E1 = 4.

44 f fm N1 kVA rating ¥ 1000

I1 (full load) =
E2 = 4.44 f fm N2 V1
E2 V N I kVA rating ¥ 1000
= 2 = 2 = 1 =K I2 (full load) =
E1 V1 N1 I 2 V2
V1I1 V2 I 2
kVA rating = =
1000 1000

6.1 The required no-load ratio in a single-phase, 50 Hz, core-type transformer is

6000/250 V. Find the number of turns in each winding if the flux is to be about
0.06 wb. [450, 20]
6.7

6.2 A 6600/600 V, 50 Hz, 1 f transformer has a maximum flux density of 1.35 Wb/m2
in its core. If the net cross-sectional area of iron in the core is 200 cm2, calculate
the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.
[1101, 100]
6.3 A 1 f, 50 Hz transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 1000 turns on the
secondary. The voltage per turn in the primary winding is 0.2 volt. Calculate
(i) voltage induced in primary and secondary windings, (ii) maximum value of
flux density if the cross-sectional area of the core is 200 cm2, (iii) kVA rating of the
transformer if the current in primary at full load is 10 A.
[100 V, 200 V, 9.09 ¥ 10–4 Wb, 0.045 Wb/m2, 1 kVA]
6.4 A 40 kVA, 3300/240 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer has 660 turns on the primary.
Determine (i) the number of turns on the secondary, (ii) the maximum value of
flux in the core, and (iii) the approximate value of primary and secondary full-load
current. Internal drops in the windings are to be ignored.
[48, 0.02 Wb, 12.12 A, 166.67 A]
6.5 A single-phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns. The net
cross-sectional area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to
a 400 V, 50 Hz single-phase supply, calculate (i) maximum value of flux density in
the core, and (ii) the voltage induced in the secondary winding.
[0.93 Wb/m2, 1200 V]
6.6 A 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to a 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the full-load
primary and secondary currents, the secondary emf and the maximum flux in the
core. [8.33 A, 83.3 A, 300 V, 27 mWb]
 Wi = V1I0 cos f0 X02 = X2 + K2X1 = K2 X01
Im = I0 sin f0 Z01 = 2
R01 2
+ X 01
Iw = I0 cos f0
2 2
WCu = I12 R1 + I22 R2 Z02 = R02 + X 02 = K2 Z01
WCu = I12 R01 = I22 R02 E2 - V2
% Regulation = ¥ 100
R2 E2
R01 = R1 +
K2 I 2 R02 cos f ± I 2 X 02 sin f
= ¥ 100
R02 = R2 + K2R1 = K2 R01 E2
X2 I1 R01 cos f ± I1 R01 sin f
X01 = X1 + = ¥ 100
K2 V1
6.13

6.1 The no-load current of a transformer is 10 A at a pf of 0.25 lagging, when connected

to a 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) magnetising component of no-load current,
(b) iron loss, and (c) maximum value of flux in the core. Assume primary winding
turns as 500. [9.68 A, 1000 W, 3.6036 mWb]
6.2 A 2200/250 V transformer takes 0.5 A at a pf of 0.3 on no load. Find magnetising
and working components of no-load primary current. [0.476 A, 0.15 A]
6.3 The no-load current of a transformer is 4 A at 0.25 pf when supplied at 250 V,
50 Hz. The number of turns on the primary winding is 200. Calculate (i) rms value
of flux in the core, (ii) core loss, and (iii) magnetising current.
[5.63 mWb, 250 W, 3.87 A]
6.4 The values of the resistances of the primary and secondary windings of a
2200/ 200 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer are 2.4 W and 0.02 W respectively. Find
(i) equivalent resistance of primary referred to secondary, (ii) equivalent resistance
of secondary referred to primary, (iii) total resistance referred to secondary, and
(iv) total resistance referred to primary. [0.0198 W, 2.42 W, 0.0398 W, 4.82 W]
6.5 A 40 kVA transformer with a ratio of 2000/250 V has a primary resistance of
1.15 W and a secondary resistance of 0.0155 W. Calculate (i) the total resistance in
terms of the secondary winding, (ii) total resistance drop on full load, and (iii) total
copper loss on full load. [0.0334 W, 5.35 V, 855.04 W]
 Output
h= ¥100 Actual kVA
Input and x=
Full-load kVA
V2 I 2 cos f
= ¥ 100 Condition for maximum efficiency,
V2 I 2 cos f + Wi + WCu
Wi = WCu
x ¥ full-load kVA ¥ pf
= Load kVA (maximum efficiency)
x ¥ full-load kVA ¥ pf + Wi + x 2WCu
Wi
¥ 100 = Full-load kVA ¥
WCu
where Wi and WCu are in kw.
Load kVA (max.efficiency) ¥ pf
hmax = ¥100
Load kVA(max.efficiency) ¥ pf + 2Wi

