© International Baccalaureate Organization 2022

All rights reserved. No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without the prior written permission from the IB. Additionally, the license tied with this
product prohibits use of any selected files or extracts from this product. Use by third
parties, including but not limited to publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study services,
preparatory schools, vendors operating curriculum mapping services or teacher resource
digital platforms and app developers, whether fee-covered or not, is prohibited and is a
criminal offense.

More information on how to request written permission in the form of a license can be
obtained from https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-school/ib-publishing/licensing/applying-for-a-
license/.

© Organisation du Baccalauréat International 2022

Tous droits réservés. Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque
forme ni par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris des
systèmes de stockage et de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation écrite
préalable de l’IB. De plus, la licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation de tout
fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce produit. L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris, sans
toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs, des professeurs particuliers, des services de tutorat ou
d’aide aux études, des établissements de préparation à l’enseignement supérieur, des
fournisseurs de services de planification des programmes d’études, des gestionnaires de
plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs d’applications, moyennant
paiement ou non, est interdite et constitue une infraction pénale.

Pour plus d’informations sur la procédure à suivre pour obtenir une autorisation écrite
sous la forme d’une licence, rendez-vous à l’adresse https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-school/
ib-publishing/licensing/applying-for-a-license/.

© Organización del Bachillerato Internacional, 2022

Todos los derechos reservados. No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto
de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio electrónico o mecánico, incluidos los sistemas de
almacenamiento y recuperación de información, sin la previa autorización por escrito del
IB. Además, la licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso de todo archivo o
fragmento seleccionado de este producto. El uso por parte de terceros —lo que incluye,
a título enunciativo, editoriales, profesores particulares, servicios de apoyo académico o
ayuda para el estudio, colegios preparatorios, desarrolladores de aplicaciones y
entidades que presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan recursos para
docentes mediante plataformas digitales—, ya sea incluido en tasas o no, está prohibido
y constituye un delito.

En este enlace encontrará más información sobre cómo solicitar una autorización por
escrito en forma de licencia: https://ibo.org/become-an-ib-school/ib-publishing/licensing/
applying-for-a-license/.
Mathematics: analysis and approaches
Higher level
Paper 3

Tuesday 8 November 2022 (afternoon)

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y A graphic display calculator is required for this paper.
y Answer all the questions in the answer booklet provided.
y Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers should be given exactly or
correct to three significant figures.
y A clean copy of the mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet is required for
this paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [55 marks].

8822 – 7103
6 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2022
 –2– 8822 – 7103

Answer all questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page. Full
marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported
by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported
by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part
of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided
this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working.

1. [Maximum mark: 28]

In this question you will investigate series of the form

n

∑i q
= 1q + 2q + 3q + … + nnq where n, q ∈ +
i =1

and use various methods to find polynomials, in terms of n , for such series.

When q = 1 , the above series is arithmetic.

n
1
(a) Show that ∑ i = 2 n ( n + 1) .
i =1
[1]

Consider the case when q = 2 .

n
(b) The following table gives values of n2 and ∑i 2
for n = 1 , 2 , 3 .
i =1

n
n n2 ∑i
i =1
2

1 1 1
2 4 5
3 9 p

(i) Write down the value of p . [1]

(ii) The sum of the first n square numbers can be expressed as a cubic polynomial
with three terms:
n

∑i 2
= a1n + a2 n 2 + a3n3 where a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ + .
i =1

Hence, write down a system of three linear equations in a1 , a2 and a3 . [3]

(iii) Hence, find the values of a1 , a2 and a3 . [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

 –3– 8822 – 7103

(Question 1 continued)

You will now consider a method that can be generalized for all values of q .

Consider the function f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn , n ∈ + .

(c) Show that x f ′(x) = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + … + nxn . [1]

Let f 1(x) = x f ′(x) and consider the following family of functions:

f 2(x) = x f 1′(x)

f 3(x) = x f 2′(x)

f 4(x) = x f 3′(x)

f q(x) = x f q-1′(x)
n
(d) (i) Show that f 2 ( x ) = ∑i x 2 i
. [2]
i =1 n
(ii) Prove by mathematical induction that f q ( x ) = ∑i x q i
, q ∈ + . [6]
i =1

(iii) Using sigma notation, write down an expression for f q(1) . [1]

(e) By considering f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn as a geometric series, for x ≠ 1 ,

x n+1 − 1
show that f ( x) = . [2]
x −1
nx n+2 − ( n + 1) x n+1 + x
(f) For x ≠ 1 , show that f1 ( x) = 2
. [3]
( x − 1)
(g) (i) Show that lim f1 ( x) is in indeterminate form. [1]
x→1
1
(ii) Hence, by applying l’Hôpital’s rule, show that lim f1 ( x) = n ( n + 1) . [5]
x→1 2

Turn over
 –4– 8822 – 7103

2. [Maximum mark: 27]

In this question you will investigate curved surface areas and use calculus to derive
key formulae used in geometry.

Consider the straight line from the origin, y = mx , where 0 ≤ x ≤ h and m , h are positive
constants.

y = mx

x
h

When this line is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, a cone is formed with a curved
surface area A given by:
h
A = 2π∫ y 1 + m 2 dx .
0

(a) Given that m = 2 and h = 3 , show that A = 18 5 π . [2]

(b) Now consider the general case where a cone is formed by rotating the line y = mx
where 0 ≤ x ≤ h through 360° about the x-axis.

(i) Deduce an expression for the radius of this cone r in terms of h and m . [1]

(ii) Deduce an expression for the slant height l in terms of h and m . [2]

(iii) Hence, by using the above integral, show that A = πrl . [3]

(This question continues on the following page)

 –5– 8822 – 7103

(Question 2 continued)

Consider the semi-circle, with radius r , defined by y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .

y r2 x2

x
−r r

dy
(c) Find an expression for . [2]
dx
A differentiable curve y = f (x) is defined for x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 and y ≥ 0 . When any such curve is
rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the surface formed has an area A given by:
x2 2
 dy 
A = 2 π ∫ y 1 +   dx .
x1  dx 

(d) A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r

through 360° about the x-axis. Show by integration that the surface area of this
sphere is 4πr2 . [4]

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over
 –6– 8822 – 7103

(Question 2 continued)

(e) Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .

The graph of y = f (x) is transformed to the graph of y = f (kx) , k > 0 . This forms a
different curve, called a semi-ellipse.

(i) Describe this geometric transformation. [2]

(ii) Write down the x-intercepts of the graph y = f (kx) in terms of r and k . [1]
dy
(iii) For y = f (kx) , find an expression for in terms of x , r and k . [2]
dx
(iv) The semi-ellipse y = f (kx) is rotated 360° about the x-axis to form a solid called
an ellipsoid.

Find an expression in terms of r and k for the surface area, A , of the ellipsoid.
x2

Give your answer in the form 2π ∫ p ( x ) dx , where p(x) is a polynomial. [4]

x1
(v) Planet Earth can be modelled as an ellipsoid. In this model:

• the ellipsoid has an axis of rotational symmetry running from the North Pole to
the South Pole.

• the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12 714 km .

• the diameter of the equator is 12 756 km .

By choosing suitable values for r and k , find the surface area of Earth
in km2 correct to 4 significant figures. Give your answer in the form a × 10q
where 1 ≤ a < 10 and q ∈ + . [4]

References:
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2022