅ ̅
𝑩

aaddaa ad
a a
d a
xU 𝑁𝑂𝑅
.P.
Nfl;lhdJ
w
w P xU
. P
. P
Fkpo; xU 𝑁𝐴𝑁𝐷 Nfl;lhdJ Fkpo; ,izf;fg;gl;l
w
w
w
www
,izf;fg;gl;l 𝐴𝑁𝐷 thapYf;Fr; rkk
w
www
𝑂𝑅 Nfl;Lf;Fr; rkk;

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
89 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
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PP d
aa
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Neett N Neett
13. jfty;njhlu;G mikg;gpd; mbg;gil cWg;Gfisj; Njitahd fl;lg;glj;Jld;
N
lalai .i. tptup.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
vyf;l;uhdpay; jfty; njhlu;G vd;gJ xU Clfj;jpd; topNa xyp> ciu> glq;fs; my;yJ

ddaass d aa
juitg; gug;GjNy MFk;. ePz;l njhiyT gug;GifahdJ ntspia Clfkhfg;
d ss
gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
. P
. Paa .P.Paa
www w w
w
www www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaas aa
s
aaddaassaa
i) jfty; (mbf;fw;iw
ww
. P
. P w
w . P
. P
wwww w
www
da

my;yJ cs;sL P irif- 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

jftyhdJ Ngr;R> ,ir> glq;fs; my;yJ fzpdpj;juT Nghd;w tbtpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
jftyhdJ cs;sPL Mw;wy; khw;wpf;F cs;sPlhf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ .
Pa

N Neett N Neett
𝒊𝒊) cs;sPL Mw;wy; khw;wp (𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒓)

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
jftiy kpd;iriffshf khw;WfpwJ. v.fh: xypthq;fp (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒)
l a
l i
a
assaa 𝒊𝒊𝒊) gug;gp (𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓) aaddaassaa aaddaasaa
s
w.

w w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
Mw;wy; khw;wpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; kpd;irifia jfty; njhlu;G topj;jlj;jpw;F mspf;fpwJ.
w
www
,J ngUf;fp> miyapaw;wp> gz;Ngw;wp w
www
kw;Wk; jpwd; ngUf;fp Nghd;w Rw;Wfisf;
ww

nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ngUf;fp: Mw;wy; khw;wpapd; ntspaPL ngUf;fg;gLfpwJ.

NN eet t wp:
miyapaw; eett
cau; mjpu;ntz; Cu;jp miyfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
N N
l a
l i
a .i. gz;Ngw;wp: l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa jpwd;ngUf;fp: aa aa
gz;Ngw;wg;gl;l irifia cUthf;FfpwJ.

ddaass
kpd; irifapd; jpwd; msit mjpfupf;fpwJ.
d a
d s
a s
. P
. P a a . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
wwzwiyf;fk;gp (𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂) www
𝒊𝒗) gug;Gk; tpz;
NubNah irifia ntspapy; midj;J jpirfspYk; gug;GfpwJ.

N N ett N N ett
mJ kpd;fhe;j miyfs; tbtpy;> xspapd; Ntfj;jpy; nry;fpwJ.
e e
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
90 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N Neett N Neett
𝒗) jfty; njhlu;G topj;jlk; (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍)

lalai .i. l a
l
gug;gpapy; ,Ue;J Vw;gpf;F i
a .i.
Fiwe;j ,iur;ry; my;yJ
l a
l i
a
FiyTld; kpd; iriffis

assaa 𝒗𝒊) Vw;gp (𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓) aaddaassaa

gug;Gtjw;F cjTfpwJ.

aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
gug;gg;gl;l iriffs; Vw;Fk; tpz;ziyf; fk;gpahy; Vw;fg;gl;L> kpd;fhe;j miyfis NubNah
mjpu;ntz; iriffshf khw;wp> Vw;gpf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Vw;gpahdJ gz;gpwf;fp> ngUf;fp Mfpa vyf;l;uhdpar; Rw;Wfisf n;fhz;Ls;sJ.

