A Metasurface based Bandwidth Enhancement of

Miniaturized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design

for Wireless Communications
Major Project Report
Submitted by

B. JAYA RAM 198W1A0407

K. PRATHIMA SRI 198W1A0428
B. ANIL 198W1A0411
P. POORNA TEJA 198W1A0445

In partial fulfilment of the requirements

for award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

With specialization in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Under the esteemed guidance of

CH. RAGHAVENDRA, M. Tech. (Ph. D)

Assistant Professor

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
VIJAYAWADA 500 007

April 2023
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Major project Report titled “A
METASURFACE
BASED BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT OF MINIATURIZED
DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA DESIGN FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS” was prepared and presented by B. JAYA
RAM (198W1A0407), K. PRATHIMA SRI (198W1A0428), B. ANIL (198W1A0411), P.
POORNA TEJA (198W1A0445) of B.Tech., VIIIth Semester, Electronics and
Communication Engineering in partial fulfilment of requirements for award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada during the year 2022-23.

TERM PAPER GUIDE HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

(CH. RAGHAVENDRA) (Dr. D. VENKATA RAO)

DATE: DATE:
 Acknowledgement
We would like to articulate our profound gratitude and indebtedness to our guide
CH. RAGHAVENDRA M. Tech. (Ph. D) (Assistant Professor) who has always been a
constant motivation and guiding factor throughout the Major Project time in and out as well. It
has been a great pleasure for us to get an opportunity to work under his guidance and
complete the Term Paper successfully.

We wish to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. D. VENKATA RAO, Professor and
Head of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, for his constant
encouragement throughout the work.

We sincerely thank our principal Dr. A. V. RATNA PRASAD garu, for his
encouragement during the course of Term paper.

We express our heartfelt gratitude to our Major Project Co-ordinator who helped us in
all aspects.

We thank one and all who have rendered help to us directly or indirectly in the
completion of work.

B. JAYA RAM 198W1A0407

K. PRATHIMA SRI 198W1A0428

B. ANIL 198W1A0411

P. POORNA TEJA 198W1A0445

i
 DECLARATION
We here by declare that the work is being presented in this Major Project

“A Metasurface based Bandwidth Enhancement of

Miniaturized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design for
Wireless Communications” submitted towards the partial fulfilment of
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in V. R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada is an
authentic record of our work carried out under the supervision of CH. RAGHAVENDRA, M.
Tech. (Ph. D) (Assistant Professor) in ECE Department, in V. R. Siddhartha Engineering
College, Vijayawada. The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted
by us for the award of any other degree. Furthermore, the technical details furnished in
various chapters of this report are purely relevant to the above Major Project.

B. JAYA RAM 198W1A0407

K. PRATHIMA SRI 198W1A0428

B. ANIL 198W1A0411

P. POORNA TEJA 198W1A0445

ii
 ABSTRACT
A miniaturized dual band dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with loading of
metasurface is proposed for enhancement of bandwidth in wireless communications.
The proposed antenna has MS top layer the DR middle layer and the aperture coupled
ground plane and the slot feeding on the bottom layered. A metasurface structure
having metallic patch cells is loaded above the dielectric resonating antenna (DRA).
The Dielectric constant of the proposed DRA will be ε r =10.2. Due to the metasurface
loading an additional TM is obtained above the existing TE mode. Hence bandwidth
gets widened because of TE111, TM modes. The proposed antenna is operated in
frequency ranges from 5.31-5.70 GHz and 7.01-7.34 GHz. The analysis is computed
through HFSS and the practical measurements using Vector Network Analyzer device.
Hence the obtain measured and simulation results are analyzed.
Key Words:
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA), Miniaturization, bandwidth
enhancement, Metasurface.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
Acknowledgements i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Abbreviations ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Wireless Communications 1
1.1.1 1G and 2G 2
1.1.2 3G 2
1.1.3 4G 2
1.1.4 5G 3
1.2 Fundamentals of Antenna 4
1.3 Parameters of Antenna 4
1.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna 8
1.5 Structure of Patch Antenna 8
1.6 Feeding Methods of Patch Antenna 10
1.6.1 Microstrip Feed 10
1.6.2 Coaxial Feed 10
1.6.3 Non-Contacting Feed 11
1.7 Introduction To DRA 12
1.8 Feeding Techniques 14
1.8.1 Probe-Fed DRA 14
1.8.2 Microstrip Transmission Line-Fed DRA 15
1.8.3 Co-Planar Waveguide-Fed DRA 15
1.8.4 Slot-Fed DRA 16
1.9 Motivation of Thesis 16
1.10 Objectives 17

iv
2. Literature Survey 18
3. Software used 44
3.1 Antenna Flowchart 44
3.2. HFSS 44
3.3 Antenna Simulation Solvers Within the HFSS Suite 45
3.3.1 Hybrid Solver 45
3.3.2 Integral Equations (IE) 45
3.3.3 Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) 45
3.3.4 FEM Transient 45
3.4 Vector Network Analyser 45
3.5 Anechoic Chamber 45
3.6 Modelling Techniques 46
3.6.1 Finite Element Method (FEM) 46
3.6.2 Method of Moments (MoM) 46
3.6.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) 46
3.6.4 Physical Optics (PO) 46
3.6.5 Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) 46
3.6.6 Geometrical Optics (GO) 47
3.6.7 Boundary Element Method (BEM) 47
3.6.8 Hybrid Methods 47
3.6.9 Integral Equation Method (IEM) 47
3.6.10 Ray-Tracing Methods 47
3.6.11 Multi-Resolution Methods 47
4. Antenna Simulation Design 48
4.1 Design Equations 48
4.2 Simulation Design 48
5. Antenna Fabrication 53
6. Conclusion 57
7. Future Scope 58
8. References 59
Conference Paper 65

v
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
Table 1.1 Frequency bands, ranges, and its applications 4
Table 1.2 Different Dielectric Materials used for DRA. 13
Table 2.1 Literature survey 43
Table 4.1 Dimensions of Metasurface 49
Table 5.1 Comparison of Existing and Proposed Models 55
Table 5.2 Comparison of Simulated and Fabricated Models 56

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Title Page no.
Fig 1.1 Lobe Formation 7
Fig 1.2 Different Shapes of Microstrip Patch Antenna 8
Fig 1.3 Basic Structure of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 9
Fig 1.4 Microstrip Feed 10
Fig 1.5 Coaxial Feed 11
Fig 1.6 Aperture Feed 11
Fig 1.7 Proximity Feed 12
Different radiating structures for Dielectric Resonator
Fig 1.8 12
Antenna (DRA)
Fig 1.9 Probe Fed Rectangular DRA 15
Fig 1.10 Transmission Line Fed DRA 15
Fig 1.11 CPW Fed rectangular DRA 16
Fig 1.12 Slot-fed DRA 16
Fig 3.1 HFSS Flow diagram 44
A contemporary four-port VNA with two ports
Fig 3.2 45
connected to a device under test.
Fig 3.3 Anechoic Chamber 46
Fig 4.1 TDRA design with Slot Feeding 48
Side-View of designed TDRA using HFSS with
Fig 4.2 49
Metasurface loaded above the DR
Fig 4.3 Bottom View of TDRA with Slot in Ground Plane 49
Fig 4.4 Metasurface structure 49
Fig 4.5 S11 plot of Slot-Fed TDRA 50
Fig 4.6 VSWR pattern of Slot-Fed TDRA 50
Fig 4.7 Radiation Pattern of Slot-Fed TDRA at 7.18 GHz 50
Fig 4.8 Radiation Pattern of Slot-Fed TDRA at 5.54 GHz 51
Fig 4.9 Freq vs Gain of Slot - Fed TDRA 51
Fig 4.10 Cross pole of TDRA 51
Fig 4.11 Co pole of TDRA 52
Fig 5.1 FR4 substrate with feed line 53

vii
Fig 5.2 Bottom view of antenna with slot in the ground plane 53
Fig 5.3 DR placed on FR4 substrate 54
Fig 5.4 Fabricated DRA 54
Fig 5.5 S11 results of fabricated antenna 55
Fig 5.6 VSWR results of fabricated antenna. 55

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS
CP- Circularly Polarized
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access
CMA-Characteristic Mode Analysis
CPW-Coplanar Waveguide
DR-Dielectric Resonator
DRA-Dielectric Resonator Antenna
EDGE-Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
FEM-Finite Element Method
FNBW-First null Beamwidth
FSS-Frequency Selective Surface
GPS-Global Positioning System
GSM-Global Systems for Mobile Communications
GPRS-General Packet Radio Service
HFSS-High Frequency Structure Simulator
HPBW-Half Power Beamwidth
IMT-International Mobile Telecommunications
IOT-Internet of Things
LTE-Long Term Evolution
LP-Linearly Polarized
MS-Metasurface
MTS-Metasurface
NR- New Radio
OFDM- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PCB-Printed Circuit Boards
TDD- Time Division Duplexing
TDRA-Triangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna
VSWR-Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WLAN-Wireless Local Area Network
Wi-Max-Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Wireless Communications:
Wireless communication is the exchange of data between two or more sites
without the need of an electric conductor as a medium. Radio waves are used in the
most prevalent wireless technology. Wireless refers to telecommunications systems
such as radio transmitters and receivers, as well as remote controllers, that employ
some sort of energy to send information without the usage of cables. This method is
used to transmit data over short and long distances. Wireless communication
technology uses electromagnetic waves such as infrared, radio frequency, satellite, and
others to communicate data over the air. GPS, Wi-Fi, satellite television, wireless
phones with 3G and 4G networks, and Bluetooth are just a few examples. Wireless
technology is now in its fifth generation, or 5G. 5G wireless technology aims to
provide multi-gigabit per second peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, enhanced
dependability, huge network capacity, greater accessibility, and a more consistent user
experience to a larger number of people.
5G networks are the next worldwide wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G
networks. 5G allows for a new type of network to connect nearly everyone and
everything, including machines, objects, and gadgets. OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing) is a way of modulating a digital signal across many channels to
decrease the interface. The 5G New Radio (NR) air interface is used in conjunction
with OFDM principles. Broadband technologies like sub-6GHz and mm Wave are
also used in 5G. The same mobile networking principles apply to 5G OFDM as they
do to 4G LTE. The new 5G NR air interface, on the other hand, can boost OFDM’s
flexibility and scalability even further. This might make 5G more accessible to more
devices and people for a variety of uses. The use of spectrum resources in 5G will
extend from sub-3GHz in 4G to 100GHz and beyond, resulting in greater bandwidths.
5G may operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6GHz) and mm wave bands (e.g.,
24GHz), resulting in high capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency.
Compared to 4G LTE, 5G is expected to not only provide faster and better mobile
broadband services, but also expand into new service sectors including mission-
critical communications and connecting the massive IOT. Many novel 5G NR air
interface design strategies, such as a self-contained TDD subframe design, make this
possible. A new 6G generation will debut around the end of 2023 or 2024. 1G, 2G,
3G, and 4G were the preceding generations.
The advancement of humanity and technology will continue to depend on
telecommunications and networking. Without communication and data transfer routes,
technology would probably not be as advanced as it is now. Cell phones and other
mobile gadgets have used wireless communication technologies for decades. Starting
with the ground-breaking 1G (also known as the first voice-only network), all the way
up to today’s 4G and the future 5G. To begin with, the G in “4G” or “5G” refers to
generation, and the number is just a reflection of technological advancement.

1
1.1.1 1G and 2G:
It was essentially a network with only voice call capabilities. Several
breakthroughs in the spectrum were achieved during the 2G period, which spanned
from the 1980s until 2003. These advancements included GSM, GPRS, and EDGE.
 GSM: GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications) allowed data
transfer in addition to voice communication at rates that are now considered
laughable (30-35 kbps). It was pivotal in the growth of mobile technology
since it was introduced at the same time as mobile phone connection and
popularity skyrocketed.
 GPRS: General Packet Radio Service used the same 2G technology as GSM,
but with a few tweaks that allowed for faster data throughput (110kbps).
 EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) was released in
2003 and was first referred to as 2.9G or 3G owing to considerable
improvements over GPRS and GSM. It had high speeds of 135kbps and is still
used on many mobile networks today since it meets the fundamental demands
of both carriers and consumers in different regions of the world.
Due to the poor sound quality, using a 1G network proved challenging. Over 1G,
download speeds were likewise exceedingly sluggish, averaging about 2.4kbps.
1.1.2 3G:
3G was a breakthrough in network and data transfer technology. Speeds of up to
2mbps were and are possible with 3G. It allowed cell phones to send and receive huge
emails and texts more quickly, as well as providing quicker web browsing, video
streaming, and increased security. CDMA200 and EDGE were widely used. EDGE
was so sophisticated, it was able to deliver sufficient functionality to be classified as
3G. CDMA2000, on the other hand, used similar core principles but executed them
more effectively. It allowed several channels to interact simultaneously, improving
speed and connection. The third generation focused on standardising vendor network
protocols. Users can access data from wherever, allowing international roaming
services to take off. In comparison to 2G, 3G offered four times the data transmission
capabilities, with typical speeds of 2Mbps. Video streaming, video conferencing, and
live video chat have all grown more common as a result of this development. Email
has also become a common mode of communication on mobile devices. Although 2G
featured the same functionality as 3G, the download speed was slower. As the 3G era
progressed, network advancements boosted speeds and support.
1.1.3 4G:
4G was first commercially available in Norway at the end of 2009, and it
provided today’s typical services. 4G enabled high-quality video streaming/chat, rapid
mobile web access, HD videos, and online gaming starting at a minimum of 12.5
Mbps. Mobile handsets have to be particularly developed to enable 4G, as opposed to
a simple SIM card changeover from 2G to 3G. However, 4G wasn't actually 4G when
it was first offered. At the time the ITU-R established the 4G minimum speeds, it
wasn't feasible (12.5Mbps). The ITU-R agreed that LTE (Long-Term Evolution) may
be labelled as 4G in response to the amount of money that tech manufacturers were

2
pouring into accomplishing this aim. The 4G standard establishes a number of
standards for mobile networks, including the usage of Internet Protocol (IP) for data
transmission and data speeds of at least 100 Mbps. [Life Wire], which was a
significant improvement above 3G’s 2mbps. It’s also known as MAGIC.
M - Mobile multimedia.
A - Anytime, anywhere.
G - stands for ‘global mobility assistance.
I - Wireless solution that is integrated.
C - Individualized customer service.
It has less to do with the technology and employs more to do with the
regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union’s Radio
Communication Sector (ITU-R). International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced
Standards are the name of these specifications (IMT-Advanced). The long list of
standards has been a roadblock to widespread adoption of the 4G spectrum. 4G LTE
was introduced shortly after 4G. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is not so much a
technology as it is the process taken to obtain 4G speeds. It was a full overhaul and
simplification of the 3G network architecture, resulting in a considerable decrease in
transfer latency and, as a consequence, increased network efficiency and speeds. In
terms of data transfer speeds, 4G has almost hit its limit. With the continuous
introduction of new technology, the globe needs a speedy network. 5G does exactly
that.
1.1.4 5G:
In March 2019, South Korea became the first country to provide 5G. The fifth
generation was introduced by KT, LG Uplus, and SK Telecom. In Canada, 5G is
already available in large cities. According to some analysts, 5G will be 20 times
faster than 4G. The average 5G download speed in Canada is 169.46 Mbps. This is
already 205 times faster than 4G! Another significant distinction between 4G and 5G
is the latency and bandwidth size. 5G latency is extremely low, resulting in higher
download and upload rates. When comparing the two. 4G has an average latency of
roughly 50 milliseconds, but 5G is predicted to have an average latency of around 10.
It’s also feasible that 5G will have latency as low as 1 millisecond. 5G also supports
additional technologies and devices due to its wider frequency range (between 30GHz
and 300GHz). 5G is a must-have for large-scale IoT installations in smart cities and
other businesses. Future 5G goals include much higher speeds (at least 1 Gbps and
maybe up to 10 Gbps) and lower power consumption to better accommodate massive
numbers of new Internet of Things (IOT) devices.

