02

mßÉfþoh
.súiqï kS;sh
ye¢kaùu
fuu mßÉfþofha§ wms idlÉPd lrkafka .súiqul m%Odk wx." .súiqï j, j.ka;s iy
wruqKq j, ffk;sl;ajhhs' fuys§ wm .súiqï wjika lsÍu iy .súiqï lvlsÍï o
idlÉPdjg ,lalrkafkuq' wjidk jYfhka .súiqï j,g wod,j ld,djfrdaO wd{dmk;"
iy fmrú;dj ms<n
s | uQ,O¾uo idlÉPd lrkq we;'

oekqï ixrplh

2. .sssúiqqï kS;sh

2.1 .súiqul w;HjYH wx. 2.1.1 .súiqul w;HjYH wx. meyeos,s lsrSu. tkus wramKh iy w¾mKhg
wdrdOkh, m%;. s y
% Kh, ffk;sl iusnkaO;d we;s lr .ekSug fps;kdj,
m%;sIaGdj, .súiqul ksrajpkh, .sjsi .ekSug we;s YlH;djh iy
wdlD;sh, iyuq;sfha ;:H;djh jsia;r lsrSu

2.2 .súsiqul j.ka;s 2.2.1 .ssúsiqul j.ka;s hkq fudkjdo hkak meyeos,s lsrSu ^fldkafoais,
m%;s{dNdr, iy j.lSfuka ksoyia lsrSfus j.ka;s j, n,mEu& iy 1997 wxl
26 orK widOdrK .sjsiqus fldkafoais mk; meyeos,s lsrSu

2.2.2 jeroSus, jeros wra: ks/mKh, wkjYH n,mEu iy tajdfha m%;súmdl meyeos,s
lsrSu

2.3 wruqKq j, kS;sl;ajh 2.3.1 wruqKq wkS;sl jSfus n,meu iy tys m%;sjsmdl meyeos,s lsrSu

2.4 .súiqus wjika lsrSu 2.4.1 bgq lsrSfuka, tlÕ;djfhka, jHjra:j;a jSfuka iy lv lsrSfuka .sjsiqus
wjika jk wdldrh ^wfmalaIs; lv lsrSus o we;=,;aj& meyeos,s lsrSu

2.5 .sjsiqula lv lsrSfusoS .; yels ms<shus 2.5.1 bx.%Sis kS;sh iy .sjsiqus lv lsrSu i|yd we;s idOdrKd;aul ms<shus meyeos,s
lsrSu

2.5.2 wh:d Ok ,dNh ms<sn|Z uQ,Orauh meyeos,s lsrSu

2.6 .sjsiqus kS;sfha tk wfk;=;a wx. 2.6.1 úsúO wdldrfha .sjsiqus i|yd we;s ld,djfrdaOh yoqkd .ekSu

2.6.2 .súiqus fmrúhdj ms<sn|Z uQ,Orauh meyeos,s lsrSu

57
BL3 | mßÉfþo 2: .súiqï kS;h
s

mßÉfþofha wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M,h

1' .súiqï kS;sh ye¢kaùu' 2.1.1

2 .súiqul w;HjYH uQ,sldx.
2.1.1
3' ffk;slj nef|k iïnkaO;d we;s lr .ekSfï fÉ;kdj' 2.1.1
4' m%;sIG
a dj' 2.1.1
5' md¾Yjhkaf.a YlH;djh' 2.1.1
6' bgqlsÍfï Ylakq;djh' 2.1.1
7' .súiqul fldkafoai's 2.1.1,2.2.2
8' .súiqug t<öu i|yd md¾Yjhkaf.a leue;a;' ^wjHdc iyu;sh&' 2.1.1
9' widOdrK ñ,fha mdvqj hk uq,O¾uh' 2.3.1
10' kS;súfrdaëNdjh iy tys n,mEï'
2.4.1
11' .súiqula wjika ùu'
2.5.1
12' .súiqu W,a,x.Kh lsÍfuka miq .;yels m%;sl¾u'
13' .súiqul fmfrú;dj ^Privity) ms<sn| uq,O¾u' 2.6.2
14' .súiqïj, ld,djfrdaO ld,iSudj 2.6.1

58 CA Sri Lanka
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1. .súiqï kS;sh ye|skaùu

1'1 wod< kS;h
s '

Y%S ,xldfõ§ idudkH .súiqï iïnkaOfhka wod< kS;sh jkafka frdau ,kafoais kS;shhs'

1'2 .súiqula hkq l=ulao@

zzkS;Hdkql+,j nef|k iïnkaO;djhla we;s lr .ekSfï wruqfKka md¾Yj folla w;r
we;slr .kq ,nk tlÕ;djhla .súiqula hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nhs'ZZ ^uydpd¾h ú,shï
wekaika&'

zz.súiqula hkq wfkHdakH jYfhka yqjudre jk fyda" fmdfrdkaÿ jq ;eke;a;dg fyda

fmdfrdkaÿ jq ;eke;a;kag tfrysj msysgqjk" kS;sh úiska y÷kd .kakd fyda n,d;aul lrk
l¾;jHhka bgq lsÍu fyda fmdfrdkaÿ jq ;eke;a;d fyda ;eke;a;kaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd fyda
m%;s,dN ,eîug woyia lrk f;jk md¾Yjhlf.a m%;s,dNh i|yd we;s lr .kq ,nk
fmdfrdkaÿjla fyda fmdfrdkaÿ fõ'ZZ - iS'Ô' ùruka;%s - .súiqï kS;sh " fj¿u 1" 83 mgqs j (C.G
Weeramanthry - Law of contracts Vol - 1, PP 83)

.súiqulg iïnkaO jk md¾Yj foflka tla md¾Yjhla w¾mKlre (Offeror) f,io"

wfkla md¾Yjh w¾mK,dNshd (Offeree) f,io ye¢kafõ'
w¾mKlre hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka .súiqug w¾mKh (Offer - fhdackdj) lrkq ,nk
md¾Yjhhs'

w¾mK,dNshd hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka w¾mKlre úiska lrkq ,nk w¾mKh

,nk ;eke;a;dhs'

1'3' .súiqula we;slr .; yelafla flfiao@

my; i|yka tajdhska ´kEu wdldrhlg .súiqula we;slr .; yelsh'

 jdÑlj
 ,sÅ;j
 md¾Yjhkaf.a jHx. yeisÍfuka

CA Sri Lanka 59
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1'4' .súiqul wdlD;sh'

j,x.= .súiqula we;slr .ekSfï§ ksYaÑ; jHjia:dms; wjYH;djhkag wkql+, ùu i|yd
wkq.ukh l< hq;= iqúfYaIS wdlD;s h " úêu;aNdjh fyda l%shd mámdáh fuhska
woyia flf¾' fuu jHjia:dms; wjYH;d wkq.ukh fkdlrkafka kï" .súiqula
kS;sfhka n,d;aul l< fkdyelsh'
j¾.SlrKhka ;=kla we;;

01' úfYaI;
s wdlD;s m;%hlska fkdue;s .súiqï wj,x.= fõ' Wod(- ksYap, foam,
.kqfokq'

02' úfYaIs; wdlD;s m;%hlska yer l%shd;aul l< fkdyels .súiqï' Wod(- NdKav
úlsKSu" yjq,aldß;aj .súiqu'

03' úêu;aNdjhka wjYH fkdjk .súiqï' Wod(- by; i|yka .súiqïj,g wh;a fkdjk
ish¨u .súiqï'

.súiqula we;slr .ekSu iïnkaOj Y%S ,xldfõ hï hï jHjia:d u.ska mkjd we;s m%Odk
Wmpdrhka (formalities) iuyrla ±ka wms i,ld n,uq'

 bvï iy fjk;a ksYap, foam,j,g wod< .súiqï m%isoaO fkd;dßiajrfhl= iy

idlIslrejka fofofkl= fyda jeä .Kkla bÈßfha ,sÅ;j w;aika lr"
fkd;dßiajrhd úiska iy;sl lrkq ,eìh hq;=h' ^1840 wxl 7 orK jxpd
je<elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 2 jk j.ka;sh&'
 wem iy ne÷ïlr .súiqï" iy pxp, foam, WlialrK .súiqï ,sÅ;j fukau
j.lSu Ndr .kakd ;eke;a;d úiska w;aika fldg ;sìh hq;=h' ^1840 wxl 7 orK
jxpd je<elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 18 jk j.ka;sh&'

 m%d.aOkh re'1000$- la blaujk yjq,a jHdmdr ks¾udKh lsÍfï .súiqu fyda Tmamqj
,sÅ;j iy ish¨u yjq,l
a rejka úiska w;aika lr ;sìh hq;=hs' fuu fldkafoaih
s
wkql+, fkdjkafka kï" fuu .súiqu kS;sfhka lsiÿ
s n,mEula we;s fkdlrkq we;'
^1840 wxl 7 orK jxpd je<elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 18 jk j.ka;sh&'

 kS;sfhka n,d;aul l< yels NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqula" my; i|yka oEj,ska tlla
fyda imqrd ;sìh hq;=hs(

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 th ,sÅ;j ;sìh hq;=hs" ke;fyd;a"

 ñ,§ .kakd ;eke;a;d tfia úl=Kk ,o NdKavj,ska wju jYfhka

fldgila ms<sf.k fyda ,ndf.k ;sìh hq;=hs" ke;fyd;a"

 .eKqïlre úl=Kqï ñf,ka wju jYfhka fldgila fyda f.jd ;sìh hq;=hs'
^1896 NdKav wxl 11 orK NdKav úlsKSfï wd{d mkf;a 5 jk j.ka;sh&'

 újdy .súiqula kS;Hdkql+,j n,d;aul lsÍug kï th ,sÅ;j ;sìh hq;=hs' ^újdy

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wd{d mk;&'

CA Sri Lanka 61
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2. .súiqul w;HjYH uQ,sldx.

´kEu .súiqula kS;sfhka ms<s.;a j,x.= .súiqula f,i ie,lSu i|yd my; i|yka
wjYH;djhka fyda wx. ;sìh hq;= fõ' tajd kï(

 kshñ; wdlD;s m;% fyda .súiqï l%u ;sfí kï tajd ksis f,i ms<sme§u'

 j,x.= w¾mKhla iy m%;s.%Khla ;sìh hq;=h'

 kS;Hdkql+,j nef|k iïnkaO;djhla we;s lr .ekSug md¾Yjhkag fÉ;kdjla

;sìh hq;=h'

 .súiqfï j.ka;s ^kshuhka& ksYaÑ; úh hq;=h'

 .súiqu bgq l< yels tlla úh hq;=h'

 .súiqu i|yd md¾Yjhka w;r wjHdc iyu;shla fyda tlÕ;djhla ;sìh hq;=h'

 md¾Yjhkag .súiqñl Ylakq;djh ;sìh hq;=h'

 .súiqfï mrud¾:h kS;Hdkql+, úh hq;=h'

2.1 w¾mKh iy w¾mKhla ioyd lrk wdrdOkh

• .súiqï kS;sfha moku jkafka fmdfrdkaÿ n,d;aul lsÍuhs' iEu fmdfrdkaÿjlau

wêlrKh úiska n,d;aul fkdflf¾' tlÕ;djhla fyda fmdfrdkaÿjla n,d;aul
lsÍfï §" tjeks tlÕ;djhla .súiqula f,i y÷kd .ekSu i|yd wêlrKh hï hï
wx.hla ;sfí±hs fidhd n,hs'

• .súiqula ;=< md¾Yajhka tlsfkld iïnkaOfhka iafjÉPdfjka j.lSï

Ndrf.k ;sìh hq;=h'

• fuu l%shdú,sh wdrïN jkafka w¾mKhlsks' .súiqula ks¾udKh ùug kï fuu

w¾mKh fldkafoais úrys;j ms<s.; hq;=h' w¾mKh ikaksfõokh ùu iy th
m%;s.%yKh iïnkaOfhka kS;sh úúO wjYH;d mkjhs' m%;s.%yKh ms<sn| j,x.=
ikaksfõokhla isÿ jq miq" kS;shg wkqj fjk;a we;eï wx. o mej;sh hq;=h' fuu
wx. fkdue;s kï" md¾Yjhka w;r .súiqula mj;sk nj wêlrKh fkdms<s.kS'

62 CA Sri Lanka
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 .súiqula fkdue;s úg lsiÿ

s md¾Yjhla Tjqka ,nd § we;s ;djld,sl fmdfrdkaÿ fyda
tlÕ;djhkag ne£ fkdisákq we;' tneúka w¾mKh hkq l=ulao hkak iy .súiqula
we;slr f.k ;sfío hkak ms<sn| mÍCIKh wdrïN lsÍu i|yd tjeks w¾mKhla
fldkafoais úrys;j ms<s.kq ,enqfõo hkak ;SrKh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

zzix.%y lsÍug flfrk wdrdOkhlaZZ hkq l=ulao@

zix.%y lsÍug flfrk wdrdOkhlaZ zw¾mKhla lsÍug flfrk wdrdOkhlaZ f,io

ye¢kafõ' fuu jpkj,ska lshfjk mßÈ yqfola w¾mKhla lsÍug uyckhdg flfrk
wdrdOkhls'

zix.%y lsÍug wdrdOkd lsÍuZ u; l%shd;aul jk mqoa.,hd tu w¾mKh lrk mqoa.,hd

ñi wdrdOkh lrk ;eke;a;d fkdfõ' tneúka zix.%y lsÍug wdrdOkd lsÍuZ hkq
w¾mKhla fkdfõ'

zix.%yhg flfrk wdrdOkhZ i|yd WodyrK f,i ie,flk wjia:d'

 fjf<| ±kaùï'
 idmamq ljq¿ ;=< NdKav m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'
 idmamqj, iajhx fiajd ljqkg
a r'
 NdKav kdudj,sh $ ñ, m%ldYh'
 fjkafoai's
 fgkav¾'
w& fjf<| ±kaùï(Advertisements)
md¾á%Ê t' ls%fgkavka ^1968& 2 All ER 247,(Partride V.Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 247) ys
§ fjf<| ±kaùula i,lkq ,enqfõ zix.%yh i|yd jq wdrdOkhlaZ f,i ñi zúlsKSu
i|yd jq w¾mKhlaZ f,i fkdfõ' md¾á%Ê uy;d úiska zj¾.SlrK fjf<| ±kaùïZ
hk ud;Dldj hgf;a m<jq ±kaùul wka;¾.; jqfha iEu .=Kd;aul ì%;dkH n%
eïn,a*skaÉ lsls<sfhlau is,sx 25 la fõZZ hk jpkhs' zzúlsKSu i|yd w¾mKhZZ hk
jpk lsisÿ ia:dkhl iDcqj Ndú;d lr fkdue;' f;dïika uy;d mCIshd
ñ,§ .;af;a is,sx 30 lgh' mCIshd" úlsKSug ;ykï lrk ,o
úfYaIs; ;;a;ajhl isáfhah' iñ;shl idudðlfhl= jk l%sfgkavka uy;d úiska lrk ,o
fpdaokdj wêlrKh ms<s.kq fkd,enqfõ" m%Yakhg Ndckh jq ±kaùu kS;sfhka msysgqjd we;s
w;r" th zix.%yhg lrk wdrdOkhlaZ ñi zúlsKSug lrk w¾mKhlaZ fkdfjkjd
hk mokñks' tneúka wNshdplg fpdaokd l< jro ia:dms; ù fkdue;'
flfia fj;;a" fjf<| ±kaùï talmd¾Yúl kï" tajd w¾mK f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tkï" th
m%;s.%yKh i|yd f,dalhgu úYd, jYfhka újD;h'

CA Sri Lanka 63
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 ld,s,a t' ldfnd,sla iafudalafnda,a iud.u ^1893& 1 QB 256(Carlill V Carbolic

Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256) ys§ fjf<| ±kaùula w¾mKhla f,i
i,lkq ,enq w;r" ld,s,a uy;añh úiska iafudalafnda,a Ndú;d lsÍfuka u m%;s.%
yKh isÿ ù .súiqula ks¾udKh úh'

wd& NdKav m%o¾Ykh lsÍu(Display of Goods)'

*duishqál,a fidihsá T*a f.%aÜ ì%fÜhska t' nqÜia lEIa flñiaÜia ^io¾ka& ,sñgâ
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V. Boots cash chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953) 1 QB
401 ys§ nqÜ lEIa ridhk{hsk"a idmamq ysñhkag rdlalj,ska T!IO f;dard .;a miqj" ta
i|yd uqo,a fïifha§ uqo,a f.ùug bv ,ndfokq we;' Bg fmr" ish¨u T!IO ljqkg
a rhla
msgqmi .nvd lr we;s w;r" iydhlfhl= u.ska b,a,d isák foa ,nd .; hq;= úh' 1933
T!IO yd úI mk; (Pharmacy and Poisons Act of 1993) hgf;a th kS;s úfrdaë mßphla
(Practice) njg meñKs,slre úreoaO úh' uydêlrKfha /ðKf.a úksir
q e u~q,a, iy
wNshdpkdêlrKh hk oaú;ajhu nqÜiaf.a me;a;g mdCIsl úh'

I. NdKav m%o¾Ykh lsÍu w¾mKhla fkdjk nj Tjqyq i|yka l<y'

II. ta fjkqjg" NdKav l+vhg ±ófuka NdKav ñ,§ .ekSug w¾mKh lrkqfha
mdßfNda.slhdh'
III. fuu w¾mKh uqo,a fïifha§ T!IOfõÈfhl= úiska m%;s.%yKh lsÍug
fyda m%;sfCIam ùug yels jq w;r" .súiqu iïmq¾K jk fudfyd; uqo,a
fïifha § wëCIK T!IOfõÈfhl= bÈßfha isÿúh' tneúka mk; W,a,x.Kh ù
ke;'

we& ñ, m%ldYh(Statement of Price)

lsishï md¾Yjhla úlsKSug leu;s úh yels yqÿ ñ, m%ldYhla w¾mKhlg iudk fkdfõ'

ydú t' f*ais Harvey v. facey (1893) AC 552, ys§ ú;a;slre jq f*ais lsx.aig
a ka k.rfha
foam, úlsKSug ie,iqï lrñka isáfhah' wNshdpl jk ydú" f*aisg fg,s.E% ï mKsúvhla
hjñka lshd isáfha" zzTn wmg nïm¾ fyda,a mEk (Bumper Hall Pen) úl=Kkjdo@ fg,s.d% *a"
wvqu uqo,a ñ,ZZ hkqfjks' f*ais ms<s;r
= e ÿkafka( zzwvqu ñ, fvd,¾ 900 hsZZ hkqfjks' ydú
ms<s;=re ÿkafka( zzTn weiq fvd,¾ 900 g nïm¾ fyda,a mEk ñ,§ .ekSug wms tlÕ
fjuq''''ZZ hkqfjks' flfiafj;;a" ydú kvq mjrk ,o tu ñ,g úlsKSu f*ais m%;f
s CIam
lf<ah' th bÈßm;a l< wêlrKh (PC) ±lajqfha(

64 CA Sri Lanka
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s

I. úÿ,s mKsúv u.ska tl;= ^we;s& lr .ekSug fofokd w;r we;=<;a jq .súiqula
fkd;snqKs'

II. m<uq úÿ,s mKsúvfhka m%Yak folla wihs" m<uqjekak kï( wNshdpkdlrejkag
úlsKSug f*aif
s .a leue;a;;a( fojekak kï( wvqu ñ,;ah'

III. m<uq m%Yakhg zzTõZZ hehs fkdlshd f*ais fojk m%Yakhg muKla ms<s;=re ÿkafkah'

IV. wNshdpkdlrejkaf.a ;=kj

a k mKsúvfhka f*aisf.a ^ms<s;=re i,lkqfha& wvqu ñ,
i|yka m%ldYs; ñ,gu úlsKSug we;s fldkafoais úrys; w¾mKhla f,ih'

V. f*aif
s .a úÿ,s mKsúvh tys kshuhka ñi tkï" wju ñ, i|yka lsÍu yer" lsiÿ
s
wdldrhlska Tyqg ne£ula f,i wêlrKhg ie,lsh fkdyelsh'

VI. wfkla ish,a, újD;j ;nd we;s w;r" ydú fj;ska ,efnk ms<s;=re úÿ,s mKsúvh
úlsKSu i|yd jq w¾mKhla" m%;s.%yKh lsÍula f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh' .súiqu
iïmq¾K úh yelafla f*ais wNshdplf.a wjika úÿ,s mKsjqvh m%;s.%yKh lr
we;akï muKs'

Tyq úl=Kk wvqu ñ, ms<sn| yqÿ m%ldYfhka" th úu¾Ykh lrk mqoa.,hkagu tu ñ,g

úlsKSfï lsisÿ .súiqula ke;'

wE& fjkafoais'(Auctions)
• fjkafoaislref.a ,xiq le|ùu zix.%yh i|yd flfrk wdrdOkhls' th w¾mK i|yd jk
b,a,Suls'
• fjkafoaisfha§ mqoa.,hska úiska lrk ,o ,xiq hkq" fjkafoaislreg Tyq f;dard .kakd mßÈ
ms<s.ekSug fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍug yels w¾mK fõ' ta yd idudkju ,xiqlreu ;u w¾mKh
m%;s.%yKhlg fmr b,a,d wia lr .; yelsh'

fmaka ta' flaõ' Payne V. Cave' (1789) 3 Term Rep. 148.

b& fgkavr (Tenders)

NdKav úlsKSu i|yd fgkav¾ u.ska m%pdrh lrkq ,nk úg" oekaùu fyda m%ldYh w¾mKh
fkdfõ' th w¾mKhg flfrk wdrdOkhls'

fuys§ w¾mKh bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka fgkav¾ lrk mqoa.,hd jk w;r fgkavrh
m%;s.%yKh l< úg .súiqu ks¾udKh fõ'

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w¾mKh (Offer)

w¾mKhla hkq" .súiqul wdrïNl ia:dkhhs' ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= úiska ´kEu wfhl=g
w¾mKhla l< yelsh'

w¾mKhla hkq" fÉ;kd;aulju ieliq hï hï fldkafoais u; .súiqï.; ùug we;s

leue;a; m%ldY lsÍula jk w;r" m%;s.%dyl úiska ms<s.;a ú.iu th ne£ug ,la fõ'

fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" w¾mKlre ne£ isàug leu;s fldkafoais iys; m%ldYhla
f,i w¾mKhla úia;r l< yelsh'

 iEu ikakf
s õokhlau w¾mKhla fkdjk nj uq, isgu jgyd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
m%;s.%yKhg ne£ isàug wjYH wNsm%dh Tjqkag fkd,efnkq we;'

 tajd w¾mK fkdfõ kï( yqfola idlÉPdj,sfha mshjrhka jk w;r tajdg leue;a;
m%ldY lsÍula" f;dr;=re iemhSula fyda ix.%yhg lrk wdrdOkhla we;=<;a úh
yelsh'

w¾mKhl ,CIK

 w¾mKh ne?reï yd ksYaÑ; úh hq;=h' th fkdmeyeÈ,s fkdúh hq;=h'

w¾mKh" ksYaÑ; fldkafoais hgf;a ne£ we;s njg ksYaÑ; fmdfrdkaÿjla jk

neúka" th wmeyeÈ,s úh fkdyel'

^.=ka;ska t ,ska Gunthing v Lynn (1831) 2 B7 Ad 232

wYajhd jdikdjka; kï jeämqr uqo,la f.ùug w¾mKlre fmdfrdkaÿ úh&'

^ys,ia t' wdfldaia Hillas v. Arcos (1932) 147 LT 503 - ±j úlsKSu i|yd jq .súiqu ±j
fjf<|du ms<sn|j fyd¢ka ±k isg mqoa.,hska w;r idOdrK ksrEms;hka
(Specifications) ;yjqre úh'

 th lsishï mqoa.,fhl=g fyda mka;shlg fyda mqoa.,hkag fyda uyckhdg l<

yelsh'
ld,s,a t' ldfnd,sla iafudla fnda,a iud.u Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.
^my; úia;r lr we;'&
• th m%Yakhlg ms<s;=rla fyda f;dr;=re iemhSula iuÕ mg,jd fkd.; hq;=h'

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2.2 m%;.
s %yKh ^Acceptance)

.súiqula ks¾udKh ùug kï w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh ù ;sìh hq;=hs' w¾mKfha we;s tla tla
fldkafoaij
s ,g tlÕ ù m%;s.%yKh l< hq;=hs' we;eï úg m%;s.%yKh w¾mKfha zzlevm;a
rEmhlaZZ úh hq;=hehs lshkq ,efí'

tneúka m%;s.%yKh hkafkka woyia jkafka w¾mKlre úiska ks¾udKh l< kshuhkag
w¾mK,dNshd wkql+, ùuhs' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" m%;s.%yKh hkq" w¾mKhl
kshuhkag yd fldkafoaisj,g ne£ isàug leue;a;la olajñka isÿ lrk w¾mK,dNshdf.a
fmdfrdkaÿjla fyda l%shdjla fõ'

m%;.
s y
% K l%ufõo

• m%;s.%yKh ikaksfõokh úhhq;= nj;a" th ikaksfõokh l< hq;= wdldrh;a

w¾mKhlska kshu l< yelsh'

• l%ufõohla kshu lr we;s kuq;a ksYaÑ; l%uhla yer fjk;a l%uhla m%udKj;a
fkdjk njg úfYaI kshula fkdue;s wjia:djl ta yd idudk jdisodhl l%uhla
m%udKj;a fõ'