N N tt
e N N ett
gz;gpwf;fpahdJ gz;Ngw;wg;gl;l miyapypUe;J mbf;fw;iw irifiag; gpupj;njLf;fpwJ.
e e
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
mbf;fw;iw irif gFf;fg;gl;L> ngUf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngUf;fg;gLfpwJ.
a

et
assaa 𝒗𝒊𝒊) kWgug;gpfs; (𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔) as
a aa
s
,Wjpahf ntspaPL Mw;wy; khw;wpf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
a add ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w w www
www www
kWgug;gpfs; iriffs; mDg;gg;gLk; neLf;fk; my;yJ njhiyit mjpfupf;fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. ,J gug;gp kw;Wk; Vw;gpapd; njhFg;ghFk;. iriffs; Vw;fg;gl;L> ngUf;fg;gl;L
kw;Wk; khWgl;l mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l Cu;jp irif %yk; kWgbAk; NrUkplj;jpw;F

lai
mDg;gg;gLfpwJ.

NN e ett
v.fh: jfty;njhlu;G nraw;iff;Nfhs;
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ntspaPL Mw;wy; khw;wp ( 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒓)
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a ad daass aa
kpd; irifia kPz;Lk; xyp> ,ir> glq;fs; my;yJ juT Mfpadthf khw; W fpwJ.
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P
v.fh: xypg;ghd;fs;> glf;Foha;fs;> fzpdpj;jpiu
w w . P
. P
www w w
www
da

14. ntspapd; topahf kpd;fhe;j miy guTjypy; jiu miy guty; kw;Wk; ntsp
miy guty; Mfpatw;iw tptup.
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a i
a
gug;gpapdhy; gug;gg;gLk; kpd;fhe;j miy mjd; mjpu;ntz; neLf;fj;jpw;F Vw;whw; Nghy;
l
assaa ssaa saa
s
%d;W khWgl;l tifapy; gazk; nra;fpwJ

ad
adaa aaddaa
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
jiu miyg; guty; (my;yJ) Nkw;gug;G miyg; guty; (2 𝑘𝐻𝑧 Kjy; 2 𝑀𝐻𝑧)
. P
w
www w
www
thd; miyg;guty; (my;yJ) madp kz;lyg; guty; (3 𝑀𝐻𝑧 Kjy; 30 𝑀𝐻𝑧)
ww

ntsp miyg;guty; (30 𝑀𝐻𝑧 Kjy; 400 𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝒊) jiu miyg; guty;

N Neett N eett
gug;gpapdhy; gug;gg;gl;l kpd;fhe;j miyfs; Vw;gpiar; nrd;wila
N Gtpapd; jiuia

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
jOtpf;nfhz;L nrd;why;> ,e;jg; guty; jiu miyg; guty; vdg;gLk;.
l a
l i
a
assaa njhlu;Gila miyfshdJ
aaddaas
jiuaa
s
miyfs; my;yJ Nkw;gug;G miyfs;
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
gug;Gk; w
www kw;Wk; Vw;Fk; w
www
tpz;ziyf;fk;gpfs; ,uz;Lk; Gtpf;F
mUfpy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
91 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N Neett N Neett
,J Kf;fpakhf cs;Shu; xypgug;G> NubNahtpd; cjtpahy; flw;gazk;> fg;gypy; ,Ue;J

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
fg;gy; kw;Wk; fg;gypy; ,Ue;J flw;fiu jfty;njhlu;G kw;Wk; nry;Ngrp jfty;njhlu;G
a
assaa aa aa
Mfpatw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ. ;

d a
d s
a s ddaass
ntsp miyg; guty; .P . Pa a .P.Paa
w ww w w
w
www
( 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
jfty; irifia ntspapd; topNa mDg;Gk;
www
kw;Wk; ngWk; nray;Kiw ntsp miyg;

N N tt
guty; vdg;gLk;
ee N Neett
lalai.i. 30 𝑀𝐻𝑧 f;F Nky; kpf
l a
l i
a .i.
mjpfkhd
l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
mjpu;ntz;fisf; nfhz;l kpd;fhe;j miyfs; ntsp

ddas
a s
miyfs; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j miyfs; gug;;gpapypUe;J
d a
d s
a s
P aa
Vw;gpf;F Neu;f;Nfhl;by; gazk; nra;fpwJ. vdNt ,J
. .P . P
. Paa

.N
Neu;f;Nfhl;L
w w
w
ghu;it jfty; njhlu;Gf;F (𝐿𝑂𝑆)
www
gad;gLfpwJ.
www www
njhiyf;fhl;rp xspgug;G> nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty;njhlu;G>

lai
kw;Wk; Nulhu; jfty;njhlu;G mikg;Gfs; ntsp miy

N N ett
gutiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
gug;Gif epfOk; neLf;fk; my;yJ njhiyT (𝑑) MdJ tpz;ziyf;fk;gpapd; cauj;ij(ℎ)
a
sa
assaa aa aa
rhu;eJ
; s;sJ.