3
 Band Frequency Applications
Range
HF 3 to 30 MHz Radar and Radio communications
VHF 30 to 300 MHz FM/TV broadcasting
UHF 300 to 1GHz Mobiles, radio, WLAN
L 1 to 2 GHz Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)
S 2 to 4 GHz MSS, NASA, Deep space research
C 4 to 8 GHz Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)
X 8 to 12 GHz FSS military, Terrestrial earth exploration and
meteorological satellites.
Ku 12 to 18 GHz FSS, broadcast satellite service (BSS)
K 18 to 27 GHz BSS, FSS
Ka 27 to 40 GHz FSS
V 40 to 75 GHz Satellite communications, Remote sensing,
Terrestrial Microwave communications.
W 75 to 110 GHz Satellite communications, millimetre-wave radar
research, military radar targeting and tracking.
mm 110 to 300 GHz Remote sensing, automotive radars, military
applications, imaging, telecommunications.
Table 1.1: Frequency bands, Ranges, and its applications.
1.2 Fundamentals of Antenna:
The most important component of wireless technology is an antenna. When it
comes to communication systems, an antenna is required whenever there is a need for
wireless connection. An antenna is a device that may transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves for the purpose of communication without the need for a wire
system. An antenna is a type of transducer that transfers electrical energy into
electromagnetic waves and back. An antenna can either transmit or receive signals.
Aerial is another name for an antenna.
1.3 Parameters of Antenna:
 Absolute Gain
 Directivity
 Return loss or Reflection Coefficient
 Bandwidth
 VSWR
 Antenna Efficiency
 Beam Efficiency
 Antenna Polarization
 Beamwidth
 Radiation Pattern
 Lobe Formation

4
Absolute Gain (G):
Gain describes how much power is transmitted in the direction of peak radiation
to that of an isotropic source.
G=ε R D (1.1)
Where,
G=absolute gain of the antenna
ε R =antenna efficiency

D=Directivity
Directivity (D):
Directivity is defined as the ratio of maximum power density to its average
value over a sphere. If antenna emits same radiation in all the directions, then it is
called isotropic antenna. The directivity of isotropic antenna is 1.
maximum radiationintensity of antenna
D=
radiationintensity of anisotropic antenna
1 (1.2)
D= 2π π
1
∫ ∫
2
|F ( θ ,∅ )| sinθ dθ d ∅
4π 0 0

F(θ , ∅ ¿ =Antenna’s normalized radiation patterns as a function in spherical coordinates

Return Loss or Reflection Coefficient ( Γ ):
Return loss is the measure of how much power is reflected from the antenna.

( )
Pi (1.3)
Returnloss ( dB )=10 log
Pr

Where,
Pi=input power

Pr =reflected power

Bandwidth:
Range of frequencies over which the antenna can properly radiate or receive the
energy
VSWR:
VSWR stands for voltage standing wave ratio and it is defined as the ratio of
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave. It is the function of the
reflection coefficient which describes the power reflected from the antenna.

5
 V max 1+|Γ| (1.4)
VSWR= =
V min 1−|Γ|

Antenna Efficiency:
The efficiency of an antenna is the ratio of radiated power to the input power.
Pradiated
ε R=
P input
(1.5)
Beam Area:
The antenna's radiated beam emerges from a solid angle on the antenna, where
the power radiation intensity is highest. The beam area refers to the angle of a solid
beam. It is represented by Ω A .
π π
Ω A =2 π ∫ ∫ P(θ , ϕ )d Ωwatts
0 0 (1.6)

d Ω=sinθ dθ dϕ watts
where,
Ω A is the solid beam angle.

θ is the function of angular position.

ϕ is the function of radial distance.

Units for beam area is watts.

Antenna Polarization:
Polarisation of an antenna is the polarization of the radiating fields produced by
an antenna evaluated in the far field. The direction of electric field vector of EM wave
produced by an antenna is called polarisation.
Beamwidth:
The aperture angle from where most of the power is radiated is called
beamwidth. The two main considerations of beamwidth are HPBW and FNBW.
Half power Beamwidth (HPBW):
The angular separation in which the magnitude of radiation pattern decreases by
50% (or -3dB) from peak of main lobe.
First null Beamwidth (FNBW):
Degree of angular separation from the main beam. It is found between two null
points of the main lobe of the antennas radiation pattern.
Radiation Pattern:

6
 Radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a
function of the direction away from the antenna. This power variation as a function of
arrival angle is observed in antennas far field.

Types of Radiation Patterns:

Common types of radiation patterns are –
Omni-directional pattern: The pattern resembles a doughnut in three dimensions, and
it is referred to as a non-directional pattern.
Pencil-beam pattern - The pattern on the beam is in the shape of a sharp directional
pencil.
Fan-beam pattern - The pattern on the beam is fan-shaped.
Shaped beam pattern - A shaped beam is a beam that is non-uniform and lacks a
pattern.
Lobe Formation:
The radiation pattern has main lobe, side lobes and back lobe.

 The major part of the radiated field, which covers a larger area, is the main
lobe or major lobe. This is the portion where maximum radiated energy
exists. The direction of this lobe indicates the directivity of the antenna.
 The other parts of the pattern where the radiation is distributed side wards
are known as side lobes or minor lobes. These are the areas where the power
is wasted.
 There is other lobe, which is exactly opposite to the direction of main lobe. It
is known as back lobe, which is also a minor lobe. A considerable amount of
energy is wasted even here.

Fig1.1: Lobe Formation

7
1.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna
A dielectric substrate with a radiating patch printed on one side and a ground
plane printed on the other makes up a microstrip antenna. Copper, gold, and other
good conducting materials are used for the patches and ground plane.
Low-profile antennas are required in high-performance aircraft, spacecraft,
satellite, and missile applications where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of
installation, and aerodynamic profile are constraints. A patch antenna is formed by
etching off an area of conductive material from a dielectric surface [1]. The dielectric
material is placed on the ground plane which serves as the foundation of entire
structure.
Feed wires connecting through the patch are also used to excite the antenna. In
general, patch antennas are used for microwave applications with frequencies larger
than 100 MHz and are considered as low-profile antennas. Among other merits, the
integrated-circuit technology for the fabrication of the antenna enables excellent
dimensional precision, which was difficult to achieve using conventional fabrication
techniques.
Cavities allow the removal of surface waves while maintaining broad
bandwidths. Microstrip elements can be layered and used in other ways to enhance the
bandwidth. Furthermore, microstrip antennas have an exchange between bandwidth
and scan volume in large arrays, have practically huge dimensions at VHF band and
also UHF band, and exhibit strong electromagnetic profiles at certain frequencies
outside the operational band.
1.5 Structure of Patch Antenna
Patch antennas are available in a variety of shapes, with each shape determined
by the design of the metallic patch applied to the dielectric material. The patches can
be rectangular, square, circular, triangular, annular, or elliptical in shape [2].

Fig 1.2: Different shapes of Microstrip Patch Antenna

A very thin metallic strip placed between a dielectric substance and a ground
plane forms the basis of a micro strip antenna. Photo-etching is used to put the
radiating element and feed lines on the dielectric material. For manufacturing and
analytical purposes, patches and micro-strips are commonly manufactured in the
shapes of squares, circles, or rectangles.

8
 Fig 1.3: Basic structure of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
The metal patch has a length of λ/2. Once the antenna is activated, the waves
created within the dielectric are reflected, and only very little energy is emitted from
the borders of the metal patch. Rectangular patch antenna made by constructing a
rectangular metallic patch on a ground plane with a dielectric coating. It can be stated
simply that a ground plane supports a dielectric substance with a conducting patch [3].
The most basic type of patch antenna, with a patch that is etched onto the substrate
that is half a wavelength long and has a very thin profile is observed.
Additionally, feed wires attached to the patch supply excitation to the antenna.
To separate the strip from the ground plane in this instance, a substrate, which is
nothing more than a dielectric substance, is utilized. Thus far, we have considered a
single patch of etched substrate. On a dielectric substrate, however, a collection of
various patches can also be used to create patch antennas. To excite the antenna, either
a single feed line or a number of feed lines are utilized. The existence of arrays of
microstrip elements results in improved directivity, higher gain, and greater
transmission range with less interference.
Working of Patch Antenna
A microstrip patch antenna works by producing electromagnetic waves when
electrons enter through a feed line reaches the strip of the antenna [4]. The patch's
waves start to radiate from the width side. The waves generated within the substrate,
still they are reflected by the strip's edge because of the incredibly thin thickness of
the strip. Even though the strip is constructed continuously along its length, radiation
cannot escape. Furthermore, radiation is once more released from the patch's second
width side when its structure abruptly discontinues.
Due to the discontinuous structure’s, which is suitable for reflections, only a
little amount of the incident energy is given away by the patch antenna. As a result,
the antenna is inefficient since it functions more like a cavity than an efficient radiator.
Microstrip antennas have a low radiating capacity [5], making it possible for them to
only cover short wave transmission distances. As a result, poor transmission cannot be
tolerated over such a huge area at a single place. A patch antenna typically provides
hemispheric coverage at an angle of 300 to 1800 at width from the mount.
Advantages:
 Small size and less bulky.
 Easy installation.
 Performs dual and triple frequency operations.

9
  Easy fabrication process.
 The arrays of antenna can be easily constructed.
 Easy integration with other devices.
 High degree of robustness over rigid surfaces.
Disadvantages:
 Low efficiency.
 Highly sensitive towards environmental factors.
 Exhibits low power handling ability, low gain and narrow bandwidth.
 More prone to spurious feed radiation.
 More dielectric and conductor losses.
1.6 Feeding Methods of Patch Antenna
The microstrip antenna is supplied via a variety of techniques. However, there
are two ways to categorize feeding techniques:
1.6.1 Microstrip Feed:
Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be manufactured
with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a
dielectric layer called as the substrate. The microstrip feed strip has smaller width as
compared to the radiating element’s width The feed line allows for simple etching on
the substrate because the strip's dimensions are thinner. The structure's feed line may
be placed in one of three locations: the center, inset, or offset.

Fig 1.4: Microstrip Feed

1.6.2 Coaxial Feed:
Coaxial feeding is provided to the antenna in such a way that the inner
conductor is connected to the patch. While the outer conductor is attached to the
ground plane. With the variation in the position of the coaxial feed, the impedance
also varies. As the feed line can be connected anywhere within the patch this
facilitates impedance matching. However, connecting the feed line with the ground
plane is tough as this will require drilling a hole in the substrate.

10
 Fig 1.5: Coaxial Feed
1.6.3 Non-Contacting Feed:
Electromagnetic coupling is used to supply the radiating device with power from
the feed line. The two types of non-contacting feed are:
Aperture:
The radiating element can be excited by this type of electromagnetic coupling
without coming into touch with the other object. In this procedure, two dielectric
substrates that are separated by a ground plane are taken into consideration. The
ground plane serves as the feed line's channel. The upper dielectric substrate contains
the patch. As there is no direct contact between the feed and the radiating patch.
Hence, a slot forms on the conducting plane, allowing the feed line's energy to be
coupled to the antenna. The feedline is separated from the radiating element by the
ground plane. Control is possible due to the slot's length and feedline's width. The two
dielectric substrates make it challenging to fabricate the microstrip in the structure,
which is the reason for this case.

Fig 1.6: Aperture Feeding

Proximity:
Since there is no ground plane involved, it is often referred to as indirect feed.
The conducting surface of the antenna has a slot, and a microstrip line is used to
provide coupling. Compared to an aperture coupled feed antenna, it is simpler to
fabricate. It provides the widest bandwidth and a limited emission.

11
 Fig 1.7: Proximity Feed
1.7 Introduction to DRA
Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is a type of radio antenna used mostly at
microwave frequencies and beyond. It is composed of a ceramic block of varying
forms called the dielectric resonator [6] that is set on a ground plane. Standing waves
are created when radio waves from the transmitter circuit enter the resonator material's
interior and bounce back and forth between its walls. The radio power can radiate into
space because the resonator's walls are partially permeable to radio waves.
The DRA is an open resonating structure made of low loss microwave dielectric.
Dielectric resonators (DRs) have demonstrated to be good candidates for antenna
applications due to their high radiation efficiency, changeable feed arrangement,
compact size, and capacity to produce diverse radiation patterns utilising multiple
modes [7]-[11]. These antennas were traditionally made of ceramic materials with
high permittivity and factor. DRAs employ radiating resonators to transform guided
waves into unguided waves (RF signals).

