Maharana Pratap Group of Institutions, Mandhana, Kanpur
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi And Affiliated To AKTU, Luck now)
Digital Notes
[Department of Applied Science]
Course : B.Tech
Branch : 4th Year
Semester : Even(02)
Subject Name : Rural Development
Administration & Planning
Subject Code : KHU-701/801
Lecture No. /Topic : Rural Planning &Development
Prepared by : Shweta Parmar
1
Concepts of Rural Development
• Rural development is a dynamic process which is mainly concerned with the rural areas. These include
agricultural growth, putting up of economic and social infrastructure, fair wages as also housing and house
sites for the landless, village planning, public health, education and functional literacy, communication etc.
• In rural communities, there are number of aspects that need to be developed. These include, education,
employment opportunities, agriculture and farming practices, administration and management,
infrastructure, civic amenities, health care and medical and environmental conditions.
• The main objective of the Rural Development is improving the living standards of rural people by utilizing
the easily available natural and human resources. The other objectives of rural development programmers
are as follow: 1. Development of agriculture and allied activities.
Basic Elements of Rural Development
There are at least three basic elements which are considered to constitute the ‘true’ meaning of rural
development. They are as follows: (1977).
• Basic Necessities of Life: People have certain basic needs, without which it would be impossible (or very
difficult) for them to survive. The basic necessitates include food, clothes, shelter, basic literacy, primary
health care and security of life and property.
• Self Respect: Every person and every nation seeks some sort of self-respect, dignity or honour. Absence or
denial of self-respect indicates lack of development.
• Freedom: In this context, freedom refers to political or ideological freedom, economic freedom and
freedom from social servitude. As long as society is bound by the servitude of men to nature, ignorance,
other men, institutions and dogmatic beliefs, it can not claim to have achieved the goal of ‘development’.
Servitude in any from reflects a state of underdevelopment.
Importance of Rural Development for creation of Sustainable Livelihoods
• Sustainable rural development is vital to the economic, social and environmental viability of nations. It is essential for
poverty eradication since global poverty is overwhelmingly rural. The manifestation of poverty goes beyond the urban-rural
divide, it has subregional and regional contexts.
• Rural development is important not only for the majority of the population residing in rural areas, but also for the
overall economic expansion of the nation. Rural development is considered to be of noticeable importance in the country
today than in the olden days in the process of the evolution of the nation.
• The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) is a method of analyzing and changing the lives of people experiencing
poverty and disadvantage. It is a participatory approach based on the recognition that all people have abilities and assets
that can be developed to help them improve their lives.
• The sustainable livelihoods approach is a way of thinking. about the objectives, scope, and priorities for
development. activities. It is based on evolving thinking about the way the poor and vulnerable live. their lives and the
importance of policies and institutions.
• Principles of sustainable livelihood encompass a holistic set of values that are non-exploitative, promote participation in
decision-making, emphasize the quality and creative nature of work, place needs over wants and foster healthy, mutually
beneficial relationships among people and between people
An overview of Policies and Programmes for Rural
Development- Programmes in the agricultural sector
• To motivate the farmers for more food grain production, union government has launched policy of
Minimum Support Price (MSP) since 1966-67.
• This policy ensures minimum price to farmers for each crop. On the other hand, Government launched the
Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Public Distribution System (PDS) for
rural poor.
• The macro management of agriculture (MMA) was revised in 2008 to improve the efficiency in
supplementing the efforts of states to enhance agriculture production and productivity.
• To motivate the farmers for more food grain production, union government has launched policy of
Minimum Support Price since 1966-67. This policy ensures minimum price to farmers for each crop. On the
other hand, this policy saved the interests of rural poor.
An overview of Policies and Programmes for Rural
Development- Programmes in the agricultural sector
• Important policy measures introduced in the rural sector in India during the period of planning are
as follows:
Technological Measures: Initiation of measures to substantially increase agricultural production to meet the
growing needs of the population and also to provide a base for industrial development.
• Food grain production which was merely 50.8 million tonnes in 1950-51, rose to record level of 252.6
million tonnes in 2011-12
Land Reforms: Land reform measures were introduced to abolish intermediary interests in land. Measures
taken under this head included:
• (i) Abolition of intermediaries;
• (ii) Tenancy reforms to (a) regulate rents paid by tenants to landlords, (b) provide security of tenure to
tenants, and (c) confer ownership rights on tenants;
• (iii) Imposition of ceilings on holdings in a bid to procure land for distribution among landless labourers
and marginal farmers
An overview of Policies and Programmes for Rural
Development- Programmes in the agricultural sector
• Cooperation and Consolidation of Holdings: In a bid to reorganize agriculture and prevent subdivision
and fragmentation of holdings, the Indian agricultural policy introduced the programmes of co-operation
and consolidation of holdings.
