Preparation task: Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).
Vocabulary
1. …… tribalism
2. …… a mindset
3. …… a lifespan
4. …… a demagogue
5. …… to dismiss
6. …… to distort
7. …… to occur
8. …… fatalism
Definitions
a. to change something (like information) so that it is not true or accurate any more
b. a way of thinking about things
c. the behaviour and attitudes that come from strong loyalty to your own social group
d. a belief that says you cannot stop things happening, especially bad things
e. the length of time a person is expected to live
f. to happen especially in an unexpected way
g. to reject serious consideration of something
h. a political leader who gains power by appealing to people’s emotions, passions and
prejudices
Reading text: Four book summaries
Four positive books about the world
Factfulness – Hans Rosling with Ola Rosling and Anna Rosling Rönnlund
In Factfulness, Professor Hans Rosling, along with two collaborators, asks simple questions
about the world. Questions like ‘How many girls finish school?’ and ‘What percentage of the
world’s population is poor?’ It turns out the majority of us get the answers to these questions
completely wrong. Why does this happen? Factfulness sets out to explain why, showing that
there are several instincts humans have that distort our perspective.
For example, most people divide the world into US and THEM. In addition, we often believe
that things are getting worse. And we are consuming large amounts of media that use a
sales model based on making us afraid.
But according to the authors, the world isn’t as bad as we think. Yes, there are real
concerns. But we should adopt a mindset of factfulness – only carrying opinions that are
supported by strong facts. This book is not concerned with the underlying reasons for
poverty or progress, or what should be done about these issues. It focuses on our instinctive
biases, offering practical advice to help us see the good as well as the bad in the world.
Enlightenment Now – Steven Pinker Are things getting worse every day?
Is progress an impossible goal? In Enlightenment Now, Steven Pinker looks at the big
picture of human progress and finds good news. We are living longer, healthier, freer and
happier lives.
Pinker asks us to stop paying so much attention to negative headlines and news that
declares the end of the world. Instead, he shows us some carefully selected data. In 75
surprising graphs, we see that safety, peace, knowledge and health are getting better all
over the world. When the evidence does not support his argument, however, he dismisses it.
Economic inequality, he claims, is not really a problem, because it is not actually that
important for human well-being. One cannot help wondering how many people actually living
in poverty would agree.
The real problem, Pinker argues, is that the Enlightenment values of reason and science are
under attack. When commentators and demagogues appeal to people’s tribalism, fatalism
and distrust, then we are in danger of causing irreparable damage to important institutions
like democracy and world co-operation.
The Rational Optimist – Matt Ridley
For more than two hundred years the pessimists have been winning the public debate. They
tell us that things are getting worse. But in fact, life is getting better. Income, food availability
and lifespan are rising; disease, violence and child mortality are falling. These trends are
happening all around the world. Africa is slowly coming out of poverty, just as Asia did
before. The internet, mobile phones and worldwide trade are making the lives of millions of
people much better.
Best-selling author Matt Ridley doesn’t only explain how things are getting better; he gives
us reasons why as well. He shows us how human culture evolves in a positive direction
thanks to the exchange of ideas and specialisation. This bold book looks at the entirety of
human history – from the Stone Age to the 21st century – and changes the notion that it’s all
going downhill. The glass really is half-full.
The Great Surge – Steven Radelet
The majority of people believe that developing countries are in a terrible situation: suffering
from incredible poverty, governed by dictators and with little hope for any meaningful
change. But, surprisingly, this is far from the truth. The reality is that a great transformation is
occurring. Over the past 20 years, more than 700 million people have increased their income
and come out of poverty. Additionally, six million fewer children die every year from disease,
millions more girls are in school and millions of people have access to clean water.
This is happening across developing countries around the world. The end of the Cold War,
the development of new technologies and brave new leadership have helped to improve the
lives of hundreds of millions of people in poor countries.
The Great Surge describes how all of this is happening and, more importantly, it shows us
how we can accelerate the process.
Tasks
Task 1: Choose the most suitable answer
1. Which book talks about how we can continue to make things even better?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
2. Which book covers a long period of human history?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
3. Which book claims that human intuition negatively affects the way people think about the
world?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
4. Which book says that current establishments are under threat from politics?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
5. Which book explains that we tend to mentally divide humans into two clear groups?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
6. Which book claims that trade has helped make life better around the world?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
7. Which book makes the claim that unfair distribution of wealth does not affect happiness as
much as people think?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
8. Which book focuses primarily on developing countries?
a. Factfulness b. Enlightenment Now c. The Rational Optimist d. The Great Surge
Task 2 Complete the sentences with words below.
Consume make adopt progress lead public
access irreparable
1. Innovation is one of the most important factors in human ………………………………
across history.
2. Many people ……………………………… all their media on smartphones.
3. The young politician is trying to get people to ……………………………… a positive
mindset about coping with climate change.
4. Pinker thinks that now is the time to ……………………………… the case for science and
reason.
5. The details of the law were agreed after lengthy ……………………………… debate in the
media.
6. Millions of people simply do not have ……………………………… to clean water.
7. The United Nations said that everyone should have the same chance to
……………………………… a healthy life.
8. We have caused ……………………………… damage to our rivers and lakes.