Fig 1.8: Different radiating structures for Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)

12
 Dielectric Material Dielectric Constant Loss Tangent
Alumina (AL2O3) 9-10 0.0002-0.0005
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) 20-50 0.005-0.02
Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) 300 0.01-0.02
Calcium Titanate (CaTiO3) 160 0.002-0.003
Quartz (SiO2) 3.8 0.0001-0.0002
Lithium Tantalate (LaTiO3) 38 0.001-0.005
Ceramic 5-200 0.0005-0.005
Polyethylene (PE) 2.25-2.4 0.0001-0.001
Polyvinyl Chloride 3.0-3.5 0.01-0.05
Teflon (PTFE) 2.1 0.0001-0.0004
Glass 5 0.0001-0.001
Epoxy Resin 4 0.01-0.02
Polystyrene 2.5-2.7 0.0002-0.0005
Polycarbonate 2.8-3.2 0.001-0.005
Polyimide 3.4-3.5 0.001-0.002
FR4 (Epoxy/Glass Composite) 4.4-4.6 0.02-0.04
Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) 3.0-3.5 0.001-0.01
Polyetherimide (PEI) 3.0-3.2 0.002-0.005
Polyether sulfone (PES) 3.0-3.1 0.001-0.002
Polyamide (Nylon) 3.2-3.6 0.001-0.005
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 3.0-3.4 0.001-0.005
RO4003C 3.38 0.0027
RO4350B 3.48 0.0037
RO4360G2 6.15 0.0024
RO4835T 3.5 0.003
RO3003 3.0 0.0013
RO3010 10.2 0.0025
RO3203 3.0 0.0013
RO3210 10.2 0.0025
Table 1.2: Different Dielectric Materials used for DRA.

13
Advantages:
 DRAs offer the advantage of being free of metal parts, which degrade at high
frequencies and waste energy. As a result, these antennas can be more efficient
and have lower losses than metal antennas [12] at different frequencies.
 The DRAs exhibit great radiation efficiency when a dielectric material is
selected since there is no conducting material present. With respect to
applications at extremely high frequencies, those between 30 GHz and 300
GHz, they are ideally suited by virtue of this property. Conventional metallic
antennas experience larger conductor losses at these frequencies [13].
 The resonator's size and the material's dielectric constant are suitably selected,
then DRAs can exhibit a wide impedance bandwidth.
 Various approaches may be used to excite DRAs, which is useful for
integrating arrays as well as other applications.
 The DRA's gain, bandwidth, and polarisation properties may be readily
modified by utilising various design strategies.
Disadvantages:
 The proximity approach of different modes resonance frequencies is one of
their major drawbacks. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the resonance
frequency and the field pattern not only for the typical preferred mode of
operation but also for any additional undesirable modes.
 DR antennas are more difficult to build for a particular resonant frequency
than microstrip antennas. In order to account for manufacturing tolerances or
fabrication faults, it is highly difficult to produce a DR with particular
configurations and nearly hard to make minor geometrical changes to a formed
DR.
1.8 Feeding Techniques:
The DRAs may be combined with microwave printing technology by being fed
via methods such probe feed, aperture slot, micro-strip line, and coplanar line. One of
the key advantages of DRA technology is that several feeding procedures can be
utilised to stimulate a dielectric resonator's radiating modes.
1.8.1 Probe Fed DRA:
The DR is coaxially fed through the substrate after being directly placed on the
ground plane, where it is then activated. Either the DR or the coaxial probe can be
placed adjacent to one another. By optimising the length and location of the feeding
probe, the input impedance of the DRA can be changed [14], and as a result, the
resonance frequency may be changed. The main benefit of a probe that enters the
DRA is that it provides the DR with high coupling, leading to excellent radiation
efficiency. This setup's major drawback is that a hole must be drilled in the DRA. The
disadvantage of this feed is that a hole must be drilled in the DRA.

14
 Fig 1.9: Probe Fed rectangular DRA
1.8.2 Microstrip Transmission Line-Fed DRA:
The transmission line printed on the PCB substrate is directly overlapping with
the dielectric resonator in conventional microstrip line fed DRAs. The overlap
distance x determines both the coupling strength and the mode that the transmission
line excites. The coupling is strongest when x is a quarter of a dielectric wavelength
below the resonance frequency. Since the feeding line and the dielectric resonator are
not isolated, the DRA's radiation performance may be affected. A dielectric resonator
can also create an undesirable air gap between the resonator and the PCB substrate
when it is mounted directly on the top of a transmission line.

Fig 1.10: Transmission Line Fed DRA

1.8.3 Coplanar-Waveguide-Fed DRA:
The circular-loop feeding network is replaced by a hemispherical DRA coupled
with an inductive slot and a capacitive slot. It has been shown that the capacitive slot
introduces an additional resonance, creating dual-band behaviour with two resonances
connected to the DR and feeding slot [15]. CPW feeding designs are usually applied
for millimetre-wave applications, particularly when the DRA is integrated into a
system on chip (SoC). By utilising CPW transmission lines, great antenna efficiency
can be achieved because the ground plane separates the dielectric resonator from the
lossy silicon substrate.

15
 Fig 1.11: CPW Fed rectangular DRA.
1.8.4 Slot-Fed DRA:
The guided wave moving along the transmission line through the slot is coupled
to the resonant modes of the DR. This main advantage of this method is that it keeps
the feed line and the DRA from directly interacting electromagnetically. This design
improves the polarisation purity of the DRA by reducing the spurious radiation of the
feeding network [16]. The drawback of this kind of excitation is that the slot length
must be close to λ /2, which is difficult to attain at lower frequencies while
maintaining the DRA small. It is the most common feeding method for DRAs.

Fig 1.12: Slot-Fed DRA

1.9 Motivation of Thesis:
Metasurface are thin films made up of distinct elements that were created to
overcome the problems faced by metamaterials. Metasurface is used to decrease the
size of the antenna and is used to enhance the band width. Metasurfaces operating
theory is based on the diffraction phenomena. It is possible to think of every flat
periodic array as a diffraction lattice that divides the incident light into a few beams.
The incidence angle, wavelength, and lattice period are geometrical factors that affect
the quantity and direction of the rays. The distribution of incident light energy
between the rays is in turn determined by the structure of the subwavelength unit cell.
For a negative refractive index, it is important to suppress all but one of the diffraction
rays so that all incident light will point in the desired direction. The majority of
currently produced metasurfaces are passive, which means that they cannot be
tweaked after production. Active metasurfaces, in contrast, enable dynamic

16
adjustment of its optical characteristics in response to external inputs. They could be
helpful for applications like depth sensing, holographic displays, and free space
optical communications.

1.10 Objectives of the Project:

 Design and Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless
Communication.
 Optimized designed DRA for obtaining dual band for wireless communication.
 Design of triangular DRA for an operating frequency of 5.54 and 7.18 GHz.

Summary:
In this chapter different generation of technologies is discussed. Antenna
fundamentals and different feeding techniques of Microstrip patch antenna and DRA
are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. In the next chapter we
will discuss about the literature survey.

17
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Stuart A. Long et.al [1] investigated the radiation and circuit properties of the
resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna and input impedance are measured for
different structures with variable aspect ratio, dielectric constants, and sizes of coaxial
feed probes. For effective radiation, a resonating dielectric cavity antenna is utilised.
Its permittivity is high (100-300). It is a hollow, thus electromagnetic fields exist and
operate as a radiator since it is not covered by metallic walls. Lower dielectric
constants (5≤ε r ≤20) can be employed with the right choice of size to improve its
radiation fields. The sizes were selected such that the lowest cut-off frequency would
theoretically fall between 9.9 and 10.7GHz. The typical pure resonance curves are
considerably skewed since a number of closely spaced modes are stimulated. This
antenna had the ability to radiate effectively in a direction that was perpendicular to its
ground.
A.A. Kishk et.al [2] presented a wideband DRA by shaping different DRA
cones above the ground level. Cone geometries that vary from one the other are
observed, and their respective bandwidths are analyzed. Conical-shaped resonators
accommodate modes with closely spaced resonant frequencies, increasing impedance
bandwidth. Split cones allow fewer modes than some other cones and have broader
bandwidths which can exceed 50% 17 over non-split cones. Specific of these modes
interfere with the radiation pattern at some frequencies and are impacted by the
HEM12 mode.
N. Yang et.al [3] suggested a cylindrical DRA which is mounted on a square
printed circuit board. Air gap between ring DR and ground plane enhances bandwidth.
Circular feeding patch used it to stimulate the TM 01 mode was terminated with four
short circuited stubs. As compared to probe fed DRA, the size of DRA is reduced by
43% by adding meander lines to the annular slot. To make the electric field more
consistent along the slot, meander lines are printed inside. The microstrip line is split
into two feeding branches to allow for more consistent slot excitation.
K. W. Leung et.al [4] proposed a pattern diversity DRA using fundamental
modes of HEM and TM. Increasing the dielectric constant around the central DR area
can reduce the TM01 mode's resonant frequency while having no virtual impact on it.
HEM11 is the mode. Using this method, the frequencies of the HEM 11 and TM11
modes may be equalised to produce a pattern-diversity antenna. To implement this
concept, a cylindrical DRA centrally loaded by a dielectric with a higher dielectric
constant is employed. A rectangular cross slot and an axial coaxial probe activate its
HEM11 and TM01 modes.
K. W. Leung et.al [5] discussed the use of glass DRAs as light covers. Dual
mode DRA are investigated for first time and has more advantages than multielement
DRA and hybrid slot DRA because it doesn’t require any extra dielectric resonator
element. A broadside dual band antenna is created using a hollow spherical DRA's
fundamental TE111 and higher order TE112 modes. To successfully excite the

18
omnidirectional TM modes, a coaxial probe feeds the centre of a dual band
omnidirectional hemi spherical DRA. To increase impedance matching, a solid
hemispherical DRA is utilized for a dual band omnidirectional DRA rather than a
hollow one.
Yang Gao et.al [6] designed a compact DRA by applying symmetrical T-shaped
dielectric resonator and an inverted-trapezoidal path for increasing bandwidth and
frequency. In comparison to the suggested antenna, the antenna's bandwidth and
frequency have been improved. The suggested antenna, which is T-shaped, has a small
dimension and offers the highest bandwidth. The T-shaped(propped) DRA may
deliver the highest Bandwidth per unit volume in related conformal path stimulated
wideband DRA technologies when both Bandwidth and Size are taken into full
account.
A. Rashidian et.al [7] developed two DRA’s with parallel standing strip and
their size is reduced. Broadside radiation patterns with fairly low cross polarization
can be maintained over the impedance bandwidth. Reducing antenna size and cross
polarisation, adjusting the frequency separation between specific modes, eliminating
undesirable modes, and maintaining radiation patterns in a wideband arrangement are
all possible. The antenna structure is realised utilising two manufacturing processes,
one of which uses a dielectric substrate for quick prototyping.

two DRAs. The fundamental 𝑇𝐸111𝑦 and higher order 𝑇𝐸113y modes of the
X. S. Fang et.al [8] analyzed a hollow rectangular DRA, designed by merging

rectangular DRA were employed for the design. The hollow DRA, with its air area
shifted from the centre, combines these two DRA forms. The single and two port
wideband differential hollow rectangular DRA may be created by employing higher-
order mode. The single and twin ports' corresponding impedance bandwidths are 44%
and 46%.
R. Chowdhury et.al [9] presented a circularly polarized cylindrical shaped DRA.

fashion to excite fundamental orthogonal hybrid 𝐻𝐸118𝑥 and 𝐻𝐸118𝑦 modes in the
The proposed design used dual vertical microstrip lines arranged in a perpendicular

cylindrical Dielectric Resonator. For wideband circular polarisation, a single feed

cylindrical DRA has been developed. Fundamental hybrid HE 118x and HE118y modes
are in charge of producing circular polarization-enabling circumstances. The
suggested design's (30.37% of observed input impedance bandwidth) cylindrical
shape.
A. Buerkle et.al [10] investigated an antenna and a DRA which are combined
with a microstrip line. A slot antenna and a DRA are combined to effectively double
the available Bandwidth without compromising miniaturization or efficiency. A
miniaturised antenna figure of merit (MAFM) is utilized to quantify the degree of
miniaturisation, efficiency, and bandwidth of a small antenna. To compare different
miniature antennas, a MAFM is defined. By combining the MSDRA technology and
employing a layer of greater permittivity dielectric on the bottom of the DRA, the
lower, slot resonance was shifted farther down in frequency, increasing the bandwidth.

19
 Nasimuddin et.al [11] demonstrated a small, thin antenna with a cross dielectric
resonator and a short horn positioned quasi-planarly on a microstrip patch (SMSH).
Due to this, we were able to combine a cross-DR-based hybrid DROP element with a
surface-mounted short horn to produce high gain over a broad impedance spectrum. It
is possible to lessen the change of the antenna gain throughout the impedance
bandwidth by choosing the height and lateral dimensions of SMSH properly. An
additional 0.5 dB rise in in-gain was caused by using a cross DR rather than a
rectangular DR. Our primary goal is to increase DRoP gain utilising SMSH while
maintaining a height for SMSH that is almost equal to DRoP height.
Yuehe Ge et.al [12] presented an antenna to achieve a wide contiguous
bandwidth, low permittivity inset between higher permittivity dielectric volume the
ground plane. A DRA could be created to have a wide VSWR bandwidth and a
smaller size by adding a side-wall conductor and an LPI. To make radiating modes
overlap and so increase the bandwidth of half-size DRA's to ultra-Wide band scale,
lower-permittivity inserts are used. We were able to link a significant number of
overlapping modes to a straightforward feed and get a respectable VSWR over an
extremely large (60%–100%) continuous band thanks to the usage of a probe feed
inside the DR.
Y. M. pan et.al [13] suggested on a wide band low profile and high gain DRA. It
uses a combination of dielectric layers with different permittivities. This research
examines a stacked DRA made up of two dielectric layers with various permittivities.
The dielectric layer with low permittivity can be positioned under or above the layer
with higher permittivity to obtain the impedance bandwidth of larger measurements.
We may increase the gain to greater values by using a dielectric layer with a high
permittivity.
S. Feng et.al [14] proposed a wideband differential fed microstrip patch antenna
(DMPA) with a single layer substrate and complementary split ring resonance (CSRR)
for this purpose. The parasite patches were then loaded along with the DMPA. As a
result, parasitic mode is used to increase high frequency, but a radiation null form near
the bandwidth edge. The CSRR is etched below the feeding lines to avoid affecting
the antenna's radiation properties, which increases the lower frequency bands.
Rajesh kumar mongia et.al [15] discussed the theoretical and experimental
investigations results of magnetic dipole modes of rectangular DRA. On the basis of a
first order theory, the resonant frequencies and radiation Q-factors of lowest order
"magnetic-dipole" modes are calculated. The model's ability to accurately estimate the
radiation Q-factor and resonance frequency. Using a probe, microstrip slot, or direct
microstrip coupling, DRAs may be effectively stimulated. Resonant frequency and
radiation Q-factor predictions demonstrate the first order theory's correctness.
Wei E. I. Liu et.al [16] designed an L- probe fed metasurface antenna for broad
operating band width and low-profile design. In order to stimulate a TM leaky wave
resonance and a TE surface wave response for broadband operation, an L-shaped
structure positioned underneath the finite metasurface is used. For attaining broadband
operation, the finite metasurface's TM leaky wave resonance and TE surface wave
resonance have been reported.