ddaass ddaass
𝑑 = √2𝑅ℎ
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
www
𝑅 MdJ Gtpapd; Muk; MFk;.
w w
w
www www
da

15. gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;Gfspy; xsp ,io jfty; njhlu;G rpwe;jjhf
Pa

N Neett
tpsq;FfpwJ ep&gp.
N Neett
Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F xsp ,ioapd; topahf> xspj;Jbg;Gfspd; %yk;
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
jfty;fisg; gug;Gk; Kiw xsp ,ioj; jfty;njhlu;G vdg;gLk;.
l a
l i
a
assaa ad aassaa
KO mf vjpnuhspg;Gj; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ.
ad aaddaasaa
s
w.

gad;ghLfs;
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
xsp ,io mikg;G gy;NtW gad;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit ru;tNjr jfty; njhlu;G>
ww

efuq;fs; ,ilNa jfty;njhlu;G> juT ,izg;Gfs;> Miy kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghL

kw;Wk; ,uhZtg; gad;ghLfs; Mfpait MFk;.

N N ett
ed;ikfs;
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
𝑖) xsp ,iofs; kpfTk; nkypjhdJ. jhkpu tlq;fis tpl Fiwthd vil nfhz;lit.
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
𝑖𝑖) kpf mjpf gl;il mfyj;ijf n;fhz;Ls;sJ. jfty; Rke;J nry;Yk; jpwd; mjpfk;

w
w .P. P w
w. P
.
𝑖𝑖𝑖) xsp ,io mikg;G kpd; ,ilA+Wfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
P
w
www
𝑖𝑣) jhkpu tlq;fis tpl xsp ,io kypthdJ. w
www
FiwghLfs;
𝑖) jhkpuf;fk;gpfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ xsp ,iotlq;fs; vspjpy; cilaf;$bait.

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
92 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N ee tt
𝑖𝑖) ,jd; njhopy;El;gk; tpiyAau;ej
N
; J MFk;.
N Neett
lalai .16.i. mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; ed;ik kw;Wk;laljPaii.kfis
i . tupirg;gLj;J. l a
l i
a
assaa mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; aad d aass aa
aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P ed; i kfs;
w w.P.P
w
www www
,iur;ry; kpfTk; FiwT.; irif - ,iur;ry; tpfpjk; mjpfk; w
nray;gLk; neLf;fk; kpf mjpfk;.
gug;gg;gl;l jpwd; KOJk; gad;gLtjhy;> gug;Gif gaDWjpwd; kpfTk; mjpfk;.
𝐹𝑀 gl;il mfykhdJ kdpjdhy; Nfl;ff;$ba mjpu;ntz; neLf;fk; KOtijAk;

N Nett
e N Neett
cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy; 𝐴𝑀 thndhypAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ> 𝐹𝑀 thndhyp rpwe;j

lalai.i. juj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Ga
aad d as
fs;
aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
. P . P
. P

.N
w w
kpfTk; mfykhd miytupir Njit.
w www
www www
𝐹𝑀 gug;gpfs; kw;Wk; Vw;gpfs; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdit kw;Wk; tpiy mjpfkhdit.
𝐴𝑀 cld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> Vw;Fk; gug;G 𝐹𝑀 Vw;gpy; FiwthFk;.

l a
l i
a
eett
ahit? lai l a
l i
a
eett
17. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlu;G vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? mjd; gad;ghLfs;
N
.i. N N
.i. N l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a dd asaa
s
irifiag; gupkhw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;gpd; xU tifahFk;.
a aadd assaa
nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlu;ghdJ nraw;iff;Nfhs; topahf gug;gp kw;Wk; Vw;gp ,ilNa
a a
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
jfty; irifahdJ Gtp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J> thdpy; epiynfhz;Ls;s nraw;iff;NfhSf;F
w
www w
www
da

Nkypizg;G (𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘) xd;wpd; %ykhfg; gug;gg;gLfpwJ.

buhd;];ghd;lu; vd;w fUtpahy; ngUf;fg;gl;L> fPopizg;G (𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘) %ykhf kw;nwhU Gtp
epiyaj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; gug;gg;gLfpwJ
Pa

N eett
gad;ghLfs;
N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝒊) thdpiy nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs;:
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ddaassaa
ddaasaa
s
thdpiy kw;Wk; jl;gntg;gepiyiaf; fz;fhzpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. Nkfq;fspd; epiwia
aa aa
w.