• The latter programme aimed at consolidating all plots of land owned by a particular farmer in different
places of the village by sanctioning him land at one place equal in area (or value) to his plots of land
• Institutions Involving People Participation in Planning: Bringing small and marginal farmers together to
cultivate jointly is only half of the story. It was precisely with this end in view that the Programme of
Community Development was initiated in 1952 in the country. Another programme designed to encourage
the participation of masses in the planning process (and political decision-making) was the programme of
democratic decentralization, often known as Panchayati Raj.
An overview of Policies and Programmes for Rural
Development- Programmes in the agricultural sector
Procurement and Support Prices: To provide remunerative prices to the farmers so that they
feel motivated to show more crops.
Input Subsidies to Agriculture: The government has provided massive subsidies to farmers
on agricultural inputs like irrigation, fertilisers and power.
• Food Security System: In a bid to provide food grains and other essential goods to
consumers at cheap and subsidised rates, the Government of India
• Institutional Credit: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
was also set up. As a result of the expansion of institutional credit facilities to farmers, the
importance of moneylenders has declined steeply and so has the exploitation of farmers at the
hands of moneylenders. Currently agricultural credit limit has reached at 8.5 lac cr for 2015-
16.
Programmes in the Social Security
• Social Security Schemes In order to move towards creating a universal social security system for all
Indians, specially the poor and the under-privileged, three ambitious Jan Suraksha Schemes or Social
Security Schemes pertaining to Insurance and Pension Sector were announced by the Government in the
Budget for 2015-16.
• The schemes were launched on 9th May, 2015, for providing life & accident risk insurance and social
security at a very affordable cost namely:
• (a) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
• (b) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana
• (c) Atal Pension Yojana.
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)
• The Scheme is available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a bank / Post office
account who give their consent to join / enable auto-debit on or before 31st May for the
coverage period 1st June to 31st May on an annual renewal basis. Aadhar would be the
primary KYC for the bank account.
• The risk coverage under the scheme is Rs. 2 lakh for accidental death and full disability and
Rs. 1 lakh for partial disability. The premium of Rs. 12 per annum is to be deducted from the
account holder’s bank / Post office account through ‘auto-debit’ facility in one installment.
• The scheme is being offered by Public Sector General Insurance Companies or any other
General Insurance Company who are offering the product on similar terms with necessary
approvals and tie up with Banks and Post Offices for this purpose.
• As on 31st March 2019, the gross enrolment by banks, subject to verification of eligibility
criteria, is about 15.47 crore under PMSBY and 32,176 claims of Rs. 643.52 Crore have been
disbursed.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
• The scheme is available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 years having a bank/ Post office account who
give their consent to join / enable auto-debit. Aadhar would be the primary KYC for the bank account. The
life cover of Rs. 2 lakhs is available for a one year period stretching from 1st June to 31st May and is
renewable. Risk coverage under this 2 scheme is for Rs. 2 Lakh in case of death of the insured, due to any
reason.
• The premium is Rs. 330 per annum which is to be auto-debited in one instalment from the subscriber’s bank
/ Post office account as per the option given by him on or before 31st May of each annual coverage period
under the scheme. The scheme is being offered by Life Insurance Corporation and all other life insurers
who are offering the product on similar terms with necessary approvals and tie up with Banks and Post
Offices for this purpose. To facilitate all those getting enrolled under PMJJBY for the first time during the
middle of the policy period, payment of pro-rata premium has been allowed at a considerable low premium.
• Thus, if the enrolment takes place during the months of – June, July & August –Annual premium of Rs.
330/- is payable. September, October & November –3 quarters of premium @ Rs.86.00 i.e. Rs. 258/- is
payable. December, January & February – 2 quarters of premium @ Rs.86.00 i.e. Rs. 172/-is payable.
March, April & May – 1 Qly premium @ Rs.86.00 is payable. As on 31st March 2019, the gross enrolment
by banks, subject to verification of eligibility criteria, is about 5.91 crore people under PMJJBY and
Atal Pension Yojana [Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
• APY is being implemented with effect from 1st June, 2015. The Scheme aims to provide
monthly pension to eligible subscribers not covered under any organized pension scheme.
• APY is open to all bank and post office account holders in the age group of 18 to 40 years.
Under APY, any subscriber can opt a guaranteed pension of Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 (in multiples
of Rs. 1,000) receivable at the age of 60 3 years.
• The contributions to be made vary based on pension amount chosen. The key features of APY are as under:
• The APY is primarily focused on all citizens in the unorganized sector, who join the NPS. However, all citizens
of the country in the eligible category may join the scheme.
• Any Indian Citizen between 18-40 years of age can join through their savings bank account or post office savings
bank account.
Atal Pension Yojana [Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
• Minimum pension of Rs. 1000 or Rs. 2000 or Rs. 3000 or Rs. 4000 or Rs. 5000 is guaranteed by the
Government of India to the subscriber at the age of 60 years, with a minimum monthly contribution (for
those joining at age 18) of Rs. 42 or Rs. 84 or Rs. 126 or Rs. 168 and Rs. 210, respectively.