6.1 A 100 kVA transformer has iron loss of 2 kw and full-load copper loss of 1 kw.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer at (i) full-load unity pf, and (ii) half-
load unity pf. [97.087%, 95.69%]
6.2 Calculate the efficiency of a transformer at half load and quarter load for
0.71 lagging pf for a 800 kVA, 1100/250 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer, whose
losses are as follows: Iron loss = 800 w and copper loss at full load = 800 w.
[99.64%, 99.40%]
6.3 A 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a primary resistance
of 2 W and a secondary resistance of 0.02 W. Calculate the efficiency of the
transformer at (i) full load, and (ii) half load when the pf of the load is 0.8. Given
that the iron loss is 412 watts. [94.56%, 95.76%]
6.4 A 40 kVA transformer has iron loss of 450 w and full-load copper loss of 850 w.
If power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging, calculate (i) full-load efficiency, (ii) the
load at which maximum efficiency occurs, and (iii) the maximum efficiency.
[96.09%, 29.104 kVA, 96.278%]
6.5 A 50 kVA transformer has an efficiency of 98% at full load 0.8 pf. and 97% at half
load 0.8 pf. Determine full-load copper loss and iron loss. Find the load at which
6.14

maximum efficiency occurs and also find the maximum efficiency.

[0.264 kW, 0.552 kW, 72.29 kVA, 98.12%]
6.6 The efficiency of a 220 kVA, 1100/220 V transformer is maximum of 98% at 50%
of rated load. Calculate (i) core loss, and (ii) efficiency at rated load.
[1.12 kW, 97.51%]
1
6.7 Calculate the efficiencies at half, full and 1 load of a 100 kVA transformer for
4
power factors of unity. The copper loss is 1000 w at full load and the iron loss is
1000 w. [97.56%, 98.04%, 97.98%]
6.8 In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the iron and copper losses are 350 w and
400 W respectively. Calculate the efficiency on unity power factor at (i) full load,
(ii) half load, and (iii) determine the load for maximum efficiency and the iron and
copper loss in this case. [97.1%, 96.5%, 23.4 kVA, 350 W, 350 W]
6.9 The efficiency of 400 kVA, 50 Hz, 1 phase transformer is 98.77% delivering FL at
0.8 pf and 99.13% at half load at UPF. Determine maximum efficiency at 0.8 pf.
[1.012 kW, 2.973 kW, 98.93%]
6.10 Calculate the efficiency at full load and one-fourth load at (i) unity pf, and (ii)
0.71 lagging pf, for a 80 kVA, 1100/250 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer, whose
losses are as follows:
Iron losses = 800 w
Total copper losses with 160 A in the low-voltage winding = 200 w
[(i) 98.04%, 97.57%, 95.92%, (ii) 97.25%, 96.61%, 94.36%]
6.11 A 200 kVA transformer has an efficiency of 98% at full load. If the maximum
efficiency occurs at three quarters of full load, calculate the efficiency at half load.
Assume negligible magnetising current and pf at all loads. [97.9%]
6.1 A 4 kVA, 200/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following test
results:
OC test (LV side) 200 V, 0.7 A, 60 w
SC test (HV side) 9 V, 6 A, 21.6 w
Calculate
(i) magnetising current and the component corresponding to iron loss at normal
voltage and frequency
(ii) efficiency on full load at unity pf
(iii) secondary terminal voltage on full load at power factors of unity, 0.8 lagging
and 0.8 leading
[(i) 0.63 A, 0.3 A, (ii) 97.08%, (iii) 394 V, 386.95 V, 403.44 V]
6.2 A 10 kVA, 500/2000 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer gave the following results:
OC test : 500 V, 120 w on primary side
SC test : 15 V, 20 A, 100 w on primary side
Determine
(i) Efficiency on full-load unity power factor
(ii) Secondary terminal voltage on full load at unity pf, 0.8 lagging and 0.8
leading pf [97.9%, 1980 V, 1950 V, 2018 V]
6.3 A 100 kVA, 6600/330 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer took 10 A and 436 w at
100 V in a short-circuit test, the figures referring to the high-voltage side. Calculate
the voltage to be applied to the high-voltage side on full load at power factor 0.8
lagging when the secondary terminal voltage is 330 V. [6734 V]
6.4 A 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a turn ratio of 6. The resistances are 0.9 W
and 0.03 W and the reactances are 5 W and 0.13 W for high-voltage and low-voltage
winding respectively. Find (i) the voltage to be applied to the high-voltage side to
obtain full-load current of 200 A in the low-voltage winding on short circuit, (ii)
power factor in the short circuit. [330 V, 0.2]
6.5 A 5 kVA, 1000/200 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following test
results:
OC test (LV side) 200 V, 1.2 A, 90 w
SC test (HV side) 50 V, 5 A, 110 w
Determine efficiency at half-load at 0.8 pf lagging. [94.45%]
 6.6 Draw the equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side of 4 kVA,
200/400 V, 50 Hz transformer which gave the following test results:
OC test (on LV side) 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 w
SC test (on HV side) 15 V, 10 A, 80 w
[571 W, 330 W, 0.2 W, 0.317 W]
6.7 The following figures were obtained from tests on a 30 kVA, 3000/110 V
transformer:
OC test 3000 V, 0.5 A, 350 w
SC test 150 V, 10 A, 500 w
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer at (a) full load 0.8 pf, (b) half-load unity
pf. Also, calculate the kVA output at which the efficiency is maximum.
[96.56%, 97%, 25.1 kVA]

