1

Algorithms

• Computing problems
– Solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order
• Algorithm a procedure determining
– Actions to be executed
– Order to be executed
– Example: recipe
• Program control
– Specifies the order in which statements are executed

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Pseudocode

• Pseudocode
– Artificial, informal language used to develop algorithms
– Similar to everyday English
• Not executed on computers
– Used to think out program before coding
• Easy to convert into C++ program
– Only executable statements
• No need to declare variables
– Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”

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 4

Pseudocode

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 6

Flowcha rt

Copyright © 2013 Brian Sandall, University of Nebraska-Omaha

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 7

false true
grade >= 60

print “Failed” print “Passed”

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 12

Control Structures

• Sequential execution
– Statements executed in order
• Transfer of control
– Next statement executed not next one in sequence
• 3 control structures (Bohm and Jacopini)
– Sequence structure
• Programs executed sequentially by default
– Selection structures
• if, if/else, switch
• Single-selection statement (if)
• Double-selection statement (if...else…)
• Multiple-selection statement (switch)
– Repetition structures
• while, do/while, for

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 13

if Selection Structure
• Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition  If condition met, body
executed
• Choose among alternative courses of action

– Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
– If the condition is true
• Print statement executed, program continues to next statement
– If the condition is false
• Print statement ignored, program continues
– C++ code
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";

• Indenting makes programs easier to read

• C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.) but necessary so that programs
easier to read

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 14

if Selection Structure

• Flowchart of pseudocode statement

true
g ra d e >= 60 p rint “ Pa ssed ”

fa lse

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 15
Decision Ma king: Equa lity a nd Rela tiona l
Opera tors

Sta nd a rd a lg eb ra ic C++ eq ua lity Exa m p le Mea ning of

eq ua lity op era tor or or rela tiona l of C++ C++ c ond ition
rela tiona l op era tor op era tor c ond ition

Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
 != x != y x is not equal to y

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 16
Decision Ma king: Equa lity a nd Rela tiona l
Opera tors

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 17

if/else Selection Structure

• if
– Performs action if condition true
• if/else
– Different actions if conditions true or false

• Pseudocode
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”

• C++ code
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";

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 18

if/else Selection Structure

• Ternary conditional operator (?:)

– Three arguments (condition, value if true, value if false)
• Code could be written:
cout << ( grade >= 60 ? “Passed” : “Failed” );

Condition Value if true Value if false

false true
grade >= 60

print “Failed” print “Passed”

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 19

if/else Selection Structure

• if…else if… structures

– One inside another, test for multiple cases
– Once condition met, other statements skipped

if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90

Print “A”
else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
else
Print “F”

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 20

if/else Selection Structure

• Example
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
cout << "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
cout << "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
cout << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
cout << "D";
else // less than 60
cout << "F";

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 21

“if…”

vs.

“if…else if…”

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 22

if vs. if..else if..

if ( num1 == num2 ) if ( num1 == num2 )
cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl; cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 != num2 ) else if ( num1 != num2 )
cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl; cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 < num2 ) else if ( num1 < num2 )
cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl; cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 > num2 ) else if ( num1 > num2 )
cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl; cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 <= num2 ) else if ( num1 <= num2 )
cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "<< num2 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "<< num2
<< endl; << endl;
if ( num1 >= num2 ) else
cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "<< cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "<< num2 << endl;
num2 << endl;

num1=22
num2=12
output?

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 23
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
using statements eliminate Outline
2 // Using if statements, relational
3 // operators, and equality operators.
need for std:: prefix.
4 #include <iostream>
fig01_14.cpp
5 Declare variables.(1 of 2)
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl Can write cout and cin
9 without std:: prefix.
10 // function main begins program execution
11 int main() if structure compares values
12 { of num1 and num2 to test for
13 int num1; // first number to be read from user equality.
14 int num2; // second number to be read from user
15
If condition is true (i.e.,
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
17 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
values are equal), execute this
18 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers statement.
19
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
21 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl; if structure compares values
22 of num1 and num2 to test for
23 if ( num1 != num2 ) inequality.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

If condition is true (i.e.,

values are not equal), execute
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 24
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
fig01_14.cpp
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may
(2 of 2) be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " fig01_14.cpp
34 << num2 << endl; output (1 of 2)
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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All rights reserved.
 25
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators.
4 #include <iostream>
fig01_14.cpp
5
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
(1 of 2)
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl
9
10 // function main begins program execution
11 int main()
12 {
13 int num1; // first number to be read from user
14 int num2; // second number to be read from user
15
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
17 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
18 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers
19
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
21 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl;
22
23 else if ( num1 != num2 )
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

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 26
26 else if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 else if ( num1 > num2 )
fig01_14.cpp
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
31
(2 of 2)
32 else if ( num1 <= num2 )
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " fig01_14.cpp
34 << num2 << endl; output (1 of 2)
35
36 else if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39 else cout << “Error” << endl;
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12

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All rights reserved.
 27

Pra ctice

• Odd and Even number

– User input a number
– Your program inform the user whether the number is an odd
or even number

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 28

if/else Selection Structure

if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else
{
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
}

if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";

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 29

if/else Selection Structure

• Compound statement
– Set of statements within a pair of braces
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else
{
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
}
– Without braces,
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
always executed
• Block
– Set of statements within braces

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 30
Confusing Equa lity (==) a nd Assignment (=)
Opera tors
• Common error
– Does not typically cause syntax errors

• Example
o if ( payCode == 4 )
o if ( payCode = 4 )

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 31
Confusing Equa lity (==) a nd Assignment (=)
Opera tors
• Example
if ( payCode == 4 )
cout << "You get a bonus!" << endl;
– If paycode is 4, bonus given

• If == was replaced with =

if ( payCode = 4 )
cout << "You get a bonus!" << endl;
– Paycode set to 4 (no matter what it was before)
– Statement is true (since 4 is non-zero)
– Bonus given in every case

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 32

Equa lity Opera tors

• ! (logical NOT, logical negation)

– Returns true when its condition is false, & vice versa
if ( !( grade == sentinelValue ) )
cout << "The next grade is " << grade << endl;
Alternative:
if ( grade != sentinelValue )
cout << "The next grade is " << grade << endl;

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 33

Logica l Opera tors

• Used as conditions in loops, if statements

• && (logical AND)
– true if both conditions are true
if ( gender == 1 && age >= 65 )
++seniorFemales;

• || (logical OR)
– true if either of condition is true
if ( semesterAverage >= 90 || finalExam >= 90 )
cout << "Student grade is A" << endl;
nb:
Dengan logical operator, fungsi “if else “ dapat memiliki lebih dari 1
syarat

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 34

Pra ctice

• Seleksi masuk ruangan (Gender + Umur)

– Female & umur ≤ 50  room A
– Female & umur > 50  room B
– Male & umur ≤ 50  room C
– Male & umur > 50  room D

– Female  user input ‘F’ atau ‘f’

– Male  user input ‘M’ atau ‘m’

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 35

Pra ctice

• Seleksi penerimaan jurusan Univ.

– Masukkan nilai Matematika, Fisika, Kimia, Biologi, Inggris
– Masukkan jurusan yang diminati (Elektro, Pangan, Industri,
Matematika)
– Memenuhi syarat atau Tidak memenuhi syarat
• Elektro: Mat > 70 dan Fisika > 80
• Pangan: Inggris > 75, Kimia > 80 atau Biologi > 80
• Industri: Mat > 75 atau Fisika > 75, Inggris >70
• Matematika: Mat > 80 atau Fisika >70

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