• m%;s.%yKh jpkj,ska fyda yeisÍfuka úh yelsh'

• fn%d.avka t' fufg%dfmd,sgka ÿïßh iud.u Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway

Company (1876 - 77) L.R. 2App. Cas. 666 ys§ w¾mK,dNshd yeisÍfuka
w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh lrk ,§'

• fâ' fudßia wefidaisfhaÜia t fjdhsia

• Day Morris Associates v. Voyce. (2003) EWCA Civ 189.

m%;s.%yK isÿ jkafka" w¾mK,dNshdf.a jpk fyda yeisÍu u.ska

w¾mKhlref.a kshuhkag tlÕ;ajh m< lsÍfï úIhuq,sl weÕùu isÿ jq úgh'

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úúO md¾Yjhkag lrk w¾mKhka iy tajd m%;s.%yKh lsÍu'

.súiqula we;s ùug kï" w¾mKh ta wdldrfhkau m%;s.%yKh lrkq ,eìh hq;=h'
w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh lrkafka ke;skï .súiqu ilia fkdfõ' tkï".súiqu zñh.shZ ;;ajhlg
m;a jk w;r th kej; flÈklj;a m%dKj;a l< fkdyelsh'

úúO ldKavj, mqoa.,hskag w¾mKhla l<yels w;r my; mßÈ m%;s.%yKh l< yelsh'

 ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g'

fuu j¾.fha w¾mKhla" iqúfYaIS w¾mKhla f,io y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu

wjia:dfõ§" wrmKh ksYaÑ; mqoa.,fhl=g úfYaIfhka lrkq ,efí' tneúka"
fujeks w¾mKhla m%;s.%yKh l< yelafla tu ksYaÑ; mqoa.,hdg muKs' th j,x.=
m%;s.%yKhla ùu i|yd" w¾mKd,dNshd úiska Tyqf.a m%;s.%yKh w¾mKlreg
okajkq ,eìh hq;=h'

 mqoa.,hska ldKavhlg

fuys§ w¾mKh lrkq ,nkafka ksYaÑ; mqoa., mka;shlg wh;a msßilgh' fuu
ksYaÑ; mka;shg wh;a ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g tjeks w¾mKhla m%;s.%yKh l< yelsh'

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w¾mKh wkqj l%h

s d;aul ùu ;=<ska m%;s.%yKh isÿ flfrk w;r" m%;s.%yKh lsÍu
w¾mKlreg úfYaIfhka ±kqï §fï wjYH;djhla ke;'

 uq¿ f,djgu mq¿,a f,i'

fuys§ w¾mKh flfrkqfha ´kEu ia:dkhl isák ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=gh' fujeks

w¾mKhla idudkHfhka isÿ flfrkafka ckudOH yrydh'

fujeks w¾mK ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g m%;s.%yKh l< yelsh' w¾mKh wkqj l%shd
lsÍfuka m%;s.%yKh isÿ jk w;r fuu m%;s.%yKh lsÍu w¾mKlreg
úfYaIfhka ±kqï §fï wjYH;djhla ke;'

WodyrKh (- ;Hd.h'

;udf.a ke;s jq iqkLhd wdmiq ;udg f.kú;a Ndr fok ´kEu wfhl=g remsh,a
100"000 l ;Hd.hla ,nd fok neõ mjiñka yeÍ úiska mqj;am;la yryd w¾Khla
lrhs' iqkLhd yeÍu f.kú;a Ndrfok ´kEu mqoa.,fhla w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh l<d
fjhs'

kvq;k
S ÿ
a kS;h
s ( uq¿ f,djgu mq¿,aj lrk w¾mKh'

fuys§ iud.ula" kshu lr we;s mßÈ zziafudala fnda,aZZ (Smoke Ball) Ndú;d lsÍfuka miqj
bka*a¨fjkaid frda.hg f.dÿre jq ´kEu wfhl=g fvd,¾ 100 l ;Hd.hla ,ndfok njg
w¾mKhla lf<ah' kshu lrk ,o wdldrhg iafudala fnda,a Ndú;d lsÍfuka wk;=rej
ld,s,a uy;añhg bka*a¨fjkaid je<÷Ks' weh fvd,¾ 100 l ;Hd.hg ysñlï mEjo
iud.u tu uqo, wehg §u m%;sCIam lf<ah'

;Skaÿj(- fuh uq¿ f,dlhgau mq¿,aj lrk ,o w¾mKhls' kshu lrk ,o mßÈ iafudala
fnda,a Ndú;d lsÍfuka" ld,s,a uy;añh w¾mKh wkqj l%shd lsÍu w¾mKh m%;s.%yKsh
l<d yd iudkh' tneúka" iud.u wehg fvd,¾ 100 la f.ùug ne£ isáfhah'

ld,s,a t' ldfnd,sla iafudla fnd,a iud.u Carlill v; Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893) 1 Q.R.
256

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2.3 w¾mKhlg iy m%;s.%yKhlg wod< jk Í;Ska'

(a)m%;s.%yKh lsÍu l< hq;af;a w¾mKh n,d;aulj mj;sk úgh'

m%;s.%yKh l< miq w¾mKhla wj,x.= l< fkdyelsh' tkï" w¾mKh wfydais l<
fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a fjhs'

(b) m%;s.%yKh mQ¾K iy wkqiñ

S ; ^fldkafoais úrys;& úh hq;=h'

uq,a w¾mKh iu. fjkia jk m%;s.%yKhla m%;s w¾mKhla f,i fyda fldkafoais iys;
m%;s.%yKhla f,i ye¢kafõ'

w¾mKlref.a uq,a w¾mKh fjkqjg w¾mK,dNshd úiska lrkq ,nk úl,am w¾mKh m%;s
w¾mKhla f,i yÿkajhs'

m%;s w¾mKhla fkdfyd;a fldkafoaiS iys; m%;s.%yKhla j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla f,i

ie,flkafka ke;' thg fya;=j tu.ska uq,a w¾mKh fjkia jk neúks'

WodyrKh (- m%;s w¾mKh'

 ish fudag¾ r:h remsh,a ñ,shkhlg Y g úlsKSu i|yd w¾mKhla lrhs' fuhg Y
m%;spdr olajkafka Zñ,§ .ekSug leue;af;ka isáñ' tfy;a remsh,a 800"000 olajd
ñ, wvq lrkakZZ hkqfjks'
fuu wjia:dfõ§ Y m%;s w¾mKhla lr we;' tu.ska uq,a w¾mKh wjika fjhs'

kvq;Skaÿ ( wkqiSñ; m%;s.%yKh'

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M, N g mjqï 280 g bvula w¾mKh lf<ah' N fuu w¾mKh m%;s.y

% Kh lf<a iag¾,ska
mjqï 80 la iy b;sßh iag¾mska mjqï 50 ne.ska jq iudk udisl jdßl 4 lska f.ùug
fmdfrdkaÿjla heùfukah'

a j jqfha N f.a m%;s.%yKh wkqiñ

wêlrK ;Skÿ S ; m%;s.%yKhla fkdjk njh' tneúka fuu
wjia:dfõ§ j,x.= .súiqula we;s fkdjqKs' kS,a t' furÜ' Neale v. Merrett (1930) WN 189.

iaàjkaika celaia iy iud.u t' uela,Ska Stevenson Jacques & Co. V. Mclean (1880)
5 QBD 346. ys§ w¾mK,dNshd w¾mKh ms<sn| úuiñka jeä úia;r fidhk úg"
th m%;s.%yKhla fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍula fyda m%;s-§ukdjla fkdfõ' tneúka uq,a
w¾mKhla tf,iu mj;S'

(c) m%;s.%yKh w¾mKlreg ikaksfõokh l< hq;=h'

fuh my; i|yka l%uj,ska ´kEu l%uhlg l< yelsh'

 ,sÅ;j
 jdÑlj
 jHx.j ^wm%ldYs;& yeisÍfuka fyda w¾mKh wkqj l%h
s d lsÍfuka

WodyrKh (- ;Hd.h'

^ld,s,a t' ldfnd,sla iafudala fnda,a iud.u ^1893& 1 QB 256 kvq ;Skaÿj n,kak&'

 kshu lrk ,o wdldrhg

kvq;Skaÿ ( kshñ; wdldrhg m%;s.%yKh lsÍu'

jdykhg jvd ;emE, fõ.j;a hehs is;+ H, E f.a w¾mKhg l< m%;s.%yKh ;emEf,ka"
,smh
s lska heõfõh'

s m%udo úKs' E f;jk md¾Yjhlf.ka msá ñ,§ .;af;ah'

tfy;a ;emEf,a§ fuu ,smh
.súiqu lv lsÍu iïnkaOj H úiska E g úreoaOj kvq mejßKs'

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a j( w¾mKlre úiska ks¾foaY lrk wdldrhg m%;s.%yKh lsÍu isÿ fkdjq neúka" E iy
;Skÿ
H w;r .súiqula we;s fkdùh'

t,shkaika t' fykafIda Eianson v. Henshaw (1819) 4 Wheaton 225

m%;s.%yKh lrk wdldrh kshu lrkq ,en fkdue;s úg idOdrK whqrlsk'a

WodyrKh ( m%;s.%yKh lrk wdldrh kshu lrkq ,en fkd;sfnk úg

w¾mKh lrkq ,nkafka Bfï,a mKsúvhla yryd kï" m%;s.%yKh lsÍuo Bfï,a mKsúvhla
yrydu l< yelsh'
2'3'1 úfYaI ;;a;ajhka hgf;a m%;s.%yKhg wod< Í;Ska

2.3.1.1 laIKsl .súiqï'

md¾Yj w;r ikaksfõokh tlaflda uqyqKg uqyqK,d fyda ÿrl:k *elaia yd fgf,laia
hka;% yryd fyda Bfu,a ;=<ska isÿ jk .súiqï fuu .Khg wh;ah'

tjeks wjia:dj,oS .súiqula we;s lr .ekSu i`oyd w¾mKfha m%;s.%yKh w¾mKlre

fj; ,eìh hq;=h' m%;s.%yKhg yqÿ iïfm%aIKh lsÍu m%udKj;a m%;s.%yKhla fkdfõ.

m%;s.% yKh j,x.= ùug kï i;H jYfhkau w¾mKlreg m%;.

s %yKh ,eî we;s
njg ;yjqre lsÍula fyda ksYaÑ;Ndjhla ;sìh hq;=hs'

kS;sh u.ska fuu wjYH;djh mkjkq ,nkafka fuu ikaksfõok l%u ;dCIKh u; mokï
ù we;s neúka iy ;dCIKh 100] lau ksjerÈ fkdjk ksid;a yÈisfha th wek ysàug bv
we;s ksid;ah'

tneúka" wfmaCIs; wdldrhg mKsúvh wod< md¾Yjhka fj; ,enqKq njg iy;sl
lr .ekkSug tjeks m%;s.%yKhla j,x.= tlla jYfhka ie,lSug fyda kS;sfhka
hï ;yjqre lsÍula wjYH fõ'

WodyrKh (- uqyqKg uqyqK,d lrk ixjdohl§ we;s jk m%;s.%yKh'

A yd B ckdlS¾K fjf<|fmd,l§ tlsfkld yd l;d lrñka isáfhdah' A ;lald,s lsf,da 1

la úlsKSug B g w¾mKhla l< w;r th B jdÑlj m%;s.%yKh lf<ah'

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fuys§ B j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla l<d o hkak ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd A g i;H jYfhkau B
f.a m%;s.%yKh weiqKdo hkak ksYaph lr.; hq;=h'

WodyrKh ÿrl:k fonil§ we;sjk j,x.= m%;s.%yKh'

X yd Y ÿrl:kfhka l;d lrñka isáfhdah' X úiska Y g w¾mKhla l< w;r Y tu w¾mKh

tu ÿrl:k ixjdofha §u m%;s.%yKh lf<ah'

fuys§ Y j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla isÿ l<do hkak ksYaÑ; lr .ekSu i|yd Y f.a m%;s.%yKh
weiqKq njg iy wjfndaO jq njg X úiska lr.kq ,nk ;yjqrejla kS;sfhka wjYH fõ'

kvq;Skaÿ ( yqqÿ iïfmaIKh

% lsÍfï m%;s.%yKhla j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla fkdfõ'

fuu kvqfõ§" w¾mKlre ,kavkfha iud.ula jq w;r w¾mK,dNshd fko¾,ka;fha

iud.ula úh'

w¾mKlre ish w¾mKh ,kavkfha ish w¾mK,dNshdg fgf,laia mKsúvhla u.ska

tjk ,o w;r w¾mKd,dNshd fko¾,ka;fha ;snq ish *elaia hka;%fhka tjq mKsúvhlska
th m%;s.%yKh lf<ah'

fuys§ wêlrKhg mejrE j.lSu jqfha" .súiqu iïmq¾K jqjdo hk lreK ksYaph lr
.ekSuhs'

;Skaÿj( w¾mK,dNshdf.a *elaia hka;%fhka *elaia lrk ,o m%;s.%yKhla j,x.= ùug kï

th w¾mKlref.a *elaia hka;%hg ,eìh hq;=h' tneúka fuu isoaêfha § .súiqu ;SrKh
jqfha w¾mKlref.a *elaia hka;%h ;snq ,kavkfha§h'

tkafgda¾ia ,sñgâ t' uhs,aia *d BiaÜ fldamf¾Ika Entores Ltd V.Miles for East
Coporation (1955) 2 QB 327

2.3.1.2 ;eme,a .súiqï'

m%;s.%yKfha§ wod< jk idudkH Í;sh (General Rule) jkafka tjeks m%;s.%yKhla

w¾mKlre fj; ,eìh hq;= njh'

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tfy;a ;eme,a Í;sh ke;skï ;emEf,ka m%;s.%yKh lsÍug wod< jk Í;sh by; idudkH
Í;shg jH;sf¾lhkah'

;emE,a Í;shg wkqj" w¾mK,dNshd m%;s.%yKh lsÍfï ,smsh ;eme,a lsÍu j,x.=
m%;s.%yKhla l<d yd iudk fjhs' m%;s.%yK ,smsh w¾mKlre fj; ,eîu wjYH ke;'

m%;s.%yKh ,smsfhys ,smskh yßhdldrj ,shd uqoaor w,jd we;akï" ,smsh w¾mKlre
fj; ,eîu" ke;sùu fyda mudùu" m%;s.%yKh wfydais lsÍug fya;=jla fkdfõ'

flfia fj;;a" m%;s.%yKhg iïnkaO ;eme,a Í;sh Ndú;d l< yelafla" ;emE, idOdrK
ikaksfõokh ud¾.hla f,i ie,flk wjia:dj,§ muKla nj u;l ;nd .; hq;=h'

WodyrKh( m%;s.%yKh i|yd jk ;emE,a Í;sh wod< lr.; fkdyels wjia:d'

;eme,a fiajfha jev j¾ckhla mj;sk úg m%;s.%yKhg wod< ;eme,a Í;sh j,x.= fkdfjhs'
2.3.1.3 ksYaYío;djh j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla fkdfõ'
w¾mK,dNshdf.a ksYaYíoldjh fyda wdl%Sh nj j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla f,i i,lkq ,nkafka
ke;'

kvq;Skaÿ ( ksYaYìo;djh j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla fkdfõ'

;u nEKd jk B f.a wYajhd ñ,§ .ekSug ,smhlska w¾mKhla l< F mejiqfõ" zzfuu
w¾mKh .ek lsisjla ud yg ±k.kakg ,efnkafka ke;skï" wYajhd weußldkq fvd,¾ 30
lg ud yg ysñ jk nj i,lñZZ hkqfjks'

B fuhg lsisÿ m%;spdrhla ±lajqfha ke;suq;a ;u fjkafoaislrejdg jdÑlj m%ldY lf<a"

fuu wYajhd F g úl=Kd we;s neúka fjkafoaisfha § fkdúl=Kk f,igh' B jer§ulska
wYajhd fjkafoaishl§ fjk;a mqoa.,fhl=g úl=Kqfõh' bkamiqj" F wYajhd ;ukag whs;s
nj mjiñka B g tfrysj kvq mejerefõh'

;Skaÿj( F úiska lrk ,o w¾mKh Tyqf.a B, kshdudldrhg m%;s.%yKh lr ke;'

tneúka wYajhd F g ysñ fkdùh'

f*,a;ayjqia t' ì%ka,s Felthouse v. Brindley (1862) 11 CB (NS) 869

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2.4 w¾mKhla wjika lsÍu'

my; i|yka wjia:dj,§ w¾mKhla wjika l< yelsh'
I. m%;s.%yKh (- w¾mKhla m%;s.%yKh l< miq" ne÷ïlr .súiqula we;s ùfuka
w¾mKh wjika fõ'

II. m%;sfCIam lsÍu fyda m%;s w¾mKh ( w¾mK,dNshd tu w¾mKh m%;sfCIam lrkafka
kï fyda w¾mKfha wjidkh jk m%;s w¾mKhla lrkafka kï'

III. wj,x.= lsÍu( w¾mKh m%;s.%yKhg fmr ´kEu fj,djl wj,x.= l< yelsh'
flfia fj;;a" w¾mKh wj,x.= l< nj w¾mK,dNshdg ±kqï hq;=hs' wj,x.= lsÍu'
ikaksfõokh lrkafka ke;skï iy ikaksfõokh lrk ;=re th wld¾hCIu jk
w;r w¾mKh mj;S'

IV. ld,iSudj blaujd hdfuka' ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla i|yd w¾mKhla újD;j mj;sk
nj m%ldY lr we;akï" tu ld,iSudj bl=;a jq úg w¾mKh iajhxl%Shj wjika fõ'
iS>%.dó ld, iSudjla fkdue;s wjia:djl w¾mKhla idudkHfhka újD; jkafka
idOdrK ld,hla i|yd muKs'

V. w¾mKh hgf;a jq fldkafoaishla iïmq¾K lsÍug wiu;a ùu( fldkafoaisj,g

hg;aj w¾mKhla l< yelsh' tjeks fldkafoaishla w¾mKlre úiska meyeÈ,sj
m%ldY lsÍug fyda mj;akd ;;a;ajhka u; wêlrKfhka weÕúh yelsh' fuu
fldkafoais imqrd ke;skï" w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh lsÍug yelshdjla fkdue;'

*skEkaisx ,sñgâ t' iaáïika

(Financings Ltd. V Stimson )

ldrhla ñ,oS .ekSug leu;s D l =,S iskaklalrhla ioyd jQ fmdaruhla

w;aika lf,ah' (*skEkaia iud.u fmdaruh w;aika l, úg w;aika j,x.= fõ')
(*skEkaia iud.u yg w;aik fhoSug fmr ldrh fidrdf.k ;snqKs'
ldrh w¾mkh l, wjia:dfõoS ;snQ ;;ajfhkau ;sìh hq;= jqj;a th fkdùu u; D
ldrh .ekSug neoS fkdue;s nj ;SrKh úh'

VI. urKh( w¾mKlref.a urKh ±kqï §fuka miq w¾mK,dNshdg w¾mKh

m%;s.%yKh l< fkdyelsh' flfia fj;;a" w¾mK,dNshd w¾mKlref.a urKh .ek
fkdokafka kï iy Bg iïnkaO lsisÿ mqoa.,sl wx.hla fkdue;s kï" Tyqg tu
w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh l< yelsh(- n%eân¾ t' fuda.ka Bradbury v .Morgan (1862)
158 ER 877

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s

2.4.1 ld,h bl=;aùfuka w¾mKhla wjika ùu

lsisÿ w¾mKhla wúksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla mqrd mj;skafka ke;' iEu w¾mKhlgu wdhq
ld,hla we;' tneúka" my; i|yka wjia:d j,§ ´kEu tlla isÿ ùfuka w¾mKhla
wjika úh yelsh'

fuu wjia:d kï(-

• w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh lsÍug fmr w¾mKlrejd fyda w¾mKd,dNshdf.a urKh isÿ

ùu'

• kshñ; ld, iSudj ;=<§ w¾mK,dNshd w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh fkdl< úg'

• m%;s.%yKh i|yd ld, mßÉfþohla kshu lr fkd;sfnk úg idOdrK ld,

iSudjla ;=<§ w¾m,dNshd w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh fkdlrhs kï'

2'4'2 w¾mKlre úiska w¾mKh b,a,d wialr .ekSfuka

;udf.a w¾mKh wfydais lsÍfï fyda wialr .ekSfï whs;sh w¾mKlreg ,nd § ;sfí'
tfy;a ta i|yd Tyq my; ß;Skg
a wkql+, úh hq;=h'

• w¾mKhla w¾mK,dNshd úiska m%;s.%yKh lsÍug fmr ´kEu fõ,djl§ th wfydais

l< yelsh'
• wfydais lsÍu w¾mK,dNshdg ikaksfõokh l< hq;= w;r th i;H jYfhkau
w¾mK,dNshdg ,eìh hq;=h'

kvq;Skaÿ ( wfydais lsÍu w¾mKd,dNshdg ,eìh hq;=h'

NdKav iuyrla úlsKSug w¾mKh lrñka fg,s.%d*a mKsúvhla yryd A, Tlaf;an¾ 01 Èk

B g ,smshla ;eme,a lrhs' Tlaf;dan¾ 11 jk Èk fuu ,smsh B g ,enqKq w;r B jydu
Tyqf.a m%;s.%yKh lrk ,§'

A ;udf.a l,ska w¾mKh wfydais lrñka Tlaf;dan¾ 11 fjks Èk ;j;a ,smshla B fj;
;eme,a lr hjhs' fuu ,smsh B g ,enqfKA Tlaf;dan¾ 20 fjks Èkh'

;Skaÿj( wfydais lsÍu n,iys; ùu i|yd th B fj; ,eìh hq;=j ;snqKs' tfy;a Bg fmr B
Tyqf.a m%;s.%yKh fg,a.%d*a mKsúvhla yryd tjd ;snq neúka .súiqu we;súks' nh¾ka t'
jEka áhkafydajka Byrne v. van Tienhoven (1880) 5 C.P.D. 344

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kvq;Skaÿ( wfydais lsÍu w¾mK,dNshdg ,eìh hq;=h'

X Tyqf.a foam, Yg úlsKSug tlÕ úh' w¾mKh ms<sn| ,smsfhka m%ldY jQfha" zzfuu
w¾mKh isl=rdod WoEik 9'00 olajd j,x.=ZZ njhs'

tfy;a n%yiam;skaod X fuu foam, Z g úl=Khs' X yd Z w;r we;s jQ fuu .súiqu .ek
Y ±k .;af;a Tyqg úYajdi l< yels ud¾.hla jQ B fj;skah'

bkamiqj" isl=rdod WoEik 7'00 g Yw¾mKh m%;s.%yKh l< X nj oekaùh'

foam, z g úlsKSfuka w¾mKh wfydais jQ nj m%;s.%yKh lrk wjia:dfõ§ Y ±k isá
neúka Y f.a m%;s.%yKh j,x.= fkdfjhs'

älskaika t' fvdâia Dickinson V. Dodds 1876 2 ch. D 463

2'4'3 w¾mK,dNshd úiska w¾mKh m%;slafIam lrkq ,eîfuka

my; wjia:djkays§ w¾mK,dNshdg w¾mKhla m%;slafIam l< yelsh'
• w¾mK,dNshd ;u m%;slafIam lsrSu w¾mKlreg ±kqï §fuka
• wkqiSñ; m%;s.%yKhla u.ska^ fï ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍula i|yd my; 3'5 fldgi
n,kak'&
• w¾mK,dNshd úiska m%;s w¾mKhla lsÍfuka ^fï ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍula i|yd
my; 3'5 fldgi n,kak'&

2.5 w¾mKhla iy m%;s.%yKhla ikaksfõokh lsÍu'

2.5.1 j,x.= w¾mKhla ikaksfõokh lsÍug wod< idl,H Í;sh' (General Rule)

´kEu w¾mKhla j,x.= w¾mKhla ùu i|yd th m%:ufhkau w¾mK,dNshdg ikaksfõokh

l< hq;= j we;'
w¾mK,dNshdg w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh l< yel af la Tyq ta .ek ±kqj;a kï muKs'
tys w¾:h" w¾mK,dNshdg ;ud ±kqj;a ke;s w¾mKhla m%;s.%yKh l< fkdyels njhs'
w¾mKhla M,odhs ùug kï th ikaksfõokh úh hq;= h ' w¾mKh ms<sn| lsisÿ ±kqula
fkdue;sj w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh l< fkdyelsh' fuu wjYH;djhg fya;=j kï .súiqula hkq
tlÕ jq flaj,a lsÍuls; ±kqu fkdue;sj tlÕ;djhla ;sì h fkdyel' tla ukila
wfkld .ek fkd±k isáhfyd;a"zuki tl;= ùulaZ ;sìh fkdyelsh' fjk;a jpkj,ska
lsjfyd;a" w¾mKh ms<sn| fkd±kqjlaj m%;s.%yKh isÿ lrkafka kï" m%;s.%yKhg
w¾mKfha zlevm;laZ úh fkdyelsh'