20
 J. Zhang et.al [17] developed a miniature feeding network for aperture-coupled
wearable antenna. It enables the rigid Printed Circuit Board (PCB) containing the
electronics and feeding the textile antenna to be reduced in size in wearable devices.
This increases the user's comfort. It also avoids typical probe feeding. It is the smallest
aperture coupling feeding network. Miniaturization is accomplished using periodic
joints to load the coupling aperture and a T-shape structure at the end of the microstrip
feed line. The antenna prototype covers the ISM band.
Neng Wu-Liu et.al [18] analysed a low-profile aperture-coupled MPA with
enhanced impedance bandwidth by using the TM 10 and TM30 resonant modes. To
demonstrate how all of the even-order modes may be efficiently suppressed, a
rectangular radiating patch with an aperture-coupled feeder is used and carefully
analysed. The undesirable TM12 mode is moved away from the frequency region
between the TM10 and TM30 modes by narrowing the patch. The resonant frequency of
TM10 mode may be gradually increased while almost maintaining that of TM 30 mode
by positioning the shorting pins around the nodal lines of the electric field of the
MPA's TM30 mode. With this configuration, these two radiative modes may be used to
provide a steady radiation pattern with a large impedance bandwidth under dual
resonance.
K. D. Xu et.al [19] presented a two-layer wideband patch antenna and its
applications. Wideband patch antennas can be made by inverting the pins or slots to
bring the fundamental harmonics closer together, or by adding parasitic strips or
patches to the upper layer to create new resonance. To improve antenna efficiency,
mutual inductance should be decreased when patch antennas are constructed for array
applications. To minimize surface wave propagation between antenna elements, one
way is to include decoupling barriers.
S. Feng et.al [20] demonstrated a wideband differential fed microstrip patch
antenna (DMPA) with a single layer substrate and complementary split ring resonance
(CSRR) for this purpose. The parasite patches were then loaded along with the
DMPA. As a result, parasitic mode is used to increase high frequency, but a radiation
null form near the bandwidth edge. The CSRR is etched below the feeding lines to
avoid affecting the antenna's radiation properties, which increases the lower frequency
bands.
Zi-Bi-Weng et.al [21] investigated a rugged linear array which covers both 5G
and LTE band which operates in 1.7GHz – 3.7GHz with 12dB gain. To achieve
rugged design all elements are welded to achieve like Yagi antenna and to reduce the
unbalanced current modes a balun is introduced. The proposed antenna consists of a
Wide band high efficiency electromagnetic structure (WHEMS), reflector of 10 rods,
a balun and director of three rods. Durability and wind resistances are crucial factors
for outdoor IoT hardware devices. The antenna can be manufactured through casting
or welding process which makes it more rugged and has low wind resistance because
of rugged design.
To improve bandwidth, Kai Da Xu et.al [22] introduced a microstrip patch
antenna with numerous parasitic patches and shorting vias. Initially, a single isosceles
triangular patch was used, but later, to enhance bandwidth, a trapezoidal parasitic

21
patch was added, and bandwidth was further enhanced by adding right angle triangled
patches to the side of the triangular patch, which has three resonances and a
considerably wider bandwidth. In specific frequency ranges, the input impedance can
also be reduced, increasing bandwidth even more. Within the working frequency
bands of 5.46 GHz-6.47 GHz and 5.5 GHz-6.5 GHz, both antennas achieved a good
far field radiate on pattern.
Lei Wang et.al [23] presented a novel claw-shaped parasitic structure to enhance
impedance bandwidth (IBW) and half power beamwidth (HPBW). IBW and HPBW
have an impact on antenna performance in navigation applications. The major
radiation component is an R-diameter circular patch printed on FR4 dielectric on the
ground. To operate a circularly polarized antenna across a wideband, it should feature
both a broad power divider and a Wilkinson power divider with a 90 0 phase shift, as
well as four claw-shaped parasitic branches in the corners to boost HPBW. Several
slots are etched for impedance matching. This antenna serves as a GNSS receiver.
S. X. Ta et.al [24] suggested a broad band circularly polarised patch antenna
employing meta surface. A truncated corner square patch is placed between a lattice of
4x4 periodic metal plates and the ground plane to form the antenna. Surface waves
propagating on a finite metasurface are aroused to produce additional resonances, with
a minimum axial ratio of |S11|.
H. L. Zhu et.al [25] proposed A meta surface (MS) is a device that transforms a
linearly polarised (LP) signal from a source antenna into a circularly polarised (CP)
signal. To create LP signals for conversion, a slot antenna and a patch antenna are
employed as source antennas. The source antenna, along with the MS, is referred to as
an MS antenna in this context. The MS antenna suggested here is made up of an MS
and a source antenna, both of which are made with planar technology. The source
antenna provides an LP signal, which is transformed to a CP signal by the MS.
Te Wu Kao et.al [26] discussed A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is a
structure that shows frequency filtering qualities comparable to those of frequency
filters in classical radiofrequency (RF) circuits. It is commonly made up of two-
dimensional periodic components. The periodic array of slots (or apertures) in a
perfect conducting sheet acts as a bandpass filter in this case, passing waves at the
slots' resonance frequency but rejecting them at higher and lower frequencies.
Yi-Xuan Zhang et.al [27] designed a broad band circularly polarised aperture
antenna array with a customised fed network. When the irregular-cavity-backed
aperture element is used in Penta mode, the band width is increased. A newly built
broad brand feeding network and a new four-element array are proposed to tackle the
antenna's beam titling problem. Wide-band wireless applications make advantage of
this technology.
Ping Wang et.al [28] developed a low- profile antenna on the metallic surface
conditions, and the wide-band end fire antenna is also proposed on same conditions.
Arrays of metallic patch cells are used to achieve this. The meta surface structure
utilised here is made up of two identically sized structures: a rectangular patch and a

22
nonuniform square, with the rectangle patch acting as an impedance transition. The
gain is boosted, and the radiation pattern is visible.
Feng Han Lin et.al [29] used characteristic mode analysis to construct a low-
profile, wideband meta surface antenna. By slotting microstrip patches at regular
intervals, a meta surface mode has been formed. Characteristic mode analysis has
been shown to be a successful method for modelling and constructing the proposed
antenna, as well as disclosing the working processes and directing excitation location
and optimization.
Dongxu Chen et.al [30] analysed a multi resonance antenna with a high
bandwidth and steady gain based on a nonperiodic square-ring meta surface. The
nonperiodic MS radiator is made up of numerous tunable square-ring patches and is
supplied through a coupling slot by a microstrip line. According to the characteristic
mode analysis, multiple resonance modes for the MS may be inspired by suitably
altering the widths of these square rings. Using a coupling slot, many neighbouring
resonance frequencies may be generated.
J. Wang et.al [31] presented a single-layer broadband metasurface antenna fed
using aperture coupling via a coplanar waveguide and a metasurface radiator made up
of non-uniform patch elements. The antenna's input impedance can be modified for
wideband characteristics using a CPW-fed stair form aperture on top of the substrate.
The broadband impedance bandwidth, single layer structure, and ease of manufacture
are the major aspects of this antenna design.
F. H. Lin et.al [32] demonstrated a new technique for suppressing the HOMS
(High Order Modes) under consideration for reduction of pattern distortion in
wideband multiport antenna systems by loading slots and metalized channels rather
than lumped loads. Apart from their resonance frequencies being adjusted for the
suppression of undesired HOMS, the modal currents are also modified. The CMA of
the metasurface is used to find the best load placements.
F. H. Lin et.al [33] introduced a probe-fed dual-mode metasurface antenna. The
commercial software CST MWS is used to do modal analysis and identification
utilizing the characteristic mode theory. The metasurface is tuned to enable the probe
feed, and the ideal cable position is selected to avoid mode distortion, based on the
CMA results.
Z. N. Chen et.al [34] investigated a truncated impedance sheet model (ISM) for
accurate modelling, quick analysis, and systematic design of cell non-resonant
metasurface antennas with the use of the CMA. First, a new method independent of
any specific unit cells for efficient model analysis and control of MTSs is proposed
using the CMA with the proposed ISM. Rather than using an equivalent sheet to
approximate an existing MTS for simpler analysis, an ideal impedance sheet is utilized
directly for modal analysis and control first, and then periodic structures are employed
to approximate it. Second, by engineering the sheet or grid impedance and its
dispersion, new strategies to manage the modal resonant frequencies are proposed. In
comparison to blind searching, physical insights are presented to drive MTS design.
Third, a low-profile triple mode broadband MA is proposed. For selective multimode

23
excitation, bandwidth enhancement, and simultaneous decrease of antenna height,
weight, cost, and back radiation, a new modal excitation system using coplanar
dipoles is proposed.
F. H. Lin et.al [35] presented a new feeding approach based on the rectangular
DRA mode. Reduced back radiation and a simple feeding arrangement are advantages
of the proposed antenna. A two-mode broadband metasurface antenna fed by DRA has
been proposed. Broad bandwidth, a simple feeding mechanism, and low backward
radiation were obtained with the suggested DRA.
X. Yang et.al [36] suggested a horizontally polarized omnidirectional radiation
patterns and low profile over a wide frequency band. CMA is an excellent analytical
tool that can offer physical insight into the radiation mechanism of an antenna,
allowing improved feeding places to be established. This work makes a significant
contribution by optimising a typical patch structure to achieve an omnidirectional
radiation pattern using CMA.
C. Zhao et.al [37] proposed a general characteristic mode-based design
procedure of simple three steps for wideband circularly polarized antenna design. A
wideband circular polarized patch antenna composed of H-shaped unit cells was
designed in three steps utilizing characteristic mode theory. The structure has been
shown to accommodate several modes in the frequency spectrum of interest in two
orthogonal orientations. Only modes with symmetric current may be stimulated using
symmetric cross-aperture feeding. These modes exhibit a constant phase difference
across a large frequency range, resulting in a wide band circular polarization. By
constructing the radiator and feeding structure independently, this design technique
greatly simplifies the CP antenna design.
Botao Feng et.al [38] discussed A metasurface-based dual-wideband dual-
polarized antenna for fifth generation (5G) millimeter wave (mm-wave)
communication. It's built and studied using the characteristic mode theory (CMT). The
suggested metasurface is primarily made up of a 3x3 square patch with four corner
patches subdivided into a 4x4 sub-patch array, while the size of the other four edge
patches is made smaller and the center patch is incised with two orthogonal slots. The
side lobe level can be efficiently lowered while the main beam radiation is improved.
A couple of orthogonally oriented substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) to grounded-
coplanar-waveguide (GCPW) dual-polarized feeding networks, which help to deplete
insertion loss and widen the frequency bandwidth of the feeding ports, stimulate the
metasurface. Four suggested metasurfaces are fed by a couple of 1-to-8-way power
divider feeding networks, including a matched set of low-transmission-loss E-plane
phase shifters, to give increased gain.
Kamel Sultan et.al [39] designed a low profile dual polarized MIMO antenna
with strong isolation 5G devices. The merging of a perpendicularly polarized slot and
a parallelly polarized slot for a 28 GHz dual-polarized smartphone antenna is explored
and implemented. The antenna is combined with a meta surface to achieve excellent
gain and directivity (MTS). The proposed antenna achieves high isolation coefficients
of larger than 40 dB and cross polarization of less than -40 dB based on simulated and
measured findings. To ensure element isolation, no further decoupling techniques are

24
used. The proposed MTS slot antenna has a 4 GHz bandwidth (26-30 GHz) and a 90
percent capability, with a gain of 11 dBi. Four antennas (each with eight ports) are
rectangularly positioned in the corners of the mobile PCB to offer MIMO for 5G
applications. The effect of MIMO antennas on humans is considered while calculating
power density.
Roger F. Harrington et.al [40] developed a theory beginning with the operator
formulation for the current, a thesis of characteristic modes for conducting bodies is
established. Across the conductor surface, the mode currents form a weighted
orthogonal pair, and the mode fields form an orthogonal pair over the sphere at
infinity. The modes are demonstrated to be the identical ones used by Garbacz to
transform the body's scattering matrix. There are formulas for applying these modes to
antenna and scatterer difficulties. To characterize the electromagnetic behavior of
electrically tiny and intermediate-sized things, just a few modes are required.
Jiyu Jio et.al [41] analyzed an overview of wireless communication technology,
which is now an essential component of contemporary life. The study emphasized the
improvements in wireless communication technologies, such as 5G and beyond,
which have produced improved reliability, lower latency, and quicker data
transmission rates. There was also discussion of the most popular wireless
communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, and satellite
communication systems. For local area networks and short-range communication, Wi-
Fi and Bluetooth are frequently utilized, whilst cellular networks and satellite
communication systems are employed for longer-distance communication. The focus
of wireless communication technology in the future is anticipated to be on enhancing
wireless networks' speed, dependability, and security, with developments in artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and edge computing playing a prominent role.
S. Keyrouz et.al [42] presented millimeter wave DRA technology. Different
feeding techniques were introduced with relevant advantages and disadvantages.
Different design approaches useful to achieve size reduction have been discussed.
Advances in the application of DRA technology at millimeter-wave frequencies have
been presented, and the most recent implementation of on-chip DRAs and off-chip.
DRAs has been reviewed. It has been shown that DRAs realized on silicon substrates
with standard CMOS process gives good efficiency and gain.
Poonam Lodhi et.al [43] introduced a potential method i to combine a dielectric
resonator antenna with a space receiving system (DRA). Beyond balancing
productivity and scaling down, this is intended. It can be observed that the fusion of
space and the dielectric structure to itself might achieve very broad data transmission
upwards while preserving antenna polarisation and radiation design. Here, the effect
of space stature on the DRA's radiation execution is looked at. The HFSS
programming simulates the structure of the receiving equipment. The planned
outcome is introduced before the recreated results are compared.
Khan et.al [44] investigated a miniaturization technique for Dielectric Resonator
Antennas (DRAs) using an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) surface. The
importance of DRAs and the variety of ways they can be used in contemporary
communication systems are highlighted in the study. It explores the difficulties posed

