SCHOOL NAME: SOS Technical

MODULE NAME: ZERO CLIENT APPLICATION

MODULE CODE: NITZC501
CLASS: LEVEL 5 NIT
Trainer: Erneste.U

At the end of the module the learner will be able to:

1. Prepare zero client environment
2. Install N computing system
3. Maintain N computing system
Learning outcome 1: Prepare zero client environment
 Conducting site survey

1. Introduction to Site Surveys

Site surveys are inspections of an area where work is proposed, to gather information for a
design or an estimate to complete the initial tasks required for an outdoor activity.
A site survey is a comprehensive evaluation of a physical location to determine its suitability for
a specific purpose, such as installing equipment, constructing a building, or deploying a network.
It involves evaluating the physical environment and existing infrastructure to ensure
compatibility and optimal performance of zero client systems.
2. Objectives of a Site Survey
 Assess Current Infrastructure: Evaluate existing network, power, and physical layout.
 Identify Requirements: Determine specific needs for zero client deployment.
 Plan for Implementation: Create a strategy for integrating zero clients into the existing
setup.
 Anticipate Potential Issues: Identify and address possible challenges or limitations.
3. Key Areas to Evaluate
1. Physical Space:
 Workspace Layout: Ensure that the physical environment is suitable for the
placement of zero client devices. Consider factors such as desk space, ventilation, and
accessibility.
 Power Supply: Verify that there are sufficient power outlets and that the electrical
infrastructure can support the zero client devices and any associated equipment.
  Cooling and Ventilation: Assess the need for cooling systems to maintain optimal
temperatures for zero client devices and servers.
2. Network Infrastructure:
 Network Bandwidth: Check if the existing network bandwidth is adequate to handle
the data traffic generated by zero clients accessing virtual desktops or applications.
 Network Cabling: Ensure that network cabling is up-to-date and capable of
supporting the required speed and reliability for zero client operations.
 Wi-Fi Coverage: If zero clients will use Wi-Fi, evaluate the strength and coverage of
the wireless network throughout the area.
3. Security:
 Physical Security: Ensure that zero client devices and associated servers are in secure
locations to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.
 Network Security: Assess network security measures, including firewalls and
encryption, to protect data transmitted between zero clients and servers.
4. Integration with Existing Systems:
 Compatibility: Check if zero client devices are compatible with existing virtual
desktop infrastructure (VDI) or cloud services.
 VDI stands for Virtual Desktop Infrastructure. It's a technology that allows users to
access and use a desktop computer environment from a remote location. Instead of
physically sitting at a computer, users can connect to a centralized server that hosts
virtual desktops.
 User Requirements: Understand the specific needs of end-users to ensure that zero
client solutions will support their workflows effectively.
5. Power and Environmental Considerations:
 Power Redundancy: Evaluate the need for uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) or
backup power solutions to ensure continuous operation in case of power outages
 Temperature Control: Verify that the environment has adequate cooling systems to
prevent overheating of zero client devices and servers.
4. Steps in Conducting the Site Survey
1. Preparation:
 Gather information on existing infrastructure and user requirements.
 Develop a checklist of items to evaluate during the survey.
2. Site Visit:
  Inspect physical spaces and network infrastructure.
 Use tools to measure network performance, power availability, and environmental
conditions.
3. Data Collection:
 Record findings related to space, power, network, and security.
 Document any issues or areas that need improvement.
4. Analysis and Recommendations:
 Analyze the collected data to determine the feasibility of implementing zero client
technology.
 Provide recommendations for any necessary upgrades or changes to support zero
client deployment.
5. Reporting:
 Compile a detailed report summarizing the findings, potential issues, and
recommendations.
 Present the report to stakeholders for review and decision-making.
Conclusion
Conducting a thorough site survey is essential for the successful implementation of zero client
technology. By evaluating physical space, network infrastructure, security, and integration with
existing systems, you can ensure that the deployment is efficient, effective, and meets the needs
of the organization and its users.

