Unit 20
Unit 20: Analogue Electronic Circuits
Student Name: Lakshan Fernando
Module: Unit 20:- Analogue electronic
circuits
Tutor: Mrs Vidhya
Programme: BTEC ND Engineering
Submission Date 5/23/2024
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Unit 20: Analogue Electronic Circuits
[Document subtitle]
Bolton University Ras al Khaimah
Analogue electronic circuits
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Contents
PART 1 POWER SUPPLY...............................................................................................................................................4
A. Use a Computer Aided Design software package to capture and simulate at least two circuits for each of
the analogue circuit types........................................................................................................................................4
B. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................4
C. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................4
D. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................4
E. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................4
F. Compare the theoretical calculations and results from safely conducted experiments and simulations........4
G. Compare design values ,simulation values and hardware test results............................................................4
PART 2 OSCILLATORS...................................................................................................................................................5
A. Use a Computer Aided Design software package to capture and simulate at least two circuits for each of
the analogue circuit types........................................................................................................................................5
J. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................6
K. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................6
L. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................6
M. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................6
N. Compare the theoretical calculations and results from safely conducted experiments and simulations........6
O. Compare design values ,simulation values and hardware test results............................................................6
PART 3 COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS................................................................................................................7
A. Use a Computer Aided Design software package to capture and simulate at least two circuits for each of
the analogue circuit types........................................................................................................................................7
R. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................8
S. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................8
T. Use an appropriate prototyping method to construct each of the analogue electronic circuits in activity a)
and take measurements to demonstrate the operation of each one......................................................................8
U. Calculate theoretical measurements for each type of analogue circuit to demonstrate the relationship
between component values and circuit parameters................................................................................................8
V. Compare the theoretical calculations and results from safely conducted experiments and simulations........8
W. Compare design values ,simulation values and hardware test results........................................................8
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PART 1 POWER SUPPLY
1.1 Power supply Using 7805 IC
Theory
The voltage supply with 7805 IC implies a simple way of voltage regulator circuit which makes
use of the integrated circuit called the LM7805. LM7805 is a very popular linear voltage
regulator IC which supplies an output voltage of +5 volts. This simplest circuit can be used in
different applications where a +5 volts have to be in DC form, like for example, powering digital
circuits, microcontrollers, sensors and other electronic devices. Meanwhile, an important
aspect is to ensure that the LM7805 IC is thermally heat-sinked and that the input voltage does
not exceed the maximum rating to avoid damaging the IC.
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Circuit
Simulation using Multisim
Input – 226 V
Rectified output – 28.3 V
Filter output – 5.01 V
Regulated output – 5.01 V
Results & Discussion
The power supply employed has an input voltage of 226 V from an AC mains source which is
typically found in residential or industrial settings. The output voltage (Vrect) after rectification
is defined 28.3 V, which symbolizes peak rectification process with a full-wave rectifier circuit.
After filtering, a voltage of 5.01 V (Vfilter) is obtained that demonstrates the successful
smoothing and regulation of the grid voltage. A 7805 IC is used as a voltage regulator, which
ensures exact control of Vreg regardless whether the input voltage or load conditions are
varying. As such, a system with the triad of rectification, filtering, and regulation turns out to be
a sustainable power supply with stable voltage for the powered electronic devices.
Analysis
The power supply's successful AC to DC conversion of 5.01 V output with a good regulation
indicates its efficiency and reliability. Rectification, filtering, and voltage regulation mechanisms
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are built-in that enable it to offer consistent performance regardless of operating conditions
variation. This design approach contributes to a steady power source as well as an
enhancement of the durability and efficiency of linked electronic components making the
power supply fit for many applications.
1.2 Power supply Using Zener diode.
Theory
A Zener diode (or a breakdown diode), which is doped highly is a semiconductor device
specially built to act in reverse direction. In voltage regulators, Zener diodes plays the role of DC
output voltage maintaining whenever it get affected of any external interference.
The regulating unit of a power source, denoted by a voltage regulator, maintains constant
voltage regardless of operational changes. It stands up to inrush peaks and withstands
fluctuation and changes of load. The varying voltages can be controlled either by AC or DC. The
secondary task of these breakers is to protect the electric circuit against spikes in voltage which
can end up damaging it or frying it.