25
by the miniaturization of DRAs and suggests a creative solution to deal with them.
The authors describe the operation of AMC surfaces and how they are used to reduce
the size of DRAs. They give a complete examination of the performance features of
the downsized DRA, such as radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency. The paper finds
that the suggested technique offers a potential response to the DRAs' strong
performance features while allowing for downsizing. The research makes a sizable
contribution to the design of lightweight and effective antennas for wireless
communication systems.
Kremer et.al [45] presented a novel design for a substrate-integrated dielectric
resonator antenna (SIDRA) with dielectric vias. The overview of SIDRAs and their
advantages over other antenna types, like microstrip and waveguide antennas, is
provided in this study. The authors point out the difficulties in achieving high
radiation efficiency and wide bandwidth in SIDRA designs. By adding dielectric vias
into the SIDRA structure, which lowers the coupling between the resonator and the
substrate and boosts radiation efficiency, the suggested solution overcomes these
difficulties. With the purpose of proving the viability of the suggested design, the
authors present simulation and experimental findings. The suggested SIDRA design
with dielectric vias offers excellent promise for a variety of applications, including
satellite communications and 5G communications, the report says. The goal of
ongoing research is to further enhance SIDRA performance and address remaining
issues.
A. Ali et.al [47] suggested dual-band circularly polarized (CP) Y-shaped
dielectric resonator antenna (YDRA) for reducing the size. A dual-band circular
polarisation response is achieved through a size reduction of 33.18% is achieved due
to the parameter optimization and the best possible positioning of a PEC boundary at
the long arm of the dielectric resonator (DR). To determine the resonance frequencies
of interest modes, the Eigenmode simulation was performed.
Zhao et.al [48] proposed a low-profile dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a
compact size and wide bandwidth by using metasurface. The design, simulation, and
experimental findings of the suggested antenna are presented in the study. By
adjusting the resonator and metasurface's dimensions, the DRA's radiation efficiency
is increased while its compact size is attained. The suggested antenna has a peak gain
of 8.2 dBi and a broad bandwidth of 24.8%. The impact of the metasurface on the
antenna's radiation properties, including polarisation and radiation pattern, is also
covered in the study. Potential uses for the proposed antenna include various wireless
communication systems, including 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT). The usage of
metasurface offers a viable method for creating small, effective DRAs with a wide
bandwidth, according to the paper's conclusion.
Sahu et.al [49] designed a multiband triangular dielectric resonator antenna
(DRA) for C-band applications. The difficulty of designing multiband DRAs is
covered in the study, along with a thorough explanation of the suggested antenna
design. To accomplish multiband operation, the authors used a triangle dielectric
resonator with a base of 20 mm and a height of 12 mm. Coaxial probe was used to
feed the antenna, and simulation and testing methods were used to assess its

26
performance characteristics. According to the findings, the proposed multiband
triangular DRA had a gain of 8.8 dBi and a bandwidth of 15.3% and 3.3% at the lower
and upper C-band frequencies, respectively. The proposed antenna is a strong
contender for a number of C-band applications, including satellite communication,
radar systems, and wireless networking, according to the paper's conclusion.
Jeyapoornima et.al [50] discussed and proposed a multi-band narrow strip
antenna for 5G/WLAN/WiMAX wireless communication. The requirement for multi-
band antennas to support multiple wireless communication standards and the
difficulties in designing them are covered in the article. The suggested antenna is
capable of functioning at three frequency bands (3.3-3.8 GHz, 5.1-5.9 GHz, and 2.3-
2.7 GHz) to support 5G, WLAN, and WiMAX wireless communication standards.
The authors discuss the design and simulation results of the antenna. The proposed
antenna's emission patterns and impedance matching features are also examined in the
article. The proposed antenna, according to the authors, offers a convenient and
effective method for multi-band wireless communication, which is crucial for
contemporary wireless communication systems.
S. Anand et.al [51] proposed a new design for a composite multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that can be used in WLAN and WiMAX
applications. Four dielectric resonators make up the suggested antenna, which is
arranged in a particular way for reduced size and improved performance. The return
loss, radiation pattern, and envelope correlation coefficient of the antenna were all
examined by the authors using simulations. The findings demonstrate that the
suggested antenna design performs superbly in terms of bandwidth, gain, and isolation
between the antenna parts, making it appropriate for a range of wireless
communication systems. Overall, the suggested antenna design is a potential approach
to enhancing MIMO system performance in WLAN and WiMAX applications.
Whiting et.al [52] developed a study to investigate the performance trade-offs of
dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) with different geometries. The study presents an
overview of the different design parameters of DRAs, including the dielectric
constant, resonant frequency, and resonator dimensions, as well as discusses the
benefits and drawbacks of DRAs in comparison to other kinds of antennas. The
authors give a thorough simulation study of DRAs with various geometries and assess
their effectiveness, impedance bandwidth, and radiation pattern performance. The
study emphasises the performance trade-offs related to various DRA geometries and
offers information on how DRAs are designed for various purposes. The authors come
to the conclusion that careful consideration of design compromises is necessary for
achieving optimal performance and that the geometry of DRAs significantly affects
their performance characteristics.
Rashidian et.al [53] analysed a compact wideband multimode Dielectric
Resonator Antenna (DRA) fed with parallel standing strips. The advantages of
employing multimode resonators are covered in the study, along with the
fundamentals of DRAs. The authors outline their parallel standing strip design
strategy for the small DRA, which offers a wide impedance spectrum and effective
power transfer. The suggested DRA, including its resonance modes and radiation

27
patterns, is also thoroughly examined in this work. Using simulations and
measurements, the authors demonstrate the validity of their design methodology. The
results demonstrate that the suggested DRA has a broad bandwidth of over 40% and a
small size of just 8mm x 8mm x 6mm. The suggested compact wideband multimode
DRA may be a good contender for a variety of applications, including radars, satellite
systems, and wireless communications.
Mongia et.al [54] presented and proposed a new approach to develop low-profile
DRAs using a very high permittivity material. The fundamental concepts of DRAs are
discussed, along with the drawbacks of employing standard low-permittivity
materials. The authors demonstrate a DRA design that makes use of a high
permittivity material to significantly reduce the antenna's height while retaining
radiation efficiency. The effect of material characteristics, such as the loss tangent and
dielectric constant, on the effectiveness of the DRA is also covered in this article. The
use of high permittivity materials, according to the scientists, can drastically lower the
profile of DRAs, making them ideal for a variety of applications where height
restrictions are crucial. The proposed approach has opened new opportunities for
constructing compact and efficient DRAs for various wireless communication
systems.
B. A. Munk et.al [55] introduced a frequency-selective surface (FSS) is a
structure that shows frequency filtering qualities comparable to those of frequency
filters in classical radiofrequency (RF) circuits. It is commonly made up of two-
dimensional periodic components. The periodic array of slots (or apertures) in a
perfect conducting sheet acts as a bandpass filter in this case, passing waves at the
slots' resonance frequency but rejecting them at higher and lower frequencies.
Yi-Xuan Zhang et.al [56] investigated a broad band circularly polarised aperture
antenna array with a customised fed network. When the irregular-cavity-backed
aperture element is used in Penta mode, the band width is increased. A newly built
broad brand feeding network and a new four-element array are proposed to tackle the
antenna's beam titling problem. Wide-band wireless applications make advantage of
this technology.
R. Chair et.al [57] presented a pyramid shaped DRA which have stable radiation
pattern and the impedance bandwidth is improved. The broadside radiation pattern of
the proposed DRA is continuous across the matched band. On the X-band, the DRA is
used. This rectangular slot and center feed microstrip line are both in the middle of the
flipped step stair-shaped dielectric resonator.
Shailesh Mishra et.al [58] suggested a 3D dual band DRA with five rectangular
dielectric resonator radiating elements. Except for the -Z direction, all five RDR
antenna components are stimulated by coaxial feeds and organised in a cubical
configuration. A minimised correlation between the radiating elements is achieved by
positioning and orienting the RDR elements. To achieve dual band resonance with
directional radiation properties, a PEC layer is applied to the top of the RDRA
components, and an offset coaxial probe feed excitation is employed. The antenna
designed here is used where we require high channel capacity.

28
 J.V et.al [59] introduced an antenna for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
based First-Person View (FPV) applications. Dipole antennas are the basis for current
UAV antenna technology, although they have a number of drawbacks, including
limited range, synchronisation issues, multipath effects, etc. A Dielectric Resonator
Antenna (DRA) was created to get around these limitations. There is a lot of flexibility
in choosing the form for DRA, and the shape chosen is half split cylindrical
(HSCDRA). The suggested antenna combines Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) feeding
technology with double-layered cylindrical DRAs to create a slotted patch.
Zhijiao Chen et.al [60] proposed a wideband circular polarized beam steering
Dielectric Resonator Antenna using a gravitational ball lens. The challenges of
obtaining wideband axial ratio vs the pattern reconfigurability of the conventional
antennas are solved by a new antenna design. The ball lens's functioning has
undergone extensive research. It is discovered that the ball lens increases antenna
performance by 1.2 dB while allowing beam tilting to the offset direction via energy
coupling. A co-design of a ball lens and DRA has been created at 2.4 GHz as a
demonstration, attaining 42% impedance bandwidth, 39% axial ratio bandwidth, and
40° beam steering. The findings of simulation and measurement show some degree of
reasonable consistency. With the help of the suggested DRA, base stations may be
positioned at an angle and successfully cover interior consumers at a reasonable cost.
Xiyao Liu et.al [61] implemented a horizontally polarized omnidirectional
cylindrical DRA. It utilizes a flat feed made up of four paired strips, a cross-shaped
feed line, and four curved limbs having end-shorted stubs. The paired strips have
significantly increased the TE011+ mode's naturally limited bandwidth. The model
has been altered to include four end-shorted stubs to reduce the cross-polar field.
Neng-Wu Liu et.al [62] discussed a omni directional DRA with wide band width
and high selective filtering response. The DRA has four shorting pin arrays placed
within it. It demonstrates how it cancelled electric field lines will excite the non-
radiative pins1 mode and create the radiation-gain null1 in the upper stopband. Then,
to reassign those modes near one another, the shorting pins2 are inserted. The non-
radiative pins3 mode is then resonantly integrated with the extra shorting pins3 to
create the radiation-gain null2 in the lower stopband.
Bratin Ghosh et.al [63] designed a circular-waveguide coupled two-layer DRA
configuration. This annular slot in the shorted end of the circular waveguide allows for
the connection between both the waveguide and the DRA. The present antenna
construction needs a two-layer DRA to improve the matching between both the
waveguide and the DRA, without the requirement for any extra matching elements, as
compared to the rectangular waveguide fed structure employing a three-layer DRA
arrangement.
Sidhartha Kumar Sahu et.al [64] developed the design of a multiband triangular
dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for C-band applications. With modern wireless
communication systems, which need many frequency bands to accommodate different
applications, the authors emphasise the significance of multiband antennas. The
suggested antenna consists of a coaxial probe feeding a triangular-shaped DRA built
of a high-permittivity dielectric substance. The modelling results show that the

29
antenna operates across many bands with a large impedance bandwidth and favourable
radiation properties. The proposed antenna design is a good choice for C-band
applications since it is straightforward, small, and simple to incorporate into different
wireless communication systems.
K.Derzakowski et.al [65] analysed a novel method to determine the resonant
frequency of a cone-shaped dielectric resonator. A series of integral equations for the
electric and magnetic fields inside the resonator must be solved in order to apply the
method, which is based on the radial mode matching methodology. The resonant
frequency can be calculated with high accuracy by solving these equations. The high-
Q dielectric resonators, which are frequently employed in microwave applications, can
be identified by using the proposed method to determine their resonant frequency.
Author proved the method's efficiency by contrasting its outcomes with those attained
by other techniques and experimental measurements, demonstrating the method's high
degree of accuracy and dependability. In general, the suggested method provides an
important tool for the design and improvement of dielectric resonators in microwave
applications.
Manzoor Elahi et.al [66] presented the design of a compact antenna with
circular polarization. A dielectric resonator with two annular vias is used in the
proposed design to produce circularly polarised waves. The research includes a
thorough literature review on dielectric resonators and circularly polarised antennas,
outlining the benefits and drawbacks of existing designs. The proposed antenna design
is then given, and simulations are used to assess its performance. The findings show
that the antenna has a wide bandwidth and good circular polarisation characteristics,
making it appropriate for a variety of wireless communication system applications.
The suggested layout makes a substantial contribution to the field of circularly
polarised antennas and has a wide range of potential applications in real-world
settings.
P. Anoop et.al [67] introduced a design of a Dual Band Triangular Dielectric
Resonator Antenna (DRA) for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications.
The 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz frequency bands, which are frequently utilised in WLAN
systems, are where the antenna was designed to function. The DRA's triangular design
was chosen to optimise performance while minimising the antenna's overall size. The
Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation method was used to optimise the design.
According to the simulation findings, the suggested DRA performed well in terms of
return loss, radiation patterns, and gain at both frequency bands. Many WLAN
applications, such as access points, routers, and other wireless gadgets, can make use
of the antenna. Overall, for WLAN applications that demand dual-band operation, the
suggested DRA architecture can offer a practical and affordable option.
Archana Sharma et.al [68] investigated a comprehensive literature survey of the
recent advancements in the field of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs).The
operational theory of the DRAs and their advantages over other antenna types, such as
microstrip patch antennas and horn antennas, were thoroughly examined in the study.
Sharma talked about the several kinds of dielectric resonators used in DRAs, including
as cylindrical, hemispherical, and rectangular ones, as well as their individual benefits

30
 and drawbacks. The current advancements in the design and optimization of DRAs,
including the use of genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, and particle swarm
optimization, were also reviewed in the literature review. The latter section of the
article focused on the most current uses of DRAs in a variety of industries, including
wireless communication, radar systems, and satellite communication.
Jie-Er Zhang et.al [69] presented a new design of dielectric resonator antennas
(DRAs) that exhibit extended bandwidths for both linear and circular polarization. In
order to create a dual-mode resonant structure, the scientists devised a novel method
of integrating two dielectric resonators with distinct modes. The antennas were created
to be small and low profile, making them appropriate for usage in contemporary
communication systems. Finite element models were used to optimise the suggested
design, and the outcomes shown excellent agreement with experimental observations.
The authors came to the conclusion that their method could be helpful in the creation
of small, low-profile antennas for a variety of uses, including satellite and wireless
communication.
X. S. Fang et.al [70] developed the designs of single-, dual-, and wide-band
rectangular dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) in their paper. The design processes
for each type of DRA are covered in the study, including the choice of the dielectric
material, the resonator's measurements, and the feeding method. The authors used a
rectangular dielectric resonator with a coaxial probe feed for the single-band DRA.
Two rectangular dielectric resonators, each resonating at a different frequency, were
positioned next to one another to create the dual-band DRA. Lastly, the authors
employed a rectangular dielectric resonator with a U-shaped slit on its top surface for
the wide-band DRA. The simulation results for each design, including the radiation
pattern and return loss, are presented in the study. The suggested ideas can be
implemented in cellular networks, wireless LAN, and satellite communications,
among other wireless applications.

