SEISMIC DESIGN

UNDER UBC-97
Purdue University
CE571 - Earthquake Engineering
Spring 2003

Luis E. García and Mete A. Sozen

 1
Pre-dimensioning and
coordination with other design
professionals
 2
Definition of all
dead and live loads
 3
Define Seismic Zone
(Z)
Seismic Zone from Map in Figure 16-2
 Value of Z from Table 16-I

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4

Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

 4
Define Occupancy Category
(I)
 Occupancy Category from Table 16-K
Occupancy Occupancy or function
Category of the structure I Ip Iw
Needed after the emergency
1. (Hospitals,fire and police stations,
Essential emergency vehicle garages, aviation 1.25 1.50 1.15
control towers, communication centers,
facilities fire suppressing equipment, etc.
2.
Hazardous Housing toxic or explosive substances. 1.25 1.50 1.15
facilities
3. Schools > 300 students, universities >
Special 500 students, any buildings > 5,000 1.00 1.00 1.00
occupants, occupants restricted > 50
occupancy
4.
All occupancies not listed in 1 to 3, and
Standard towers belonging to Utilities
1.00 1.00 1.00
occupancy
5. Miscellan.
Utilities, except towers. 1.00 1.00 1.00
structures
 5
Define Site geology
and soil characteristics
(S?)
Soil profile types are defined in Table 16-J
Section 1636 gives Site Characterization
Procedure

Soil Profile Type Generic Description

SA Hard Rock

SB Rock

SC Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock

SD Stiff Soil Profile

SE Soft Soil Profile

Soils Requiring
SF Site-Specific Evaluation
Definition of the soil profile is based on
averaged soil properties for the
upper 100 feet of soil profile.
The properties used are:

lAverage shear wave velocity

lAverage standard penetration resistance
lAverage standard penetration resistance for
the cohesionless soils only
lAverage undrained shear strength in case of
cohesive soils
 Site characterization
Type Description vs N or N CH su
(ft/sec) (psf)
SA Hard rock >5000 - -

SB Rock 2500 – 5000 - -

Very dense soil
SC 1200 – 2500 > 50 > 2000
or soft rock
SD Stiff soil 600 - 1200 15 - 50 1000 -2000

SE Soft soil < 600 < 15 < 2000

If not enough information use Type SD

For Type SE the Building Official must determine if it may exist.
 Site-specific evaluation for SF
Is meant for soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse
under seismic ground motions

Such as:

l Liquefiable soils
l Quick and highly sensitive clays
l Collapsible weakly cemented soils
l Peats and highly organic clays (H >10 ft)
l Very high plasticity clays (PI > 75, H > 25 ft)
l Very thick soft to medium soft clays (H >120 ft.)
 SOIL PROFILE TYPE

surface

? >? Soft soil ?

rock
 6
Define Seismic Hazard
Characteristics
(Na, Nv)
Seismic Hazard Characteristics
Are based on:
lThe seismic zone
lThe proximity of the site to active
seismic sources
lThe site soils characteristics, and
lThe structure’s importance factor.
Proximity evaluation of the site
to active seismic sources
lIt is required only in UBC Zone 4.
lTable 16-U divides the type of seismic
sources in A, B and C, depending upon:
ÆMaximum magnitude the source can
generate
ÆSlip rate (in mm/year) of the source
l Once the type of source(s) is defined
two Near Source Factors (Na and Nv)
must be obtained, depending on the
distance to the seismic source(s).
 7
Define Seismic Response
Coefficients
(Ca, Cv)
Seismic Coefficients (Ca and Cv)
lThey are defined in Tables 16-Q and 16-R
Z
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Factor

S?
Design Ground Motions
Peak acceleration

Peak velocity
The design ground motions so defined,
take into account:
l The seismic hazard at the site
l The site geotechnical
characteristics
l The importance of the
occupancy of the structure
being built

But we have not talked about resonance of

the ground motion frequency content and
the structure vibration characteristics, yet!
 8
Define the Structural System
Two parameters are relevant

l The structural material

l The lateral-load resisting

system
 Reinforced concrete

Structural masonry

Structural Steel

Wood

Structural materials
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
GRAVITY LATERAL
SYSTEM
LOADS FORCES