Circuit
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Simulation using Multisim
input- 226v
rectified -8.53V
filtered -1.50V
regulated output- 1.50v
Hardware evidences
Figure 1 Bridge rectifier and filter circuit Figure 2 Full setup after connecting breadboard
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Figure 3 Full circuit set up Figure 4 Oscilloscope
Results & Discussion
The power supply circuit, which uses a Zener diode for voltage regulation, can work normally
with an input voltage (Vin) of 226 V taken from AC mains as the most common power supply
sources. After the correction is accomplished, the output voltage reads 8.53V, a clear indication
on how the rectification of AC to DC is done. The following filtration operation would then
produce a Vfiltered output voltage of 1.50 V, which is evidence of the ripple reduction
performance. Regulation of output voltage (Vregulated) at the constant level of 1.50 V is
implemented through the use of a Zener diode as a voltage regulator, and it is independent of
the variations in the input voltage as well as load conditions. The utilization of a Zener diode for
voltage regulation demonstrates its ability to offer guaranteed voltage output in low-voltage
applications.
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Analysis
Zener diode's implementation of this power supply gives evidence of its suitability for the latter
for low-voltage applications where precision and stability play in leading roles. 226 volts dc
(rectified) becomes 8.53V (filtered) and eventually 1,5V(Zener). This provides stability of the
output voltage on any measured input voltage, and regardless of the presence of fluctuations
or changes in the load. In the rote, the power regulating principle is unique: the faithfulness of
the connected electronic devices' working continues with the assurance of the devices against
potential damage by the voltage fluctuations. Nevertheless, what you should keep in mind is
the Zener diode's limitation to regulate only in the specified maximum power dissipation and
voltage tolerance as it needs due consideration in designing and implementing models. The
majority, the Zener diode in this power supply system fits the description of its performance in
supplying stable voltage regulation for electronic devices with minor power requirements.
1.3 Reflections
Having dealt with this assignment, I have mastered a range of skills such as how analogue
circuits are fabricated, how they are used in our daily lives and how they contribute to the
conversion of AC to DC voltage. For this purpose, I also ran some calculations to find the circuit
parameters. The virtual hardware demonstrated to me where different parts are located and
how electrical wiring and debugging are done. Analysing and interpreting the CRO data is quite
a lot of a big deal for me. Besides testing, making up the greatest part of this task's duration, I
also learned how to write, analyses, and interpret reports as well as put things together.
Moreover, I acquired the knowledge about how to prevent the safety dangers when dealing
with wires. Such things include not using damaged components or uninsulated wires because
their use could lead to injuries, to avoid bringing water that is close to the components since
the accidents may cause short circuiting, to know how to spot damaged components, and also
wear a personal protective equipment (PPE).
PART 2 OSCILLATORS
555 timer
An oscillator is a circuit that generates an oscillating signal, or waveform that repeats itself in
an unchanging cycle, such as a square, sine or triangular wave. Oscillators can be described as
some of the core elements of numerous electronic devices, being employed in the generation
of the clock signals, the audio tones and a myriad of other timing-related applications.
Circuit diagram
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OBSERVATION:
Measuring Input side Output side
V(rms) 3.10 V 2.89 V
V(dc) 2.53 V 1.82 V
V(freq) 665 HZ 333 HZ
Evidence of Oscilloscope waveform……………
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Calculations
Attenuation 20log(vout/vin) dB = 3.531 dB
Vin= 3.33 V
Vout= 5 V
Vout/vin= 1.52 V
Gain = 3.531
Gain in dB20log(vout/vin) = 3.531 dB
Noise = input-output
= -1.7
SNR in dB
20log(s/n) dB
= 6.35 d
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Hardware Evidences:
Figure 5 breadboard 555 timer Figure 6 oscilloscope 555 timer
Figure 7 DC power
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Results & Discussion
The construction and working of an oscillator using a 555 timer or in simple words the discovery
of analog circuits was of great value as it gave concrete understanding of the basics of
electronics. In the practical session, it was carried out when working with different components
and how they respond including the resistor, capacitor and the 555-timer integrated circuit.
During the assembly of the various components and experimenting with the circuit through the
oscilloscope, the working of each component was understood effectively.