• After the subscriber’s demise, the spouse of the subscriber shall be entitled to receive the same pension
amount as that of the subscriber until the death of the spouse After the demise of both the subscriber and
the spouse, the nominee of the subscriber shall be entitled to receive the pension wealth, as accumulated till
age 60 of the subscriber.
• If the actual returns during the accumulation phase are higher than the assumed returns for minimum
guaranteed pension, such excess will be passed on to the subscriber.
• The contributions can be made at monthly / quarterly / half yearly intervals through auto debit facility from
savings bank account/ post office savings bank account of the subscriber. The monthly / quarterly / half
yearly contribution depends upon the intended / desired monthly pension and the age of subscriber at entry.
Programmes in area of Social Sector
The Government of India has been implementing many social sector programmes like:-
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA)
• National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)/ Swarnajanyanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA)
• MidDay Meal (MDM) Scheme
• Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) etc. to address the twin issues of unemployment and poverty.
•
The impact of programmes like MGNREGA which provide employment in person days is reflected in the
perceptible fall in unemployment under Current Daily Status (CDS) since the inception of the MGNREGA
programme. Similarly impact of poverty alleviation programmes is reflected in the fall in poverty ratios since
2004-05.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA):
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA):Some activities like
check dams in Mysore district, recharging of borewell in Pune district, road laying in
Aurangabad district were working well. Even the panchayats had women chairpersons.
• While husbands of women chairpersons were doing the work, in some other places, the
women chairpersons were learning their responsibilities, reflecting the low but growing level
of awareness and empowerment of women. In almost all places, wage payments through
banks were faster than through Post Offices because of the procedural delays.
If the payment of wages is made through banks, the situation is likely to improve further.
• Thus MGNREGA has helped in increasing the bargaining power of the wage seekers,
improving the economic outcomes especially in watershed activities, reducing the distress
rural-urban migration, increasing significantly the monthly per capita consumption
expenditure of the rural households, reducing the traditional gender wage discrimination,
raising their social status and share in decision making at home and empowering women both
socially and economically.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): With the advent of NRHM, India has made remarkable
achievements in providing affordable healthcare facilities to the rural poor. Institutional mechanism has also
taken shape and there has been considerable growth of health care infrastructure. While the public health centers
were performing well in most places, each PHC had its own peculiarities both in terms of performance and
problems. Some had good infrastructure, but were working much below their potential, either due to locational
problems or availability of doctors or lack of residential facility/ transport for doctors and other staff.
Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme: The MDM scheme was working well in the selected schools visited, with
some schools even using donations to supplement this effort and serve better food. While some schools had
good storage facilities like tin boxes, some schools used gunny bags and did not have proper doors for the store
rooms. However greater involvement of teaching staff for this activity was at the cost of their primary activity of
teaching. So teaching staff should be involved only in the supervision of serving of meals to students. Delivery
of foodgrains to the schools should be the responsibility of the PDS dealers under the supervision of panchayats
to ensure good quality and adequate quantity.
Programmes in area of Social Sector
• Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA):
• SSA is performing well in many places with good stock of books and learning material, good examination results,
use of Stree Shakti- a local women empowerment groups for cooking mid-day meals and even introduction of
eLearning. However there were also places where the situation was not as good as in other places.
• Though the stipulation of RTE Act to have school within 1 km of radius of every habitat to ensure every child gets
the opportunity of having a school within his habitation, has made positive dent in availability of schools, use of the
criteria of having number of class rooms and teachers in these schools based on the number of students have also
compromised on quality aspects which could be noticed in Bopgaon and Savkarmale villages in Pune.
• These schools set up under the stipulation of 1 km radius did not have the required number of students to have
separate rooms for each class. Four classes were operational with only two teachers in two classrooms. Schools in
nearby localities were also suffering from the same problem.
• A single school instead of many schools nearby could have served the purpose better with optimization of resources
to augment better infrastructural facilities. The stipulation of having schools within 1 km radius of every habitat
needs to be reconsidered to avoid mushrooming of schools nearby without adequate infrastructure and teachers
Programmes in area of Social Sector
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)/Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA): Initially, the supply
driven approach was adopted for providing sanitation facilities to the rural population. But the
experiences in the some states suggested for implementation of the programme in demand
driven mode for which emphasis on information, education and communication (IEC) was
given for demand generation of sanitation facilities under TSC now renamed as NBA.
• This has led to enormous increase in sanitation facilities with social cohesion and harmony in
rural areas. For example, the model village Yashwantpur Gram at Bahirgaon, Malepur in
Aurangabad district is declared free from all social tension and has 100 per cent sanitation
facilities.
• The village leader was a lady, capable of overseeing all the development activities herself.
This is also a good example of women empowerment. The convergence activities under NBA
and MGNREGA were also visible as per guidelines laid down under the programmes in
Hulimanu village in Mysore district.