w.
nra;tjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
P
. P w
w . P
. P
msg;gjd; %yk; kio> mghafukhd R+whtsp kw;Wk; Gay;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;fzpg;G
w
w
www
𝒊𝒊) jfty; njhlu;G nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;:
w
www
ww

njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> ,izar; iriffs; Mfpatw;iw gug;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

N Neett N Neett
ePz;l njhiyTfSf;Fg; gug;g> xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

l a
l i
a .i. l
𝒊𝒊𝒊) topelj;Jk; nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;:
a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aad aasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
fg;gy;fs;> tpkhdq;fs; my;yJ NtW ve;jnghUspd; Gtprhu; miktplj;ij fz;lwpAk;
d
w
w .P
gzpfspy; ,it <LgLfpd;wd.
. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i.
93 |PREPARED BY LAKSHMANAN K PGT IN PHY GHSS VETTANVIDUTHI 9500440393
l a
l i
a
assaa dda a s saa
d aassaa
PP a a
Kindly send me your district question
PP d
aa
papers to our whatsapp number: 7358965593
 ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
www.Padasalai.Net www.CBSEtips.in

N e ett NN eett
18. gpd;tUk; yh[pf;Nfl;Lfspy; kpd;Rw;W FwpaPL> yh[pf;nray;ghL> cz;ik
N
lalai .i. 𝒊) 𝑨𝑵𝑫 Nfl;L 𝒊𝒊) 𝑶𝑹 Nfl;L 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑵𝑶𝑻 Nfl;laLlai𝒊𝒗).i.𝑵𝑨𝑵𝑫 Nfl;L 𝒗) 𝑵𝑶𝑹 Nfl;L
ml;ltiz kw;Wk; G+ypad; rkd;ghLfis jUf.
l a
l i
a
assaa kw;Wk; 𝒗𝒊) 𝑬𝑿 − 𝑶𝑹 Nfl;L aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P
kpd;Rw;W FwpaPL yh[pf;nray;ghL cz;ik
ww. P
.P G+ypad;

www w midj;J cs;sPLfSk; www

ml;ltiz w rkd;ghL
Y=A.B
caH epiyapy; A B Y
𝑨𝑵𝑫 ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk 0 0 0

N Nett
e
ntspaPL

N Neett
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
caH
0 1 0

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. 1 0
l a
l i
a
0

et
assaa s aa s aa
1 1 1

ddaa s d a
d a s
𝑶𝑹
. P
.Paa cs;sPLfspy; xd;W
. P
. Paa Y=A+B

.N
w w
w my;yJ ,uz;Lk; caH
www A B Y
www epiyapy;
ntspaPL www
,Ue;jhy;
caH
0
0
0
1
0
0
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;

lai
1 0 0

N Neett N Neett 1 1 1

l a
l i
a .i. 𝑵𝑶𝑻
l a
l i
a .i.
ntspaPlhdJ
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa 𝑌 = 𝐴̅
cs;sPl;bd; epug;gp MFk;

aaddaa A
0
aadda
𝑌
a 1

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
1 0
w
www w
www
da

𝑵𝑨𝑵𝑫 midj;J cs;sPLfSk; 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅

𝐴. 𝐵
caH epiyapy; A B Y
,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk 0 0 0
Pa

ntspaPL jho;epiy

N Neett N Neett 0 1 0

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. 1 0
l a
l i
a
0

assaa aa aa
1 1 1
𝑵𝑶𝑹
ddaass midj;J cs;sPLfSk;
ddaass
aa aa
w.

jho; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; 𝑌

ww. P
. P kl;LNk ntspaPL caH
w
w . P
. P
A
0
B
0
𝑌
0 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
w
www epiy w
www 0 1 0
ww

1 0 0
1 1 1
,U cs;sPLfspy; xd;W

N N
𝑬𝑿
eett
− 𝑶𝑹
N Neett
VNjDk; xd;W caH A B Y
𝑌
=𝐴⊕𝐵

l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
epiyapy;
a ,Ue;jhy;
0 0
l a
l i
a 0

assaa aa aa
ntspaPL caH epiy

ddaass 0
d a
d s
a s
1 0
Y

.P. Paa . P
. Pa
1
a 0 0 ̅
= A. B

w w
w w w
w 1 1 1 ̅
+ A. B

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N Neett N Neett
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