Evaluating the health and safety risks was of the highest importance during the execution of
this project. Mitigating electrical risks entailed following essential measures in areas of work,
including confirming that circuits were not energized before connecting wires, employing
insulated tools, and undertaking protective gear as needed. Maintaining the working
environment clean also reduced the machinist’s exposure to dangers and enhanced efficiency
of the operations.
Analysis
Great insight was gained in recognizing the individual components as well as defining their
properties during this project. To resolve issues and improve the oscillation of the circuit, there
was a need to understand the individual roles of each component in the circuit. Schematic
capture and simulation through computer aided designs and simulations software help in
viewing the circuit layout and the expected outcome of the circuit even before assembling its
components. It helped to minimize inconsistencies and enhance the quality of the outcome of
the work.
Some techniques were crucial in making sure that this circuit operated to its intended capacity.
This entailed ensuring that the component values were correct, the connection was proper and
employing test tools like oscilloscopes to measure the output waveform. There are numerous
techniques involved from bread boarding initially for testing to soldering for a more permanent
solution, which demand different degree of finesse and skills.
Reflections
They needed to establish specific work schedules and effective time management in order to
meet the final deadline. Dividing the project into essential sub-processes like parts selection,
layout design, modeling, and prototyping was beneficial since it presented a plan. This means
that a lot of concentration was placed in making sure that tasks were accomplished in a timely
manner so that the time frame for each was not exceeded.
Other requirements that applied to the identified categories were communication and literacy
as they helped to follow the instructions and understand technical documentation as well as
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cooperate with others. It is noteworthy that good and business-like communication skills both
oral and written ensured proper flow and conclusion of any hitches met.
Conclusion
With the construction of an oscillator using a 555 timer it was a befitting learning because it
entailed both technical knowledge, safety measures as well as character. The experience
aquired in the course of this project is too important in the case of the further work on the
principles of the analogue circuit design and the other engineering projects. The outcome of
connecting the values of theoretical knowledge with its application led to the enhancement of
the understanding of the overall approach in engineering education and business.
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PART 3 COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS
Frequency Modulation (Fm)
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a modulation technique, in which signal is added to the carrier
signal with change of frequency. While in AM the amplitude of the carrier wave changes and
that of the input signal is kept constant, in case of FM it is the frequency of the carrier wave
which modulates inversely to the amplitude and frequency of the input signal. By adjusting the
amplitude level of the voice signal, this form of modulation causes less pronounced signal
interference from noise and other forms of interference in radio broadcasting hence providing
clearer sound quality. It is also widely used in different kinds of communication systems like
two-way radios, television sound and some features of data transmissions due to better fidelity
and reliability than AM.
Circuit Diagram
OBSERVATION:
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Measuring Input side Output side
V(rms) 2.44 V 2.65 V
V(dc) 1.39 V 1.39 V
V(freq) 43.6 HZ 43.6 HZ
Evidence of Oscilloscope waveform……………
CALCULATIONS:
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Attenuation 20log(vout/vin) dB = -70.56 dB
Vin= 4.99 V
Vout= 1.48 mV / 0.00148 V
Vout/vin= 2.97 x 10 ^ (-4)
Gain = -70.56
Gain in dB20log(vout/vin) = -70.56 dB
Noise = input-output
= 4.98852
SNR in dB
20log(s/n) dB = -14.1 dB
Hardware Evidences:
Figure 8 Full setup after connecting breadboard Figure 9 oscilloscope
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Figure 10 back of oscilloscope Figure 11 DC transmitter
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a method that is used to modulate the information onto a
carrier wave, by manipulating the amplitude of the carrier wave. In this method, both the phase
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and the amplitude of the carrier wave change, though the carrier signal is frequency modulated
to change its frequency in direct proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the input signal.
AM is one of the oldest modulation techniques that were used in radio broadcasting and is
cherished for its simple structure and easy understanding and application. Y et is less resistant
to noise than FM and therefore may be susceptible to getting interferences in its signals that
are relayed to the receiver. However, in one way or the other, AM is employed in different
applications whereby its distinct characteristic of transmitting massive distance is advantageous
like, transmitting radio signals, airplane communication, and broadcasting of disasters and
calamities, among others.