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WodyrKh( - ;Hd.h i|yd m¾Khla ikaksfõokh lsÍu

yeÍ ;udf.a ke;s jq iqkLhd ;udfj; wdmiq f.kú;a Ndr fok ´kEu wfhl=g remsh,a
,CIhl ;Hd.hla ,nd fok njg mqj;am;l ±kaùula m< lsÍfuka w¾mKhla lrhs'
fujeks ;Hd.hla ms<sn| w¾mKh .ek fkdokakd ,eÍ" ke;sjq iqkLhd fidhd .kakd w;r"
úuiSfuka tys ysñlre fidhdf.k ú;a n,a , d ,eÍg ndr fohs' ,eÍ ;Hd.hla i|yd jq
w¾mKh .ek fkd±k isá neúka Tyqg ;Hd.h i|yd ysñldr;ajhla ke;' thg fya;=j
jkafka" ,eÍg ;uka fkd±k isá w¾mKhla m%;s.%yKh lsÍug fkdyels ùuhs'

;emEf,ka lrk w¾mKhla ikaksfõokh lsÍu iïnkaOj we;s Í;sh'

w¾mKhla j,x.= ùug m%:ufhka th w¾mK,dNshd fj; <Õd úh hq;= h'

hkak ;eme,a w¾mKhla iïnkaOfhka o wod< fõ' tneúka w¾mKlre úiska
w¾mKh ;eme,a lsÍu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fuu w¾mKh j,x.= ùu i|
yd ;eme,a lrk ,o w¾mKh w¾mK,dNshd fj; <Õd úh hq;=h ' jkafka túgh'

;eme,a Í;shg jH;sf¾L(-

 ;eme,a Í;sh ;eme,a" úÿ,s mKsúv i|yd wod< jk kuq;a ÿrl:k" *elaia"
fgf,laia fyda úoHq;a ;emE,g wod< fkdfõ'

 Í;sh wod< fkdjk ;eka jkafka (

 ,smh
s ksis f,i m<lr fkdue;s kï;
 ,smh
s ksis f,i wduka;%Kh fkdlrhs kï;
 w¾mKfhka ;eme,a Í;sh meyeÈ,sju meyer lrk úg§'

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3' ffk;slj nef|k in|;d we;s lr .ekSfï fÉ;kdj

.súiqfï md¾Yjlrejka .súiqfuka ffk;slj nef|k nj yd th ffk;slj
n,d;aul l<yels nj ms<s fkd.kS kï túg j,x.= .súiqula we;s fkdfjhs'
tneúka tjeks tlÕ;djhka" .súiqï kS;sh hg;g fkdjefÜ'

±ka wm fuu ffk;slj nef|k yd fkdnef|k j¾.fha tlÕ;djhka lsysmhla ms<sn|j

jeä ÿrg;a idlÉPd lruq'

3.1 .Dyia: iy iudc tlÕ;d

idudkH rS;sh

fuys§ idudkH Í;sh jkafka is h¨u .Dyia : yd iudc tlÕ;dj,g iïnkaO jk md¾Yj
Bg ffk;sl nef|kafka ke;s njhs'

kvq ;Skaÿ ( .Dyia: tlÕ;d

ne,a*¾ uy;d Y%S ,xldfõ isg isú,a fiajlfhl= úh' Tyq iy Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj
ksjdvqjla .; lsÍug tx.,ka;hg .sfhdah' ksjdvqj wjika jQ miq ,xldjg
taug ;sìKs' tfy;a Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj wikSm ;;a;ajfhka miq jQ neúka" ffjoH kshuh mßÈ
Tyqg ish Nd¾hdj tx.,ka;fha ;nd taug isÿ úh' Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj iqj ù
kej; ,xldfõ§ Tyq yd tlajk f;la tx.,ka;fha Ôj;aùu i|yd Nd¾hdjg .Dyia:
§ukdjla f.ùug ne,a*¾ uy;d tx.,ka;fhka msg;ajk wjia:dfõ§ fmdfrdkaÿ úh'

miqj Tjqka iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj jYfhka tlsfkldf.ka fjka úh'

miqj .Dyia: §ukdj b,a,ñka ìß|" iajdñ mqreIhdg tfrysj kvq mejrejdh'

;Skaÿj ( fuh iajdñ mqreIhd yd Nd¾hdj w;r .Dyia: tlÕ;djhla jQ neúka' thg
md¾Yjhka ffk;slj nef|kafka ke;s njhs' tneúka th ffk;sl .súiqula fkdfõ'
ne,a*¾ t ne,a*¾ Balfour v Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571

WodyrK iudc tlÕ;d

 X ish fudag¾ r:h ;u ñ;=frl= jQ Y kue;a;dg mdúÑÑ lsÍu i|yd §ug tlÕ
fjhs' miqj X th m%;slafIam lrhs'

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fuh ñ;=rka fofofkl= w;f¾ we;s jQ iudc tlÕ;djhla jk neúka thgh Tjqka
ffk;slj nef|kafka ke;' tu ksid" ;u fmdfrdkaÿj lv lsÍu iïnkaOj X g
úreoaOj kvq mejÍug Y g fkdyelsh'

idudkH rS;shg we;s jH;sf¾Lhka by; idlÉPd lrk ,o idudkH rS;shg we;s
jH;sf¾Lh jkafka" .Dyia: fyda iudc iajNdjfhka we;s tl`.;djhlg ;uka
ffk;slj ne£ug hehs md¾Yjlrejka wfmalaId lrhs kï túg" tjeks tlÕ;djhlg
Tjqka ffk;slj nef|kq we;'

kvq;Skaÿ ( .Dyia: tlÕ;djhla fuka Èia jqj;a th tfia fkdfõ'

ne,a*¾ t ne,a*¾ ys§ md¾Yjhla tlÕ;djhlg meñKsfha Tjqka wUq ieñhka f,i
isák ld,fha§h' tneúka fußÜ uy;d iy uy;añh úiska Tjqkaf.a fjka ùug miq
we;s lr.;a iQodku kS;sfhka ne£ug wfmalaIdfjka l< tlla f,i ´kEu idOdrK
mqoa.,hl= úiska is;kq we;'

fuᚠt' fuᚠMertitt v. Meritt 1 W.L.R. 1211

3' 2 jdKsc .súiqï

jdKsc .súiqula hkq" jHdmdßl fyda jdKsc .kqfokqjlg wod<j md¾Yjhka úiska
t<fUkakls'

jdKsc .súiqïj,g wod< jk idudkH Í;sh jkafka" tu .súiqïj,g iïnkaO jk

md¾Yjhka ffk;slj nef|k njhs'

tfy;a fuu idudkH Í;shg we;s jHd;sf¾Lh jkafka jdKsc .súiqug ffk;slj ne¢h
hq;= ke;ehs md¾Yjlrejka woyia lr;a kï Tjqkg th m%ldY l, yelsh'
tjeks .súiqulska md¾Yjhka nef|kafka zznqyqukZZ i|ydh'

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4. m%;sIaGdj (Consideration)

idlÉPdjg lrf.k hEfï wruqKska zzm%;sIaGdjZZ hk ixl,amh by; wjYH;djhka

hgf;
ie,ls
a ,a,g Ndckh jkq we;' tfy;a i|yka l< hq;= jeo.;a lreKla jkafka bx.%Sis
kS;sh hgf;a m%;sIaGdj j,x.= .súiqul w;HdjYH wx.hla jqj;a" frdau ,kafoais kS;sh
hgf;a th j,x.= wjYH;djhla f,i ms<s fkd.kakd njhs' Y%S ,xldfõ .súiqï kS;shg
wod< kS;sh frdau ,kafoais kSS;sh jk neúka" Y%S ,xldfõ .súiqï kS;sh ;=<
j,x.= .súiqula we;s lr .ekSug w;HdjYH wjYH;djhla f,i m%;sIaGdj
i,lkq ,nkafka ke;'

bx.%Sis kS;sh hgf;a" m%;sIaGdj hkq uqo,a fyda uQ,Huh wdldrfhka ueksh yels hï
fohls' .Kqfokqjl§ md¾Yjhlg ,eî we;s fyda w;aú¢k m%;s,dN fyda ydksh i,ld
ne,Suls' tys w¾:h kï" bx.%Sis kS;sh hgf;a zm%;sIaGdjZ g uQ,Huh w.hla ;sìh hq;=h
hkakhs' ta i|yd uQ,Huh jákdlula iïnkaO l<fyd;a ñi bx.%Sis kS;sh hgf;a'
idudkH ne£ula fyda fmdfrdkaÿjla m%;sIaGdjla jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka ke;'
Bg m%;súreoaO f,i" frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha§ y÷kd .kafka Zms<s.;Z yels
fya;=jZ ke;skï zidOdrK fya;=jZ hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk mq¿,a ixl,amhla f,ih'

frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha §" bx.%Sis kS;sh hgf;a Ndú;d jk zm%;sIaGdjgZ wu;rj'
idodpdrd;aul ld¾hhla bgq lsÍug fyda ;Hd.YS,S l%shdjla lsÍug fok fmdfrdkaÿjla
jqjo .súiqula f,i n,d;aul l< yels neúka fmdfrdkaÿjla o' m%;sIaGdjla f,i
ie,fla'

tneúka ùruka;%s" .súiqu kS;sh" 1 fj¿u - 221 msgqjg wkqj" kS;sfha weiska n,k l,
w.kd m%;sIaGdjla my; we;eï tajdf.ka iukaú; úh yelsh"

• whs;sjdislï (Right)
• fmd<sh (Interest)
• ,dNh (Profit)
• m%;s,dN (Benefit)
tla mlaIhlg iy iuyrekag
• iyk (Forbearance)
• mdvqj (Detriment)
• ke;sùu (Loss)
• j.lSu (Responsibility)

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wfkld úiska ,nd § we;s" ÿla ú¢k" fyda Ndr.kakd ,o kvq;Skaÿ ( frdau ,kafoais kS;sh hgf;a
Y%S ,xldfõ§ "m%;sIaGdj" ks¾jpkh lrk wdldrh

B f.a merKs yjq,alref.ka L fj; whúh hq;= Khla" tu yjq,alref.ka wdmiq whlr .ekSu
i|yd .; yels ish¨ Wml%u Ndú;d lr wjika jk f;la B g tfrysj kvq fkdmejÍug L
úiska B g tfrysj kvq fkdmejÍug L úiska B g fmdfrdkaÿ úh' kvq úNd.fha§ fok ,o
úksYaph jQfha B lsisu m%;sIaGdjla ,nd § fkdue;s neúka L f.a fmdfrdkaÿj j,x.= fkdjk njhs'
fuu úksYaphg tfrysj wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a flßKs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fYa%IaGdêlrKfha ;Skaÿj jQfha" fuu lreKq md,kh úh hq;af;a frdau ,kafoais
kS;sfhka ñi bx.%Sis kS;sfhka fkdjk njhs' tneúka L f.a fmdfrdkaÿj iafjpsPdfjka iy ;on,
f,i flreKq tlla neúka frdau ,kafoais kS;sh hgf;a th kS;Hdkql+, n,d;aul l< yels tlls'

,smagka t nqpkka Lipton V. Buchanan 1904 8 NLR 49

4'1' m%;sIaGdfõ wx.

1' m%;sIaGdj m%udKj;a (Sufficient) úh hq;=h' kuq;a wju m%udKj;a nj (adequate)

fkdúh hq;=h'
2' w;S; m%;sIaGdj i,ld ne,sh hq;= fkdfõ'

3' m%;sIaGdj fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ke;e;a;df.ka bj;a úh hq;=h'

• wjYH m%udKh imqrd,k ;;a;ajh ^ixCIsma; úh hq;=h&

• wju wjYH;djh imqrd,k ;;a;ajh

±ka wms by; lreKq úia;rd;aulj fidhd n,uq'

1' m%;sIaGdj m%udKj;a úh hq;=h' kuq;a m%udKj;a fkdúh hq;=h'

pem,a t fkiaf,a Chapel V. Nestle (1960) AC 87

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.eg¨

1956 m%ldYk ysñlï mkf;a 8 j.ka;sh u.ska oelajQfha m%ldYk ysñlreg ishhg 6 1$4 l
rdcldÍh uqo,la f.jkq ,enqjfyd;a is,a,r úlsKSu i|yd jd¾;d ksIamdokh lsÍug
wjir ,efnk njhs' .eg¿j jQfha úlsKSu is,a,r fj<`odulao hkakhs'
ú;a;slrejka ;¾l lf<a ojgk m%;sIaGdfõ fldgila jk nj;a" uqo,a wf,úhg muKla
wod< jk 8 j.ka;sfhka fuh wdjrKh fkdjk nj;ah' tys m%;sM,hla
jYfhka" .eg¿j jQfha jd¾;d úlsKSu i|yd jQ ojgk m%;sIaGdjla o hkako"
ke;fyd;a tajd yqfola ñ,§ .ekSfï iqqÿiqlula o hkakhs'

;Skaÿj ( idñ uka;%S uKav,h ;SrKh lf<a" tajd ;=< iyc wd¾Ól jákdlula
fkd;snqK o" jd¾;d úlsKu
S m%;sIaGdfõ fldgila f,i wka;¾.; jk njhs'

fidu¾fj,a idñjrhd ^144 msgqfõ§&

mejiqfha ( zz ;uka f;dard .kakd m%;sIG
a dj l=ulao lshd .súiqï.; md¾Yjhg kshu
l< yelsh' fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ;eke;a;d .ïñßiaj,g ;yjqre jqjfyd;a .ïñßia weghla
w.kd m%;sIaGdjka ùu k;r fkdfõ' tu ksid" ojgkhg uQ,H jákdlula fkd;snQ
neúka" úlsKSu 1956 mkf;a 8 jk j.ka;sfhka wdjrKh fkdjQ w;r" ú;a;slrejkag
mlaIj idñ uKav,h ;Skaÿj ÿkay'

2 w;S; m%;sIaGdj i,ld ne,sh hq;=fkdfõ'

fmdfrdkaÿjla §ug fmr m%;sIG

a dj ±kgu;a iïmQ¾K kï" fmdfrdkaÿj fjkqfjka
lsisjla fkdfok neúka ; tu fmdfrdkaÿj n,d;aul l, fkdyel'

WodyrK ( tu fmdfrdkaÿjg fmr Tyq úiska ±kgu;a lr we;s l%h

s djka hful= ;Hd. ,nd
fok njg jk fmdfrdkaÿjla w;S; m%;sIG
a djls'

i,audka t' Tíhdia Salman v. Obias (1981) 21 NLR 410

isoaêuh lreKq
i. fuu kvqfõ§ fpdaokdj ,o m%;sIaGdj jkafka wNshdplhd ñh.sh wdÉÑg hï hï
fiajdjka bgq l< nj;a wehf.a m%fhdackh fjkqfjka úhoï l, nj;ah'
ii Tmamqfõ idlaIslrefjl= úiska m%ldY lrkq ,enqfõ Tmamqj ,shd iy;sl lrk
wjia:dfõ§" wNshdplhd wehj /ln,d .ekSu" ffjoH wdOdr i|yd úhoï lsÍu iy
Tyqg jvd;a fyd| ysñlula mj;sk nj weh úiska i|yka l< njhs'

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iii. ;Skÿ
a j fuu jpkj,ska meyeÈ,sju weÕfjkafka Tmamqj i|yd jQ
m%;sIG
a dk w;S; m%;sIG
a djka jQ njhs'
iv. bx.%Sis kS;sfha uQ,O¾uj,ska ukdj meyeÈ,s jkafka w;S; m%;sIaGdjla lsisfia;au
m%;sIG
a djla fkdjk njhs'

3' m%;sIaGdj fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ;eke;a;df.ka bj;a úh hq;=h'

m%;sIaGdj fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ;eke;a;df.ka fjka úh hq;= w;r th fmdfrdkaÿlreg l< hq;=
njg lsisÿ wjYH;djhla fkdue;'

;=kajk md¾Yjhlg m%;s,dNhla ,nd §fuka fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ;eke;a;dg m%;sIaGdj iemhsh

yelsh' kuq;a fmdfrdkaÿ jQ ;eke;a;d úiska hï ydkshla isÿ lsÍfuka fyda fmdfrdkaÿ
jQ ;eke;a;dg hï m%;s,dNhla ,nd §fuka m%;sIaGdj iemhsh hq;=h'

Üfjâ,a t' weálskaika Tweddle v. Atkinson (1861) EWHC QB J 57

isoê
a uh lreKq

hqj,la újdy ùug kshñ; úh' ukd,shf.a mshd ukd,hdf.a mshd iuÕ tlÕ;djhlg
meñKsfha Tjqka foffokd hqj,g hï uqo,la f.jk njgh' ukd,shf.a mshd uqo,a fkdf.jd
ñh .sfhah' ukd,hdf.a mshdo ñh.sh neúka .súiqu u; kvq mejÍug fkdyels úh'
s d;aul lrkakdg (executor) tfrysj meñKs,a,la lf<ah'
ukd,hd leue;a; l%h

;Skÿ
a j ( ysñlï mEu wid¾:l úh' ukd,hd tlÕ;djfha md¾Yjhla fkdùu;a" m%;sIaGdj
Tyqf.ka bj;a fkdùu;a ksid Tyqg .súiqu n,d;aul lsÍug whs;h
s la ke;'

= (Justa Causa)
idOdrK fya;j

frdau kS;s uQ,O¾uhls' iEu j¾.hlgu .súiqï iuÕ fjkia jk ^.súiqul yqÿ i;Hhg
jvd by<sk&a fmdÿ uQ,O¾uhlg wkql+, fkdjk" úfYaI ,CIKhla fkdork .súiqul
l%shdldß;ajfha uQ,dx.hla f,i idOdrK fya;=j ^cqiagd ljqidj& ye¢kafõ' kS;Hdkql+,j
.súiqulg ne£ug fuu wx.h wjYH fõ'

jdÑl .súiqul l%h

s dldÍ uQ,dx.h fyda idOdrK fya;=j úêu;a NdIdfjka fidhd.; yels
w;r ,sÅ; .súiqïj,§ .súiqï jd¾;d.; lsÍug Ndú;d lrk ,sùuo fidhd .; yelsh'

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Nuda Pacta hkq kvq mejßh fkdyels" idOdrK fya;=fjys wjYH;djhla fkdue;s
wúêu;a .súiqï h' (Ex Nudo Pacto Non Oritur action)

a ka t nqpkka Lipton v. Buchanon 8 NLR 49

,smg

isoê
a uh lreKq
i. nqpkka iy f*%ai¾ yjq,a jHdmdrhla lrf.k hñka ,smg
a kag Kh ù we;' miqj
fuu yjq,aldß;ajh wêlrK ksfhda.hlska úiqrejd yßk ,§'
ii. F Kfhka wvla L fj; f.jd we;s w;r" F g tfrysj lsisÿ l%shdud¾.hla
fkd.kakd nj;a" b;sß Nd.h B fj;ska whlr .kakd nj;a F fj; ,sÅ;j
fmdfrdkaÿ úh'

iii. L. jirlg jeä ld,hla B fj;ska whlr .ekSu ys;du;du w;yer oud we;s njg
fpdaokd ,o w;r ta jk úg B nxfldf,d;a úh'

iv. miqj L Kfhka b;sß Nd.h fjkqfjka B iy F hk fofokdgu tfrysj kvq

mjrk ,§'

v. Èid wêlrK (DC) úksiqrejrhd ;SrKh lf<a" F g tfrysj mshjr fkd.kakd njg
L f.a fmdfrdkaÿfõ lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la fkdue;s neúka F kej; f.ùug ne£ isák
(
njhs '

;Skaÿj
i. fjkaâÜ ^Wendt& úksiqrejrhd fufia mjihs'bx.%Sis kS;shg
wkqj ,smagkaf.a fmdfrdkaÿ .ek lsisÿ ie,ls,a,la fkd;snqKo" frdau ,kafoais
kS;shg wkqj m%udKj;a ;rï idOdrK fya;= ;snqKs'

i. idOdrK fya;=j fmdfrdkaÿfõ mokï" fya;= fyda jia;= fnod yßk w;r"
tjeks fmdfrdkaÿjla kS;shg ne£ula we;s lrhs' bx.%Sis fhÿfï m%;sIaGdjg jvd
thg mq¿,a w¾:hla we;s w;r fmdfrdkaÿjla i|yd jQ fÉ;kdj fyda fya;=j
iy ;kslru iodpdrd;aul i,ld ne,Su o we;=<;a fõ'

• chúl%u t' wuriQßh 20 NLR 289 ys§ ;SrKh jQfha (PC), frdau - ,kafoais kS;shg
wkqj" iodpdrd;aul hq;=lu bgq lsÍug fyda ;Hd.YS,S l%shdjla lsÍug ys;du;du ÿka
fmdfrdkaÿjla kS;sfhka n,d;aul l, yels njhs'

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 wfífialr t' .=Kfialr 5CWR 242 ys§ idOdrK fya;=j i|yd jk wjYH;djh
ys;du;du yd tla fÉ;kdjla fkdjk nerEreï l%shdjla úh hq;= hehs olajhs'

 tâjâ t' o is,ajd 46 NLR 510

fmdfrdkaÿjla i|yd jk w.kd m%;sIaGdjla f,i bx.%Sis kS;sfha i,lk fohg jvd
mq¿,a fohla jk frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha hgf;a"(Justa causa pebendi) iodpdrd;aul
hq;=lula bgq lsÍug fyda ;Hd.YS,S l%shdjla lsÍug ys;du;du lrk ,o kS;Hdkql+,
fmdfrdkaÿjla n,d;aul l< yels nj ia:dms; kS;shls'

5' md¾Yjhkaf.a YlH;djh

ffk;sl jYfhka j,x.= .súiqïj,g t<ôh yels YlH;djhla (capacity) iEu
wfhl=gu we;ehs kS;sfhka fkdie,fla' mqo.
a ,fhl=g .súiqulg t<öug
YlH;djhla ke;;a" kS;sh úiska tjeks YlH;djhla we;s f,i ms<s.kakd ksrEms;
wjia:d we;'

wdndê; m%j¾.

my; i|yka jeks ksYaÑ; wdndê; mqo.

a ,hskf
a .a mQ¾K .súiqï.; Ylakq;djh m%;slafIam
lsÍfuka kS;sh Tjqkaj wdrCId lrhs'
01' nd,jhialdß;ajh
02' wmeyeÈ,s uki" fínÿlu" kdia;sh'
03' nxfldf,d;aNdjh
tjeks .súiqï wYlakq;d iys; mqoa.,hska úiska w;aika lrk ,o .súiqï
tkhskau wj,x.= fyda wj,x.= l, yels tajd fõ'

ksrfmaCI yd iSñ; fkdyelshdj

ksrfmaCI fkdyelshdj hkq mqoa.,fhl=g iEu ;;a;ajhla ;=<u .súiqula iuÕ ne£ug
uq¿uKskau wiu;a ùuhs'

Wod (- fudavfhla ^fudavfhla hkq" Wm;skau Tyqf.a $wehf.a mqoa., fyda lghq;=
l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug wiu;a mqoa.,fhls' fudavfhla Wkau;a;lfhl=f.ka fjkia fõ'
Wkau;a;lfhl=g meyeÈ,s ld, mr;rhla we;s w;r fudavhdg ukfiys n,hla ke;'&

iSñ; fkdyelshdj hkq" wdndê;Ndjh l%shd;aul jkafka hï hï ;;a;ajhka hgf;a muKla

jk wjia:djhs'
Wod (- nd,jhialrejl= hï hï ;;a;ajhka hgf;ao" Wkau;a;lfhl= meyeÈ,s ld,
mrdihla miqlr hkafkla o fõ'

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fuu úfYaI;
s ldKav $ wdndê; ;;a;ajhka iuyrla iy tjeks ldkavj, mqoa.,hka
.súiqï.; ùfï yelshdj we;s wh f,i i,lkq ,efí'

5'1 .súi .ekSug nd, jhialrefjl=g we;s YlH;djh'

nd,hjiarejka hkq jhi wjqreÿ 18 g wvq mqoa.,fhls'

fuys§ idudkH Í;sh jkafka" .súiqïj,g t<öug nd,jhialrefjl=g YlH;djhla

ke;ehs hkakhs' flfia fj;;a tjeks nd,jhialrefjl= fjkqfjka Tyqf.a wjYH;d
ksfhdackh lsÍug úfYaI;
s ;;a;ajhka hgf;a kS;suh Ndrlrefjl= fyda iyh ñ;=frl=
m;a lsÍug kS;sfhka bv ,nd fohs'

5'1'1 idudkH Í;shg we;s jH;sf¾Lhka

fuu idudkH Í;shg jHd;sf¾L lsysmhla mj;S' tajd my; mßÈ fõ'

I' wjYH;d ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd .súiqu

wjYH;d ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd .súiqulg t<öug nd,jhialrefjl=g yelsh'

frdau ,kafoais kS;shg wkqj nd,jhialrefjl=f.a wjYH;d $ w;HjYH;d
w&' meje;au i|yd ksh; jYfhkau wjYH jk ish,a,lau

wd& Tyqf.a Ôú;fha ia:djrhg wkqj Tyqg m%fhdackj;a jk foaj,a'

we& wkd.; udkisl yd iodpdrd;aul hym;g ys;lr foaj,a'

wE& ksoyi iy whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk fiajdjka'

tneúka wjYH;d ;=<g we÷ï" wdydr" jdiia:dk" ffjoH úhoï" wOHdmkh iy ta yd
iudk nd,jhialref.a Ôjk ;;ajhg .e<fmk" Tyqg idOdrk f,i wjYH jk iy iqÿiq
foa we;=<;a h'

kvq;Skaÿ ( wjYH;d ñ,§ .ekSug nd,jhialrefjl=g we;s YlH;djh'

flaïì%Ê úYaj úoHd,fha Wmdê wfmalaIl nd,jhialrefjl= jQ bkaudka" kEIaf.ka hg lnd 11
la ñ,§ .;af;ah' tfy;a tu wjia:dj jkúg Tyq i;=j ´kE;rï hg lnd ;snqKs'

