English Courses
By : Dr. Zina YACOUB
Private Law department
Faculty of Law and Political Sciences
University of Bejaia
Lesson 3 : Artificial intelligence -1-
Some translations
Artificial intelligence: Intelligence Artificielle
Smart contracts : Les contrats intelligents
Civil liability ; Responsabilité civile
Criminal liability ; Responsabilité pénale
Autonomous vehicles : Voitures autonomes (ou intelligentes)
Artificial Narrow Intelligence : IA étroite
Artificial General Intelligence : IA générale
Artificial Super Intelligence : Super IA
IA’s Definition
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by
machines, particularly computer systems, as opposed to the natural intelligence
of living beings1.
It is also defined as a process of imitating human intelligence which is based on
the creation and application of algorithms executed in a dynamic computing
environment.
To have an AI system, three components are required:
1
Artificial intelligence, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
• Computer systems
• Actionable data with management systems
• Advanced AI algorithms (code)
Birth and development of AI
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. Alan
Turing was the first person to conduct large research in the field that he called
machine intelligence2 which will become AI. The Dartmouth Conference,
organized by American scientists John McCarty and Marvin Minsky, in 1956
put forward the term "artificial intelligence", proposed by John McCarty, and
established artificial intelligence as a research discipline in its own right. .
The field went through multiple cycles of optimism, followed by periods of
disappointment, known as “AI winter”3. Funding and interest vastly improved
after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques, and after
2017 with the transformer architecture. This led to the AI prosperous of the early
2020s, with companies, universities, and laboratories predominantly based in the
United States making significant advances in artificial intelligence.
Classification of IA
There are three categories of AI according to strength
1/ Artificial Narrow Intelligence is categorized as weak artificial intelligence
because it only specializes in a narrow range of settings or situations, like voice
recognition or driverless cars, for example.
2/ Artificial General Intelligence is considered strong artificial intelligence
because it works at a higher level, which corresponds to human intelligence.
3/ Artificial Super Intelligence means that a machine has super-intelligence or
is smarter than a human.
2
Copeland, J., ed. (2004). The Essential Turing: the ideas that gave birth to the computer age. Oxford,
England: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-825079-7.
3
Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken:
Pearson. ISBN 978-0134610993. LCCN 20190474
The dangers of artificial intelligence
Threat to privacy due to the exploitation of personal data,
Threat on employment due to the gradual replacement of man by machine, first,
and subsequently algorithms.
The loss of humanity, of sensitivity. Man absorbed by the machine, slave of the
machine.
Ethically, the loss of human values. (examples of robots to accompany the
elderly, between protagonists and antagonists)
Physical and mental health and integrity hazards. Artificial intelligence
techniques are increasingly involved in the occurrence of damage, as evidenced
by the census conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
and decomposing 130 accidents involving autonomous vehicles in the States-
United from 20 July 2021 to 15 May 20224.
4
National Highway Traffic SAfety Administration (U.S. Department of Transportation), Summary Report :
Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Automated Driving Systems, juin 2022, p. 3, disponbile à
l’adresse suivante : https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2022-06/ADS-SGOReport-June-2022.pdf