 Introduction to zero client technology

Definition
 Zero client technology is a server-based computing model in which the end user's
computing device has no local storage.
 A zero client is a type of endpoint device designed to access virtual desktops or cloud-based
applications. When a zero client turns on, it uses firmware to boot off of the network and
connect to the server.
Zero client technology refers to a type of virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) endpoint device
that has minimal processing power and relies entirely on a central server or data center for
computing resources.
Types:

Here are the main types of zero client technology:

1. Hardware-Based Zero Clients:

Hardware-based zero clients: These are physical devices that connect to a server via a
network connection (usually Ethernet or Wi-Fi). They have minimal hardware
components, such as a processor, RAM, and a display output. Hardware-based zero
clients can be further categorized into:

Thin clients: These are more powerful than basic zero clients and may have some local
storage and processing capabilities.

Zero clients: These are the most basic form of zero clients, with minimal hardware and
relying entirely on the server for processing and storage
 2. Software-Based Zero Clients:

These are virtual zero clients that run on existing devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or
laptops. They are accessed through a web browser or a dedicated app and leverage the
device's hardware to provide a zero client experience

3. Hybrid Zero Clients:

Hybrid Thin Clients: These combine elements of hardware-based and software-based

zero clients, offering a balance of local processing and remote capabilities.

4. Integrated Zero Clients:

An integrated zero client is a type of zero client that is built into another device. This
means that the zero client functionality is not a separate physical device, but rather a
component within another device.

Common examples of integrated zero clients include:

 Integrated thin clients: These are devices that combine the functionality of a thin
client with other features, such as a phone or a small form factor PC.
 Smart TVs: Some smart TVs have built-in zero client capabilities, allowing them to
be used as thin clients or to access virtual desktops.
 Mobile devices: Smartphones and tablets can sometimes be used as zero clients by
running specific apps or browser extensions.
5. Cloud-Based Zero Clients:

Description: Cloud-based zero clients rely on cloud services to deliver desktop environments
and applications, minimizing local hardware requirements.

6. Zero Clients with Built-in OS:

Devices that come with a minimal operating system optimized for connecting to virtual
environments.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Zero Client Type:
 Required Functionality: Determine the specific applications and tasks that need to be
performed on the device.
 Network Infrastructure: Ensure that the network can handle the bandwidth requirements
for remote access. Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted
over a network connection in a given amount of time. It's often measured in bits per
second (bps).
 Security Needs: Consider the level of security required and whether centralized
management is a priority.
 Cost: Evaluate the initial hardware costs, ongoing maintenance expenses, and potential
licensing fees.
Features:
 Minimal Local Storage: Zero clients usually have no significant storage capacity,
relying on remote servers for data.
 Centralized Management: Configuration and updates are managed centrally,
simplifying administration.
 Streamlined Connectivity: Optimized for accessing virtual desktops and applications
over a network.
 Enhanced Security: With no data stored locally, the risk of data loss or theft is
minimized.
 Cost Efficiency: Lower hardware and maintenance costs due to reduced local processing
requirements.
7. True Zero Clients:
A True Zero Client is a type of zero client that is designed to be as lightweight and resource-
efficient as possible. It typically has minimal hardware components and relies entirely on the
server for processing, storage, and application execution.
PCoIP (PC-over-IP) Zero Clients:
PCoIP (PC-over-IP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Teradici that enables
high-performance remote desktop access.

Key Features of PCoIP Zero Clients:

 High-Performance Graphics: PCoIP uses a compression algorithm that effectively
compresses graphics data, resulting in high-quality visuals even over low-bandwidth
networks.
 Low Latency: The protocol is designed to minimize latency, ensuring a responsive user
experience.
 Security: PCoIP incorporates security measures to protect data transmitted over the
network.
  Compatibility: PCoIP is compatible with various operating systems and hardware
platforms, making it flexible for deployment.

Features zero client technology

Here are the key features of zero client technology:

1. Centralized Computing: Zero clients rely on a centralized server or cloud infrastructure

for all processing tasks. This allows for:

 Server-based Applications: Access to applications and data stored on remote servers

rather than locally.

2. Minimal Local Hardware: Zero clients have:

 No Local Operating System: They typically lack a traditional OS, reducing

complexity and vulnerability to malware.
 No Local Storage: Data is stored centrally, preventing sensitive information from
being compromised if the device is lost or stolen.