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;Skaÿj ( Tyqg ´kE;rï ;snqKq neúka fuu hg lnd wjYH fkdjk ksid .súiqu
j,x.= tlla fkdùh' tuksid hg lnd i|yd kEIag f.ùug bkaudkag isÿjQfha ke;'

kEIa t' bkaudka Nash V Inman (1908) 2 K B I

II wOHdmksl iy /lshd .súiqï

nd,jhialrefjl=f.a Wjukdj,g wjdisodhl fkdfõ kï my; i|yka .súiqïj,g nd,

jhialrejka nef|a' fuu .súiqï my; mßÈ fõ'

• nd,jhialrefjl=f.a wOHdmkh i|yd we;s lr .kak .súiqï'

• Tyqg Ôúldj ißlr .ekSu i|yd yelshdj ,nd fok .súiqï'
• fiajd iy wdOqksl;aj .súiqï
• nexl= .sKqï
nd,jhialrefjl=g ;ud kñka whsrdjla fkdjk nexl= .sKqula mj;ajdf.k hd yelsh'
5'1'2 nd,jhialrejka úiska t<ö we;s .súiqï wkqu; lsÍu' (Ratification)

;uka nd,jhialrefjl=j isáh§ t<UqKq .súiqula mßK; jhig <Õd jQ miq wkqu; l<
yelsh' fuu wmrdkqu; lsÍu m%ldYhlska fyda yeisÍfuka jHx.j isÿ úh yelsh' fuuÕska
jeäysáfhla jYfhka .súiqug t<Uqkdla fuka Tyq .súiqfuka nef|kq we;' th we;s lr
.;a Èkfha isg tjeks .súiqula n,d;aul fõ'

nd,jhialdß;ajh wjika lsÍfï l%u

nd,jhialdß;ajh wjika jkafka ;

w& jhi wjqreÿ 18 iïmQ¾K ùu
tkï" jfhda mQ¾K;ajh'

wd& Venia aetatis wl=re m%odkh lsÍu'

^Tyqg jhia jrm%idoh iuyr úg frdaudkq fyda isú,a kS;sh hgf;a
nd,jhialdrefjl=g ,nd § we;s w;r" nd,jhialreg mQ¾K jhia uÜgfï
mqoa.,fhl=f.a whs;sjdislï iy j.lSu i|yd ysñlï we;'

^we& jeäúhg meñKSfuka

^uqia,sï kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ muKs'&
^wE& újdyh

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5.3 .súi .ekSu i|yd Wkauka;lhskag we;s YlH;djh

Wkau;a;lfhda udkislj ÿ¾j, fyda isys úl, mqoa.,fhdah'

Wkau;a;lhska úiska t<fUk .súiqïj,§ we;s idudkH Í;sh jkafka tjeks .súiqulg
t<fUk wjia:dfõ§ .súiqfï tla md¾Yjlrefjla isysúl,a ukilska isáhfyd;a wfkla
md¾Yjh tu isysúl,a nj fkd±k isáho .súiqu Y=kH iy ysia njg m;a jk njhs'
isysúl,a nj iïnkaO u;h jkafka ;ud úiska t<fUk .súiqfï iajNdjh iy m%;sM, .ek
Wkau;a;l mqoa.,fhl=g wjfndaOhla fkd;sìh yels njhs'
flfia fj;;a isys úl,a mqoa.,fhla isyh
s we;s meyeÈ,s ld, mrdihla ;=< w;aika lrk
,o .súiqï kS;sfhka j,x.= iy ne£ï we;s lrk tajdh' meyeÈ,s ld, mrdihla hkq
isysúl,a nj ;djld,slj k;r ù we;s ld, mßÉfþohkah'

5'4 .súi .ekSu i|yd îu;a mqoa.,fhl=g fyda u;ajQ mqoa.,fhl=g we;s YlH;djfha
idudkH Í;sh jkafka îu;alu fyda u;aùu wêlrKfhka .súiqula bj;a lsÍug fya;=jla
fkdjk njhs' thg fya;=j jkafka îu;alu iafjÉpd l%h
s djka ùuhs'

îu;a fyda u;ajQ mqoa.,hl= we;s lr .kakd .súiqula wjia:dkql+,j wêlrKhg ksIm
a N
% d
l, yelsh'

;uka u;aù isáh§ t<UqKq .súiqula" isysh t<UqKdg miq wkqu; lsÍug ^miqj iaÓr
lsÍug& u;a jQ mqoa.,hl=g whs;sjdislula we;'

5'5 nxfldf,d;aNdjh

fuhska .súiqï.; ùfï yelshdj w;=.d fkdouk kuq;a th iSud lrhs' fuh md,kh
jkafka ;

 nxfldf,d;a wd{d mk; - iajNdúl mqoa.,hska i|yd'

 iud.ï mk; - wdh;ksl ixia:djka i|yd

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 hï mqoa.,fhl= nxfldf,d;a jQjd hehs úksYaph l< úg' Tyqf.a orejkaf.a újdyh
fyda fjk;a w.kd m%;sIaGdjla yer" ish¨ ixjyk" mejreï" foam, mejÍï" ì,am;a"
ne÷ïlr fkdaÜgq fyda fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a ish,a,u wj,x.= fõ'

 nxfldf,d;aNdjh hgf;a Kh ysñhkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd foam, wEjr lsÍug

ksfhda. lsÍug wêlrKhg n,h we;'

6 bgqlsÍfï yelshdj
fmdAla iuqø ikaêh yryd mhska .uka lrkafka kï re' ñ,shk 10 l ;E.a.la §ug A,
B, iuÕ .súiqulg we;=<;a úh' fuys§ .súiqu bgq lsÍu lsisfia;au l, fkdyelsh' ta
ksid kS;shg wkqj fuh j,x.= .súiqula fkdfõ'

7' .súiqul fldkafoais

7.1 fldkafoais iy m%;s{dNdr

.súiqul kshuhka fldkafoais iy m%;s{Ndr f,i j¾.SlrKh fõ' fuh

mj;skafka .súiqu fldkafoaisj, idfmalaI jeo.;alu ;SrKh lsÍfï ÿIalr;djh
úi`oSu i`oydh'
s ha§ fjkia w¾:fhka
fuu kshkhuka oaú;ajh bx.%Sis kS;sfha§ iy frdau ,kafoais kS;f
mj;S'

kvq;Skaÿ ( fÊïia t' iqmamd Wïud 17NLR 33

Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis kS;sh u.ska md,kh .súiqïj, Ndú;d jk ;dla ÿrg zm%;s{dNdrZ
iy z z fldka f oais" hk jpk bx.%S i s kS;shg wkqj w¾: ±laúh hq;= w;r' tajd
md,kh jk .súiqï iïnkaOfhka frdsu ,kafoais kS;sh Ndú;d lrk ;dla ÿrg
frdau ,kafoais kS;shg Tjqka olajk w¾:hka ,nd Èh hq;=h'

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bx.%Sis kS;sh frdau ,kafoais kS;sh

fldkafoais .súiqul m%Odk wruqK i|yd fldkafoaih

s hk jpkh fmdfrdkaÿ
fldkafoais b;d jeo.;a fõ' fldkafoishla f,i fkdj w;aysgjQ fyda
s la W,a,x>kh lsÍu wúksYaÑ; fldkafoaih
fldkafoaih s la f,i Ndú; jk
u.ska w.;shg m;a md¾Yjhg w;r thska woyia jkafka .súiqfï
.súiqu m%;slafYam lsÍug yd jkaÈ meje;aug n,mdk fldkafoaih
s ls'
b,a,d isàug whs;shla ,nd foa' fldkafoaih
s wiu;a jqjfyd;a lsisÿ
.súiqu W,a,x>kh lsÍu fjkqfjka .súiqula fkdue;' tneúka bx.%Sis kS;sh
jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug yelshdjla .súiqfï kshuhl w¾:fhka jpkh Ndú;
;snqK o w.;shg m;a md¾Yjhg lrk w;r frdau ,kafoais kS;sh th Ndú;
.súiqu bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hdu o lrkqfha kshuhl w¾:fhka fjkiaj
f;dard .; yel' w;aysgqùfï fldkafoaih
s l w¾:fhkah'

frdau ,kafoais kS;s wr:fhka .;a l,

fldkafoaih
s la ne£ul meje;aug n,mdhs'
fldkafoaih
s la hkq ndysr lreKla jk
kuq;a kshuhla hkq .súiqfuysy fldgils'
fuu w¾:fhka fldkafoaih
s lg
WodyrKhla kï" hï ñ,lg .;a
NdKavhla ud ika;lfha we;s ;j;a
Ndkavhlg wkqrEm jkafka kï uu th
;nd .kafkñ' frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha§ iEu
úgu fldkafoaih
s la jkafka úl=Kk ,o
NdKav" nrm;, fkdfmkS mj;akd
fodaIhkaf.ka f;dr úh hq;= njh'

m%;s{dNdrh m%;s{dNdrh hkq wvq jeo.;alula frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha Ndú; jk

we;s kshuhls' th .súiqfu uQ,h zm%;s{dNdrhZ hk jpkhg bx.%Sis kS;sfha
olajd .uka fkdlrhs' zfldkafoaih
s Z hk jpkhg iudk w¾:hla
m%;s{dNdrhla W,a,x>kh lsÍu we;' flfia fj;;a" m%;s{dNdrh ms<sn|
w.;shg m;a md¾Yjhg jkaÈ bx.%Sis kS;sfha w¾:h hï ;dla ÿrlg kQ;k
b,a,d isàfï whs;sh muK;a ,nd frdau ,kafoais kS;sh úiska ms<sf.k we;'
fokq we;; Tyqg .súiqu m%;slafYam
l< fkdyel'

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fldkafoais

fldkafoaishla hkq" .súiqul uQ,sl yrhg fyda mokug Èfjk j.ka;shls'

kvq;Skaÿ ( fldkafoais w¾: olajd we;'

fjd,sia t' m%eÜ Wallis v Pratt ^1910& 2 KB 1003" kvqfõ§ fldkafoaish hkak
w¾:l:kh lr ;sfnkafka, bgq l<fyd;a" .súiqulg iïnkaO wfkla md¾Yj
úiska .súiqu l%%shd;aul lsÍfï§ we;sjQ ie,lsh hq;= meyer yeÍula f,i olsk" .súiqfï
iajNdjh wkqj b;d w;HdjYH , .súiqfï uQ,sl yrh fj; Èfjk ne£ula f,ih'

fldkafoaishla lv lsÍula jQ úg" wmyiq;djhlg ,la jQ md¾Yjhg .súiqu

m%;slafIam lsÍug iy jkaÈ b,a,Sug ysñlï ,efí'

;Skaÿj ( zidrh jk njZ hk jpk Ndú;h mß.Kl m%o¾Ykh lf<a .súiqfï

fldkafoaishla f,i fuu j.ka;sh ie,lSu" md¾Yjj, fÉ;kdj jQ njhs' tneúk jdßl
f.ùï lsÍfï§ we;s jQ mudj fldkafoaish lv lsÍula yd iudk úh' tneúka
mß.Klj, ysñlreg .súiqu m%cykh ^Repudiate& jQ f,i i,ld .súiqu hgf;a
l=,shg ÿka mß.Klj, whs;sh kej; ,ndf.k .súiqu m%cykh ùu ksid we;s jQ
ydkshg jkaÈ i|yd ysñlï mEu l< yel'

f,dïndâ fkda¾;a fikag%,a mS't,a'iS t' ng¾iaj¾;a Lombard Norfth central Plc v.
Buttersworth (1987) Q.B. 527

kvq;Skaÿ( fldkafoaishla lv lsrSu'

mQidâa t' iamsh¾ia Poussard v. Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410.

kdgHhl m%Odk prs;hla rÕmEug n|jd .;a ks<shlg wikSm ;;a;ajhla fya;=fjka
i;shla mqrd ish N+ñldj lr .ekSug fkdyels úh' ta jk úg;a wdfoaYlfhl= f,i
lghq;= l< ksIamdolhska úiska wehf.a fiajh m%;slafIam lrk ,§'

;Skaÿj ( m<uq rd;%sfha ld¾h idOkfha fldkafoais mQ¾jdo¾Yhla jQ w;r, fldkafoais

mQ¾jdo¾Yh wiu;a ùu u; ksIamdolhska .súiqu ksoyia lrk ,o f,i i,lkq ,eîh'

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m%;s{d Ndr

m%;s {d Ndr hkq l=ulao hkak fjd,sia t' meá%% hk kvqfõ§u ks¾jpkh lr we;af;a
bgq l, hq;= jqj;a" tfia bgq lrkq fkd,eîu .súiqfï yrhg n,mEula we;s
fkdlrk w;HdjYH fkdjk ne£ula f,ih'

m%;s{d Ndr lv lsÍu ksid .súiqula m%cykh lsÍug wmyiq;djhg ,la jQ md¾Yjhkag
ysñlula ,efnkafka ke;' isÿjQ ydksj,g jkaÈ b,a,Sug muKla tu md¾Yjhg fuuÕska
whs;sh ,nd foa'

kvq;Skaÿ ( m%;s{d Ndr lv lsÍu

fnÜks m%isoaO Tfmrd .dhsldjla jQjdh. .hs tx.,ka;fha bkaÈhdkq Tfmrdfõ wOCIjrhd
úh' fnÜks ksYaÑ; Èkhkays§ .hs i|yd .dhkd lsÍug fnÜks iy .hs .súiqulg
t<Uqfkdah' .dhkh fh§ ;sfnk Èkhg Èk 6 lg fmr mqyqKqùfï lghq;= i|yd fnÜks
,kavkhg meñfKk njg o tlÕ;djhla we;s jqKs'
fnÜks ,kavkhg wdfõ .dhkh fh§ ;sfnk Èkhg Èk follg fmrh' tneúka Tjqka
fofokd w;r .súiqu .hs m%;slafIam lf,a fnÜks úiska lrk ,o lv lsÍu" .súiqu lv
lsÍula f,i yqjd olajñkah'

;Skaÿj ( fnÜks úiska l< lv lsÍu ^tkï mqyqKqùï i|yd m%ix.hg Èk 2 lg

fmr meñKSu& fldkafoaishla lv lsÍula fkdj m%;s{dNdrhla lv lsÍula yd iudk
njhs' tneúka" .súiqu m%cykh l< fkdyels w;r .hs .súiqu bgq lsÍug nef|a'

fnÜks t' .hs Bettini v. Gye (1876) 1 Q.B.D. 183

j.ka;j
s , ksYÑ
a ;;dj

.súiqul j.ka;s ksYÑ

a ; úh hq;=h' tkï j.ka;s fkdmeyeÈ,s fkdjk meyeÈ,s úh hq;=
njhs'

kvq;Skaÿ ( wmeyeÈ,s j.ka;s

wYajhd jdikdjka; nj Tmamq jqjfyd;a" w¾mK,dNshd úiska w¾mKlreg wu;r

uqo,la f.úh hq;=h' hk fldkafoais hgf;a wYajfhka ñ,§ .;af;a h'

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;Skÿ
a j ( wYajhd jdikdjka; úh hq;=h hkak wmeyeÈ,s j.ka;shls' tneúka fuh
j,x.= .súiqula fkdfõ'

.=;ska t' ,ska Guthim v. Lynn (1831) 2B and AD 232

7.2 j.lSfuka ksoyia ùfï j.ka;s (Exemption Clauses)

.súiqula hgf;a ;ukaf.a hï hï j.lSï (liabilities) neyer lsÍug is;k md¾Yjhla fuu
j.ka;s y÷kajd foa' tneúka fuu j.ka;s zzj.lSfuka uqla; lsÍfï j.ka;sZZ hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ'

tfia jqj;a, .súiqul iEu j.lSulau neyer lsÍug md¾Yjhlg we;s yelshdj kS;sfhka
iSud flf¾' fuys woyi kï" hï md¾Yjhlg meyer lsÍfï j.ka;shla fhdod .súiqul
j.lSu neyer l< yelafla hïlsis ;;a;j
a hla hgf;a § muKla jk njhs'

j.lSfuka uqla; lsÍfï j.ka;s md,kh lrkq ,nk Í;Ska my; mßÈ fõ'

 .súiqul mqoa.,fhl=f.a uQ,sl ne£u fyda j.lSu" j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍfï

j.ka;shlska neyer l< fkdyelsh'

WodyrKh uQ,sl ne£u neyer l, fkdyelsh'

mdßfNda.l
s hkag úÿ,sh iemhSu i|yd we;s lr .kakd .súiqul§ ;ukaf.a mdßfNda.l
s hdg
úÿ,sh iemhSug úÿ,sh imhk iud.ul uQ,sl j.lSula we;' tfy;a iud.u úiska imhkq
,nk úÿ,sh ks;r ks;r wek ysáhfyd;a tys§ iud.u ish uQ,sl ne£u imqrkafka ke;' tu
ksid" ks;ru we;sjk úÿ,sh ì| jeàï iïnkaOj ;ukag j.lsj fkdyels hehs mjiñka
j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;shla mekùug iud.ug fkdyelsh'
 j.lSfuka uqla; lsÍfï j.ka;sh .súiqfï wfkla md¾Yjhg ikakf
s õokh lsÍu
fyda .súiqug we;=¿ lsÍu .súiqu wdrïN lsÍug fmr isÿ l< hq;=h'
kvq;Skaÿ ( j.lSfuka uqla; lsÍfï j.ka;s ikaksfõokh lsÍu'

pem,agka ^C& iñ;shlska mqgqjla l=,shg f.k thg f.ùula lf<ah' bka miqj" C ;ud fj;
ksl=;a lrk ,o álÜ m; fkdlshjdu ish lñi idlal=fõ oud .;af;ah' miqj" Tyq tu
mqgqfõ jdä ù isák úg th lvd jeà Tyqg ;=jd, isÿ úh' Tyq iñ;sfhka jkaÈ i|yd
ysñlï mEfõh' C g isÿjk ´kEu yÈis wk;=rla iïnkaOj j. fkdlshk nj lshfjk
j.ka;shla iñ;sh C g ÿka álÜ mf;a wvx.=j ;snQ neúka ;uka fï iïnkaOfhka
j.lula" fkdorhs hk ia:djrfha iñ;sh isáfhah'

94 CA Sri Lanka
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;Skÿ
a j ( álÜ mf;a j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;shla wvx.= jqj;a fuu
j.ka;sh .súiqug we;=<;a lr we;af;a .súiqu iïmQ¾K jQ miqh' ienE .súiqu iïmQ¾K
jQfha C úiska álÜ mf;a uqo,a f.jQ miqh' tneúka" iñ;shg fuu új¾ck j.ka;sh
u; msysgd lghq;= l< fkdyels ksid C g isÿjQ ydksj,g f.ùug iñs;shg j.lSula we;'

pem,agka t' neÍ k.r iNdj

Chapelton v. Barry U.D.C. (1940) 1 K.B. 532

 .súiqï f,aLkh" ì,am;la" álÜ m;la fyda tjeks f,aLkhla kï" j.lSfuka ksoyia
lsÍfï j.ka;shla tjeks f,aLkhl we;=<;a fjhs kï' j.lSfuka uqla; lsÍfï
j.ka;sh meyeÈ,sj tjeks f,aLkhl uqøKh l< hq;=h'

idOdrK ñksfil= tjeks álÜ m;la .súiqï f,aLkhla f,i fkdi,lhs kï" túg álÜ
mf;a i|yka j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;shg Tyqf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrjd .; hq;=hs'
tu j.ka;sh j,x.= jkafka túghs'

7'3' 1997 wxl 26 orK widOdrK .súiqï fldkafoais mk;'

.súiqï lvlsÍula i|yd fyda fkdie,ls,a, fyda fjk;a hq;=lï lv lsÍula i|yd
jk isú,a j.lSu .súiqfï j.ka;s ;=<ska fld;rï ÿrg j<lajd .; yelso hkak ms<sn|j
iSud fuu mk;ska mkjhs'

my; i|yka lrk wjia:dj,g iïnkaO j.lSu neyer lsÍfï j.ka;sh fyda j.lSfuka
ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;s mk; m%ldrj kS;sfha§ n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs'

 fkdie,ls,su;alfï m%;sM,hla f,i we;s jk urKhla fyda mqoa., ysxikhla

i|yd j.lSu neyer lsÍu'

 .súiqu hgf;a idOdrKj wfmalaId lrk ,o ld¾hlg jvd je,lsh hq;= f,i
fjkia jQ .súiqï bgq lsÍu'

 NdKav i|yd ,nd § we;s wemlrhlg wod< j.ka;shla" thska mek k.sh mdvq
i|yd j.lSu neyer lsÍug woyia lsÍu'

- mdßfNda.slhd Ndú;d lrk w;r;=r fodaI iys; nj Tmamq lrk NdKav iy

- NdKav ksIm
a dokh fyda fnod yeÍfï l%h
s dj,sfha § we;s jk
fkdie,sls,su;alul m%;sM,'

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 NdKav úlsKSfï wd{d mk; hgf;a NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqulska wd{d mk; hgf;a
úfYaIfhka i|yka lrk we;eï j.lSï neyer l< fkdyelsh'

 1982 wxl 29 ork mdßfNda.sl Kh mk; hgf;a we;s lr .kq ,nk .súiqulska
mdßfNda.sl Kh mk; hgf;a úfYaIfhka i|yka lrk iuyr j.lSï neyer l,
fkdyelsh'
 .súiqul md¾Yjlrefjl=g fjk;a .súiqula hgf;a ysñjk whs;sjdislï iy fuu
mk;ska bj;a lsÍu ;ykï l< fjk;a flfkl=f.a j.lSï bgq lsÍug iïnkaO
j.lSï tu .súiqul kshuhlska w;a y< fkdyelsh'

1997 wxl 26 ork widOdrK .súiqu kshu ms<sn| mk;

fndfydaÿrg idOdrK wjYH;djhla ms<sn|j i|yka lsÍfuka" kuq;a iuyr wjia:dj,

ksYaÑ; ;ykulska fkdie,ls,su;alu iy .súiqï lvlsÍu fyda hq;=lï lv lsÍu i|yd
jk j.lSu u.yeßh yels m%udKh u; iSud mekùu 1997 wxl 26 ork widOdrK .súiqï
kshu ms<sn| mkf;a uQ,sl mrud¾:h fõ'

úIh m:h :- ^m<uq Wmf,aLkfha oelafjk& rlaIK .súiqï" bvï .súiqï" nqoaêuh foam<
yd iïnkaO iud.ï fyda yjq,a jHdmdrj,g wod< .súiqï" iqrel=ïm;aj,g wod<
hï .súiqula i|yd widOdrK .súiqï kshu mk; wod< fkdfõ'

mkf;ys fndfydauhla wod< jkafka jHdmdr lghq;=j,§ fyda jHdmdßl mßY%hkays mqoa.,hl=
úiska lrkq ,nk foaj,ska mek ks.sk j.lSula f,i jk 13 jk j.ka;sfhys w¾: olajd
we;s —jHdmdr j.lSï˜j,g muKs' fï i|yd jHd;sf¾Lh f,i 7 jk j.ka;sfhys
oelafjkafka my; fm!oa.,sl .súiqï i|yd o wod< jk njh'˜

widOdrK .súiqï kshu mk; mdßfNda.slhkag úYd,;u wdrlaIdj imhhs' 13^2& j.ka;sh
hgf;a mqoa.,hl= jHdmdrhla w;r;=r .súiqul fkdjkafka kï —mdßfNda.slhl=
f,i .kqfokq lrk w;r; th NdKav iemhSu i|yd jk .súiqula kï" tajd idudkHfhka
mqoa.,sl Ndú;h fyda mßfNdackh i|yd imhkq ,nk j¾.h f,i i,lhs'

mSg¾ iSukaia iy iud.u t' l+la kvq ;Skaÿfõ § meñKs,sldr ñkskafodare jHdmdßl wdh;kh
ú;a;slrejkaf.ka mdúÉÑ l< frda,aia frdhsia ñ, § .;a w;r tys jQ nrm;, wvq mdvq l%
ufhka t,sorjq úh' fuys§ wêlrKh m%ldY lrk ,oafoa jHdmdßl wdh;kh mdßfNda.shl=
f,i lghq;= lrk nj;a jHdmdrfha idudkH lghq;= w;r ñ, § .ekSug jk zfudag¾ r:
ñ, § .ekSu wju jYfhka .ekqïlref.a jHdmdrfha wksjd¾h wx.hla úh hq;= nj;a ta i|
yd w;HjYH isÿùula úh hq;= nj;a˜ mejiSh' flaj,a lsÍfï Yla;sh wkqj .ekqïlre ;u
úlsKqïlre iu. iudk mokula we;s nj mejish yelafla tu ;;a;ajhka ;=< muKla nj
wjOdrKh flßKs'