Circuit
OBSERVATION:
Measuring Input side Output side
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V(rms) 274 mV 27.1 mV
V(dc) -4.62 mV -162 uV
V(freq) 43.6 KHZ 10 KHZ
CALCULATIONS:
Attenuation 20log(vout/vin) dB
Vin= 86.3mV
Vout=524
Vout/vin=6.08 mV
Gain in dB20log(vout/vin) =
= 20log(524/6.08)
=15.666mV
Noise = input-output
6.08-524=-437.7
SNR in dB
=20log(15.66/-437.7) dB
=-0.036
Hardware Evidences:
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Figure 12 Aamplitude modulation (am) breadboard circuit
13 oscilloscope of AM
Results & Discussion
Understanding the concepts of Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM)
was a good addition to the knowledge bank as it enlightened the principles and uses of
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analogue circuits. The practical aspect required construction of circuits to modulate and
demodulate signals, as well as built and tested circuits. Very important was the knowledge of
the differences between AM and FM, where the first changes the amplitude of the signal and
the second varies the frequency, to distinguish the strengths and weaknesses of each kind of
modulation for practical usage.
Safety was important throughout these exercises for successful completion of exercises that
entail us health and safety skills. Preventing electrical dangers included checking on insulation
of the equipment as well as ensuring all electric power had been switched off each time circuits
were being connected together; and even wearing appropriate attire like gloves and eye
protectors. Adherence to this created a clean standard within the working environment in
terms of removal of potential barriers to productivity and potential causes of accidents.
Analysis
Learning digital electronics was also essential because it involved comprehending numerous
components in electronic circuits and the properties of each. It was also necessity to recognize
and apply resistors, capacitors, inductances, and transistors correctly. Schematic capture tools
were used to map out and design the circuits before the actual physical construction, whereas
simulation software provided a means of designing and testing the circuits virtually thereby
minimizing on chances of expensive mistakes on the actual construction.
The measures related to quality assurance and control entailed checking the components for
their values, ensuring circuitry interconnectivity, and employing oscilloscopes and other
diagnostic devices for measuring and evaluating the generated signals. The type of construction
methods used in building the circuits ranged from breadboarding which was used to build the
first circuit for testing to soldering which was used to build the final product as well as note that
each construction method calls for precision in construction so as to make the circuit work as
desired.
Reflections
One of the most crucial responsibilities was coordination of time in order to achieve all the
goals and complete the project on time. Dividing process into component initiatives and
decision-making including component identification, circuit design, simulation, and assembly
enabled procedural implementation. Staying focused while at work and also planning for the
next activities made it easy to finish all jobs as scheduled.
Skills that become significant for the job included communication and literacy skills in order to
understand and follow instructions, read technical documents and manuals and work as a
team. The establishment of communication therefore led to quick resolutions of such a
situation and ease while handling the next phases of the project.
Conclusion
This subject had offered a good learn full experience of Amplitude Modulation (AM) and
Frequency Modulation (FM) circuits, where the subject knowledge, safe practices and self-
development were incorporated. The experience gained through the completion of this project
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will greatly benefit future works involving the design of analogue circuits as well as other tasks
in the area of engineering. Indeed, systems integration was enhanced upon realizing that the
combination with practice helped in establishing a sound paradigm shift in engineering practice
and education.
References
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Barman, S. (no date) 9V 1A Power Supply Circuit using 7809 Voltage Regulator.
https://www.electrothinks.com/2023/01/9v-1a-power-supply-circuit-using-7809-voltage-
regulator.html.
What is a Zener Diode? | TTI, Inc. (no date).
https://www.tti.com/content/ttiinc/en/resources/blog/what-is-a-zener-
diode.html#:~:text=Zener%20diodes%20are%20semiconductor%20devices,voltage
%20references%20for%20electronic%20circuits.
What is a Zener Diode? | TTI, Inc. (no date).
https://www.tti.com/content/ttiinc/en/resources/blog/what-is-a-zener-
diode.html#:~:text=Zener%20diodes%20are%20semiconductor%20devices,voltage
%20references%20for%20electronic%20circuits.
Difference between AM and FM (2022).
https://unacademy.com/content/jee/difference-between/am-and-fm/#:~:text=Radio
%20signals%20are%20broadcast%20using,but%20the%20frequency%20remains
%20fixed.