6.1 Explain the working principle of a transformer.

6.2 Explain what happens if a dc voltage is applied to a transformer.
6.3 Differentiate between shell-type and core-type transformers.
6.4 Derive an emf equation for a single-phase transformer and explain voltage and
current ratio of an ideal transformer.
6.5 Show that the emf per turn in a transformer is 4.44 f f m, where f is the frequency
of supply and fm is maximum flux associated with transformer winding.
6.6 what do you understand by an ideal transformer?
6.7 Draw and explain phasor diagram of a transformer for
(a) Unity power factor or resistive load
(b) Lagging power factor or inductive load
(c) Leading power factor or capacitive load
6.8 Develop the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer. How does it help in
deciding the regulation of a transformer?
6.9 Define voltage regulation and derive its expression.
6.10 Explain various losses in a transformer.
6.11 What do you understand by efficiency of a transformer? Derive the condition for
maximum efficiency.
 Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct alternative in the following questions:
6.1 when the primary of a transformer is connected to a dc supply, the
(a) primary draws small current
(b) primary leakage reactance is increased
(c) core losses are increased
(d) primary may burn out
6.2 The function of oil in a transformer is
(a) to provide insulation and cooling
(b) to provide protection against lightning
(c) to provide protection against short circuit
(d) to provide lubrication
6.3 In a transformer, the primary and the secondary voltages are
(a) 60° out of phase (b) 90° out of phase
(c) 180° out of phase (d) always in phase
6.4 The core flux of a practical transformer with a resistive load
(a) is strictly constant with load changes
(b) increases linearly with load
(c) increases the square root of the load
(d) decreases with increase of load
6.5 The inductive reactance of a transformer depends on
(a) electromotive force (b) magnetomotive force
(c) magnetic flux (d) leakage flux
6.6 For an ideal transformer the windings should have
(a) maximum resistance on primary side and least resistance on secondary side
(b) least resistance on primary side and maximum resistance on secondary side
(c) equal resistance on primary and secondary side
(d) no ohmic resistance on either side
6.7 If the applied voltage to a primary transformer is increased by keeping the V/f ratio
fixed, then the magnetising current and the core loss will respectively:
(a) decrease and remain the same
(b) increase and decrease
(c) both remain the same
(d) remain the same and increase
6.8 If the applied voltage to a certain transformer is increased by 50% and the frequency
is reduced to 50% (assuming that the magnetic circuit remains unsaturated), the
maximum core flux density will
 (a) change to three times the original value
(b) change to 1.5 times the original value
(c) change to 0.5 times the original value
(d) remain the same as the original value
6.9 The low-voltage winding of a 400 V/230 V, 1 phase, 50 Hz transformer is to be
connected to a 25 Hz supply. In order to keep the magnetisation current at the same
level in both the cases, the voltage at 25 Hz should be
(a) 230 V (b) 460 V (c) 115 V (d) 65 V
6.10 A voltage v = 400 sin 314.16 t is applied to a 1-phase transformer on no-load. If
the no-load current of the transformer is 2 sin (314.16 t – 85°), the magnetisation
branch impedance will be approximately equal to
(a) 141 – 90° W (b) 200 – – 85° W (c) 200 – 85° W (d) 282 – – 80° W
6.11 The eddy current losses in a transformer is reduced
(a) if laminations are thick
(b) if the number of turns in primary winding is reduced
(c) if the number of turns in secondary winding is reduced
(d) if laminations are thin
6.12 The efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when
(a) leakage reactances of the two windings are equal
(b) resistances of the two windings are equal
(c) copper loss is equal to constant loss
(d) none of the above
6.13 The efficiency of a transformer is usually in the range of
(a) 50 to 60% (b) 60 to 80% (c) 80 to 90% (d) 90 to 98%
6.14 The full-load copper loss of a transformer is twice its core loss. The efficiency will
be maximum at
(a) 25% of full load (b) 50% of full load
(c) 70.7% of full load (d) 141% of full load
6.15 The full-load copper loss and iron loss of a transformer are 6400 w and 5000 w
respectively. The copper loss and iron loss at half load will be respectively
(a) 3200 w and 2500 w (b) 3200 w and 5200 w
(c) 1600 w and 1250 w (d) 1600 w and 5000 w
6.16 The load at which maximum efficiency occurs in case of a 100 kVA transformer
with iron loss of 1 kw and full load copper loss of 2 kw is
(a) 100 kVA (b) 70.7 kVA (c) 50.5 kVA (d) 25.2 kVA
6.17 A 300 kVA transformer has 95% efficiency at full load, 0.8 pf lagging and 96%
efficiency at half load, unity pf. The iron loss Wi and copper loss Wcu in kw, under
full-load operation are
(a) 4.12, 8.15 (b) 6.59, 9.21 (c) 8.51, 4.12 (d) 12.72, 3.07
6.18 A single-phase transformer has a maximum efficiency of 90% at full load and unity
power factor. Efficiency at half load at the same power factor is
(a) 86.7 % (b) 88.26 % (c) 88.9 % (d) 87.9 %
6.19 The efficiency of a 100 kVA transformer is 0.98 at full as well as at half load. For
this transformer at full load, the copper loss
(a) is less than core loss (b) is equal to core loss
(c) is more than core loss (d) none of the above
6.20 If P1 and P2 be the iron and copper losses of a transformer at full-load and the
maximum efficiency is at 75% of the full load, ratio of P1 and P2 will be
9 10 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 4 16