96
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wd¾ wekaâ î f¾.= ;e/õlrefjda t' hqkhsgâ fvdñkshka g%iaÜ iud.u kvq ;Skaÿfõ § keõ
jHdmdrhla jQ meñKs,sldr iud.u wOHlaIjrhl=f.a jHdmdßl yd fm!oa.,sl Ndú;h i|yd
fudag¾ r:hla ñ,§ .;af;ah' g fmr thska jrla fyda fojrla fudag¾ r: ñ,§
f.k ;sìKs' úlsKSu ixúOdkh lr ;snqfka ú;a;sldr uq,H iud.u úisks' tys§ úlsKsh
yels .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn|j .uH jk fldkafoais .súiqula neyer lr we;' fudag¾ r:h
orKq f,i ldkaÿ ùulg ,la úh' .kqfokqjla jHdmdßl lghq;a;lg muKla wyUq isÿùula
jQ úg" .kqfokqjla jHdmdrfha mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH wksjd¾h wx.hla iy ta ksidfjkau
tu jHdmdrhg we;=¿ jQjd hehs lSug fmr hï uÜgul úêu;aNdjhla wjYH jk nj
wNshdpkdêlrKh úiska ;SrKh lrk ,§' fuys fudag¾ r:h meñKs,slrejka úiska w;am;a
lr.;a fojk fyda f;jk jdykh muKla jk neúka" .súiqu mdßfNda.s; .kqfokqjl
fldgilg jvd jeä fohla nj ;yjqre lsÍug ;rï úêu;aNdjhla fkd;sìKs' tneúka
fuh mdßfNda.sl wf,úhla jk w;r thska .uH jk fldkafoais neyer l< fkdyel'

mkf;a m%Odk m%;m

s dok
 3 j.ka;sh - fkdie,ls,su;alu i|yd j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍu'
∗ 3 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a" .súiqul j.ka;shla fyda ±kqï §ula u.ska urKh fyda
mqoa.,sl ;=jd, iïnkaOfhka Tyqf.a fkdie,ls,su;a j.lSu neyer lsÍug fyda
j.lSu iSud lsÍug lsisfjl=g fkdyelsh'

∗ 3^2& j.k;sh hgf;a" fhÿu fyda ±kaùu idOdrK;ajfha wjYH;djh imqrd,kafka

kï fjk;a wdldrhl w,dNhla fyda ydkshla i|yd fkdie,ls,su;aalfï j.lSu
neyer l< yelsh'
 4 j.ka;sh - .súiqu lv lsÍfï j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍu'
tla md¾Yjhla mdßfNda.slfhl= f,i fyda wfkla md¾Yjfha ,sÅ; iïu; jHdmdßl
fldkafÈis u; .Kqfokq lrk úg" ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;sh idOdrK;ajfha wjYH;djh
imqrd,kafka ke;akï" túg wfkla md¾Yjhg .súiqu lv lsÍu" .súiqu l%shd;aul
fkdlsÍu fyda .súiqfï fjkia l%shdldß;ajh i|yd Tyqf.a j.lSu neyer lsÍug fyda
iSud lsÍug fkdyelsh'

• 5 j.ka;sh - widOdrK jkaÈ j.ka;s

tla md¾Yjhla mdßfNda.slfhl= f,u .Kqfokq lrk .súiqïj, jkaÈ f.ùfï

j.ka;s idOdrK kï ñi l%h
s d;aul l, fkdyel'


6 j.ka;sh - mdßfNda.sl NdKav iy;sl lsÍu'
mqoa.,sl Ndú;h fyda mßfNdackh i|yd idudkHfhka imhkq ,nk NdKavj, wvqmdvq
ksid we;s jk w,dNh ms<sn| fkdie,ls,su;alu ksIamdolhdg fyda fnod yßkafkl=g
neyer l< fkdyel'

CA Sri Lanka 97
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• 7 j.ka;sh - úlsKSfï fyda l=,shg ñ,§ .ekSfï .súiqïj, jHx. fldkafoais

ksoyia lsÍu'
∗ 7'^1& j.ka;sh - NdKav úlsKSu yd l=,shg .ekSu i|yd jk .súiqïj,§" ysñlï
i|yd jk jHx. fldkafoais .súiqï ld,hlska neyer l< fkdyelsh'
∗ 7'^2& j.ka;sh - úia;rh fyda ksheÈh iuÕ we;s ,sms yqjudrej" wruqKq i|yd
fhda.H;djh iy i;=gqodhl .=Kd;aulNdjh hk jHx.d¾:hka neyer l<
fkdyelsh'
∗ 7'^3& j.ka;sh - mqoa.,hd mdßfNda.slfhl= f,i .Kqfokq fkdlrk úg" tjeks
j.lSï neyer l< yelafla fyda iSud l< yelafla tu j.ka;sh idOdrK jk ;dla
muKs'
• 9 j.ka;sh - oaú;shsl .súiqïj, neyer lsÍfï j.ka;s

tla .súiqula hgf;a wdrCId lr we;s whs;sjdislï oaú;Shsl .súiqula u.ska bj;a

lsÍu j<lajk m%;smdok je,elaùfï m%;smdokhs'

10 jk j.ka;sh - hqla;siy.;Ndjfha wjYH;d

∗ 10^1& Wmj.ka;sh ;=< .súiqug t<fUk wjia:dfõ § md¾Yjlrejka oek isá fyda idOdrKj
oek isáh hq;= fyda Tjqka úiska woyia lr ;snQ wjia:d.; lreKqj,g ie,ls,a, fhduq l<
úg .súiqug we;=<;a lsÍug idOdrK iy hqla;siy.; kshuhla fõ kï th
hqla;siy.;Ndjfha wjYH;dj imqrk nj i|yka fõ'

∗ 10^2& Wmj.ka;sh u.ska 7 jk j.ka;sfha ld¾h i|yd .súiqï kshuhla idOdrK;ajfha

wjYH;dj imqrd,kafka o hk j. ;SrKh lsÍfï § ^1& jk Wmj.ka;sfha jHdma;shg ydkshla
fkdue;sj" mkf;a fojk Wmf,aLkfha olajd we;s my; i|yka lrekq ms<sn|j úfYaIfhka
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj olajhs:-
 ^fjk;a foa w;r& .Kqfokqlref.a wjYH;d bgq l< yelsj ;snQ úl,am ud¾.
ie,ls,a,g f.k md¾Yjlrejkaf.a tlsfklg idfmalI flaj,a lsÍfï ;;a;ajj,
Yla;sh;

 kshuhkag tl`.ùug .Kqfokqlreg fm<Uùula ,enqfKa o hk j. fyda th Ndr

.ekSfï § fjk;a ;eke;a;ka iu. Bg iudk .súiqulg we;=<;aùfï wjia:djla
tfy;a iudk kshuhla Ndr .ekSug isÿ fkdù ;snqfka o hk j.;

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 ^fjk;a foa w;r fj<|dfï hï iïm%odhla iy md¾Yjlrejka w;r .Kqfokq lsÍfï

§ hï mQ¾j l%h
s dj,shla ie,ls,a,g f.k& kshufha meje;au iy tys m%udKh .ek
.Kqfokqlre oek isáfha o ke;fyd;a hqla;siy.; f,i oek isáfha o hk j.;

 hï fldkafoaih
s lg wkql+,j l%shdlr fkdue;s kï" wod< j.lSu kshufhka neyer
flfrk fyda iSud flfrk wjia:djl" ta fldkafoaih
s g wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùu m%dfhda.sl o hkak .súiqu we;s lr .kakd fõ,dfõ § hqla;siy.;
jkafka o hk j.;

 NdKav mdßfNda.slhdf.a úfYaI wKg .e,fmk mßÈ idokq ,enqfõ o" ilia lrkq
,enqfõ o fyda wkq.; lrk ,oafoa o hk j.'

∗ 10^3& jk Wmj.ka;sh" hqla;siy.; Ndjfha wjYH;dj imqrd,k;dla ÿrg muKla fï mk;

hgf;a n,d;aul jk ^.súiqï n,mEula we;s oekaùula fkdjk& oekaùula" j.lSu we;s jQ
úg fyda we;sjkakg ;snQ úg tjeks ish¨ wjia:d.; lreKq ie,ls,,
a g f.k ta u; úYajdih
;eîug bv§u idOdrK iy hqla;siy.; jkafka kï ta wjYH;dj imqrd,Sula jk nj olajhs'

iañ;a t' tßla nqIa kvqfõ § - meñKs,slref.a ksjfia ú;a;slre úiska isÿ lrk ,o ksÍlaIK
iudf,dapk jd¾;dj u.ska Ññksfha ì;a;s lvd jeàu u.ska foam<g isÿ jk jHqyd;aul ydks
ms<sn|j Wmfoia §ug wfmdfydi;a úh' meñKs,slre w;r lsisÿ .súiqul in|;djla
fkd;snqKq w;r Wlia iud.u f,i ú;a;slre ksÍlaIKh ixúOdkh l< w;r meñKs,slre
Wlia iud.ug f.ùï lf<ah' meñKs,slre iy Wlia iud.u w;r we;s .súiqfuys
ñkskf
a odare j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;shla wvx.= úh' tx.,ka;fha 1977 widOdrK
.súiqï kshu ms<sn| mk; hgf;a tjeks j.ka;shla idOdrK oehs i,ld ne,Sfï §" th mjqf,a
ksjyk f,i Ndú; l< yels m%udKj;a ksjila nj wêlrKh úiska ie,ls,a,g .kakd ,o
w;r wêlrKh th widOdrK j.ka;shla nj;a tneúka th n,rys; jk nj;a ks.ukh
lf<ah' foam< jeä jákdlula ;sfí kï fyda wdfhdack fyda jHdmdßl wruqKq i|yd Ndú;d
lrkafka kï ñkskafodarejrhl= j.lSfuka neyer lsÍu idOdrK úh yels nj fuys§
tx.,ka;fha idñ uka;%K uKav,h ^by<u wêlrKh& m%ldY lrk ,§'

∗ 10^4& Wmj.ka;sh
neyer lsÍfï j.ka;shl j.lSu iïmQ¾Kfhka neyer lrkjdg jvd iSud lsÍug W;aiy
lrk úg wêlrKh wjia;d 2 l § i,ld n,hs: tkñ j.lSu imqrd,Su i|yd mj;sk iïm;a
iy j.lSu iSud lsÍu wruqkq lr.;a md¾Yjhg wdrlaIK wdjrKhla ,nd .; yels
m%udKhhs'

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whs,aid fl%a.a *sIska t' ue,aj¾ka *sIska kvq ;Skaÿfõ § filshqßflda¾ iy wen¾ãka ëjr hd;%d
ysñlrejkaf.a ix.uh w;r .súiqula mej;=Kq w;r tu.ska islshqßflda¾ yg meñKs,slref.a
kej kj;d ;snQ jrdfha wdrlaIl wdjrKhla iemhSug isÿ úh' fkdie,ls,su;alu ksid
iy .súiqu W,a,x>kh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i" meñKs,slref.a
kej .s,S .sfhah' fkdie,ls,su;alu fyda .súiqu W,a,x>kh úgl § mjqï 1000 la
blaujk tla ysñlï mEul§u iq/l=ïlre ne£ fkdisák nj;a" udi 12 l ld,hla ;=<
th fvd,¾ 10"000 lg jvd j.lshkq fkd,nk nj;a j.ka;sfha wvx.= fõ' j.ka;sh"
j.lSï uq¿ukskau neyer lrkjdg jvd j.lSï iSud lrk wjia:djl § wêlrKh úiska
j.ka;sfha iajNdúl wre; wod< lr .; hq;= w;r wmeyeÈ,s nj fidhd .ekSug
t;rï Wkkaÿ fkdúh hq;= nj idñuka;%K uKav,h m%ldY lrk ,§' tys§
ú,anrf*da¾ia idójrhd m%ldY lf<a —wNshdpklrejka ta i|yd oeä W;aidyhla f.k
we;s wjia:djl § ud is;k mßÈ wdhdij;a ú.%yhla u.ska wúksYaÑ;;djhla we;s lsÍug
lsisjl= W;aiy fkdl< hq;= h' wod< jpkj,g yels kï" tajdfha iajNdúl" ir, w¾:h ,nd
Èh hq;= h' j.lSu neyer lsÍfï j.ka;Skag olajk iudk i;=relu wêlrKhla úiska
j.lSu iSud lrk j.ka;sj,g olajkafka ke;s nj o fuys § m%ldY úh'

fcda¾Ê ñfp,a t' *skS f,dlaiSâia kvq ;Skaÿfõ § meñKs,sldr f.dúhd jk fcda¾Ê ñfp,a
f.dajd îc rd;a;,a 30 la úl=kqïlrejkaf.ka mjqï 192 lg ñ, § .;af;ah' meñKs,slre îc
wlalr 63 lg jvd frdamKh lr fnda. i|yd meh .Kkdjla Y%uh jeh lf<ah' f.dajd
îcj,ska meñKsfha ñksia mßfNdackhg fkd.e<fmk l=vd fld< m;% Ydlhla
muKs' .súiqfï îc i|yd ysñlreg mjqï 60"000 l fmd,shla wysñ ù we;'
wNshdpkdêlrKh m%ldY lr isáfha j.ka;sh widOdrK neúka .eKqïlre je/oao .ek
fkdoek isáh;a úl=Kqïlreg th isÿ úh yels njhs'

Ydka; we,ankaia Èia;%sla iNdj t' whs' iS' t,a' kvq ;Skaÿfõ § wêlrKh yqfola j.lSï
ms<sn| j.ka;s .súiqfuka bj;a l< w;r tajd lsis úfgl;a tys fkdjkafka hehs i,ld
lreKq u; muKla mokïj ;SrKh ,nd fok ,§'

∗ 10^5& Wm j.ka;sh u.ska hï jpkhla .;a oekqï§ula widOdrK hehs lshd isák ;eke;a;d
úiska ta nj fmkajd isáh hq;= nj olajhs'

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• 11 j.ka;sh - j.ka;s (Clauses)

´kEu j.lSula neyer lsÍu fyda iSud lsÍu wsidOdrK .súiqï fldkafoais mk;
u.ska ;ykï lr we;s ;dla ÿrg" tho ;ykï lrhs ;

iSñ; fyda nerEreï fldkafoaisj,g hg;aj j.lSu mejÍu fyda th n,d;aul lsÍu'

hï mqoa.,fhl= tjeks whs;shla fyda m%;sl¾uhla wkq.ukh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla

f,ij.lSï iïnkaOfhka hï whs;sjdislula fyda m%;sl¾uhla neyer lsÍu fyda iSud
lsÍu ; iy

idlaIs fyda l%shd mámdáh neyer lsÍu fyda iSud lsÍu'

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8' .súiqug t<öu i|yd md¾Yjhkaf.a leue;a; ^wjHdc iyu;sh&

.súiqug iïnkaO jk md¾Yj tu .súiqug t<fUkafka iafjÉpdfjka iy .súiqug

wod< jeo.;a mßisoaê .ek iïmQ¾Kfhkau ±kqj;aj kï túg .súiqug iïnkaO
md¾Yj w;r wjHdc iyu;shla we;ehs mejish yelsh'

j,x.= .súiqula we;slr .ekSu i|yd .súiqug iïnkaO jk md¾Yj w;r fuu
wjHdc iyu;sh fyda tlÕ;djh ;sìh hq;=h' .súiqug t<fUk md¾Yjhkaf.a fuu
wjHdc iyu;sh zz.súiqfï ilH;djZZ hkqfjkao y÷kajhs'

we;eï ;;a;ajhka hgf;a .súiqug t<fUk md¾Yjhkaf.a zz.súiqfï i;H;djZZ fyda

zzwjHdc iyu;shZZ ke;' fuu wjia:d kï (

 .súiqul md¾Yj jer§u hgf;a lghq;= l, úg'

 wjksfoaYkhl we;s úg'
 md¾Yjhla u; whq;= n,mEula we;s úg'
 tla md¾Yjhla ix;%dikh ^Duress& fyda ;¾ckhla (Threat) hgf;a we;s
úg'
 widOdrKh ñ,fha mdvqjla ^Laesio Enormis& hk uQ,O¾uh hgf;a
 by; tlsfkl iúia;rj i,ld n,uq'

8'1 jer§u'

fuhska woyia jkafka .súiqug t<Uqk tla md¾Yjhla fyda md¾Yj folu fyda .súiqulg
t<ö we;af;a w;HdjYH lreKla iïnkaOj je/oaola isÿ lrñka hkakhs'

jerÈ úYajdihlska mqoa.,fhl=f.a leue;a; n,mEï we;s jQ úg mqoa.,fhl= je/oaola lr

we;s nj lshkq ,efí' lsishï i;Hhl meje;au ^fyda fkdmj;sk& iïnkaOfhka jerÈ
úYajdihla úh yelsh'

jerÈ j¾.

 fmdÿ je/oao - fomd¾Yjhgu fmdÿ jQ je/oaols'

 tal md¾Yúl je/oao - .súiqug tla md¾Yjhla muKla l< je/oaols'

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• wfkHdakH je/oao - wfkla md¾Yjfha wNsm%dh ms<sn|j fomd¾Yjhu jrojd

jgyd .; yelsh'

flfia fj;;a" ish¨ jerÈ .súiqula wj,x.= lrk tajd fkdfõ' jeo.;a ldrKhla
.ek ie,ls,su;a jk iy md¾Yjhka w;r ienE tlÕ;djhg n,mEula we;s lrk
jerÈj,ska muKla .súiqula wj,x.= l, yelsh'

8.1'1 .súiqula wj,x.= ;;a;ajhg m;a lrjk jerÈ'

 .súiqula iajNdjh iïnkaOj we;s jk jerÈ

fuhska woyia jkafka tla md¾Yjhla .súiqug t<fUkafka iïmq¾Kfhkau fjkia

iajNdjfha .súiqulg i;H jYfhka jerÈ y÷kd .ekSula u; ;ud we;=¿ jk nj
is;df.k hkakhs'

kvq ;Skaÿ ( .súiqul iajNdjh .ek isÿ jQ jrola'

;udf.a fmkSu ÿ¾j, uelskka ^M& kue;s uy¿ mqoa.,hd wem m;%hhehs is;d úksuh ì,la
msgika lrhs' fuu msgika lsÍu isÿ lsÍfï§ M w;ska lsisÿ fkdie,ls,a,la isÿù we;s
nj ;yjqre fkdùh'

;Skaÿj ( fuu msgika lsÍfï§ M fkdie,ls,su;a fkdjq neúka .súiqug ne£ula we;s
fkdjk ksid .súiqu n,rys; fjhs'

f*diag¾ t' uelskka Foster V. Mackinnon (1869) L.R. 4.P 704

.súiqfï úIh lreKq .ek fyda .súi .kakd foh iïnkaOj we;s jk wfkHdakH
jer§u fuys§ tlu lreK .ek md¾Yj j, tlÕ;djhla fyda iïuq;shla fkdue;'
tneúka .súiqu wj,x.= fjhs'

kvq ;Skaÿ ( úIh lrefKa wkkH;dj iïnkaO jerÈ'

F f.ka lmq f;d.hla ñ,g .ekSug E tlÕ jQ w;r tu nvq f;d.h zzfndïfí isg
msh¾,iaZZ ^Peerless from Bombay& hk kefjka f.k taug lghq;= fhdod ;snqKs'

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we;a; jYfhkau zzfndïfí isg msh¾,iaZZ hk kñka keõ folla ;snqKs' bka
tla kejla fndïfí isg Tlaf;daïn¾ udifha§ o" wfkla kej fndïfí isg
foieïn¾ udifha§ o msg;aùug kshñ;j ;snqKs'

.súiqug t<öfï§ E woyia lf<a fndïfí isg Tlaf;daïn¾ udifha§ msg;a ùug kshñ;j
;snq kejh' tfy;a F woyia lf<a foieïn¾ udifha msg;a ùug kshñ;j ;snq kejh'

;Skÿa j ( .súiqfï úIh lrefKa wkkH;djh iïnkaOj wkfHdakH jer§ula isÿ jQ neúka E
yd F w;r .ssúiqula we;s ù ke;' tneúka .súiqu wj,x.= fjhs'

/*,aia t' úp,ayjqia Raffles V. Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H & C 906

• .súiqug t<fUk md¾Yjhka ys wkkH;dj iïnkaOj we;s jk jerÈ'

.súiqug t<fUk tla md¾Yjhla ;uka .súiqug t<U we;af;a iïmq¾Kfhkau fjkia
md¾Yjhla iuÕ nj miqj jgyd .kS'
md¾Yjlrefjl=f.a wkkH;dj .súiqulg n,mdk lreKla jkafka kï" tjeks
.súiqulg tys md¾Yjlrejkaf.a ne£ula we;s fkdlrk w;r" th wj,x.= .súiqula
fjhs'

kvq ;Skÿ
a ( md¾Yjhkaf.a wkkH;djh iïnkaOj we;sjk jerÈ

íf,kaldka ^B& kue;s ku .sh wdh;khl w;aik jHdc f,i Ndú;d lr íf,kaldka Khg
nvq iemhSug X kue;af;l= fmd<Ujd .kshs' X fuu .súiqug t<ôfha ;uka fufia
.súiqug t<fUkafka íf,kaldka wdh;kh iuÕ nj uq¿uksku
a úYajdi l< ksidfjks'

a j ( X " íf,kaldka iuÕ .súiqula we;s lr .ekSug flÈklj;a fkdis;+ neúka

;Skÿ
íf,kaldka iy X w;r .súiqula we;s fkdùh' tneúka fuu .súiqu wj,x.= fjhs'

lkaä t' ,skaâfia Cundy V. Lindsay (1878) LR 3 APP. Cas. 459

 .súiqfï úIh lrefKa meje;au iïnkaOj we;s jk fmdÿ jerÈ

;ukaf.a .súiqfï úIh lreK mj;sk nj is;ñka .súiqfï md¾Yj fol .súiqug
t<ôh;a" .súiqug t<fUk fudfydf;a § fuu úIh lrefKys meje;au k;r ù ;snq nj fuhska
woyia fõ' tjeks .súiqula md¾Yjlrejka w;r ne£ula we;s fkdlrhs' tneúka th
ysia .súiquls'

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kvq ;Skaÿ ( úIh lrefKys fkdmej;Su

L f.a Ôú; rCIKdjrKh H g mejÍu i|yd G, H iu. .súiqulg t<UqKs' tfy;a fï

fofokdu fkd±kqj;aj" .súiqu we;s lr .ekSug fmr L ñhf.dia ;snqKs'

;Skaÿj ( .súiqfï úIh lreKq fkdmej;=Kq neúka" .súiqula we;s fkdjqKs'

iafldÜ ta' flda,aika Scott V. Coulson (1903) 2 Ch. 249

8'1'2 .súiqulska wj,x.= fkdlrk jerÈ

fuu j¾.fha jerÈ .súiqfï j,x.=;djhg lsisÿ n,mEula we;s lrkafka ke;' md¾Yjhla
fujeks j¾.fha jrola lrhs kï tys§ .súiqula j,x.= iy n,d;aul tlla jk neúka
md¾Yjhlg .súiqu hgf;a j.lSfuka ksoyia úh fkdyelsh'

• .súi .kakd whs;uj, ^Items& .=Kd;aulNdjh iy jákdlu iïnkaO jerÈ'

WodyrKh ( .súi .kakd whs;ufha .=Kd;aulNdjh yd jákdlu ms<sn| jer§ï'

wdydr ñ,§ .ekSu i|yd fudag¾ r: ßhÿrka úYd, ixLHdjla meñKs ud¾.
wdikakfha msysá fílßhla X, Y f.ka ñ,§ .kshs' ál l,lg miq" fuf;la
ud¾.fha .uka .;a jdyk w¨;ska bÈ jQ úl,am ud¾.hlska yrjd heùh' fuys
m%;sM,hla f,i X úiska ñ,§ .;a fílßhg meñKs fudag¾ r: ßhÿrkaf.a meyeÈ,s
wvqjla olakg ,enqKs' ;uka fílßh ñ,§ .ekSfuka je/oaola l< nj mjiñka
X .súiqu msßiqka lsÍug ^Rescind& W;aidy lf<ah'

fuu isoaêfha i;H;dj kï .súiqu we;s jQfha" fílßh ñ,§ .ekSugh' tfy;a fuys jer§u
fílßfha jákdlug wod< jqjls' tneúka , th .súiqfï .=Kd;aulNdjh iïnkaO
jrols' fuu j¾.fha jerÈ kS;sfha§ lsisÿ m%;sM,hla we;s fkdlrhs'

 úksYaph ms<sn| jer§u'

WodyrKh ( úksYaph ms<sn| jer§u'
jákdlu remsh,a ñ,shkhlehs is;d X we;eï NdKav lsym
s hla ñ,§ .ksshs' tfy;a
wjidkfha§" X fidhd .kafka tys jákdlu i;H jYfhkau remsh,a ,CIhla jk njhs'

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fuys§ X úiska NdKavfha i;H jákdlu ms<sn|j Tyqf.a úksYapfha § je/oaola lr we;'
tjeks je/oaola ksid .súiqula wj,x.= fkdjk neúka" X we;=<;a jQ .súiqu j,x.= tlls'

• fj<| úia;rhka wkqj NdKav úl=Kk úg fjf<| úia;rhl w¾:h yd iïnkaO

jerÈ'
WodyrKh ( fjf<| úia;rhl jerÈ
X, Y f.ka zz A ZZ kue;s yd,a m%udKhla ñ,§ .kshs' fujeks j¾.fha yd,a
fhdodf.k lsishï rileú,s j¾.hla iEÈh yels njg u;hl Tjqyq fofokdu
isáfhdah' tjeks rileú,s j¾.hla tu j¾.fha yd,aj,ska iEÈh fkdyels úh'
md¾Yjhka fuu .súiqfuka nef|a'