3. Energy Efficiency: Designed to consume

  Low Power: Minimal energy compared to traditional PCs, contributing to lower
operating costs and environmental impact. Zero clients consume minimal power
compared to traditional PCs, leading to lower energy costs and a reduced
environmental

4. High Performance Graphics: Capable of

 Handling Multimedia: Supports high-definition graphics and multimedia

applications without compromising performance.
 Multiple Monitor Support: Some models support dual or multiple monitors,
enhancing productivity for users requiring extensive screen space.

5. Ease of Deployment and Management: Zero clients are:

 Easy to Deploy: Simple setup process, often plug-and-play within existing VDI
environments.
 Centrally Managed: Administrators can manage and configure devices remotely,
reducing maintenance costs and ensuring uniformity across the network.

6. Scalability: Offers:

 Expandability: Easily scale the number of devices to meet changing demands

without significant infrastructure changes.

7. User Experience: Provides

 Responsive Performance: Offers seamless user experience with minimal latency,

even for graphics-intensive applications.
 Consistent Performance: Ensures uniform performance across devices, regardless of
user location or hardware specifications.

8. Integration with VDI: Zero clients can be seamlessly integrated with Virtual Desktop
Infrastructure (VDI) solutions, providing a complete virtual desktop experience.

9. Support for Peripherals: Many zero clients support peripherals such as keyboards, mice,
and monitors.

Benefits

The benefits of zero clients include the following:

Cost-effective: Zero Clients are less expensive than traditional desktops, laptops, or thin clients
as they have no local storage or operating system. Also, the need for maintenance, upgrades, and
replacements is minimal, as Zero Clients can run for years without any significant hardware
failures.
Simplified management: Since Zero Clients are simple in design and have no moving parts,
managing and maintaining them is much easier than traditional desktops. IT administrators can
manage all Zero Clients from a centralized location. In the event of an issue, they can easily
swap out the defective Zero Client with a new one, minimizing downtime.

Improved security: Zero Clients are designed to run on remote servers that store data and
applications, reducing the risk of sensitive data breaches. Also, since Zero Clients do not have
any local storage, data is not saved on the device, making it much harder for someone to steal
data from a lost or stolen Zero Client.

Enhanced performance: Zero Clients are designed to offload all computing resources,
including processing power, memory, and storage, to remote servers, freeing up the Zero Client
to act as a terminal or remote display. This ensures that the Zero Client provides fast and
responsive access to applications, even on low-end hardware.

Increased productivity: Zero Clients provide a consistent and reliable user experience,
regardless of the device used to access the virtual desktop environment. Power usage can be as
low as one-fiftieth of thick client requirements.

 Devices are much less expensive than PCs or thin clients.

 It's an efficient and secure means of delivering applications to end users.
 No software on the client means that there is no vulnerability to malware.
 Administration is generally easy.
 In a virtual desktop environment, administrators can reduce the number of physical PCs or
blades and run multiple virtual PCs on server-class hardware.
 Increased hardware efficiency can lead to improved user experience.

In brief

Zero clients offer several benefits, such as improved security since they don't store data
locally, reduced maintenance costs due to centralized management, lower energy
consumption compared to traditional PCs, and increased flexibility and scalability for
businesses. Overall, zero clients can provide a streamlined and efficient computing
solution for various organizations.

Applications
Some common applications of zero client technology in networking include:
 Educational Institutions: Useful in schools and universities for providing students with
access to learning resources without managing individual computers.
 Computer Labs: Providing students with access to educational software and resources.
 Distance Learning: Enabling students to participate in online courses and collaborate
with classmates.
  Healthcare Facilities: Beneficial for medical staff who need access to patient records
and applications while maintaining data security and compliance.
 Medical Records: Accessing and managing patient records electronically.
 Telemedicine: Conducting remote consultations and treatments.
 Remote Work: Supports remote or hybrid work environments by allowing employees to
access their virtual desktops from various locations.
 Call Centers: Facilitates a large number of simultaneous users with minimal local
hardware, reducing costs and improving management.
 Government: Secure access to sensitive information, streamlined administration,
reduced IT infrastructure costs.
 Finance: Secure access to financial data, centralized management of trading platforms.
 Remote Access: Zero clients enable users to access their desktop environment from
anywhere with an internet connection, providing flexibility and mobility for remote
workers.
 Factory Automation: Controlling and monitoring industrial processes.
 Remote Operations: Managing equipment and machinery from a central location.