answers to multiple choice questions

6.1 (d) 6.2 (a) 6.3 (c) 6.4 (a) 6.5 (d) 6.6 (d)
6.7 (d) 6.8 (a) 6.9 (c) 6.10 (c) 6.11 (d) 6.12 (c)
6.13 (d) 6.14 (c) 6.15 (d) 6.16 (b) 6.17 (c) 6.18 (d)
6.19 (c) 6.20 (a)
 f ZNP
E=
60 A
where A = P for lap winding A = 2 for wave winding
Shunt Series Generator Compound Generator
Generator Short shunt Long shunt
Is = IL
Ia = IL + If Ia = Is = IL Ia = IL + If Ia = Is = IL + If
V V + I L Rs V
If = If = If =
Rf Rf Rf

Eg = V + Ia Ra Eg = V + Ia (Ra + Rs) Eg = V + Ia Ra + IL Rs Eg = V + Ia (Ra + Rs)

7.6

Shunt motor Series motor Compound motor

Short shunt Long shunt
Ia = IL – If Ia = Is = IL Is = IL Ia = Is
Ia = IL – If Ia = IL – If
Eb = V – Ia Ra Eb = V – Ia (Ra + Rs) Eb = V – IaRa – ILRs Eb = V – Ia (Ra + Rs)
V V - I L Rs V
If = If = If =
Rf Rf Rf