• .súiqu bgqlsÍug ;ukag we;s yelshdj .ek tla md¾Yjhla úiska lrk je/oao'
WodyrKh ( bgq lsÍug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| jro

;ukag we÷ula mehlska ueish yels nj mjiñka A .súiqulg t<fUhs' tfy;a thg
foÈkla .; jk nj Tyqg wjfndaO fjhs' A .súiqu bgq lsÍug we;s yelshdj jerÈ
f,i úksYaph lr we;' fujeks .súiqï kS;sfhka j,x.= neúka" fuu .súiqug A ne£
isà'

8.2 wjksfoaYkh ^Misrepresentation&

.súiqula ieliSfï§ md¾Yjhka m<uqj tlsfkld iuÕ .súiqï fldkafoais idlÉPd lrkq
we;' fuu idlÉPd ls%hdj,sfha§ md¾Yjhka úiska lrk ,o m%ldY
zzksfhdackhkaZZ ^representations& f,i y÷kajhs'

i;H fkdjk ksfhdackhla zzwjksfoaYkhlaZZ f,i ye¢kafõ'

zzi;H jYfhkau wi;Hhla jk zzksfhdackhlaZZ th ilik wjia:dfõ§ fyda th È.gu

bÈßhg f.k hdfï§" ksfhdackh tu wjia:dfõ ta u; ls%hd;aul fõ'ZZ
- iS'Ô' ùruka;s% -

tfy;a ksfhdackhla wjksfoaYkhla f,i kS;sfhka y÷kd .ekSug tys my; fldkafoais
;sìh hq;=h'

 tys jeo.;a lreKla .ek jQ ksfhdackhla ;sìh hq;=hs'

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• lsishï md¾Yjhla .súiqug t<öug fmd<Ujd .ekSfï wruqfKka" .súiqula ;SrKh

lsÍug fmr ksfhdackh lr ;sìh hq;=hs'

• tys ,smskh i|yka md¾Yjh úiska ta u; ls%hd l< hq;=h hk fÉ;kdfjka th

lrkq ,en ;sìh hq;=hs'

• ta u; i;H jYfhkau ls%hd fldg ;sìh hq;=jdla fuka" md¾Yjh fmd<Ujdf.k ;sìh
hq;=hs'

• th lrk mqoa.,hdf.a ±kqug wkqj th jerÈ ù ;sìh hq;=hs'

8'2'1 wjksfoaYk j¾.

m%Odk wjksfoaYk j¾. my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'

 ks¾fodaIs wjksfoaYkh
 fkdie,ls,su;a wjksfoaYkh
 jxpksl wjksfoaYkh

 ks¾fodaIs wjksfoaYkh
;uka lrk ksfhdackh fyda m%ldYh wjxlju i;H hehs úYajdi lrñka
hfula ksfhdackhla lrhs kï túg th ks¾fodaIs wjksfoaYkh fjhs'

ks¾fodaIs wjksfoaYkhla isÿù ;sfnk úg ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjhg my; i|yka ls%

hdud¾. foflka tlla .ekSug whs;shla we;'

I' .ssúiqu msßmqka ^wj,x.=& lsÍu'

II' .ssúiqu wkqu; lsÍu'

 fkdie,ls,su;a wjksfoaYkh
fkdie,ls,su;a wjksfoaYkh isÿ jkqfha" mqoa.,fhl= ksfhdackhla fyda m%ldYhla
lrk úg th i;H hehs úYajdi lsÍug ;rï idOdrK fya;=jla Tyqg fkd;snqKq úgh'
.súiqul md¾Yjlrefjl=g .súiqulg we;=¿ jk úg Tyq l< m%ldYhla
idOdrKSlrKh lsÍug lsisÿ mokula ke;'

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fkdie,ls,su;a wjksfoaYkhla isÿ ù ;sfnk úg" ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjhg my; i|yka

´kEu fohla lsÍug whs;shla we;'

I' .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍu fyda

II' ydks i|yd jkaÈ b,a,Su
III' .súiqu bgq lsÍu m%;sfCIam lsÍu'
IV. .súiqu wkqu; lsÍu'

 jxpksl wjksfoaYkh
jxpksl wjksfoaYkh isÿ jkafka mqoa.,fhla" ksfhdackhla fyda m%ldYhla lrk úg
th i;H fkdjk nj ;ud fyd|dldrju ±k issáh§;a th l< úgh'

fvrS t' mSla Derry V. Peek (1889) 14 Ac 337 ysoS y¾I,a idñjrhd ±lajQfha (

iud.ul m%ldY m;%hl ú;a;slre i|yka lf<a wYaj n,fhka Odjkh jk g%Eï
r:j,g jvd jdIam n,fhka Odjkh jk g%Eï r: Ndú;d lsÍug iud.ug whs;shla
;snqKq njhs' flfia fj;;a" tl, jdIam n,fhka Odjkh jk g%Eï r: Ndú;d lsÍfï
whs;sh fjf<| uKav,fha wkque;shg hg;a jQ w;r" miqj th m%;sfCIam lrk ,È'
ú;a;slref.a jxpksl wjksfoaYkh u; mokïj lrk ,o m%ldYh úYajdi lrñka
ysñlï mEula isÿlr" ysñlï mdkakd úiska iud.fï fldgia ñ,§ .;af;ah'

;Skaÿj ( fuu m%ldYh jxpksl fkdjk kuq;a wkque;sh ,efnkq we;ehs hk wjxl
úYajdifhka lrk ,oaols' y¾I,a idñjrhd jxpksl wjksfoaYkh w¾: ±lajQfha
tlafla (
I' th wi;H nj ±k isáñkau (
II' tys i;H;dj úYajdi fkdlr" fyda
III' th i;Ho" wi;Ho hkak ms<sn|j wkjOdkfhka fkdie,ls,su;aj
lrk ,o m%ldYhla f,ihs'

tneúka jHdc m%ldYhla jxpksl fkdùug kï th i;H hehs wjxl úYajdihla ;sìh
hq;=h'
jxpksl wjksfoaYkhla isÿj ;sfnk úg ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjhg my; i|yka ´kEu fohla
lsÍug whs;shla we;'

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I' .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍu'

II' ydks i|yd jkaÈ b,a,Su
III' .súiqu bgqlsÍu m%;sfCIam lsÍu'
IV' .súiqu iy;sl lsÍu'

8'3 whq;= n,mEu

zz whq;= n,mEuZZ isÿ jkafka .súiqfï tla md¾Yjlrefjla wfkla md¾Yjlreg .súiqug
t<fUk f,i zzwidOdrKZZ fyda zzwkjYHZZ f,i n,mEï lrk úgh'

keIk,a fldu¾I,a nEkala ^cefuhsld& ,sñgâ t yshqys ñ,Ü idñjrhdg wkqj UKPC 51
whq;= n,mEu hk uQ,O¾uhg uQ,sldx. folla we;=<;a fõ'

tkï (
1' n,mEu we;s l< yels iïnkaO;djhla ;sìh hq;=h'
2' iïnkaO;djfhka cks; jk n,mEu wksis f,i Ndú;d lr ;sìh hq;=h'

tneúka" whq;= n,mEfï§ ±lsh yelafla"

 fndfyda úg md¾Yjhka w;r" mq¾j iïnkaO;djhla wjYH ùu" iy
 tla md¾Yjfha leue;a; iafõÉPdfjka isÿ fkdjk kuq;a W;a;¾ckh fkdjkakd jQ
lsh
% djlska n,mEï we;s flfrk njhs'

md¾Yjfha leue;a; u; whq;= n,mEï isÿlr we;s .súiqï wj,x.= l< yelsh'
tfy;a ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjh .súiqu wkqu; lrhs kï" Tyqg .súiqu wfydais lsÍug ;snq whs;sh
ke;sj hhs'

whq;= n,mEu ldKav follg jefghs' tkï (

 kshu whq;= n,mEu
 mq¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu

 kshu whq;= n,mEu

tla md¾Yjhla wfkla md¾Yjhg ;uka .súiqug t<fUk f,i i;H jYfhkau whq;=
n,mEï lsÍu zzkshu whq;= n,mEula ZZ fõ'

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kvq ;Skÿ
a ( kshu whq;= n,mEu'
yjq,a whs;sh ;snq foam,la Wlia lsÍu i|yd jQ .súiqulg w;aika lrk f,ig Nd¾hdjg
;¾ckh lrñka iajdñ mqreIhd whq;= n,mEula lrhs'

a j ( Nd¾hdjf.a leue;a; ,nd .kakd ,oafoa whq;= n,mEu hgf;a neúka th wjHdc
;Skÿ
leue;a;la fkdfõ'

nEkala Tf*a fl%äÜ wekaâ fldu¾ia t' wnqä Bank of Credit and Commerce V.
Aboody (1989) 2 WLR 759

 mq¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu

mq¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu hkq" we;eï iïnkaO;d fya;= fldgf.k whq;= n,mEï we;súh
yels njg kS;sh wkqudk lrk wjia:d fõ'

fuu in|;dj,ska iuyrla my; mßÈ fõ'

• foudmshka iy orejka
• Ndrlre iy wdrCIs;hd ( zzwdrCIs;fhl=ZZ hkq fouõmshka úiska fyda
wêlrKhla úiska m;a lrk ,o Ndrlrefjl=f.a /ljrKh yd md,kh hgf;a
isák orefjl= fyda ;reKfhl= hkakhs')
• ffjµjrhd iy frda.shd
• kS;s{jrhd iy fiajd odhlhd
• wdOHd;añl WmfoaYljrhd iy Y%djlhska

mq¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu ;sìh yels in|;dj,§ .súiqug t<öfï lsh

% dj,sh ;=< whq;=
n,mEula iïnkaO ù fkd;snq njg Tmamq fldg fmkaùfï ld¾hh .súiqu ms<s.kakd
md¾Yjh úiska l< hq;=j we;'

kvq ;Skÿ
a ( mQ¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu
udi follg fmr ;u ìß| ñh.sh uy¿ jekaoUq mqreIfhla" ;udf.a f,alï iy iydhl
f,i ;reKshla fiajfha fhdojd .;af;ah' bÈß j¾I 6 mqrdjg Tyq wehg uq¿ jákdlu
mjqï 28"000 la jákd ;E.s ,nd ÿkafkah'

;Skaÿj ( fuu in|;djh jefgkafka mq¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu hk ldKavhgh' thg

fya;=j" th úYajdih ms<sn| in|;djhla ùu;a yd ldka;djg fuu mq¾jdkqudkh ì|

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fy<Sug fkdyels ùu;a ksid tu jekaoUq mqreIhd úiska fok ,o ;Hd. ZZ mq¾jdkqudk whq;=
n,mEu u;ZZ wfydais flßks'
f¾ laf¾.a Re Craig (1971) ch. 95

8'4 W;a;¾ckh fyda ;¾ckh

zzW;a;¾ckhZZ hkq .súiqfï wfkla md¾Yjh fj; fyda Tyqf.a mjq, fj; lrk ienE
m%pKav;ajh fyda m%pKav;ajh .ek ;¾ckhlah'

frdau kS;s w¾: ±laùu - W;a;¾ckh mj;skf

a ka hful= ienE fyda ;¾ckd;aul wka;rdhg
ìfhka lsh
% d lrk úghs' thska ksoyia leue;a; wysñ lsÍug ±äj n, flfrhs'

wd¾'ta' wefgda¾ks fckrd,a f*da bka.a,kaâ wekaâ fõ,aia R.V AG for England & Wales
(2003) UKPC 22 ys§ i|yka lrk ,oafoa" ;¾ckhla kS;s úfrdaë kï th W;a;¾ckhg
iudk fõ' ;¾ckh kS;Hdkql+, kuq;a kS;s úfrdaë b,a,Sulg iyh ±laùug
Ndú;d lrkafka kï" thska W;a;¾ckhla we;s úh yelsh'

ks¾fodaIS md¾Yjfha leue;a; wkqj" W;a;¾ckh hgf;a t<UqKq .súiqula wj,x.= l< yels
ùu i|yd ;
w& ìh idOdrK úh'

wd& ;¾ckh CIKsl jq w;r kS;súfrdaë f,i iïnkaO úh'

we& .súiqug we;=<;a ùfuka hï ydkshla isÿ úh'

w& ìh idOdrK úh hq;=hs'

fkdief,k mqoa.,fhl= flfrys mjd ìh ksis f,i nei hd hq;=h' kuq;a tu

mqoa.,hdf.a jhi" ia;%S mqreINdjh" iudc ;;a;ajh hkdÈh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'
mÍCIKh jkqfha" hï ksYaÑ; ;;a;ajhl isák mqoa.,hdg Tyq l< wdldrhgu l%h
s d lsÍug
n,mEï lrkq weoao hkakhs'

wd& ;¾ckh CIKsl úh hq;=hs'

;¾ckh fl;rï wdikako h;a úkaÈ;hdg ;udj wdrCId lr .; fkdyels úh hq;=hs'
wdrCIdj imhd .; yels kï tys W;a;¾ckhla ke;'

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we& ydks

mqoa.,hdg hï ydkshla isÿ ù we;akï ñi lsisÿ jkaÈhla m%;sia;dmkh l<

fkdyel'

8'4'1' W;;
a ¾ck j¾.

úúO j¾.fha W;a;¾ck mj;S' tajd kï(

 ienE f,i fyda ;¾ckd;aulj lrk YdÍßl m%pKav;ajh fyda isr lsÍu tkï"
mqoa.,hskag W;a;¾ckd;aul ùu'

WodyrKh ( YdÍßl m%pKav;ajh'

meyer .ekSu fyda ta njg ;¾ckh lsÍu'

 idjoH r|jd .ekSu fyda foam, mß.%yKh ^nf,ka w,a,d .ekSu ms<sn| ;¾ckh
lsÍu'

kvq;Skaÿ ( foam, mß.%yKh lrk njg ;¾ckh lsÍu'

ueiafl,a (M) f.ùu m%;sfCIam l< úg fyda¾ka (H) úiska M f.a NdKav mß.%yKh lf<ah'
bkamiqj" M noao f.jq w;r" ;udf.a NdKav kej;;a w,a,d .ks;ehs ìfhka È.gu tu
uqo,a f.ùu lrf.k .sfhah'

a j( M f.a leue;a; W;a;¾ckh hgf;a ,nd .;a neúka noao f.ùu i|yd jq .súiqu
;Skÿ
wj,x.= úh' tfy;a" M úiska nÿ jYfhka H g f.jk ,o uqo,a wdmiq whlr .; yelsúh'
ueiafl,a t' fyda¾ka Maskell v. Horne (1915) 3 K.B. 106.

 wmrdO kvqjla mjrk njg ;¾ckh lsÍu'

kvq;k
S ÿ
a ( kvq mjrk njg ;¾ckh

ljq*auka (K) Tjqka fofokd w;r .súiqulg .¾ika (G) f.a leue;a; ,nd .;af;a G f.a
iajdñmqreIhd óg fmr l< idmrdë jrolg Tyqg tfrysj kvq mjrk njg ;¾ckh
lsÍfuks'

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;Skaÿj( W;a;¾ckh hgf;a G f.a leue;a; ,ndf.k we;s neúka fuu .súiqu hgf;a G
j.lsj hq;= fkdfõ'

ljq*auka t .¾ika Kaufman v. Gerson (1904) 1 K.B. 591

• wd¾Òl W;a;¾ckh
wd¾Òl W;a;¾ckh hkqfjka yÿkajkafka" mqoa.,fhl=f.a foam,j,g iy fjk;a
uq,H ysñlïj,g t,a, lrk kS;s úfrdaë fyda wkS;sl n,mEï fõ'
fuys§ by< wd¾Òl n,hla we;s mCIh .súiqfï fldkafoaisj,g tlÕ jk f,ig
kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk whqßka wfkldg n, lrhs'

kvq;Skaÿ ( wd¾Òl ;¾ckh

Íia (R) iS wekaâ iS ì,av¾ia ,sñgâ (D) iu. .súiqï.; jqfha (R) f.a idmamqj
w¨;ajeähd lsÍughs' jev wjika jq miq (R) fldgil f.ùula l< w;r fndfyda
u;la lsÍï l< o b;sß uqo, f.jqfha ke;' miqj" D uq,Huh lrorhl isá" nj
±k.;a R ;uka f.ùug hk ish,a,u fuh nj mjiñka Kfhka ;j;a fldgila
f.ùug bÈßm;a úh' tneúka tlaflda th .kak fyda th w;yßkak'

;Sk ÿa j ( l< h;=q f.ùug iïmq¾K mshùula f,i" Kh ysñhd úiska l=vd uqo,la
s la fkdf.ùug l< Kh.e;shdf.a R ;¾ckh D kS;s
Ndr fkd.kafka kï" lsij
úfrdaë mSvkhl isá neúka th zzwd¾Òl mSvkhlaZZ f,i i,lkq ,eîh'

ã' wekaâ iS ì,av¾ia ,sñgâ t' Íia' ^1966& 2 Q.R. 617

9 widOdrK ñ,fha mdvqj (Laesio Enormis) hk uq,O¾uh

(Laesio Enormis) hkq frdau ,kafoais kS;s ixl,amhls' ( tfiau th bx.%Sis NdIdjg
mßj¾;kh lr we;s w;r tys w¾:h zz±jeka; mdvqjZZ (enormous loss) fyda
zz±jeka; w.;shZZ (enormous prejudice) hkakhs'

fuu uQ,O¾uh uydpd¾h iS'Ô' ùruka;%s ish .súiqï kS;sh ms<sn| fm,fmdf;a 1
fj¿fï ^III iy IV fldgia& meyeÈ,s lr we;'

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isú,a kS;sh u.ska md¾Yjhkag yels ;rï fyd| flaj,a lsÍula lsÍug wjir §
we;;a" tys i|yka jkafka f.jd we;s ñ, iy ,smshl ienE jákdlu w;r o<
widudk;djhla jxpdfõ fyda wkjYH n,mEïj, iajNdjh yd ta u; hï fohla
weÕjqï lrk nj;a" tla md¾Yjhlg fyda Tyqf.a Wreulaldrhskg
a wfkla
md¾Yjfhka .súiqu wj,x.= lr ñ,§ .ekSfï uqo,a fyda úl=Kk ,o foam, wdmiq
§ug fyda ,smh
s g idOdrK jákdlula f.jd ñ, ksjerÈ lsÍug .sKqu bv ,nd fok
nj;ah'

foaj, jákdlu iy f.jk ,o ñ, w;r fuu wiudk;djh laesio enormis f,i

ye¢kafõ'

.eKqïlre úiska NdKavfha i;H jákdlug jvd fo.=Khlg jvd jeä uqo,la
f.jk úg fyda fjf<kaod úiska tys jákdlfuka wvlg;a jvd wvq uqo,lg úl=Kk
úg fyda laesio enormis moku u; .súiqula wêlrKh úiska j<lajd .; yelsh'
kvq mjrd we;s mqoa.,hdg th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍug fyda idOdrK ñ,la ,nd
.ekSug wjYH foa f.ùug yelshdjla we;'

m%;sIG
a dj foamf,a i;H jákdlug jvd ^fyda fo.=Khlg jvd& wvq kï" uQ,O¾uh
a djla fkdue;s kï" úlsKSu laesio
fh§u j<lajk kvqfõ hï úfYaI m%;sIG
enormous moku u; j,x.= fkdfõ'

my; oelafjk wjia:dj,oS Leasio enormous uq,O¾uh wod< fkdfõ'

w& ys;du;du fifkyiska ñ, kshu lr we;s ;ek'

wd& úlsKSu wêlrKh u.ska lrk úg'

we& w,dNfhka mSvd ú¢k md¾Yjfha ienE jákdlu ms<sn|j mQ¾K wjfndaOhla
we;s ;ek ; iy'

wE& md¾Yjh ;rÕ lsÍug ;snq wjia:dj w;yer ±uq ;ek'

wfkla md¾Yjh tys kshu fyda idOdrK jákdlug ñ, jeä lsÍug fyda wvq lsÍug
iqodkï jk úg .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍug wjir ke;'

±ka wms fuu uq,O¾uh jvd;a meyeÈ,sj úia;r flfrk WodyrKhla i,ld n,uq'

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WodyrKh ( widOdrK ñ,fha mdvqj

A ;udf.a bvu remsh,a ñ,shklg B g úl=Khs' bvfï ñ, remsh,a ñ,shk 10 la nj;a

úl=Kqï ñ, remsh,a ñ,shkhla nj;a ;SrKh lsÍfuka ;ud ienE je/oaola lr we;s nj A
miqj jgyd .kshs'

fuys m%;sM,hla f,i zzwdidOdrK ñ,fha mdvqjZZ jYfhka A remsh,a ñ,shk 9 la mdvqjla
ú| we;' tneúka zwidOdrK ñ,fha mdvqjZ hk moku u; A g wêlrKfhka
iykhla b,a,Sug whs;shla we;' wfmaCId lrk iykh" t<ö we;s .súiqu wialr
m%;sIaGdj fyda úl=Kqï ñ, wdmiq f.ùu jeks fohla úh yelsh'

10 kS;súfrdaëNdjh iy tys n,mEï

10.1 .súiqfï mrud¾:fhakS;Hdkql+,Ndjh'

fuhska woyia jkafka ÿrdpdruh fyda wkS;sl .súiqula kS;sfhka ms<s.kafka fyda n,d;aul
lrkafka ke; hkakhs' fuh mek k.skafka ,;ska wdma;hla jk "ex turpi causa non oritur
actio" hkafkkah' tys w¾:h jkafka zwkS;sl fya;=jlska l%shdjla yg .kafka ke;Z hkakhs'

10'1'1 kS;s úfrdaë .súiqï j¾.

mq¿,a jYfhka .;a l, kS;súfrdaê .súiqï j¾. folls'

.súiqï kS;s úfrdaëh ;

w& jHjia:dfjka
wd& fmdÿ m%;sm;a;sh iy iodpdrh u; mokïj fmdÿ kS;sh bÈßfha§

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 jHia:dfjka kS;s úfrdaë ùu'

fïjd jHjia:d u.ska ;ykï lr we;s .súiqï fõ' jHjia:dms; ;yku m%ldYs;j
fyda jHx.fhka úh yelsh' Tjqka we;eï .súiqï Y=kH iy wj,x.= nj m%ldY
lsÍug fyda ksYaÑ;j olajd fkdue;s wdldrhlska .súiqula iE§u ;ykï l< yelsh'
tjeks .súiqï l%h
s d;aul l< fkdyel'

WodyrKh( jHjia:dj u.ska kS;s úfrdaë rk ,o.súiqï

mdßfNda.sl NdKavj, úl=Kqï ñ, md,kh lrk fr.=,dis WodyrKhla f,i

yÿkd .; yelsh' ia:djr ñ,g jvd jeä ñ,lg tjeks NdKav úlsKSu i|yd
lsishï .súiqula w;aika lr we;akï" tjeks .súiqula kS;s úfrdaë iy n,d;aul l<
fkdyels fõ'

 fmdÿ m%;sm;a;sh iy iodpdrh u; mokï u; fmdÿ kS;sfha § kS;s úfrdaë ùu'

uyck m%;sm;a;sfha moku u; fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a we;eï .súiqï kS;s úfrdaë hehs i,lk
wjia:dj fuhhs'

8'2'3 WodyrKh( fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a kS;s úfrdaë njg m;a flfrk .súiqï

I. wmrdOhla lsÍu i|yd jk .súiqula

II. ,sx.sl ÿrdpdrh m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jk .súiqula

III. ck Ôú;h ;=< ÿIKh m%j¾Okh lsÍug we;s lr.;a .súiqula'

IV. hqla;sfha ksis mßmd,khg w.;s.dó jk .súiqula'

V. wdodhï jxpd lsÍu i|yd we;s lr .;a .súiqula

VI. cd;sl wdrCIdj iïnkaOfhka rcfha wjYH;djkag mgyeks jk .súiqula'

VII. "extra - commercium" ^jdKscuh jákdlula ke;s& iïnkaO .súiqï - tkï uqyqÿ
fjr<" .x.d" we< fod< wdÈh'

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11' .súiqula wjika ùu

.súiqula ksoyia lsÍu hkq" j,x.= .súiqula wjika jk wdldrhhs'
.súiqula ksoyia lsÍfuka miq" md¾Yjhka Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï iy .súiqu hgf;a we;s
ne£ïj,ska ksoyia lrkq ,efí'

my; i|yka l%u u.ska .súiqula wjika l< yelsh'

1' bgq lsÍfuka

2' tlÕ;djfhka
3' ±kqï§fuka
4' lvlsÍfuka
5' kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka

11.1 bgq lsßfuka

.súiqu bgq lsÍu hkq" .súiqfï kshuhka yd fldkafoais hgf;a Wml,amkh lrk ,o
rdcldß bgq lsÍuhs' fuhska woyia jkafka" fomd¾Yjhu .súiqu hgf;a tlÕ jQ foa bgq
lrk njhs' fuh isÿ l< miq Tjqka úiska we;s lr.kakd ,o .súiqu hgf;a ;j;a l< hq;=
lsisjla ke;' tneúka .súiqu iïmq¾K ù we;s neúka ksoyia lrkq ,efí'

WodyrKh ( bgqlsÍfuka ksoyia lsÍu'

X ish wYajhd remsh,a ñ,shkhlg Y g úlsKsug X iy Y w;r .súiqula we;s lr .;a;d'