2. Environment evaluation
It involves assessing the existing infrastructure, network conditions, and user requirements to
ensure a successful implementation.
Environmental evaluation typically refers to the process of assessing and analyzing the impact of
human activities on the environment.
Physical site survey
When evaluating a physical site survey in the context of zero clients, it is essential to consider
the specific requirements and implications of implementing zero client technology at the site.
Here are some key aspects to evaluate:
Physical Site Survey
 Infrastructure: Evaluate the existing infrastructure, including network connectivity,
power supply, and physical space.
 Accessibility: Assess the accessibility of the deployment location for technicians and
users.
 Environmental Factors: Consider factors like temperature, humidity, and dust that could
affect the performance and longevity of zero clients.
 Operational Considerations: Evaluate the operational aspects of deploying zero clients
at the site, including management, maintenance, scalability, and security implications to
ensure a smooth transition and efficient operation.
  Security: Physical Security: Ensure that zero client devices and associated servers are
in secure locations to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.
 Network Infrastructure
Network Bandwidth: Check if the existing network bandwidth is adequate to handle the data
traffic generated by zero clients accessing virtual desktops or app

System usage
When evaluating system usage in a zero client environment, it is important to consider various
factors that can impact performance, efficiency, and user experience. Here are some key aspects
to evaluate:
1. Performance Monitoring: Utilize monitoring tools to track system performance metrics such
as CPU usage, memory utilization, network traffic, and latency to ensure optimal operation and
identify any bottlenecks.
2. User Experience: Gather feedback from users regarding their experience with zero clients,
including responsiveness, speed, ease of use, and overall satisfaction to assess the system's
usability and effectiveness.
3. Workload Analysis: Analyze the types of tasks and applications being used on the zero clients
to understand the system's workload requirements and ensure it can handle the demands
effectively.
Protection measures, access controls, encryption protocols, and compliance with security
standards to ensure the system usage is secure and protected from potential threats.
4. Resource Allocation: Evaluate resource allocation and management strategies to optimize
system usage, balance workloads, and allocate resources efficiently among zero clients to
maximize performance.
5. Security Assessment: Conduct a security assessment to evaluate data protection measures,
access controls, encryption protocols, and compliance with security standards to ensure the
system usage is secure and protected from potential threats.
6. Application Requirements: Identify the specific applications and workloads that will be
running on zero clients.
7. User Profile: Understand the user profiles and their needs, including performance
expectations, security requirements, and mobility needs.
8. Scalability: Consider future growth and how zero clients can be scaled to accommodate
changes in user requirements.
9. Evaluate the number of users and the performance requirements.
  Produce Survey report
Producing a survey report involves compiling and presenting the findings of a survey in a
structured and organized manner. The report typically includes details on the survey
methodology, key findings, analysis of the data collected, and recommendations based on the
results
To produce a survey report, follow these general steps:
1. Introduction: Provide an overview of the survey, including its objectives, scope,
methodology, and target audience.
2. Survey Methodology: Describe the survey methods used, such as data collection techniques,
sample size, sampling method, and any limitations or biases.
3. Key Findings: Present the main findings of the survey, including statistical data, trends,
patterns, and significant insights gathered from the responses.
4. Analysis: Analyze the survey results, interpret the data, and provide explanations or insights
into the findings to draw meaningful conclusions.
5. Recommendations: Offer recommendations based on the survey findings, suggesting actions
or strategies that could address any identified issues or capitalize on opportunities.
6. Conclusion: Summarize the key points of the survey report, reiterate the main findings, and
emphasize the significance of the results.
7. Appendices: Include any supplementary information, raw data, survey questions, charts,
graphs, or additional details that support the findings presented in the report.
By following these steps and structuring your survey report effectively, you can communicate the
survey results clearly, provide valuable insights, and offer actionable recommendations for
decision-making based on the gathered data.

