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2.3 Derivatives

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3 views

2.3 Derivatives

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zy209693
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2.

3 Definition of the Derivative


WILSON WANG
Velocity Problem
The position function 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡)

𝑓 𝑡0 +∆𝑡 −𝑓(𝑡0 )
Average velocity: 𝑣𝑎 =
∆𝑡

𝑓 𝑡0 +∆𝑡 −𝑓(𝑡0 )
Instantaneous velocity: 𝑣𝑡0 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Tangent Problem
How to find a tangent line to the curve C: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point 𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 ?

Consider a nearby point Q and let Q approach P along the curve.


The limiting position of the secant line PQ will be the tangent line at P.
Tangent Problem
𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 ) , 𝑄(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥))
𝑓 𝑥0 +∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 )
the slope of the secant line 𝑘𝑃𝑄 =
∆𝑥

The slope of the tangent line at 𝑃 will be


𝑓 𝑥0 +∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑘 = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Derivative at a certain point
Definition: The derivative of a function f at a point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 ), denoted by 𝑓′(𝑥0 ), is
𝑓 𝑥0 +∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Remarks:
• (1). 𝑓(𝑥0 ) must be defined at and near by 𝑥0 ;
• (2). The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at point 𝑃 is the limitation of the average rate of change
when the increment of 𝑥 approaches to 0.
𝑑𝑦
• (3). Leibniz's Notation: ቚ ,where 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 are infinitesimals
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑥0
Remarks
• Equivalent formation:
𝑓 𝑥0 +∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0

• What is the relationship between Proposition A and B?


Proposition A: The straight line l intersects the curve C only once;
Proposition B: the line l is the tangent line of the curve C.
Geometric Interpretation
The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at (𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 ) is the line through (𝑥0 , 𝑓 𝑥0 )
whose slope is equal to 𝑓′(𝑥0 ), the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 .
Examples
Find the derivatives at given points by definition
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1

1
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + , 𝑥 = 1
𝑥
Example
Find the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2 at point 𝑃 1, 2 .

3
Find the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at points 𝑃(1, 1) and 𝑄(0, 0)
Differentiable and Continuous
(1). If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , then can we make the conclusion that the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ?

(2). If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , then can we make the conclusion that the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ?
Example
Determine if the function
1
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥≤1
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ21
𝑥+1 𝑥>1
2
is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1?
Example
If the derivative of the function 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥0 is 𝑎, the find the following limit
𝑓 𝑥0 −∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥0 )
(a) lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

𝑓 𝑥0 +𝑘 −𝑓(𝑥0 −𝑘)
(b) lim
𝑘→0 𝑘

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