X, Y g wYajhd Ndrÿka w;r Y remsh,a ñ,shkhla X g f.jhs' .súiqfï md¾Yjhka .súiqu
bgq lsÍu u.ska thska ksoyia fõ'

bgqlsÍu .ek i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla

• bgq lsÍfï ld,h (-

fõ,dj kshu lr we;s wjia:djl" bgqlsÍu kshñ; fõ,djg fyda Bg fmr isÿúh
hq;=h' th úfYaIs; Èkhla kï" Èkfha wjidkh olajd ld,h §¾> fõ'

wfíisß .=Kj¾Ok t' wfíisß .=Kj¾Ok 43 NLR 469

ld, iSudjla kshu lr fkdue;s wjia:djl" kvqfõ ;;a;ajhka u; mokïj idOdrK
ld, iSudjla ;=< bgq lsÍu iïmQ¾K lsÍug kS;sfhka wjir fokq ,efí'

• bgq lsÍfï ia:dkh

ksYaÑ;j olajd we;akï" bgq lsÍu m%ldYs; ia:dkfha§ isÿ jkq we;'

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ksYaÑ;j olajd fkdue;s kï" bgq lsßfï ia:dkh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd kS;sfha uQ,sl
Í;s Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'

 w¾O bgq lsÍu

.súiqfï md¾Yjhla wiïmq¾K fyda w¾O bgq lsÍula ms<s.ekSu i|yd lsisÿ ne£ulg
hg;a fkdfõ'

11.2 tlÕ;djfhka

md¾Yjhka w;r miq ld,Sk .súiqula u.ska uq,a .súiqu uqod yeÍu fyda wjika lsÍu fuhska
woyia fõ'

th my; wdldrfhka úh yelsh (

w' ksoyia lsÍu fyda w;a yeÍu'

wd' iïuq;sh ^Compromise&
we' kfjda;amdokh

w' ksoyia lsÍu fyda w;ayeÍu'

th tla md¾Yjhla úiska .súiqulg ne£ isàfuka tlaflda fkdñ,fha fyda ke;skï
jákdlula i|yd fyda uqod yeÍuls'

j.lSfuka ksoyia lsÍu fyda w;yer ±óu hk md¾Yjhl wNsm%dh Tyqf.a jpk iy
yeisÍu u.ska meyeÈs,sj m%ldY úh hq;=h' th Tyqf.a yeisÍfuka o .uH úh yelsh'

Wod ( l=,S .súiqula hgf;a hful= /lshdjg fkdmeñfKkafka kï" Tyq yeisÍfukau .súiqu
ksoyia lrhs'
Wod ( 2 ( hful= f.ùula f,i fplam;la ksl=;a l<fyd;a iy ,nkakd th lsis
úfgl;a ;ekam;a fkdlrkafka kï" Tyqf.a yeisÍu wkqj ,nkakd mjikafka Tyq .súiqu
n,d;aul fkdlrk njhs'

ksoyia lsÍul n,mEu (-

ksoyia lsÍula .súiqul md¾Yjhka w;r ls%hd;aul jk kuq;a" lsisÿ f;jk md¾Yjhl
whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka ls%hd;aul fkdfõ'

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m%Odk Kh.e;sfhl= ksoyia lsÍfuka ne÷ïlrejka ^fyda wemlrejka& ksoyia jqjo" wfkla
w;g th meyeÈ,sju woyia fkdlrkafka kï tfia isÿ fkdfõ'

wd' iïuq;sh

.ssúiqula iïuq;shla f,i ye¢kaùug kï" tla tla md¾Yjhka Tyqf.a fmr ;k;=frka
bj;a ù Tyqf.a b,a,Su wvq lsÍfuka fyda Tyqf.a j.lSu jeä lsÍfuka hula ms<s.; hq;=h'

whshïms,af,hs t' fida¾kïud

Aiyampillai V. Sornammah (1942) 44 NLR 23

we' kfjda;amdokh
mj;akd .súiqula kj;d oud kej; ia:dmkh lsÍu i|yd kj .súiqulas ks¾udKh lsÍuhs'

kfjda;amdok j¾.

I' kshu kfjda;amdokh

mj;akd Khla i|yd kj Khla wdfoaY lsÍuhs' kj ne£ï we;s lrñka kjH iy
iajdëk .súiqu ls%hdjg kexfõ' merKs .súiqfï kshuhka iy fldkafoais blaujd hk
kj wx.hla .súiqfï ;sìh hq;=h' .súiqul yqqÿ kshuhkays fjkiaùï kjH;djhg
fya;= fkdfõ'

rch t' fmf¾rd 12 NLR 161

wuriQßh t' t,dßia 45 NLR 488

II ksfhdackh - ^Delegation&

mj;akd Kh.e;sfhl= i|yd kj Kh .e;sfhl= wdfoaY lsÍuhs' Kh ysñhdf.a leue;a;

we;sj" kj md¾Yjhla j.lSfuka ksoyia jQ uq,a Kh .e;shd fjkqjg wdfoaY lrhs'

III' mjrd§u - ^Cession)

mj;akd Kh ysñfhl= i|yd kj Kh ysñfhl= wdfoaY lsÍuhs' .súiqï.; whs;sjdislï
mjrd § fjk;a wfhl= úiska m%;si:
a dmkh lrkq ,efí' uq,a Kh.e;shdf.a leue;a;
wjYH fkdfõ'
IV' wkai;= lsÍu - ^Assignment)
whs;sjdislï iy hq;=lï hk folu Ndr .kakd ;=kajk mqoa.,fhl= úiska tla uq,a
md¾Yjhla wdfoaY lsÍuhs' ksfhdackh iy mjrd§u hk wx. folu wkai;= lsÍulg

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iïnkaO jk w;r .súiqula iïmq¾K lsÍu i|yd md¾Yj ;=fkysu leue;a; wjYH
fõ'

 kfjda;amdokh iy iïuq;sh w;r fjki jkafka" m<uqjekak kï" uq,a .súiqu wj,x.=
kï kfjda;amdokh o wj,x.= fõ' iïuq;sfha§ uq¿ .súiqfï j,x.=;djh iel iys;
jqjo" wjidk .súiqu j,x.=j" ne£ mj;S'

tlÕ;djfhka ksoyialsÍu'

udi 5 lg ffoksl mokñka oyj,a lEu md¾i,a iemhSug tlÕ fjñka X iy Y

.súiqulg t<UqKy' udi 2 la tfia lEu md¾i,a iemhSfuka miqj Tjqka fofokd w;r we;s
jQ ;j;a .súiqulska m<uq .súiqu wjika lsÍug Tjqka fofokdu tlÕjQy' fuu ;;a;ajh
;=< m<uq .súiqu wjika lr" ksoyia lrkq ,efí'

11.3' ±kaùulska wjikalsÍu'

.súiqug t<ô tla md¾Yjlrefjla .súiqu wjika lsßug ;ukag we;s wNs,dIh wfkla
md¾Yjlreg ±kqï §fuka fuh we;s fjhs' idudkHfhka" fujeks ±kqï§ulg wjir fok
j.ka;shla fyda kshuhka .súiqul we;=<;aj ;sìh hq;=h'

wjika lsÍfï ±kaùfï ld, iSudj

udi ;=klg fmr ±kqï§ula isÿlsÍfuka .ssúiqug hg;a md¾Yj foflka ljr md¾Yjhlg
fyda .súiqu wjika lsÍug wjir fok j.ka;shla nÿ .súiqula ;=< we;=<;a úh yelsh'

±kaùï ld,h .súiqfï úfYaIs;j i|yka lr ke;skï md¾Yjlrejka fofokdf.ka

ljfrl=g fyda idOdrK ld,hl ±kaùula §fuka .súiqu wjika l< yelhs'

11.4 .ssúiqu lvlsÍfukaa

11.4.1 .súiqu ienE f,iu lvlsÍfuka

fuhska woyia jkafka .súiqu i;H f,iu lv lsÍu fyda .ssúiqfï tla md¾Yjhla úiska
.súiqu hgf;a tk j.lSula bgq lsÍ ug wiu;a ùuhs'
fuys m%;sM,hla f,i .ssúiqu ksoyia flfrk w;r wysxil md¾Yjhg jkaÈ b,a,d isàug
bv ,ndfohs'

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11.4.2 .ssúiqul wfmaCIs; lvlsÍfuka

fuh we;sjkafka .súiqfï tla md¾Yjlrefjla .súiqu bgq l< hq;= kshu fõ,djg fmr
tjeks bgq lsÍula isÿ fkdlr isàug we;s Tyqf.a woyi m%ldY lrk úgh' fuh .sú
s iqu
m%;sfCIam lsÍula fyda wfmaCIs; W,a,x>kh lsÍula f,i ye¢kafõ'

wfmaCIs; lvlsÍula isÿjQ úg .súiqu lvlsÍug tfrysj kvq mejÍug" ks¾fodaIs

md¾Yjhg .súiqu bgq lsÍfï kshñ; ld,h t<fUk f;la n,d isàug wjYH ke;'

flfia fj;;a" wfkla md¾Yjh .súiqu bgq fkdlr isàfï woyi ±kajQ miq" tu m%;sfCIam
lsÍu ieKska ms<sf.k .súiqu lv jQ nj i,ld ydks i|yd jkaÈ b,a,d kvq mejÍfï
yelshdj ks¾fodaYs md¾Yjhlg ysñ fõ'

kvq ;Skaÿ ( wfmaCIs; lvlsÍu u.ska ksoyia lsÍu' cqks 1 fjksod isg n,meje;afjk mßÈ
mKsúvlrefjl= f,i C fiajhg n|jd .ekSug B, C iuÕ .ssúiqulg t<UqfKah'

tfy;a uehs 11 fjksod C f.a fiajh ;udg wjYH ke;s nj B, Cg okajhs' we;s jQ mdvqj
whlr .ekSu i|yd C, B g tfrysj kvq mejÍh'
a j ( wfmaCIs; lv lsÍu hk moku u; tfia lsÍug C g ysñlula ;snqK's
;Skÿ

11. 5 kS;sh l%shd;aul ùfuka

fydfpiag¾ ta ä,d gqj¾ Hochester V. De La Tour (1853) 2 E and B 678'
my; wjia:djkays§ kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfuka .súiqula ksoyia fõ'

I. ys,õ lsÍu - ^Compensation&

II' taldnoaOh - ^Cofusio&
III' nxfldf,d;aNdjh ^mqoa.,fhl= i|yd& iy wEjr lsÍu ^iud.ula i|yd&
IV' ld,djfrdaOh - ld,iSudj
V' bgq lsÍug fkdyels ùu - jH¾: ùu'
VI' úksYp
a h - wêlrKfhka ,nd fok ;Skÿ
a jlska
VII' urKh - iïnkaê; md¾Yjhlf.a urKh ^.súiqfï nr .súiqu wkqj
Wreulalrejka fj; udre úh yelsh'

fuu wjia:d iuyrla my; úia;r flf¾'

ys,õ lsÍu $Compensation(

frdau ,kafoais kS;sh ;=< Compensasio uQ,O¾uh¦ tla .Kqfokqjl§ A, B g Khhs kï iy
fjk;a .Kqfokqjl§ B, A g Khhs kï" Ag Tyqf.a Kh uqo, B f.a Kh uqo,g ys,õ

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lr .ekSug wjir we;' Tyqf.a Kh whúh hq;= uqo,g jvd jeä kï" ys,õ l< w.h
wkqj tu Kh wvq flfrkq we;' whúh hq;= uqo, Khg iudk fyda Bg jvd jeä kï" Kh
iïmq¾Kfhkau f.jd ±fukq we;'

Confusio - taldnoaO lsÍu (

fuh isÿ jkafka" tlu mqoa.,hd tlu j.lSu iïnkaOfhka Kh .e;shd iy Kh ysñhd
njg m;a jk úgh'

Wod ( Wreufha m%;sM,hla f,i msfhl= mqf;l=g Khhs kï" tu Kh mshdf.a urKfhka miq
mq;dg wdmiq f.jkq ,efí'

.súiqu hgf;a we;s wm%Odk whs;shla fjk;a m%Odk whs;sjdislula iuÕ taldnoaO jQ úg
fuh isÿfõ'
WodyrKh ( whs;sjdislï taldnoaO lrñka l=,S ksjeishd l=,S foam, bvï ysñhdf.ka ñ,§
.kS' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka" fofokd w;r l=,S .súiqu ksoyia ùuhs'

ld,djfrdaë ld,iSudj fya;f

= jka

YS% ,xldfõ 1871 wxl 22 ork ld,jfrdaë wd{d mk; u.ska olajd we;af;a" .súiqula
W,a,x>kh lsÍu i|yd jk ´kEu ls%hdjla ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla we;=<; n,d;aul úh
hq;= njhs' fuu ld,iSudj wjika jQ miq .ssúiqu n,d;aul l< fkdyel' tu.ska th ksoyia
fõ' ^fï mss<sn| jvd;a úia;rd;aul igykla i|yd my; 12'1 fldgi n,kak'&

bgq lsÍug fkdyels ùu ^jH¾: ùu&

fuu ;;a;j
a h we;s jkafka .súiqfï md¾Yjlrejkaf.a jrola fya;=fjka .súiqu bgq lsÍu
l< fkdyelalla njg m;a jk úgh' túg .súiqu jHd¾: ùfuka lv jQjd hehs lshkq
,efí'

.súiqula jH¾: ùfuka ksoyia lrkq ,eîug kï my; i|yka idOl mej;sh hq;=h
I' .súiqu jH¾: ùug ;=vq fok isoaêh md¾Yjlrejkaf.a md,kfhka Tíng ;sfnk
fohla ùu'

II' jH¾: ùug fya;= jQ isoaëka isÿ jQjdg miqjo md¾Yjlrejka .súiqu bgq lsÍug
W;aiy lrhs kï túg tfia bgq lrk .súiqu md¾Ylrejka uQ,sl jYfhka .súif.k
;snQ .súiqug jvd iïmq¾Kfhka u fjkia jQ tlla fõ'

III' .súiqu jH¾: ùug ;=vq ÿka isoaêh jQfha .súiqfï md¾Yjlrejkaf.a jrolska fkdùu'

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my;ska § we;af;a jH¾: ùu olakg ,efnk ksoiqka lsym

s hls'

I' kS;sfha we;s jk fjkialï fya;=fjka .súiqu bgq lsÍu l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhg
m;aùu'

II' .súiqu bgq lsÍu w;HjYH jk iqúfYaI jia;=jla úkdY ùu'

kvq ;Skÿ
a ( úIh lreK úkdY ùu ksid we;s jk jH¾: ùu'

;Skÿ
a j ( Yd,dj úkdY jQfha .súiqfï md¾Yjlrejkaf.ka l=uk fyda md¾Yjhl
jrola ksid fkdfõ' tksid .ssúiqu jH¾: ùu fya;=fjka md¾Yjlrejka
.súiqu hgf;a ;snq ne£ïj,ska ksoyia fõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i isÿ jQ
ydksj,g C f.ka jkaÈ b,a,Sug T g ysñlula ke;'

fÜ,¾ t leâfj,a T aylor V C aldwell (1983) 122 E R 309

my; ±lafjk wdldrj,ska isÿfõ'

w& miqj kS;s úfrdaë Ndjh we;s ùu -

rdcH m%;sm;a;h
s fjkia lsÍu fya;=fjka kS;s iïmdokfhka mek ke.sh yelsh'
weÜlskaika t' ßfÉ Atkinson V. Ritche (1809) 10 East 513
miqj kS;súfrdaëNdjh we;s ùu m%:u jrg igyka lrkafka fuu kvqfjks'

wd& fN!;sl fkdyelshdj - .súiqfï úIh jia;=j úkdY jQ úg .súiqu bgq lsÍu fN!;slj
l< fkdyels fohla njg m;a fõ' fÜ,¾ t' leâfj,a ^1861& 3 B & S 826'

we& m%h;akh jH¾: ùfuka - .súiqfï uQ,sl iy m%Odk jYfhka md¾Yjhka i,lk
foaj,ays ;;a;ajh miq isÿùï j,ska úkdY jQ úg fl%,a t' fykaß Krell V. Henry
(1903) 2 KB 740
pekaâ,¾ t' fjíiag¾ Chandler V. Webster (1904) 1 KB 493

jH¾: ùfï m%;sM, (

thska .súiqu uq, isgu wj,x.= ùula isÿ fkdfõ' jH¾: ùula isÿjQ úg .ssúiqu wjidk jQ
f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r" fomd¾Yjh .súiqu bÈßhg;a bgq lsÍfuka ksoyia lrkq ,efí'
ysrdðuq,að t' Ñfhdka hq.i
a a iud.u
Hiraji Mulji V. Cheongn Yugss Co.

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m%ldYs;ju jH¾: ùug m%;smdok i,ik md¾Yjhka

wkfmaCIs; isÿùï j, wjOdku wkqu; lsÍu i|yd .súiqfï m%ldYs; m%;smdok ielish
yelsh' tjeks úêúOdk i,id we;s úg" wjOdku orkq ,nkafka th Ndr .kakd md¾Yjh
úiska jk w;r" .súiqfï tlÕ jQ mßÈ iy meyeÈ,sju imhd we;s isÿùula ksid .súiqu
jH¾: jQjd f,i fkdie,fla'

jHr: ùfï wjia:d wkqmd;sl n,mEu iys; j.ka;shla ^a forece majeure clause& u.ska
iemhsh yelsh' .súiqu fjk;a wdldrhlska jH¾:hg m;ajk úg n,y;aldrfhka wkqmd;sl
n,mEu iys; j.ka;h
s lsh
% d;aul jk kuq;a iuia; .súiquu jH¾: fkdfõ'

fudfyduâ wekaâ ikaia t' iysh¾ ,hswekaâ fldïmeks Mohammed & Sons. V. Zahiere Lye
& Co. 46 NLR 101

12 .súiqu W,a,x.Kh lsÍfuka miq .;yels m%;sl¾u'

lvùu

.súiqula lv ùu isÿjkafka .súiqfï tla md¾Yjlrefjla .súiqfï m%ldr hq;=lï yd ne£ï

bgq lsÍug wiu;a jk úg fyda ;ukag .súiqï.; hq;=lï yd ne£ï bgq lsÍug fkdyels
nj wfkla md¾Yjlreg okajd isák wjia:dfõ§h'
.súiqula lvlsÍula isÿjkafka" md¾Yjhla Tyqf.ka úh hq;= foa bgq fkdlrk úg fyda fodaI
iys;j bgq lrk úg fyda lsiÿs kS;Hdkql+, ksoyig lreKla fkdue;sj th bgq lsÍug
wiu;a jk úghs'

wfmaCIs; lv lsÍu (
fuh isÿ jkafka bgq lsÍug kshñ; ld,hg fmr .súiqu hgf;a ;u j.lSu bgq fkdlrk
nj tla md¾Yjhla wfkla md¾Yjhg ±kqï §fuks' Tyqf.a wfmaCIs; lv lsÍu u.ska
wysxil md¾Yjhg .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍug iy lv lsÍu ms<s.kakd Èkfha§ jkaÈ b,a,d
isàug whs;sh ,efí'

lvlsÍfï m%;sM,
jvd;au nrm;, W,a,x.khla mjd .súiqula iajhxlS%hj wjidkhlg f.k tkafka ke;s
kuq;a wysxil md¾Yjhg úúO úl,am wjia:d ,ndfohs' fuu úl,am fyda ms<shï by;
YS¾Ih hgf;a idlÉPd flf¾'
W,a,x.kh lsÍulska mSvdjg m;a wysxil md¾Yjhg .; yels hï hï ms<shï ;sfí' fuu
ms<shï my; mßÈ fõ'

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12'1 ;jÿrg;a .súiqu bgq lsÍu m%;sfCIam lsÍu'

tla md¾Yjlrefjl= úiska .súiqu lv l< úg .súiqu m%;sfCIam jQ f,i i,ld ta u;

;jÿrg;a lghq;= lsÍug" m%;f
s CIam lsÍug ks¾fodaIS md¾Yjhg whs;shla we;'

tfy;a tjeks isoaêhl§ .súiqfï m%;súreoaO hula we;=<;aj fkdue;s kï" .súiqfuka ;uka
fj; ,enqKq ´kEu m%;s,dNhla wdmiq Ndr§ug fyda m%;sIG
a dmkh lsÍug ks¾fodaIs
md¾Yjlreg j.lSula we;'

WodyrKh ;jÿrg;a .súiqu bgq lsÍu m%;sfCIam lsÍu'

A, B g whs;s NdKav úl=Kd §ug tlÕ ù" tu úl=Kqï ñf,ka fldgila w;a;sldrula f,i
B g ÿkafkah' miqj A .súiqu lvlr fuu NdKav úl=Kf
q õ ke;' B g .súiqu m%;sfCIam
lsÍug whs;shla we;' tfy;a tjeks wjia:djl§ B ;udg ,enq úl=Kqï w;a;sldru ;nd
.ekSug .súiqfuka bv fkdfohs kï Tyq tu uqo, wdmiq Ag NdrÈh hq;=h'

12'2 ydks i|yd jkaÈ ysñlu

ydks f,i y÷kd .kafka" mqoa.,fhl=g isÿ ù we;s mdvqj fyd Tyqg wysñ jQ jdish fõ'
.ssúiqï kS;sfha § w;Dma; md¾Yjlreg ydks i|yd jkaÈ m%odkh lsÍfï wruqK fyda
mrud¾:h jkafka" .súiqu bgq lrkq ,enqjd kï tlS md¾Yjh m;aúh yelsj ;snq
;;a;ajfha msysgqùughs'

ydks iïnkaOfhka jk ysñlï mEula .súiqfï lsh

% dldß;ajhg wdfoaYlhla f,i i,lkq
,efí'

fndfyduhla .súiqï.; ,shú,sj, m%udKSlD; ydks" wm%udKSlD; ydks ^Unliquidated

damages& iy ovhla ^Penalty& o wmg yuq fõ'

m%udKSlD; ydks ^Liquidated damages& hkq" md¾Yjhka úiska .Kkh lr ksYaÑ;j olajd
we;s ydks fõ'

wm%udKSlD; ydks hkq" md¾Yjhka úiska .Kkh fkdlrk ,o tajdh' tneúka tajd
wêlrKh úiska ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
ovhla hkq" ydkshg iïnkaO fkdjk f.ùuls'

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12'3 fldkagï furEÜ ^Quantum Meruit& hkak u; kvq mejÍu'

fldkagï furEÜ hkafkys f;areu ku" zzTyq Wmhd we;s foa fyda ,eìh hq;= foaZZ hkakhs'
wfkla md¾Yjlreg m%;s,dNhla f.k fok hï ld¾hhla tla md¾Yjlrefjla lr we;s
úg fuu moku u; tu wfkla md¾Yjlreg tfrysj kvq mjrd ;uka úiska lrk ,o
jevj,g yd ls%hdjg jkaÈ m%odkhla ,nd .ekSug m<uq lS md¾Yjlreg yelsh'

12'4 tf,iu bgqlsÍu ^Specific Performance& i|yd kvq mejÍu

tf,iu bgq lsÍu hkq" jkaÈhla m%udKj;a fkdjk wjia:djl .ssúiqu m%ldrj lsh
% d lsÍug
wêlrKh úiska md¾Yjhlg ksfhda. lrk wjia:djls'

fuh idOdrK;ajfha m%;sl¾uhla jk w;r th wêlrKfha wNsu;h mßÈ ,nd fohs'

zztf,iu bgq lsÍuZZ m%;sfCIam úh yels wjia:d (

zztf,iu bgq lsÍuZZ ,nd fkdfokafka"

01' jkaÈ f.ùu m%udKj;a m%;sl¾uhla jk wjia:dfõ

02' .súiqu lsh
% d;aul lrk whqre wêlrKhg wëCIKh l< fkdyels úg§
03' zztf,iu bgq lsÍfï iykhZZ .súiqfuka m%ldYs;ju neyer lr we;s úg§
04' .súiqu lsh
% d;aul l< fkdyels tlla ùu'
05' .súiqu iaÓr fkdfõ kï
06' .súiqu idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; fkdfõ kï
07' úl,am fldkafoaih
s lska neyer lr we;s úg§
08' meñKs,slre .súiqfï Tyqg iïnkaO fldgi bgq lsÍug wlue;s fyda iqodkï ke;skï
fyda Tyq úisku
a th bgq lsÍu m%udo lrk úg§
09' ±ä iDKd;aul fldkafoais yer .súiqï iïnkaOfhka jk mqoa.,sl jev fyda fiajd
i|yd

Wod ( fiajd .súiqï

10' n,d;aul l< fkdyels m%Odk .súiqula i|yd jk tlÕ;djhlg

11' kS;s úfrdaë .súiqula n,d;aul lsÍug'
12' wj,x.= lrk ,o ^wfydais l<& .súiqula i|yd

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12'5 jdrK ksfhda.hla i|yd kvq mejÍu'

jdrK ksfhda.hla hkq" .súiqula hgf;a md¾Yjlrefjla ;ukaf.a ne£ï lv lsÍu ;ykï
lrñka wêlrKh úiska fokq ,nk ksfhda.hls' fuho wêlrKfha wNsu;h mßÈ mj;sk
idOdrK;ajfha m%;sl¾uhla fõ'
mqoa.,fhl=g jdrK ksfhda.hla ,nd .; yels wjia:d (