2. Selection of Tools and equipment

When selecting tools and equipment for a particular task or project, it's essential to consider
several criteria to ensure that the tools and equipment you choose will effectively meet your
needs. Here’s a structured approach to selecting and identifying tools and equipment:
Criteria for Selecting Tools and Equipment
1. Compatibility: Ensure that the tools and equipment work well together and with your
existing systems. Compatibility issues can lead to inefficiencies or require additional
adjustments.
2. Performance: Evaluate how well the tools and equipment perform their intended
functions. High performance is crucial for efficiency and productivity.
 3. Scalability: Consider whether the tools and equipment can grow with your needs.
Scalable solutions can handle increased workloads or additional features without
requiring a complete overhaul. Zero clients adapt to future growth or changes in the
infrastructure.
4. Reliability: Assess the dependability of the tools and equipment. Reliable tools minimize
downtime and maintenance needs, ensuring consistent operation.
5. Cost-effectiveness: Analyze the cost relative to the benefits and lifespan of the tools and
equipment. Cost-effectiveness involves not just the initial purchase price but also long-
term operational costs. Evaluate the cost of the tools and equipment in relation to the
budget constraints and overall benefits they provide to ensure a cost-effective solution for
zero client preparation.

6. Security: Ensure that the tools and equipment provide adequate security features to
protect against threats and vulnerabilities, especially if sensitive data is involved.
7. Ease of Management: Option for tools and equipment that are easy to manage,
configure, and maintain to streamline the deployment and operation of zero clients
effectively.
8. Energy Efficiency: Consider the energy efficiency of the tools and equipment to
minimize power consumption and support the sustainability goals of a zero client
environment.
Identification of tools
Identifying Tools in Zero Clients

Zero clients are lightweight computing devices that rely on a central server for processing and
storage. They typically have limited hardware capabilities and primarily rely on software to
function.

Software Tools in Zero Clients

1. Zero Client Operating System (OS): This is the core software that manages the zero client's
resources and interfaces with the central server. Examples include Linux-based distributions
specifically designed for zero clients.
2. Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP): A common protocol used for connecting zero clients to a
central server. It allows users to access and control applications and data on the server.
3. Citrix Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI): A virtualization technology that allows multiple
users to access shared virtual desktops from a central server. Zero clients are often used as
endpoints for VDI environments.
4. Terminal Services: A Microsoft technology that enables users to access applications and data
on a remote server. Zero clients can be configured to use Terminal Services.
5. Thin Client Management Software: Software used to manage and configure multiple zero
clients from a central location. This can include features like software deployment, firmware
updates, and security management.

Hardware Components in Zero Clients

While zero clients have limited hardware, they typically include the following components:

1. Processor: A low-power processor, often an ARM-based chip, is used for basic tasks like
handling user input and displaying graphics.
2. Memory: A small amount of RAM is used for temporary data storage.
3. Network Interface: A network card (Ethernet or Wi-Fi) is used to connect the zero client to the
network and the central server.
4. Display Output: A VGA, HDMI, or DisplayPort connector is used to connect to a monitor.
5. Input Devices: A keyboard and mouse are typically included for user interaction.
6. Power Supply: A small power supply unit provides power to the zero client.
7. Networking Equipment such as Routers and switches.

Identification of hardware equipment

Ncomputing access terminals (Series)

NComputing access terminals are devices designed to provide users with a cost-effective way to
access virtual desktops or applications hosted on a server.