Ref Operating Dielectr

Title Applications Outcome Shape
No Frequency ic ( ε r)
Providing
The Resonant efficient
Cylindrical 9.96 GHz- radiation in 15.2,6. Cylindr
[1] X-RADAR
Dielectric 10.7 GHz the direct 6,4.5 ical
Cavity Antenna normal to
ground
[2] Conical 1.25GHz- X-Band Cylindrical 3.8 Conical
Dielectric 10.5 GHz structure
Antennas for shape is
Wideband deformed to
Applications a conical
structure
and
bandwidth

31
 of different
modes
Size reduction
of
Omnidirectional 2.4GHz
cylindrical prototype
2.40GHz-
[3] Dielectric WLAN was 10,10.2 Ring
2.48GHz
Rsonator designed,
Antenna using a fabricated
magnetic
Aperture Source
Pattern-
Diversity
Cylindrical
Dielectric
Resonator 2.16 GHz - Cylindr
[4] WLAN - 3.8
Antenna Using 2.86GHz ical
Fundamental
Modes of
Different Mode
Families
Dual function 2.4GHz Temperatur
radiating glass WLAN e of the
for antennas and 2.4GHz- glass DRA
2.5GHz- Hollow
light covers 5.8GHz may
[5] 2.7GHz 6.85 Hemisp
dual band glass increase
herical
dielectric WiMAz when using
resonator it as a light
antennas. cover.
Compact A compact
asymmetrical wideband
Tshaped OFDM- dielectric Symme
dielectric 3.81GHz- 2.65 trically
UWB resonator
[6] resonator 8.39GHz antenna 9.8 T-
antenna for Systems Shaped
excited by a
broadband conformal
applications inverted
trapezoidal

[7] Compact 8GHz X-Band Fast 1 &2 Rectan

wideband prototyping gular
multimode method
dielectric using
resonator dielectric
antennas fed substrates
with parallel was
standing strips described to

32
 realize the
antenna
structure
Single &
Design of the
Dual port
single dual port
wide band
wide band
differential
differential 2.99GHz- X-Band 6.85 Hollow
hollow
[8] dielectric Rectan
4.8GHz rectangular
resonator gular
DRA
antenna using
designed
higher order
using high
mode
order mode
Analysis of a
wide band
cylindrical Single fed
polarized circularly
cylindrical polarized
dielectric cylindrical Rectan
resonator 2.8GHz- X-Band 4.4
[9] dielectric gular
antenna with 3.78GHz resonator
broad side antenna
radiation designed
coupled with
simple
microstrip
feeding
DRA
designs
Compact slot
with
and dielectric 2.4GHz resonant
resonator 2.4GHz 12
feed
[10] antenna with WLAN Square
structures
dual resonance,
can be
broad band
controlled
characteristics
for
bandwidth
A low-profile High gain
compact 6.07GHz- over a wide
microwave X-Band Rectan
[11] 7.52GHz impedance 3.38
antenna with bandwidth gular
high gain and
wide bandwidth
[12] Compact 3.1GHz- FCC UWB VSWR 9.8&2. Rectan
dielectric Band Band width 2 gular
resonator 10.6GHz of
antennas with rectangular

33
 ultra-wide 60%- DR is
110% increased
bandwidth

A low profile 3.94GHz- Enlarging

stacked 6.06GHz the length to
dielectric height
2.2&1. Rectan
[13] resonator & 3.97GHz- X-RADAR ration
5 gular
antenna with 5.98GHz antenna
high gain and possess low
bandwidth profile.
Operation
A differential of TM10 and
fed micro strip TM30 modes
patch antenna 1.88GHz- of a novel
with band width 2.14GHz low profile Rectan
[14] 1.98
enhancement wideband gular
under operation differential
of TM10 and fed MPA.
TM30 mode

Theoretical and Frequency

experimental and
investigations 4GHz radiation Q- Rectan
[15] on Rectangular - factor is 20
gular
Dielectric determined.
Resonator
Antennas
L-probe fed
Broadband low- broadband
profile L-probe low profile 2-
fed meta surface meta
Wireless dimensi
antenna with surface
[16] 28GHz communicat 3.35 onal
TM leaky wave antenna has
ion Rectan
and TE surface been gular
wave designed
resonances.

A Miniature
Feeding
Network for Small size
2.4–2.4835 Rectan
[17] Aperture- Textile and low 1.3,4.3
GHz gular
Coupled SAR value
Wearable
Antennas
[18] A low profile 2.32GHz- Improveme €r1=1.9 Triangu
aperture- 2.70GHz nt of 6 lar
coupled bandwidth

34
 microstrip by a novel
antenna with low profile €r2=3.9
enhanced aperture-fed 8
bandwidth wideband
under Dual-
Resonance
Wide
Wideband patch impedance,
antenna using bandwidths,
multiple high peak
parasitic patches 3GHz- Array gains, low
[19] 3.5 Square
and its array 4GHz applications cross
application with polarization
mutual coupling and high
reduction front-to-
back ratio
A single-layer
wideband
differential-fed The
microstrip patch bandwidth
5.35GHz- Rectan
[20] antenna with of the 4.4
7GHz gular
complementary antenna is
split-ring expanded
resonators
loaded
The antenna
is best
Rugged linear suitable for Rugged
1.7GHz-
[21] array for IoT IoT all-weather linear
3.7GHz
applications large scale array
IoT
deployment
Microstrip patch Good far-
antennas with field
multiple radiation
parasitic patches 5.46GHz- patterns Triangu
[22] 4.4
and shorting 6.27GHz within the lar
vias for operating
bandwidth frequency
enhancement bands
A low-profile
broadband
circularly 1.02GHz- Improveme Rectan
[23] polarized GNSS -
2.18GHz nt of HPBW gular
microstrip
antenna with
wide beamwidth

35
 Low profile,
Low-profile good
broadband impedance,
circularly 4.9GHz- broad
[24] - - Square
polarized patch 6.2GHz impedance
antenna using and CP-
metasurface radiation
bandwidth
Linear-to
Generates
circular
CP signals
polarization
[25] 2.45GHz - at - Square
conversion
microwave
using
frequencies
metasurface
Frequency
Provides RF
Selective
Commercial signal
[26] Surfaces: 20GHz - -
and Military transmissio
Theory and
n
Design
Wideband
accurate out-of-
phase-fed
The array
circularly Wideband Irregula
has much
polarized array 5.3GHz- wireless r-
[27] wider flat 2.65
based on penta- 11.2GHz communicat shaped
gain CP
mode aperture ion cavity
bandwidth
antenna element
with irregular
cavity
Design of low Smallest
profile and longitudinal
wideband end- 3.8GHz- Wideband dimension, Rectan
[28] 2.1
fire antenna 16.7GHz transmission broad gular
using bandwidth,
metasurface high gain
Low-profile
Wide
wideband
broadside
metasurface 4.8GHz-
[29] Microwave radiation 3.38 -
antennas using 6.2GHz
has been
characteristic
achieved
mode analysis
[30] Broadband 4GHz- C- Band Wideband - Square
stable-gain 7GHz operation
multi resonance with
antenna using consistent
nonperiodic radiation

36
 square-ring
metasurface
Broadband
CPW-fed Broadband Wide
aperture wireless impedance Rectan
[31] 7GHz 3.66
coupled communicat bandwidth gular
metasurface ion systems is obtained
antenna
A method of
suppressing The
higher order radiation
modes for Compact patterns of
improving multiport the
radiation antenna, unloaded
[32] 5GHz - Square
performance of metasurface
metasurface Wi-Fi antennas
multiport applications has
antennas using significantly
characteristic improved
mode analysis
The
bandwidth
is enhanced
Probe-fed by
broadband low- simultaneou
profile s excitation Rectan
[33] metasurface 5GHz Wi-Fi of the slot 3.55
gular
antennas using mode,the
characteristic TM 030 mode
mode analysis
and the
TM 030
mode.
Truncated
impedance sheet
model for Bandwidth
lowprofile enhancemen
Satellite
broadband non- t and height
[34] 5GHz communicat 3.55 Square
resonant cell reduction of
ions
metasurface metasurface
antennas using antennas
characteristic
mode analysis
[35] DRA-fed 4.67GHz- Broadband Broad 9.8 Rectan
broadband 6.30GHz bandwidth, gular
metasurface simple
antennas using feeding and
characteristic low

37
 backward
mode analysis
radiation
Design of Good
wideband omnidirecti
omnidirectional onal
[36] 5.2GHz 5G WLAN - Square
antenna with characteristi
characteristic c is
mode analysis obtained
Characteristic Circularly
Mode Design of polarized
Wide Band antenna can
Circularly Wireless be easily
5.2GHz- H-
[37] Polarized Patch communicat designed by 3.38
6GHz Shape
Antenna ion designing
Consisting of the radiator
H-Shaped Unit and the feed
Cells separately.
Dual-wideband
dual-polarized
metasurface
5G High speed
antenna array 24.2GHz-
millimeter and high
for the 5G 27.8GHz &
[38] wave capacity 5G - Square
millimeter wave 36.9GHz-
communicat communicat
communications 42.8GHz
ions ions
based on
characteristic
mode theory
The antenna
achieves a
Metasurface-
good
based dual
matching
polarized
26GHz- 5G bandwidth Rectan
[39] MIMO antenna -
30GHz Smartphone more than gular
for 5G
3GHz at
smartphones
center
using CMA
frequency
of 28GHz
[40] Theory of - - Converging - -
characteristic modes are
modes for transformed
conducting into
bodies diverging
modes
which are
complex
conjugate of
the

38
 converging
modes
Overview
of wireless
communicat
ion
technologie
An overview of
Wireless s including
wireless
[41] - communicat basic - -
communication
ion systems concepts,
technology
current
developmen
ts, and
future
trends
Wireless
A study of Dual
communicat
Band Reformed
2.4 GHz Wireless ion system
Square Slot
[43] and 5.8 communicat with 4.4 Square
DRA for
GHz ion systems improved
Wireless
bandwidth,
System
and gain.
Miniaturization
of Dielectric miniaturizat
Resonator ion of the
Wireless
Antenna by antenna and
[44] 3.5 GHz communicat 10 Square
Using Artificial improved
ion systems
Magnetic radiation
Conductor efficiency
Surface
Design of compact
Substrate- electronic
Integrated wireless devices
Rectan
[45] Dielectric 10.4 GHz communicat with high 10.2
gular
Resonator ion systems efficiency
Antenna With and
Dielectric Vias bandwidth
Size-Reduction
of a Dual-Band
Circularly 2.401–2.495 Small
WLAN and Y-
[47] Polarized GHz, 3.4– size,dualban 10
WiMAX shape
Dielectric 3.69 GHz d
Resonator
Antennas
[48] A Low-Profile 1.75–2.08 Wireless Compact 15 Square
Dielectric GHz communicat size and

39
 Resonator
Antenna With ion, radar
Compact-Size systems,
wide
and Wide satellite
bandwidth
Bandwidth by communicat
Using ion
Metasurface
Multiband
operation
Design of a with good
Multiband Multiband impedance
Triangu
[49] Triangular DRA 4-8GHz communicat matching -
lar
for C-Band ion systems and
Applications radiation
characteristi
cs
Multi-band
3.3-3.8 5G, WLAN,
Narrow Strip
GHz, 5.1- WiMAX
Antenna for Multi-band Rectan
[50] 5.9 GHz, wireless 4.2
5G/WLAN/Wi operation gular
and 2.3-2.7 communicat
MAX Wireless
GHz ion
Communication
Dielectric
Resonator
2.14-3.08
Based
GHz ,3.32- High
Composite WLAN, Cylindr
[51] 3.56 GHz radiation 9.8
MIMO Antenna WiMAX ical
and 5.18- efficiency
for
6.10 GHz
WLAN/WiMA
X Applications
Dielectric
Wireless
Resonator Wideband
communicat
Antenna operation,
1.4 GHz - ion, satellite Rectan
[52] Geometry- compact 2.2
12 GHz communicat gular
Dependent size, high
ion, radar
Performance efficiency
systems
Tradeoffs
Compact
Wideband wide
Multimode impedance
Dielectric 7.5 to 8.9 Wideband bandwidths, Rectan
[53] 9.8
Resonator GHz applications miniaturizat gular
Antennas Fed ion, high
With Parallel gain
Standing Strips
[54] Low profile 7.5-7.72 Wireless Wide 10.2 Rectan

40
 dielectric
resonator
antennas using a communicat
GHz bandwidth gular
very high ion
permittivity
material
Wideband
accurate out-of-
phase-fed
The array
circularly Wideband Irregula
has much
polarized array 5.3GHz- wireless r-
[56] wider flat 2.65
based on penta- 11.2GHz communicat shaped
gain CP
mode aperture ion cavity
bandwidth
antenna element
with irregular
cavity
Wideband
beamwidth
flipped staired Flipped
decreases as
pyramid 8.0 -13.1 Wideband staired
[57] the 3.38
dielectric GHz applications pyrami
frequency
resonator d
increases
antennas
Three- 3.41-3.5
five-
Dimensional GHz
element
Dual-Band uplink/3.51-
MIMO
Dielectric 3.6 GHz 5G LTE,
[58] antenna for 12 cubical
Resonator downlink, WiFi, ITS
wireless
Antenna for 5.725-5.875
communicat
Wireless GHz, 5.875-
ion
Communication 5.925 GHz
Design and
Analysis of Half
High
DRA based 5.60 - 6.15 UAV based Split
[59] impedance 4.3,6
Antenna for GHz FPV Cylindr
bandwidth
FPV ical
Applications
[60] A Wideband 2.4 GHz 5G wireless Design for a 4.4,9.2 Circula
Circular- communicat wideband r
Polarized Beam ion,WLAN circular-
Steering and satellite polarized
Dielectric communicat beam
Resonator ion. steering
Antenna Using dielectric
Gravitational resonator
Ball Lens antenna that
uses a
gravitationa

41
 l ball lens.
Wideband
Horizontally
Polarized CDRA with
Omnidirectional widebandwi
Cylindrical dth and
Cylindr
[61] Dielectric 2.35 GHz WLAN omni- 6.85
ical
Resonator directional
Antenna for radiation
Polarization pattern
Reconfigurable
Design
A Low-Profile,
Wideband,
Filtering- Omnidirecti
Response, onal DRA
Omnidirectional with
Wireless
Dielectric widebandwi Cylindr
[62] 1.3-3.4 GHz Communica 15
Resonator dth and ical
tion
Antenna filtering-
Without response is
Enlarged Size proposed
and Extra
Feeding Circuit
Compare
their results
Design of to those of a
microwave
Circular single-layer
communicat
Waveguide DRA and
ion systems,
Annular Slot- demonstrate
8 GHz and radar Circula
[63] Coupled Two- that the 1,10
12 GHz systems, and r
Layer DRA for two-layer
satellite
Linear and design
communicat
Circular provides
ion systems.
Polarizations improved
performanc
e.
Design of a mobile,
wide
Multiband biomedical
impedance Triangu
[64] Triangular DRA 3.7,5.8,8.1 and fixed 2.1
bandwidth, lar
for C-Band satellite
high gain
Applications applications.
[66] Circularly 3.3–3.55 WiMAX Wider 9.6 Square
Polarized GHz beamwidths
Dielectric
Resonator
Antenna with

42
 Two Annular
Vias
Design of Dual
Band Triangular 2.4-2.5
Triangu
[67] DRA for GHz, 5.75- WLAN High gain 10.2
lar
WLAN 5.85 GHz
Application
Dielectric
Small size
Resonator
8.42-8.81 Satellite and high
Antenna for X Rectan
[68] GHz, 9.88- communicat microwave 10
band gular
10.61 GHz ion frequency
Microwave
operation
Application
Compact and
Low-Profile
Linear-/Circular
Beam
-Polarization
9.12-10.84 scanning, LP & CP Rectan
[69] Dielectric 45,69
GHz low profile arrays gular
Resonator
applications
Antennas with
Extended
Bandwidths
Designs of
Single-, Dual-, 1.85–1.99
Wide-Band GHz, 1.99–
WiMAX Rectan
[70] Rectangular 2.2 GHz, wideband 6
and WLAN gular
Dielectric 2.4-
Resonator 2.48GHz
Antennas
Table 2.1: Literature survey
Summary:
In this chapter the literature survey is done based on the proposed objectives.
In detail explanation is given from each and every reference based on the design
considerations. In the next chapter we will discuss about the software used for
proposed antenna.