BEARING
WALL

FRAME

MOMENT
RESISTING
FRAME

DUAL
 But there is more to it!
l Configuration of the structure
Æ Regular
Æ Irregular

l Material detailing requirements

Æ Ordinary
Æ Intermediate
Æ Special
 9
Define the Structural
Configuration
 Configuration
=
Regular or Irregular
l Irregularities in height are
defined in Table 16-L
l Irregularities in plan are
defined in Table 16-M
 Vertical 1 - Soft Story
F

D
K C < 0.70 ⋅ K D
or
C (K D + K E + K F )
KC < 0.80
B 3
A
Vertical 2 - Mass Distribution

E w D > 1.50 ⋅ w E
D or
C
w D > 1.50 ⋅ w C
B

A
Vertical 3 - Geometric Irregularity
b

D a > 1.30b
C

a
Vertical 4 - In-Plane Displacement
F

D b
b> a
C

a
 Vertical 5 - Weak Story
F

E
Strength B
D
<
C
0.70⋅ Strength C
B

A
Plan 1 - Torsional Irregularity

∆
1

∆2

 ∆1 + ∆2 
∆ 1 > 1.2 
 2 
 Plan 2 - Setbacks

B A C
D

A > 0.15⋅ B or C > 0.15⋅ D

Plan 3 - Diaphragm Irregularities
A
B
D C

C⋅ D > 0.5 ⋅A ⋅ B

(C ⋅ D + C ⋅ E )
B D
C
E

>
0.5⋅ A ⋅ B
Plan 4 - Action Plane Displacement

Direction under
study

Action plane
Displacement
Plan 5 - Non-Parallel Systems
Non parallel

PLAN VIEW
 10
Define the Structural Material
Detailing Requirements
 The objective
l For stronger ground motions, we want
more energy dissipation capacity.
l Therefore, we must detail our structure
following requirements that warrant this
energy dissipation capacity.
l We can employ brittle type requirements
in the low seismic hazard regions, and
should employ ductile type requirements
in the high seismic hazard regions.
 Use of the structural materials

Energy Seismic Hazard

Dissipation
Capacity Low Moderate High

Ordinary no no
Intermediate no
Special
Using reinforced concrete as an
example:
Energy Dissipation Requirements of
Characteristics ACI 318-02

Ordinary Chapters 1 to 20

Intermediate Section 21.12

Chapter 21
Special
(Except 21.12)
 11
Selection of the
Lateral-Force Procedure
 UBC-97 defines
three analysis procedures

1. Simplified Static
2. Static
3. Dynamic
 Selection of the procedure
(Sect. 1629.8) depends on:
l Importance of the structure
l Building height
l Configuration of the structure (regular or
irregular)
l Seismic zone
l Lateral-load structural system
l Soil profile type
l Building fundamental period
 12
Definition of the
design lateral forces
 Definition of the design lateral forces
MASS
Structure self-weight
Weight of
Non-structural elements
the building W
Mechanical equipment DESIGN BASE SHEAR
STRUCTURE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS

Mass Sa
Fundamental
Period T V= ⋅W
Stiffness R
DESIGN EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS
 Cv ⋅ I LATERAL STORY FORCES
 = ≤ 2.5 ⋅ C a ⋅ I
T


Sa  ≥ 0.11 ⋅ Ca ⋅ I
Sa Sa


Spectral
Acceleration
Fi
 ≥ 0.8 ⋅ Z ⋅ Nv ⋅ I

T
STRUCTURE DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS
Structural system
Vs
Response

Structural Material
modification
factor
R
13
Analysis
 Analysis
accidental torsion

Analysis of the
structure
using the analysis
procedure
and the defined
lateral forces Fix

Fiy
14
Displacements
 From the analysis we obtain
the lateral design displacements

∆ yi

∆ xi
story i
15
Internal forces
Internal forces from the analysis

l Axialforces
l Flexural moments

l Shear forces

l Torsion forces
 16
Story drift verification
 Story drift
δ5 ∆5
F5
hp5 ∆4
F4
h p4 ∆3
F3
h p3 ∆2
F2
h p2 ∆1
F1
h p1
Inelastic story displacements
∆M = 0.7 ⋅ R ⋅ ∆ S

Inelastic story drift

Story Dift i = ∆ M ( i ) − ∆ M ( i − 1)
 Story drift limits
l Structures with T<0.7 sec.

2.5% hstory
l Structures with T>0.7 sec.

2.0% hstory