Advantages and Disadvantages of NComputing

Advantages of NComputing:
  Reduced hardware costs: NComputing's thin client approach significantly lowers
hardware costs compared to traditional desktop computers.
 Lower energy consumption: Thin clients consume less power, leading to reduced
energy bills and a smaller environmental footprint.
 Centralized management: All devices can be managed from a single host computer,
simplifying IT administration.
 Improved security: Centralized management allows for better security controls and
easier patch management.
 Scalability: NComputing systems can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing
needs.
 Reduced maintenance: Thin clients require less maintenance and support compared to
traditional desktops.
Disadvantages of NComputing:
 Performance limitations: Thin clients may have performance limitations compared to
powerful desktop computers, especially for resource-intensive applications.
 Dependency on the host computer: The performance and availability of NComputing
terminals depend on the host computer.
 Network requirements: A reliable network infrastructure is essential for NComputing
systems to function properly.
 Limited local storage: Thin clients typically have limited local storage, which may be a
drawback for certain applications.
 Potential for latency: Network latency can affect the responsiveness of thin clients.
 NComputing, a leading provider of virtualization solutions, offers vSpace Pro, a powerful
virtual machine software designed for enterprises and organizations of all sizes.
 Azure Virtual Desktop (AVD) is a cloud-based virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) service
provided by Microsoft. It allows users to access a virtual desktop environment from any
device with an internet connection, similar to Vspace Pro.
 Remote Desktop Services (RDS) is a virtualization platform that serves sessions of individual
applications or desktops. These services are either hosted on premise or in the cloud.
 L-series
The L series is a line of access terminals from NComputing that is designed for education and
small businesses. These terminals are highly affordable and offer excellent performance for basic
tasks such as web browsing, email, and word processing. With the ability to connect up to 100
user sessions to a single NComputing vSpace server, the combination provides a simple and
powerful desktop virtualization solution at one-third the price of traditional alternatives.
The L-series client devices connect to a shared computer via standard ethernet networks. That
way, users can be any distance from the shared computer. Up to 100 L-series users can share a
single operating system or virtualmachine. L-series access devices are sold individually, and
include vSpace®Server virtualization software.
 M series
The M-Series terminal in N Computing is a high-performance computing device designed for
use in data centers, research institutions, and other environments that require significant
computational power.
The M-series offers an Ethernet connection. It enables full screen video streaming
capabilities, USB support and up to 45 users per PC. The M300 is ideal for workgroup
computing: classrooms, computer labs, training rooms.
 X-series
The X-series PCI direct connect client device allows for up to 11 eleven users to
simultaneously share A single PC at a fraction of the cost of a typical PC. Each user enjoys a
rich Windows or Linux experience including multimedia with sound and full-motion video.

 MX-series
The MX-series combines the best features of NComputing’s widely popular M-
series and X-series with enhanced multimedia performance, superior graphics
and support for the Gigabit network.
Advantages of MX Series Terminals

 Modularity and Flexibility:

 MX terminals can be easily combined and reconfigured to meet specific application
requirements.
 High Performance:
Fast data transfer rates: MX terminals are designed to handle large volumes of data
efficiently, ensuring real-time communication and control.
 Integration Capabilities:
MX terminals can seamlessly integrate with various industrial networks and protocols,
such as Ethernet, CAN, and Profibus.
 Enhanced Functionality:
Advanced features: Many MX terminals offer additional features like remote
diagnostics, security protocols, and self-healing capabilities to improve system reliability
and efficiency.
 Cost-Effective:
Reduced wiring: MX terminals can often reduce the amount of wiring required, leading
to lower installation costs and simplified maintenance.

Host computer
A host computer, in the context of computer networks, is a computer that provides
resources or services to other computers, known as clients. It acts as a central hub or
server, sharing its resources like Storage, Processing Power, Internet Connection.

A host computer, also known as a server, is the central computing device in a zero client
environment. It provides the processing power, storage, and operating system that the zero
clients rely on to function.
Functions of a Host Computer in Zero Client Systems
 1. Resource Sharing such as Allowing clients to store, access, and share files. Enabling
multiple clients to use a single printer.
2. Application Hosting: Runs applications on behalf of clients, providing centralized
access and management moreover it Hosts virtual machines or desktops, allowing clients
to access multiple operating systems or applications.
3. Network Services:
 Domain Controller for Managing user accounts, groups, and security
policies within a network.
 DNS Server for mapping domain names into IP addresses.
 FTP Server which Provides file transfer services.
 Mail Server for Handling email messages for clients.
4. Internet Gateway by Connecting clients to the internet and acts as a gateway to the
global network.
5. Centralized Management by Controlling and monitoring network devices, applications,
and user accounts.
Peripheral devices
Peripheral devices are hardware components that are not part of the core computer system but
are connected to it to enhance its functionality. They can be classified into three main categories:
 Input Devices: These devices allow users to input data into the computer. Common
examples include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones.
 Output Devices: These devices take information from the computer and present it to the
user. Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers.
 Storage Devices: These devices are used to store data and can be either internal or
external. Examples include hard drives, USB flash drives, and external
Selection of transmission media

Transmission media refer to the physical pathways through which data is transmitted from one
device to another within a network. These pathways can be wired or wireless. The choice of
medium depends on factors like distance, speed, and interference.
1. Guided Media
Guided Media is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media.
Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by
using physical links.