CHAPTER 3

43
 SOFTWARE USED
3.1 Antenna Flowchart:

START
NO MEET THE TARGET
IDENTIFY THE OPERATING YES
FREQUENCY AND BAND

FABRICATE THE
CALCULATE THE REQUIRED PROPOSED DRA
PARAMETRES OF DRA

COMPARE BOTH
DESIGN AND SIMULATE SIMULATED AND
METASURFACE BASED DRA FABRICATED
FOR WIRELESS RESULTS
COMMUNICATION
MEASURE THE
RESULTS
OPTIMISE THE PROPOSED
DRA FOR OBTAINING THE
WIDE BANDWIDTH AND TO END
MINIMIZE THE SIZE OF
ANTENNA

3.2 HFSS:
Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) is a 3D full wave EM field
solver for high frequency and high-speed electronic component designs. HFSS utilises
a 3D Full-wave Finite Element Method (FEM) field solver to compute the electric
behaviour of complex components of arbitrary shape and user defined material
properties.

Fig 3.1: HFSS Flow diagram

3.3 Antenna Simulation Solvers Within the HFSS Suite:

44
3.3.1 Hybrid Solver: This hybrid solver within the HFSS Suite enables users to have
the accuracy of an FEM solver in conjunction with the speed of an IE/SBR+ solver to
efficiently simulate a large electrical problem.
3.3.2 Integral Equations (IE): This technique is used when trying to efficiently solve
open radiation and scattering problems.
3.3.3 Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) Solver: This application analyses the
antenna placement scenarios on electrically huge platforms (on the order of 100s to
1000s of electrical wavelengths in size).
3.3.4 FEM Transient: This solver incorporates HFSS’ adaptive meshing and analyses
the transient applications for projects that involve ground penetrating radar (GPR) and
time domain reflectometry (TDR).

3.4 Vector Network Analyzer:

The frequency response of a component or a network made up of several

components, both active and passive, may be measured using a vector network
analyser. As a result, that power, as opposed to voltage and current, can be precisely
measured at high frequencies, a VNA monitors the power of a high-speed signal
entering and exiting a component or a network. The high-frequency signal is recorded
at each frequency point in both amplitude and phase. The built-in computer in the
VNA computes important characteristics for the network under test, including return
loss and insertion loss. Additionally, it can display the outcomes in a variety of
formats, including Smith charts, magnitude and phase diagrams, real and imaginary
images, and more.

Fig 3.2: A contemporary four-port VNA with two ports connected to a device under
test.

3.5 Anechoic Chamber:

An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective") is a space that is

designed to prevent sound or electromagnetic wave reflections. They are also

45
frequently insulated from outside energy. Because of this combination, a person or
detector hears only direct sounds (no reflected sounds), imitating being within a free
field. Around 2000 absorbent pyramids cover the walls, ceiling, and floor of the
chamber. The word anechoic means without echoes. The absorbers range in length
from 12 to 18 inches. In our chamber, we have an extra absorber, 12,000 pounds of
ferrite tile. The ferrite tiles absorb RF at frequencies too low for the foam pyramids,
extending our chamber's anechoic capacity to frequencies considerably below that of
conventional antenna testing rooms. We frequently evaluate antennas and product
emissions down to 300 GHz.

Fig 3.3: Anechoic Chamber

3.6 Modelling Techniques:

3.6.1 Finite Element Method (FEM): This method is used to numerically solve
partial differential equations for antennas. It involves dividing the antenna structure
into small elements, solving the field equations for each element, and then combining
the solutions to obtain the overall antenna behaviour.
3.6.2 Method of Moments (MoM): This method is used to model the antenna as a
collection of conducting surfaces. It involves solving integral equations to determine
the surface currents on the antenna, and then using those currents to calculate the
antenna's radiation pattern.
3.6.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD): This method involves discretizing
the electromagnetic field equations and solving them using finite difference
techniques. It is particularly useful for simulating time-dependent phenomena, such as
the radiation of a pulse antenna.
3.6.4 Physical Optics (PO): This method models the antenna as a collection of
idealized current elements that radiate electromagnetic waves. It is particularly useful
for simulating the scattering of electromagnetic waves from large structures.
3.6.5 Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD): This method models the antenna as a
series of diffraction edges that scatter the electromagnetic wave. It is particularly
useful for simulating the scattering of waves from sharp edges and corners.
3.6.6 Geometrical Optics (GO): This method models the antenna as a collection of
rays that propagate through the antenna structure. It is particularly useful for

46
simulating the propagation of waves through complex media, such as radomes and
lenses.
3.6.7 Boundary Element Method (BEM): This is a numerical method for solving
partial differential equations on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is
particularly useful for analysing the electromagnetic behaviour of antennas with
complex shapes.
3.6.8 Hybrid Methods: These are methods that combine two or more modelling
techniques to take advantage of their respective strengths. For example, the Finite
Element Boundary Integral (FEBI) method combines the FEM and BEM to model
antennas with both conducting and dielectric materials.
3.6.9 Integral Equation Method (IEM): This is a numerical method for solving
integral equations that describe the electromagnetic behaviour of antennas. It is
particularly useful for modelling antennas with a smooth surface and a uniform
current distribution.
3.6.10 Ray-Tracing Methods: These are methods that trace the paths of
electromagnetic rays as they propagate through an antenna structure. They are
particularly useful for analysing the propagation of waves through complex
environments, such as urban areas or indoor spaces.
3.6.11 Multi-Resolution Methods: These are methods that use different levels of
resolution to model different parts of an antenna structure. They are particularly useful
for modelling antennas with a large size or complex geometries.
Summary:
In this chapter simulation and fabrication process has been explained using
different modelling techniques antenna simulation solver and different instruments. In
the next chapter the simulated antenna model will be discussed.

47
 CHAPTER 4
ANTENNA SIMULATION DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN EQUATIONS:
The resonant frequency of an equilateral triangular DRA in TM lmncan be calculated as
[64]

√( )
2
c 4π
f m ,n = ( m2+mn+n 2) + k 2z
2 π √ εr 3a

Where k z= pπ /2 h , for p=1,2, 3…, c denotes the speed of light in air, a denotes the
side of triangular DRA.
For very thin DRA (h << a) the resonant frequency having TM 10 δ mode is given by

√( ) ( )
4 2 1 2
c
f 10 δ = +
2√ ε r 3a 2h

Where h is the height of triangular DRA

4.2 SIMULATION DESIGN
The equilateral triangular DRA has its side length of 17.23mm and a height of
5mm. The triangular DR is made up of Rogers RT duroid 6010 ( ε r=10.2 ¿ and a
metasurface is loaded above the dielectric resonator (DR) with relative permittivity of
3. The thickness of the metasurface is 0.254mm. The triangular DR element is placed
on the FR4 substrate (ε r = 4.4) with dimensions 50mm x 50mm x 5mm.

Fig 4.1: TDRA design with Slot Feeding.

48
Fig 4.2: Side-View of designed TDRA using HFSS with metasurface loaded above
the DR.

Fig 4.3: Bottom View of TDRA with Slot in Ground Plane.

Design parameters Value (mm)

a 17.23
a1 7.36
a2 7.79
s1 0.57
s2 0.18
s3 0.24

Table 4.1 Dimensions of Metasurface

Fig 4.4: Metasurface structure

49
Fig 4.5: S11 plot of Slot - Fed TDRA. The return loss values at 5.54 GHz & 7.18 GHz
are -28.51 dB and -23.78dB.

Fig 4.6: VSWR pattern of Slot - Fed TDRA. VSWR values at 5.54 GHz & 7.18
GHz are 1.07 and 1.13.

(a) (b)
Fig 4.7: Radiation Pattern of Slot – Fed TDRA at 7.18 GHz. (a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane

50
 (a) (b)
Fig 4.8: Radiation Pattern of Slot – Fed TDRA at 5.54 GHz. (a) E-Plane (b) H-Plane

Fig 4.9: Freq Vs Gain of Slot – Fed TDRA. The gain at 5.54 GHz is 3.43 dB and at
7.18 GHz is 5.24 dB.

(a) (b)
Fig 4.10: Cross pole of slot fed TDRA at (a) 5.54 GHz (b) 7.18 GHz.

51
 (a) (b)
Fig 4.11: Co pole of slot fed TDRA at (a) 5.54 GHz (b) 7.18 GHz.
Summary:
In this chapter the designed simulation of proposed antenna and detailed
results are explained. In the next chapter the fabricated antenna and its results will be
discussed.

52
 CHAPTER 5
ANTENNA FABRICATION
The top view of a fabricated antenna is shown in the Fig 6.4. The substrate used is
FR4 of ε r=4.4.

Fig 5.1: FR4 substrate with feed line

Fig 5.2: Bottom view of antenna with slot in the ground plane

53
 Fig 5.3: DR placed on the FR4 substrate. A dielectric resonator (DR) of Rogers
material with ε r=10.2is placed on top of the substrate.

Fig 5.4: Fabricated DRA. On top of DR a Rogers material with ε r=10.2 is placed and
metasurface ε r=3 is placed above the DR.

54
 Fig 5.5: S11 results of fabricated antenna. The return loss values at 5.7 GHz &
7.5 GHz are -17.50 dB and -20.1 dB.

Fig 5.6: VSWR results of fabricated antenna. The VSWR values at 5.7 GHz and 7.5
GHz are 1.42 and 1.38.
Parameters Existing design Proposed design

Operating frequency 1.8 GHz, 2.05 GHz 5.54 GHz, 7.18 GHz

Return loss -18 dB -23.78 dB, -28.51 dB

Frequency range 1.75-2.08 GHz 5.31-5.70 GHz, 7.01-7.34 GHz

VSWR - 1.07,1.1

Table 5.1: Comparison of Existing and Proposed Models Results.

55
 Parameters Simulated Results Fabricated Results

Operating frequency 5.54 GHz, 7.18 GHz 5.7 GHz,7.5 GHz

Return loss -23.78 dB, -28.51 dB -17.5 dB, -20.2 dB

Frequency range 5.3-5.7 GHz, 7.01-7.34 GHz 5.5-5.8 GHz, 7.26-7.77 GHz

VSWR 1.07,1.1 1.42,1.38

Table 5.2: Comparison of Simulated and Fabricated Models Results.

Summary:
In this chapter the result of fabricated antenna is explained and compared with
simulated and existing design results. In the next chapter the fabricated antenna and its
results will be discussed.

56
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
In this project a triangular dielectric resonant antenna is designed. Metasurface is
loaded on top of the dielectric resonator with triangular patch cells. Due to slot feeding
technique the designed antenna is linearly polarized. This DRA is operated in C – band
(4-8 GHz) and can be used for space research, fixed satellite services, mobile satellite
services and wireless communications.

57
 CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE
The metasurface design can be further optimized to achieve even wider
bandwidths or specific radiation patterns by using frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs)
to achieve different desired outcomes. The dielectric constant of the dielectric
resonator can be further increased by using high permittivity materials, such as barium
titanate, which can lead to better antenna performance. Additionally, the use of low-
loss materials, such as quartz or sapphire, can reduce the antenna's losses, resulting in
better efficiency.

58
 CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] S. Long, M. McAllister, and L. Shen, ‘‘The resonant cylindrical dielectric
cavity antenna,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-31, no. 3, pp. 406–
412, May 1983.
[2] A.A. Kishk, Y. Yin, and A. W. Glisson, ‘‘Conical dielectric resonator
antennas for wide-band applications,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
50, no. 4, pp. 406–412, Apr. 2002.
[3] N. Yang and K. W. Leung, ‘‘Size reduction of omnidirectional cylindrical
dielectric resonator antenna using a magnetic aperture source,’’ IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 3248–3253, Apr. 2020.
[4] N. Yang, K. W. Leung, and N. Wu, ‘‘Pattern-diversity cylindrical dielectric
resonator antenna using fundamental modes of different mode families,’’
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 6778–6788, Nov. 2019
[5] K. W. Leung, X. S. Fang, Y. M. Pan, E. H. Lim, K. M. Luk, and H. P. Chan,
‘‘Dual-function radiating glass for antennas and light covers—Part II: Dual-
band glass dielectric resonator antennas,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 587–597, Feb. 2013.
[6] Y. Gao, Z. Feng, and L. Zhang, ‘‘Compact asymmetrical T-shaped dielectric
resonator antenna for broadband applications,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1611–1615, Mar. 2012
[7] A.Rashidian, L. Shafai, and D. M. Klymyshyn, ‘‘Compact wideband
multimode dielectric resonator antennas fed with parallel standing strips,’’
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 5021–5031, Nov. 2012.
[8] X. S. Fang, K.-P. Shi, and Y.-. X. Sun, ‘‘Design of the single-/dualport
wideband differential dielectric resonator antenna using higher order mode,’’
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1605-1609, Sep.
2020.
[9] R. Chowdhury, N. Mishra, M. M. Sani, and R. K. Chaudhary, ‘‘Analysis of a
wideband circularly polarized cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna with
broadside radiation coupled with simple microstrip feeding,’’ IEEE Access,
vol. 5, pp. 19478–19485, 2017.
[10] A.Buerkle, K. Sarabandi, and H. Mosallaei, ‘‘Compact slot and dielectric
resonator antenna with dual-resonance, broadband characteristics,’’ IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1020–1027, Mar. 2005.
[11] Nasimuddin and K. P. Esselle, ‘‘A low-profile compact microwave antenna
with high gain and wide bandwidth,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55,
no. 6, pp. 1880–1883, Jun. 2007.
[12] Y. Ge, K. P. Esselle, and T. S. Bird, ‘‘Compact dielectric resonator antennas
with ultrawide 60%–110% bandwidth,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
59, no. 9, pp. 3445–3448, Sep. 2011.
[13] Y. M. Pan and S. Y. Zheng, ‘‘A low-profile stacked dielectric resonator
antenna with high-gain and wide bandwidth,’’ IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 68–71, 2016.