01' meñKslreg ydks isÿ úh yels ú;a;slref.a lsh

% dj ksfhda.hlska iSud lrñka
meñKs,slreg úksYaph lsÍug we;s whs;sh Tyqg fmkaúh yelsh'

02' ú;a;slre lsh

% dfõ wúksYaÑ; ld,h ;=< meñKs,slref.a whs;sh W,a,x>kh lrñka
lsh
% djla lsÍug w;miq lsÍu fyda ;¾ckh lsÍu'

03' ú;a;slre meñKs,slreg jxpd lsÍfï woyiska foam, bj;a lsÍu fyda neyer lsÍu'

kvq ;Skÿ
a ( jdrK ksfhda.h

weußldfõ fjdak¾ n%o¾ mslap¾ia ^WBP& wdh;kh fjkqfjka .S; .dhkd lsÍug bxf.da,shd
tlÕ jqjdh' kuq;a wehf.a .súiqu ms<sn| újdofhka miqj" weh ´iafÜ%,shdj n,d f.dia tys
rÕy,l .S; .ehSu wdrïN l<dh' WBP wdh;kh wehg tfrysj kvq mjrd ´iafÜ%,shdfõ
.dhkd lsÍu je<elaùu i|yd wêlrKfhka jdrK ksfhda.hla b,a,d isáfhah'
;Skaÿj ( bxf.da,shd" weh úiska WBP iuÕ we;s lrf.k ;snq .súiqu W,a,x.Kh lr
we;s neúka wêlrKh fuu jdrK ksfhda.h ,nd ÿkafkah'

fjdak¾ n%o¾ia mslap¾ia t' bkaf.da,shd Warner Borthers Pictures V. Ingolia (1965)
NSWR 988

m%;f
s CIam lsÍu

.súiqula m%;sfCIam lsÍu hkq" wfkla md¾Yjh fjkqfjka bgq l< hq;= hq;=lu fyda j.lSu
bgq lsÍu m%;sfCIam lsÍuhs' wysxil md¾Yjh okakd m%;sfCIam lsÍu m%ldYs; fyda jHx.j
isÿ jqj;a" miq neiSu ^Rescission& i|yd Tyqg ysñlï lsj yelafla" th widOdrK kï
muKs' m%;sfCIam lsÍu hqla;s iy.; kï" th wfkla md¾Yjhg miqneiSu i|yd whs;shla
,nd fkdfohs'

miq neiSu (Rescission)^wjika lsrSu&

tneúka .súiqï.; miqneiSu hkqfjka woyia jkafka" .ssúiqula wjika lsÍu fyda wj,x.=
lsÍuhs'

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miqneiSu hk jpkh meñfKkafka ksYam%Nd lsÍu ^rescind& fyda wj,x.= lsÍu hk w¾:h
^Cancel& we;s zzbj;a lsÍuZZ hk jpkfhks' .súiqu miq neiSfï mrud¾:h jkafka" .súiqu
iE§ug fmr mej;s md¾Yjhka Tjqkaf.a uq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍuhs' ^;;a;ajhg fmr
- Status quo aute& miq neiSfï iyk wêlrKfhka b,a,d isák úg tys w¾:h
jkafka" wysxil md¾Yjh fï jk úg;a Tyqf.a miqneiSfï whs;sh ls%hd;aul lr we;s
kuq;a th n,d;aul lsÍug fyda u;fNaohg ;=vq § we;s fjk;a whs;shla
n,d;aul lsÍug wêlrKhg meñfKk njhs'

md¾Yjhka miqneiSu i|yd ysñlï mdk úg§" W,a,x.kh lsÍfuka fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍfuka
we;s jk ydks i|yd ysñlï mEug o Tyqg whs;sh ;sfí'

h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu ^Restitution in Intergrum& (

m%;sia:dmkh lsÍu l< yelafla wysxil md¾Yjhla .súiqug we;=<;a fkdjqfha kï Tjqkag
N=la;s ú¢h yels ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu i|yd muKla fkdjk w;r" th uq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a
lsÍu i|yd jq fmdÿ m%;sl¾uhla o f,ihs'

m%;sIG
a dmkh hkq" kej; ia:dmkh lsÍfï lsh
% dj,shhs'

m%;sia:dmkh Ndú;d jkafka" md¾Yjhla fjk;a md¾Yjhlg m%;s,dNhla fyda jkaÈhla

,nd§ we;s kuq;a" .súiqu ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;sk neúka th tl;= lr .ekSug fkdyels jk
úg§h'

WodyrKh ( X hk fldka;%d;alre ,ssÅ; .súiqula fkdue;sj Y g wh;a bvul uvqjla

idohs' uvqj i|yd X g f.ùu" Y m%;sfCIam lrhs' h:d ;;a;j
a hg m;a lsÍu hk uQ,O¾uh
hgf;a iy .súiqula fkd;snq fyhsk"a X úiska isÿ lrk ,o øjH yd Y%ufha msßjeh i|yd Y
f.ka mshjd .ekSug X g whs;shla we;'

12'6 wh:d Ok ,dNh hgf;a iyk b,a,Su

wh:d Ok ,dNh hk uQ,O¾ufhka m%ldY jkafka" widOdrK f,i ,eî we;s iy r|jd .kq
,en we;s foam, fiajdjka fyda fjk;a m%;,
s dN i|yd idOdrK jákdlul m%;sIaGdmkhla
^jkaÈ f.ùula& fkdlr wfkldg mdvq we;slr ,dN ,eîug lsisÿ mqoa.,fhl=g wjir
fkdÈh hq;=h hkakhs' yhsfn%di
a d iafmd,a ld wlSka t' f*hd¾ fnhska f,daika fldïfí ndn¾
,sñgâ

Fibrosa Spolka Akeyine V. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd (1948) AC 32 at 61 ys§
i|yka jkafka ñksfil= ;uka ;=< mej;sh hq;= yDo idCIshg mgyeksj" fjk;a wfhl=f.ka

128 CA Sri Lanka

 BL3 | mßÉfþo 1: .súiqï kS;sh

,efnk m%;s,dN r|jd ;nd .ekSu je<elaùu i|yd ms<h

s ï iemhSug ´kEu kS;s
moaO;shlska ne£ isák nj meyeÈ,sh'

foam, h:d ;;a;j

a hg m;alsÍug fyda Okj;a jQ m%udKhg f.ùu i|yd jQ ksYaÑ; j.lSï
iy.;Ndjhka whq;= Okj;aùfï uQ,O¾ufhka ,nd§ we;'
idudkHfhka md¾Yjhka w;r ,sÅ; .súiqula fkdue;s úg fuu idOdrK;ajfha m%;sl¾uh
fh§ug wfmaCId flf¾' tu ksid wêlrKh úiska md¾Yjhkaf.a lsh
% dud¾. ms<n
s |j fidhd
n,d w.;shg m;a md¾Yjhg idOdrKh bgq lsÍu i|yd jHx. .súiqula ia:dms; lsÍug
W;aidy .kq ,efí'

whq;= Okj;a ùfï uQ,O¾uhg tfrysj ls%hd;aul úh yels uQ,O¾u

tneúka whq;= Okj;a ùfï uQ,O¾uh lreKq ;=klska weÕfõ'

1' m%;s,dNhl l=ú;dkaisfhka ú;a;slre fmdfydi;a lr we;'

2' Okj;a ùu meñKs,slref.a úhoñka úh hq;=h'
3' ú;a;slreg m%;s,dN r|jd .ekSug bv§u widOdrKh'

whq;= Ok ,dNh fjkqfjka wêlrKfhka iykhka m%odkh lsÍu i|yd idudkHfhka my;
wx. iïmq¾K l< hq;=h'

 jkaÈ ,nd .ekSfï wfmaCIdfjka" ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjlre jákd hula wfkla

md¾Yjlreg imhd ;sìh hq;=h'
 ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjlre úiska imhkq ,en ;sfnk l=uk fyda fohla meyer yeÍu lrkq
,nk md¾Yjlre úiska ,enqKq nj okajd" ms<sf.k fyda tu fohska m%;s,dN ,nd
;sìh hq;=h'
 ks¾fodaIs md¾Yjlre iemhq ´kEu fohla f.ùula fkdlr N=la;s ú£u" meyer
yeÍu lrk md¾Yjlreg widOdrKd;aul úh hq;=h'

wh:d Ok ,dNfha iykh ,nd fkdfok wjia:d (

01' kS;sfha je/oaola hgf;a f.ùula fyda Ndr§ula lrk md¾Yjhlg ^ysñlï m%odkh
lrk i;Hfha je/oaog mgyeksj& m%;sia:dmkh i|yd whs;shla ke;'

02' ±ä fkdie,ls,a, ksid we;sjk fodaIhlg

03' whlr .ekSfï whs;sh úfYAIfhka w;ayer oud we;'

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04' u;fNaod;aul whs;shl j,x.= iïuq;h

s la u.ska isÿ lrk ;ek jer§ulska f.ùu
wdmiq whlr .; fkdyel'
05' ;Skÿ
a jlg wkqj f.ùï wdmiq whlr .; fkdyel'

06' Kh f.ùfï§ f.úh hq;= fkdjk nj ±k .ekSu'

13' .súiqul fmfrú;dj ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh (Privity)

.súiqfï fmfrú;dj hkak zzfmfrú;djfha uQ,O¾uhZZ ^doctrine of privity& f,i o

ye¢kafõ'

fuhska woyia jkafka" .súiqula u; kvq mejÍug fyda mjrkq ,eîulg whs;shla we;af;a
.súiqug t<ö we;s md¾Yjlrefjl=g muKs hkakhs' .súiqulg t<ô we;s f;jk
md¾Yjlrefjl=g fuu .súiqu hgf;a lsisÿ whs;shla ysñ fkdjk w;r" tjeks f;jk
md¾Yjhlg j.lSï mekùugo .súiqulg yelshdjla ke;'

WodyrKh ( .súiqul fmfrú;dj (

X, Y iu. we;s lr.;a .súiqulg wkqj" Y hï ksYaÑ; ld¾hhla l< úg" Z g f.ùug X
tlÕ úh' Y kshñ; mßÈ ld¾hh bgq lf<ah' tfy;a X f.ùï meyer yeßfhah'

.súiqul fmfrú;dj hgf;a Zg f.ùug we;s X f.a ne£u Z g n,d;aul l< fkdyel'
= Z uQ,sl .súiqfï md¾Yjlrefjla fkdùuhs'
thg fya;j

X j fhdodf.k fuu .súiqu n,d;aul l< yelafla Y g muKs'

kvq ;Skÿ
a j ( .súiqul fmfrú;dj

vkaf,dma gh¾ úlsKSu i|yd vkaf,dma gh¾ iud.u ^DT& iu. äõ wekaâ fldïmeks
,sñgâ ^DC& .súiqulg t<UqfKah' DT iud.fï mQ¾j wkque;sh fkdue;sj ksYaÑ; ñ,g
s g DC tlÕ úh'
jvd wvqfjka gh¾ fkdúlsKu

DC fj;ska DT gh¾ ñ,§ .;a" fi,a*a Ícia ^S& hkqfjka y÷kajk ,o iud.ula DT
wkqu; l< ñ, o¾Ykhg jvd wvq ñ,lg S ys md¾Yjlrejkag gh¾ úl=Kf
q õh'

S k;r lrk f,i mjiñka DT úiska

ñ, o¾Ykhg jvd wvq ñ,g gh¾ úlsKu S g
tfrysj kvq mejÍh'

a j ( S g úreoaOj kvq mejÍug DT g fkdyelsh' thg fya;=j DT yd DC w;r we;s

;Skÿ
s .súiqfï S md¾Yjlrefjla fkdùuhs'
jQ uQ,l

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BL3 mßÉfþo1:1:.s.s
úú iqiq
ïïkS;
kSsh
;hs

vkaf,dma gh¾ iud.u t' fi,a*a Ícia lïmeks ,sñgâ ^1915& AC 847

14' .súiqïj, ld,djfrdaO ld,iSudj

1871 wxl 22 ork ld,djfrdaë wd{dmk; iy tys ixfYdaOkhka hgf;a ld,djfrdaë

lsh
% djka kshdukh lsÍfï kS;s kshu lrkq ,efí' wd{d mkf;a 6 j.ka;sfhka" w.;shg m;a
md¾Yjh úiska .súiqula W,a,x.kh lsÍu i|yd lsh
% dud¾.hla wdrïN l< hq;= ld, rduqj
kshu lrhs'

fuu kshñ; ld, iSudj ;=< w.;shg m;a md¾Yjh úiska fhdað; ls%hdj wdrïN lsÍug
wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a" tu úfYAI;
s W,a,x.kh lsÍï i|yd lsh
% dud¾.hla .ekSug Tyqg $
wehg ;ykï lrhs'

,sÅ; .súiqula W,a,x>kh lsÍug tfrysj lsh

% dud¾.hla wdrïN lsÍug wod<j"
ld,djfrdaë wd{d mk; u.sk"a w.;shg m;a md¾Yjhg lsh
% djla wdrïN l< yels jir
yhl ld, rduqjla kshu lrhs'

kuq;a W,a,x.kh jQ Èk isg jir yhla we;=<; w.;shg m;a md¾Yjh tfia fkdlrkafka
kï" tu úfYAIs; W,a,x.kh lsÍïj,g tfrysj iykhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tyqg $ wehg
;jÿrg;a kS;sh bÈßfha lsisÿ uÕla fkd,efnkq we;'

5 j.ka;sh - jir oyhla ;=< lsishï .súiqula lsh

% d;aul ùu fya;=fjka f.úh hq;= - uqo,
whlr .ekSu'

6 j.ka;sh - yjq,l
a dß;ajh" ,sÅ; fmdfrdkaÿj" .súiqu fyda tlÕ;djh ^5 j.ka;shg wh;a
fkdfõ'& tjeks ls%hdud¾.hla jir yhla ;=< f.k tkafka ke;akï"

7 j.ka;sh - jir ;=kla we;=<; l=,S whlr .ekSu fyda l=,S ksjeisfhl= jerÈ f,i
ika;lfha ;ndf.k bvï ysñhd úiska whlr .; yels j;=hdhl ,dNh w;=re ,dNh fyda
lsishï w,sÅ; fmdfrdkaÿjla" .súiqula" flaj,a lsÍula fyda tlÕ;djhla u; ,nd ÿka
uqo,a i|yd

8 j.ka;sh - úl=Kk ,o ´kEu NdKavhla iy''''' jeh lrk ,o Y%uh'''' Kh f.úh hq;=
jQ miqj jirla we;=<;

9 j.ka;sh - ´kEu w,dNhlg iïnkaOj'''' jir folla we;=<; '''''

10 j.ka;sh - fuhg fmr imhd fkdue;s ´kEu ls%hdud¾.hla''''' tjeks ls%hdud¾.hla we;s
ù jir ;=kla we;=<;''''

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 Y%S ,xldfõ§ .súiqï md,kh jk kS;sh jkafka frdau ,kafoais kS;shhs'

 .súiqula hkq ffk;sl iïnkaO;djla we;s lr .eksfï fÉ;kdfjka md¾Yjlrejka
fofofkla t<fUk tlÕ;djhls'
mßÉfPao idrdxYh

 .súiqul md¾Yjlrejka fofokd w¾mKlre iy w¾mK,dNshd hkqfjka ye|skf

a js'
 bx.%i
S s kS;sh hgf;a zzm%;sIaGdjlaZZ hkq uqo,a j,g fyda uQ,Huh jYfhka ueksh yels
fohls'
 frdau-,kafoais kS;sfha§" bx.%i
S s kS;sh hgf;a tk zm%;sIaGdjgZ wu;rj iodpdrd;aul
hq;=lula bgqlsÍula fyda ;Hd.jka; l%shdjla lsÍu o .súiqula f,i n,d;aul l<
yelsh' tneúka tho zzm%;I
s aGdjlaZZ f,i ie,fla'
 zzw¾mKhla lsÍu i|yd zzwerhquZZ hkqfjka o y÷kajk ix.%y lsÍug lrk wdrdOkhZZ
hkqfjka ye¢kafjk fuh w¾mKhla lrk f,i uyck;djg flfrk werhquls'
 w¾mKh hkq .súiqul wdrïNl ,laIHhhs' ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g ;j;a flfkla fj;
w¾mKhla l< yelsh' ´kEu w¾mKhla" j,x.= w¾mKhla ùu i|yd th m%:ufhka
w¾mK,dNshd fj; ikakf
s õokh l< hq;=h'
 tfy;a .súiqula we;sùu i|yd" fuu w¾mKh ta wdldrfhkau m%;s.%yKh l<hq;=h'
w¾mKh m%;s.%yKh lrkq ,nkafka ke;skï" túg" .súiqula we;s fkdfõ'
 m%;s.%yKhla j,x.= ùug kï" th w¾mKh j,x.=j ;sfnk ld,h ;=, l< hq;=h' th
ksh; iy wkkqiñ
S ;úhhq;=h' w¾mK,dNshdg ikakf
s õokh l< hq;=h'
 ´kEu tlÕ;djhla kS;sfhka j,x.= .súiqula ùug thska ;uka ffk;slj nef|k tlla
úh yels nj .súiqug t<ôug isák md¾Yjhka wfmalaId l< hq;=h'
 idudkH rS;Sh jkafka md¾Yjlrejka wfmalaId lrkafka kï ñi" ish¨u .Dyia: iy
iudc tlÕ;djkaf.ka md¾Yjlrefjdaa ffk;slj fkdnef|k njhs'
 jdKsc tlÕ;djka j,§ we;s idudkH Í;shg wkqj md¾Yjlrejka" jdKsc .súiqïj,ska
;uka kS;suh jYfhka fkdnef|k nj wfmalaId lrk wjia:djl§u yer wfkla iEu
wjia:djl§u kS;suh jYfhka nef|a' tjeks tlÕ;djkag md¾Yjlrejka
nef|kafkazznqyu
q kZZ hk ;;aajfhkah'
 fldkafoaishla hkq .súiqul uQ,hg fyda mokug Èfjk j.ka;shla jk w;r
fldkafoaih
s ka lv lrkq ,eîfï m%;sM,hla f,i ks¾fodaIS md¾Yjhg .súiqu msßiqka
lsÍug iy jkaÈ b,a,Sug;a ysñlu ,efí'
 m%;s{dNdrhla hkq" bgq l< hq;= tfy;a bgq lsÍu fkd,eîu .súiqfï yrhg n,mEï
fkdlrk neúka bgq lsÍu b;d w;HjYH fkdjk ne£uls' m%;s{dNdrhla lvl< úg
mSvkhg m;a whg .súiqu wjika l, fkdyelsh' bka Tyqg jkaos ,nd.ekSug whs;shla
foa' m%;s{dNdrhla lvùu fya;=fjka ks¾fodaIS md¾Yjh .súiqu msßiqka lsÍug ysñlï
fkd,nhs' th Tyqg ydks-jkaÈ j,g ysñlï whs;sh muKla ,nd fohs'
 .súiqul j.ka;s meyeÈ,s iy ksYaÑ; úh hq;= w;r wmeyeÈ,s fkdúh hq;=h'
 .súiqula hgf;a ;udf.a j.lSï neyer lsÍu is;k md¾Yjlrefjla .súiqug j.lSfuka
ksoyia lsÍfï j.ka;s y÷kajd fohs'
 j,x.= .súiqula we;slr .ekSu i|yd .súiqug t<fUk md¾Yjlrejka ;=< wjHdc
iyu;sh ^Genuine Consent& ;sìh hq;h
= '

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 .súiqu fj; md¾Yjlrejka olajk fuu wjHdc iyu;sh" iyu;sfha ;:H;dj (Reality
of Consent)hkqfjkao y÷kqjkq ,efí
 jer§u" wjksfoaYkh whq;= n,mEu" ;¾ck iy widOdrK ñ,fha mdvqj jeks iuyr
wjia:djkays§ wjHdc iyu;sh ke;'
 úfYaI ;;a;ajhka j,§ yer" .súiqï j,g t<öug idudkHfhka nd,jhialrefjl=g
YlH;djhla ke;'
 Wkau;a;lhska úiska we;slr.kq ,nk .súiqï j,g wod, idudkH Í;sh fjkafka"
.súiqug t<fUk wjia:dfjsoS tla md¾Yjlrefjla isysúl,a nfjka miqù ta nj wfkla
md¾Yjlre fkdoek isáho" tlS .súiqu Y=kH iy wj,x.= fj;;a' .súiqug t<fUk
wjia:dfõ§ tlS Wkau;a;l mqoa.,hd isysh we;s ukilska miqjQjd kï fuu Í;sh wod,
fkdfjhs'
 îu;alu fyda u;aùu wêlrKhla úiska .súiqula wjyrKh ^wialsÍu&lsrSug fya;=jla
fkdfõ' ;uka u;aù isák w;r;=r§ t<UqKq .súiqula ;ud isys t<jd .;a miq wkqu;
lsrSug îu;ajQ mqo.
a ,hl=g yelshdj we;'
 ÿrdpdÍ fyda wkS;sl .súiqula kS;sh úiska n,d;aul lrkq ,nkafka ke;'
 neÆ ne,aug j,x.= .sñiqul m%Odk wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr we;ehs fmfkk .súiqula ;=<
jqjo .eUqre wOHhkhlska miqj ;jÿrg;a fodaI wvx.=j ;sfnk njg fmkS hk úg'
.súiqula n,d;aul l< fkdyels" wj,x.= fyda wkS;sl njg m;a lrhs'
 .súiqula wdlafIamKh lsÍu ^Discharge of a Contract&hkq j,x.= .súiqula wjika
lsÍuhs' .súiqu ksoyia lrkq ,enQ miq .súiqu hgf;a ;snQ whs;sjdislï iy ne`§ï j,ska
md¾Yjlrejka ksoyia fõ' úúO l%uhkaf.ka .súiqula wjika lsÍu yd ksoyia lsÍu l<
yelsh'
 .súiqula lvlsÍula hkq .súiqfï tla md¾Yjlrefjla .súiqu m%ldrj ;udf.a ld¾hhka
iy ne`§ï bgq lsÍug wiu;a ùu fyda .súiqfï ld¾hhka iy ne`§ï bgq fkdlrk nj
wfkla md¾Yjhg oekaùuh' fuys§ ks¾fodaIS md¾Yjhg fhdod.; yels ms<shï iuyrla
kS;sfha we;'
 .súiqula lvlsÍula iïnkaOfhka w;Dma; md¾Yjlrefjla úiska l%h
s dud¾.hla .ekSu
wdrïN l< hq;= ld, rduqj ld,djfrdaë wd{dm;lska mekfõ'
 .súiqul fmfrú;dj ms<sn`o uQ,O¾uh ^fmfrú;dj ms<sn`o jdoh& hkqfjka woyia
lrkafka" .súiqu u; kvq mejÍug;a kvq mjrkq ,eîug;a" whs;sh we;af;a .súiqug
iïnkaO md¾Yjhlg muKs hkakh' .súiqfï md¾Yjhla fkdjk f;jk md¾Yjhlg
.súiqu hgf;a lsisu whs;sjdislula ysñ jkafka ke;'

CA Sri Lanka
CA Sri Lanka 133
 BL3 | mßÉfþo 1: .súiqï kS;sh

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134 CA CA
Sri Sri
Lanka
Lanka
r,;a .KldêldÍ wdh;kh
 BL3 | mßÉfþo 1: .súiqï kS;sh

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m%. ;s mÍËKh i|yd ms< s; =r e

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yels ùuhs'
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—ix.%y lsrSug wdrdOkd lsrSula˜ ñi —w¾mKhla ˜ fkdfõ'

2 ksjerÈ ms<s;=r ^w&

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^wE& ksjerÈ fkdjkafka ^wE& ys i`oyka .súiqu bgq l< fkdyels ksidh' tneúka
thj,x.= .súiqula fkdfõ'

3 ksjerÈ ms<s;=r ^w&

fuhg fya;=j fjkafka îu;alu hkq iafõÉPd ke;skï ;uka úiska fm%arKh lr
.kq ,enQ l%shdjla jk neúks' tneúka th Widúh úiska ksoyig lreKla f,i
i<lkq ,nkafka ke;'
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^wE& mkjkafka ld,djfrdaë wd{d mkf;ks'

4 ;eme,a w¾mKfha § wod< j, Í;sh jkafka" w¾mKhla j,x.= ùug th

w¾mK,dNshdg ,eìh hq;=h hkakhs' w¾mKh ;eme,a lsÍu muKlau m%udKj;a
fkdfõ'
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w¾mK,dNshd úiska ;eme,a lrkq ,eîu u j,x.= m%;s.%yKhla lsÍug iudk njh'
m%;s.%yKh iïnkaO ,smsh w¾mKlre fj; ,eîu w;HdjYH fkdfõ'

5 ^we& iy ^wE&
^we& .súiqula wj,x.= lrhs' thg fya;=j A ;uka .súiqug t<Uqfka B iu`.
fkdjk nj A oek isáhd kï Tyq flÈklj;a .súiqula we;s fkdlr.kq we;'

^wE& .súiqula wj,x.= lrhs" thg fya;=j .súiqfï úIh lreKq .súiqu we;s
lr.kakd wjia:dj jk úg fkdmj;sk fohla njg m;aj ;sîuhs'
^w& iy ^wd& hkq jer§ula ;snqfka jqjo tjeks jrola úiska .súiqula wj,x.=
fkdlrkq ,nk wjia:djkah'

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 BL3 | mßÉfþo 1: .súiqï kS;sh

136 CA Sri Lanka