There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

Twisted Pair Cable

It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several
such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used
Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one
another. This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend on a
physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): This type of cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid
covering or a foil shield) to block external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and
in voice and data channels of telephone lines.
Coaxial Cable

It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and 2
parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial
cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog
television networks widely use Coaxial cables.

 Optical Fiber Cable

Optical Fibre Cable uses the concept of refraction of light through a core made
up of glass or plastic.
 Stripline : Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line
medium.
 Microstripline : In this, the conducting material is separated from the ground plane by a
layer of dielectric.

2. Unguided Media
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media . No physical medium is
required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
Features of Unguided Media
 The signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances
There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:
Radio Waves
Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and
receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios
and cordless phones use Radio waves for transmission.
Microwaves

It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly
aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height
of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. Micro waves are majorly used for mobile
phone communication and television distribution.

Infrared

Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through
obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse,
keyboard, printer, etc.
Factors that You have to consider when you are selecting a transmission media:

Factor such as Analyzing Network Requirements and evaluating transmission media options
are considered here below are more other factors that you have to consider

1. Distance

Short distances: Twisted pair cables or wireless are suitable.

Medium distances: Fiber optic cables or coaxial cables are good options.
Long distances: Fiber optic cables are the preferred choice due to their low attenuation
and high bandwidth.
2. Data Rate

High data rates: Fiber optic cables and coaxial cables are capable of handling large
amounts of data.
Lower data rates: Twisted pair cables and wireless can suffice for less demanding
applications.

3. Cost:

Cost-effective: Twisted pair cables are generally more affordable than fiber optic or
coaxial cables.

4. Reliability:

Reliability: Fiber optic cables are highly reliable due to their immunity to electromagnetic
interference and their ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions.
Reliability: Twisted pair cables and coaxial cables can be susceptible to noise and
interference, affecting reliability.

5. Security

Security: Fiber optic cables are more difficult to tap than other media, making them more
secure.
Security: Wireless networks can be vulnerable to eavesdropping and hacking, requiring
strong security measures.

6. Noise and Interference:

Noise and interference: Twisted pair cables and coaxial cables can be susceptible to noise
and interference from other electronic devices.
Noise and interference: Fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference.

7. Ease of Installation:

Ease of installation: Twisted pair cables and wireless networks are generally easier to
install than fiber optic cables.
Ease of installation: Fiber optic cables require specialized equipment and expertise for
installation.

8. Scalability

Scalability: Fiber optic cables can support higher bandwidths and are more scalable for
future growth.
Scalability: Twisted pair cables and wireless networks may have limitations in terms of
scalability
9. Environmental Factors:

Environmental factors: Consider factors like temperature, humidity, and physical damage
when selecting a transmission media.
Environmental factors: Some media may be more suitable for specific environments,
such as outdoor or underground installations.

10. Regulatory Compliance

Regulatory compliance: Ensure that the chosen transmission media complies with
relevant industry standards and regulations.
Regulatory compliance: Factors like frequency bands and power levels may be subject to
regulatory restrictions.

For X Series Networks:

Fiber Optic: For long-distance, high-bandwidth connections, fiber optic cables offer the
best performance. They are immune to electromagnetic interference, have low signal
attenuation, and can support high data rates.
Copper: For shorter distances and lower bandwidth requirements, copper cables (like
Ethernet cables) can be used. They are more affordable than fiber optic but have higher
signal attenuation and are susceptible to interference.

For MX Series Networks:

Fiber Optic: Similar to X Series networks, fiber optic cables are ideal for long-distance,
high-bandwidth connections.
Copper: For shorter distances and lower bandwidth requirements, copper cables can be
used, but fiber optic is often preferred due to its superior performance.

For L Series Networks:

Wireless: L Series networks often rely on wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, LTE, or 5G
for connectivity. These are suitable for mobile users and areas where physical cabling is
impractical.
Fiber Optic: If a wired connection is required, fiber optic cables can be used for long-
distance, high-bandwidth links.

For Cloud Networks

Fiber Optic: Cloud data centers typically interconnect with each other and with customer
networks using fiber optic cables to ensure high-speed, reliable data transfer.
Wireless: For connecting devices to the cloud, wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, LTE, or
5G are commonly used.