59
[14] N. Liu, L. Zhu, and W. Choi, ‘‘A Differential-fed microstrip patch antenna
with bandwidth enhancement under operation of TM10 and TM30 modes,’’
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1607–1614, Apr. 2017.
[15] R. K. Mongia and A. Ittipiboon, ‘‘Theoretical and experimental
investigations on rectangular dielectric resonant antennas,’’ IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1348–1359, Sep. 1997.
[16] W. E. I. Liu, Z. N. Chen, and X. Qing, ‘‘Broadband low-profile L-probe fed
metasurface antenna with TM leaky wave and TE surface wave
resonances,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 1348–1355,
Mar. 2020.
[17] J. Zhang, S. Yan, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, ‘‘A miniature feeding network
for aperture-coupled wearable antennas,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 2650–2654, May 2017.
[18] N.-W. Liu, L. Zhu, W.-W. Choi, and X. Zhang, ‘‘A low-profile
aperturecoupled microstrip antenna with enhanced bandwidth under dual
resonance,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 13, pp. 1055–1061,
Mar. 2017..
[19] K. D. Xu, J. Zhu, S. Liao, and Q. Xue, ‘‘Wideband patch antenna using
multiple parasitic patches and its array application with mutual coupling
reduction,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 42497–42506, 2018.
[20] S. Feng, L. Zhang, H.-W. Yu, Y.-X. Zhang, and Y.-C. Jiao, ‘‘A single-layer
wideband differential-fed microstrip patch antenna with complementary split-
ring resonators loaded,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 132041–132048, 2019.
[21] L. Chi, Z.-B. Weng, S. Meng, Y. Qi, J. Fan, W. Zhuang, and J. L. Drewniak,
‘‘Rugged linear array for IoT applications,’’ IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7,
no. 6, pp. 5078–5087, Jun. 2020.
[22] K. D. Xu, H. Xu, Y. Liu, J. Li, and Q. H. Liu, ‘‘Microstrip patch antennas
with multiple parasitic patches and shorting vias for bandwidth
enhancement,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 11624–11633, 2018.
[23] L. Wang, Z. Weng, Y.-C. Jiao, W. Zhang, and C. Zhang, ‘‘A low-profile
broadband circularly polarized microstrip antenna with wide beamwidth,’’
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1213–1217, Jul.
2018.
[24] S. X. Ta and I. Park, ‘‘Low-profile broadband circularly polarized patch
antenna using metasurface,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12,
pp. 5929–5934, Dec. 2015.
[25] H. L. Zhu, S. W. Cheung, K. Lun Chung, and T. I. Yuk, ‘‘Linear-to circular
polarization conversion using metasurface,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4615–4623, Sep. 2013.
[26] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design. New York,
NY, USA: Wiley, 2000.
[27] Y.-X. Zhang, Y.-C. Jiao, Z. Zhang, and S. Feng, ‘‘Wideband accurateout-of-
phase-fed circularly polarized array based on penta-mode aperture antenna
element with irregular cavity,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67, no. 1,
pp. 638–642, Jan. 2019.

60
[28] P. Wang, Q. Wu, R.-B. He, and Y. Shao, ‘‘Design of low profile and
wideband end-fire antenna using metasurface,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp.
35752–35758, 2020.
[29] F. H. Lin and Z. N. Chen, ‘‘Low-profile wideband metasurface antennas
using characteristic mode analysis,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65,
no. 4, pp. 1706–1713, Apr. 2017.
[30] D. Chen, W. Yang, W. Che, and Q. Xue, ‘‘Broadband stable-gain multi
resonance antenna using nonperiodic square-ring metasurface,’’ IEEE
Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1537–1541, Aug. 2019.
[31] J. Wang, H. Wong, Z. Ji, and Y. Wu, ‘‘Broadband CPW-fed aperture coupled
metasurface antenna,’’ IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 3,
pp. 517–520, Mar. 2019.
[32] F. H. Lin and Z. N. Chen, ‘‘A method of suppressing higher order modes for
improving radiation performance of metasurface multiport antennas using
characteristic mode analysis,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 4,
pp. 1894–1902, Apr. 2018.
[33] F. H. Lin and Z. N. Chen, ‘‘Probe-fed broadband low-profile metasurface
antennas using characteristic mode analysis,’’ in Proc. 6th Asia–Pacific Conf.
Antennas Propag. (APCAP), Xi’an, China, Oct. 2017, pp. 664–666.
[34] F. H. Lin and Z. N. Chen, ‘‘Truncated impedance sheet model for lowprofile
broadband non-resonant-cell metasurface antennas using characteristic mode
analysis,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 5043–5051,
Oct. 2018.
[35] F. H. Lin and Z. N. Chen, ‘‘DRA-fed broadband metasurface antennas using
characteristic mode analysis,’’ in Proc. 6th Asia–Pacific Conf. Antennas
Propag. (APCAP), Xi’an, China, 2019, pp. 1–3.
[36] X. Yang, Y. Liu, and S.-X. Gong, ‘‘Design of a wideband omnidirectional
antenna with characteristic mode analysis,’’ IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag.
Lett., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 993–997, Jun. 2018.
[37] C. Zhao and C. -F. Wang, "Characteristic Mode Design of Wide Band
Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna Consisting of H-Shaped Unit Cells," in
IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 25292-25299, 2018, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2828878.
[38] B. Feng, X. He, J.-C. Cheng, and C.-Y.-D. Sim, ‘‘Dual-wideband
dualpolarized metasurface antenna array for the 5G millimeter wave
communications based on characteristic mode theory,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8,
pp. 21589–21601, 2020.
[39] K. S. Sultan, H. H. Abdullah, E. A. Abdallah, and H. S. El-Hennawy,
‘‘Metasurface-based dual polarized MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones
using CMA,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 37250–37264, 2020.
[40] R. Harrington and J. Mautz, ‘‘Theory of characteristic modes for conducting
bodies,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 622–628, Sep.
1971.
[41] Jiyu Jio, X. Sun, Liang Fang and Jiafeng Lyu, “An overview of wireless
communication technology,” in Asia Communications and Photonics

61
 Conference (ACP) and International Conference on Information Photonics and
Optical Communications,2020, doi: 10.23919/JCC.2021.12.001
[42] S. Keyrouz, D. Caratelli “Dielectric Resonator Antennas: Basic Concepts,
Design Guidelines, and Recent Developments at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies”
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume 2016, Article ID
6075680.
[43] P. Lodhi, M. Shrivastava and A. Agwekar, "A study of Dual Band Reformed
Square Slot DRA for Wireless System," 2021 6th International Conference on
Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT),2021, pp. 152-156, doi:
10.1109/ICICT50816.2021.9358595.
[44] S. Khan et al., "Miniaturization of Dielectric Resonator Antenna by Using
Artificial Magnetic Conductor Surface," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 68548-
68558, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2986048.
[45] H. I. Kremer, K. W. Leung and M. W. K. Lee, "Design of Substrate-Integrated
Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Dielectric Vias," in IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 5205-5214, Sept. 2021, doi:
10.1109/TAP.2021.3060054.
[46] Dielectric Resonator Antennas by K. M. Luk and K. W. Leung
[47] M. N. Mohd Yasin, A. Ali, M. F. Zambak and M. F. Radzi, "Size-Reduction of
a Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antennas," 2021 IEEE
Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE), 2021, pp. 1-4,
doi: 10.1109/APACE53143.2021.9760560.
[48] S. -K. Zhao, N. -W. Liu, Q. Chen, G. Fu and X. -P. Chen, "A Low-Profile
Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Compact-Size and Wide Bandwidth by
Using Metasurface," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 29819-29826, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3058352.
[49] S. K. Sahu, T. K. Das, S. K. Behera, “Design of a Multiband Triangular DRA
for C-Band Applications”, 2019.
[50] B. Jeyapoornima, J. Joselin Jeya Sheela, C. Malarvizhi, S. Vanaja, “Multi-band
Narrow Strip Antenna for 5G/WLAN/WiMAX Wireless Communication,”
2021, DOI: 10.1109/ICCCI50826.2021.9402442
[51] S. Anand, P. K. Rao and G. Bharti, "Dielectric Resonator Based Composite
MIMO Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications," 2020 IEEE Students
Conference on Engineering & Systems (SCES), 2020.
[52] Eric B. Whiting, Sawyer D. Campbell, Galestan Mackertich-Sengerdy, and
Douglas H Werner, “Dielectric Resonator Antenna Geometry-Dependent
Performance Tradeoffs,” 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJAP.2020.3037826.
[53] Atabak Rashidian, Lotfollah Shafai, David M. Klymyshyn, “Compact
Wideband Multimode Dielectric Resonator Antennas Fed With Parallel
Standing Strips,” in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.60,
DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2012.2210018.
[54] R. K. Mongia, A. Ittibipoon, and M. Cuhaci, ‘‘Low profile dielectric resonator
antennas using a very high permittivity material,’’ Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no.
17, pp. 1362–1363, Aug. 1994.
[55] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design. New York,
NY, USA: Wiley, 2000.

62
[56] Y.-X. Zhang, Y.-C. Jiao, Z. Zhang, and S. Feng, ‘‘Wideband accurateout-of-
phase-fed circularly polarized array based on penta-mode aperture antenna
element with irregular cavity,’’ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67, no. 1,
pp. 638–642, Jan. 2019.
[57] R. Chair, A. A. Kishk, K. F. Lee, and C. E. Smith, ‘‘Wideband flipped staired
pyramid dielectric resonator antennas,’’ Electron. Lett., vol. 40, no. 10, pp.
581–582, May 2004.
[58] S. Mishra, S. Das, S. S. Pattnaik, S. Kumar and B. K. Kanaujia, "Three-
Dimensional Dual-Band Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless
Communication," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 71593-71604, 2020.
[59] J. V. Sarath and B. P. Palakkal, "Design and Analysis of DRA based Antenna
for FPV Applications," 2021 IEEE Second International Conference on
Control, Measurement and Instrumentation (CMI), 2021.
[60] Z. Chen, Q. Liu, B. Sanz-Izquierdo, H. Liu, J. Yu and X. Chen, "A Wideband
Circular-Polarized Beam Steering Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using
Gravitational Ball Lens," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 2963-2968, May 2021.
[61] X. Liu, K. W. Leung and N. Yang, "Wideband Horizontally Polarized
Omnidirectional Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Polarization
Reconfigurable Design," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 7333-7342, Nov. 2021
[62] N. -W. Liu, Y. -D. Liang, L. Zhu, Z. -X. Liu and G. Fu, "A Low-Profile,
Wideband, Filtering-Response, Omnidirectional Dielectric Resonator
Antenna Without Enlarged Size and Extra Feeding Circuit," in IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1120-1124,
July 2021.
[63] B. Ghosh, D. Bhattacharya, P. D. Sinha, and D. H. Werner, "Design of
Circular Waveguide Annular Slot-Coupled Two-Layer DRA for Linear and
Circular Polarizations," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1012-1016, June 2020.
[64] Sidhartha Kumar Sahu, Tanmaya Kumar Das, Santanu Kumar Behera,
“Design of a Multiband Triangular DRA for C-Band Applications.
[65] K. Derzakowski, "Application of the Radial Mode Matching Method to
Determine the Resonant Frequency of a Cone Shaped Dielectric Resonator,"
in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 156239-156245, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3128144.
[66] M. Elahi, A. Altaf, Y. Yang, K. -Y. Lee and K. C. Hwang, "Circularly
Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Two Annular Vias," in IEEE
Access, vol. 9, pp. 41123-41128, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3064026.
[67] P. Anoop. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee,” Design of Dual Band Triangular DRA for
WLAN Application”.
[68] Archana Sharma, Kavita Khare, S.C.Shrivastava,” Dielectric Resonator
Antenna for X band Microwave Application”.
[69] J. -E. Zhang, Q. Zhang, W. Kong, W. -W. Yang and J. -X. Chen, "Compact
and Low-Profile Linear-/Circular-Polarization Dielectric Resonator Antennas

63
 with Extended Bandwidths," in IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 3, pp. 391-397, 2022, doi: 10.1109/OJAP.2022.3164442.
[70] X. S. Fang and K. W. Leung, "Designs of Single-, Dual-, Wide-Band
Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas," in IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2409-2414, June 2011, doi:
10.1109/TAP.2011.2143658.

64
65
66
67
68
69
 A Metasurface
based Bandwidth
Enhancement of Implemented
198W1A0407
Miniaturized the antenna
198W1A0428 Dielectric design for 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11
1 Resonator Antennas
198W1A0411 satellite ,12
Antenna Design communicatio
198W1A0445 for Wireless ns
Communications

PO MAPPING

A Metasurface based Bandwidth Enhancement of Miniaturized Dielectric

Resonator Antenna Design for Wireless Communications
The design is implemented using mathematics and engineering fundamentals PO 1:3

The project involves literature survey of Dielectric Resonator Antennas,

PO 2:3
Metasurfaces.

The students have identified other antenna designs that may work better PO 3:3

The design developed is related to the current trend technology PO 4:2

DRA with metasurface design is a current technology that can be used in satellite
PO 5:3
communication systems. We have tried to use modern tools such as HFSS.

The research ethics were considered, and students adhered to them diligently.
PO 8:2
The significance of quality was underlined

Each team member contributed their own effort, and together they successfully
PO 9:3
finished the project.

The process of appropriately blending words to create a review paper that the
reader can understand. Additionally, in internal and external evaluations, PO 10:2
presentations were prepared to persuade subject matter experts.

Step-by-step flow management is a part of the project. The purpose of teaching

PO 11:3
project management to students was to prepare them for careers in the field.

The ability to continue learning is a requirement for finishing a research

endeavour. The pupils shown initiative and gained knowledge of the value of PO 12:3
lifelong learning.

Guide Signature

70