Exercise 7.1
7.1 A 4-pole, dc generator has a wave-wound armature with 792 conductors. The flux
per pole is 0.0121 Wb. Determine the speed at which it should be run to generate
240 V on no-load. [751.3 rpm]
7.2 A dc generator generates an emf of 520 V. It has 2,000 armature conductors, flux
per pole of 0.013 Wb, speed of 1200 rpm and the armature winding has four parallel
paths. Find the number of poles. [4]
7.3 When driven at 1000 rpm with a flux per pole of 0.02 Wb, a dc generator has an
emf of 200 V. If the speed is increased to 1100 rpm and at the same time, the flux
per pole is reduced to 0.019 Wb per pole, what is the induced emf? [209 V]
7.4 A 4-pole machine running at 1500 rpm has an armature with 90 slots and 6
conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 10 mWb. Determine the terminal emf as
dc generator if the coils are lap connected. If the current per conductor is 100 A,
determine the electrical power. [810 V, 324 kW]
7.5 An 8-pole lap wound dc generator has 120 slots having 4 conductors per slot. If
each conductor can carry 250 A and if flux/pole is 0.05 Wb, calculate the speed of
the generator for giving 240 V on open circuit. If the voltage drops to 220 V on full
load, find the rated output of the machine. [600 V, 440 kW]
7.6 A 4-pole, dc shunt motor has a flux per pole of 0.04 Wb and the armature is lap
wound with 720 conductors. The shunt field resistance is 240 W and the armature
resistance is 0.2 W. Brush contact drop is 1 V per brush. Determine the speed of the
machine when running (i) as a motor taking 60 A, and (ii) as a generator supplying
120 A. The terminal voltage in each case is 480 V. [972 rpm; 1055 rpm]
7.7 A 4-pole, dc motor has a wave-wound armature with 65 slots each containing
6 conductors. The flux per pole is 20 mWb and the armature has a resistance of
0.15 W. Calculate the motor speed when the machine is operating from a 250 V
supply and taking a current of 60 A. [927 rpm]
 7.8 A 500 V, dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 0.5 W and 200 W
respectively. When loaded and taking a total input of 25 kW, it runs at 400 rpm.
Find the speed at which it must be driven as a shunt generator to supply a power
output of 25 kW at a terminal voltage of 500 V. [442 rpm]
7.9 A shunt machine connected to 250 V mains has an armature resistance of 0.12
W and field resistance of 100 W. Find the ratio of the speed of the machine as a
generator to the speed as motor, if the line current is 80 A in both cases. [1.08]

7.1 Explain the working principle of dc generator and dc motor.

7.2 What is the basic nature of the induced emf in a dc generator? What is the function
of a commutator?
7.3 What is the difference between lap-type and wave-type of armature winding?
7.4 From first principle derive expression for the emf of a dc generator.
7.5 What is back emf? Explain the significance of back emf.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct alternative in the following questions:
7.1 Wave winding is employed in a dc machine of
(a) high current and low voltage rating (b) low current and high voltage rating
(c) high current and high voltage rating (d) low current and low voltage rating
7.2 If a 230 V dc series motor is connected to a 230 V ac supply
(a) the motor will vibrate violently
(b) the motor will run with less efficiency and more sparking
(c) the motor will not run
(d) the fuse will be blown
7.3 The value of back emf (Eb) in a dc motor in maximum at
(a) no load (b) full load
(c) half full load (d) none of the above
7.4 The function of a commutator in a dc machine is
(a) to improve commutation (b) to change ac current to dc current
(c) to change dc voltage to ac voltage (d) to provide easy speed control
7.5 If the number of poles in a lap-wound dc generator is increased by a factor of 2, the
generated emf will
(a) increase by a factor of 2 (b) decrease by a factor of 2
(c) increase by factor of 4 (d) remain the same
7.6 As the speed of dc generator is increased, the generated emf
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains constant (d) first increases and then becomes
constant
7.7 Match list I (machine) with list II (characteristic/application) and select the correct
answer:
List I List II
A. dc shunt generator 1. electric traction
B. dc series motor 2. good voltage regulation
C. compound dc generator 3. must have residual flux
D. dc series generator 4. used as boosters
A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 3
(b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 2 1 3
(d) 3 1 2 4
7.8 Match list I which list II and select the correct answer:
List I (motor) List II (applications)
A. dc series motor 1. shearing and pressing
B. squirrel cage induction motor 2. haulage and hoisting
C. dc shunt motor 3. rolling mill
A B C
(a) 1 2 3
(b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2
(d) 3 2 1
Answers to Multiple Choice questions
7.1 (b) 7.2 (b) 7.3 (a) 7.4 (b) 7.5 (d) 7.6 (a)
7.7 (d) 7.8 (b)