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INTRODUCTION TO GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 3

2. WELDING EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................................... 3

3. FILLER METALS ................................................................................................................ 4

3.1. Standardisation ........................................................................................................... 4
4. TIG AND MIG/MAG GASES ............................................................................................... 5
4.1. Argon .......................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.1. Use ............................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.2. Role and characteristics in welding .............................................................................. 5
4.1.3. Packaging ..................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.4. Safety............................................................................................................................ 6
4.2. Helium ........................................................................................................................ 6
4.2.1. Use ............................................................................................................................... 6
4.2.2. Role and characteristics in welding .............................................................................. 6
4.2.3. Packaging ..................................................................................................................... 6
4.2.4. Safety............................................................................................................................ 7
4.3. Hydrogen .................................................................................................................... 7
4.3.1. Use ............................................................................................................................... 7
4.3.2. Role and characteristics in welding .............................................................................. 7
4.3.3. Packaging ..................................................................................................................... 7
4.3.4. Safety............................................................................................................................ 7
4.4. Carbon dioxide ........................................................................................................... 8
4.4.1. Use ............................................................................................................................... 8
4.4.2. Role and characteristics in welding .............................................................................. 8
4.4.3. Packaging ..................................................................................................................... 8
4.4.4. Safety............................................................................................................................ 9
4.5. Oxygen ....................................................................................................................... 9
4.5.1. Use ............................................................................................................................... 9
4.5.2. Role and characteristics in welding .............................................................................. 9
4.5.3. Packaging ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.5.4. Safety.......................................................................................................................... 10
4.6. Nitrogen .................................................................................................................... 10
4.6.1. Use ............................................................................................................................. 10
4.6.2. Role and characteristics in welding ............................................................................ 10
4.6.3. Packaging ................................................................................................................... 10
4.6.4. Safety.......................................................................................................................... 10

5. USE OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES .......................................................................... 11

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5.1. Gases and gas mixtures used in TIG welding .......................................................... 11

5.1.1. Unalloyed and low-alloy steels ................................................................................... 11
5.1.2. Stainless steels ........................................................................................................... 12
5.1.3. Aluminium, Copper and Titanium ............................................................................... 13
5.2. Gases and gas mixtures used in MIG/MAG welding ................................................ 14
5.2.1. Unalloyed and low-alloy steels ................................................................................. 144
5.2.2. Stainless steels ......................................................................................................... 155
5.2.3. Aluminium and Copper ............................................................................................. 166

6. CLASSIFICATION OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES.................................................. 177

7. GAS STORAGE ............................................................................................................... 19

7.1. Gas cylinders ............................................................................................................ 19
7.2. Liquid ........................................................................................................................ 19
8. MEASURING GAS FLOWRATES .................................................................................. 200

9. CYLINDER IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 211

9.1. Colour-coding per NF X 08-106 ................................................................................ 21
9.1.1. Single gases ............................................................................................................... 21
9.1.2. Mixed gases................................................................................................................ 22
9.2. Colour-coding per NF EN 1089-3 ............................................................................. 22
9.2.1. Gas properties ............................................................................................................ 22
9.2.2. Specific gases............................................................................................................. 23
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1. INTRODUCTION

In TIG and MIG/MAG welding, the weld pool is

shielded from oxidation and the consumable or non-
consumable electrode is protected by a gas, a liquid or
by creating an atmospheric vacuum. Shielding is
provided to avoid weld pool and electrode
contamination by agents in the surrounding air, such
as:

ª O2 (approximately 21% of air)

ª N2 (approximately 78% of air)
Fusion welding
ª H2 (contained in moisture: H2O)
Depending on the welding process used, the following gases are liable to be encountered:

ª Argon,
ª Helium,
ª Hydrogen,
ª Carbon dioxide,
ª Oxygen,
ª Nitrogen (backing).
They are used pure or in a mixture to improve the
productivity of the process and/or the quality of the
weld bead. If gas shielding is poor, the following
types of flaw appear:

ª Gas cavities, Gas shield

ª Nitride (appearing on ageing),
ª Metal oxides.

2. WELDING EQUIPMENT
The gas-shielded metal arc welding set must include the following components:
1. A current generator,
2. A control unit,
3. A filler metal feed system,
4. A welding gas supply,
5. A cooling device,
6. A torch or gun,
7. A welding harness.
Diagram of a MIG - MAG welding set
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3. FILLER METALS
The wires used in gas-shielded metal arc welding can produce either homogeneous or heterogeneous
welds (e.g. steel + steel or steel + stainless steel).
In the case of homogeneous welding, the composition of the wire is quite close to that of the parent
metals in order to obtain similar mechanical or metallurgical characteristics to those of the joined metals.
For heterogeneous joints, the composition of the filler wire will be selected according to the mechanical
and metallurgical criteria to be obtained.
Two types of wire are used:
- solid wires,
- tubular wires (in this case, they correspond to a tube filled with flux).

3.1. STANDARDISATION
Standards classify filler wires according to the mechanical characteristics of the all-weld metal and its
chemical composition. It is advisable to choose a wire whose weld zone characteristics are superior or
equal to those of the parent metals.
Example of a standardised designation:
- filler wires for tungsten inert gas welding of unalloyed steels.
NF EN 1668 (A 81-325) Rod EN 1668 - W 46 3 W3Si1
EN 1668: standard number,
W: rod for tungsten inert gas welding,
46: strength and elongation (cf. table contained in the standard),
W3Si1: chemical composition of the filler wire or rod (cf. table contained in the standard).

- filler wires for gas-shielded metal arc welding of unalloyed steels.

NF EN 440 (A 81-311) Rod EN 440 - G 46 3 M G3Si1
EN 440: standard number,
G: rod for gas-shielded metal arc welding,
46: strength and elongation (cf. table contained in the standard),
M: shielding gas,
G3Si1: chemical composition of the filler wire or rod (cf. table contained in the standard).
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4. TIG AND MIG/MAG GASES

The various gases used in TIG and MIG/MAG welding are specifically chosen according to their
chemical properties.
Furthermore, it is possible to mix certain gases to add specific properties of different gases and obtain
what cannot be achieved with a pure gas.
For example, to increase penetration or wetting and/or reduce gas cavities.

4.1. ARGON
Chemical symbol: Ar
Source: distillation of air (there is approximately 0.94% argon in air)
Density in relation to air: 1.38
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -186°C
Chemical property: chemically inert.

4.1.1. Use
Welding: TIG, PLASMA, LASER
Cutting: PLASMA
Base of most gas mixtures.
Root cavities
4.1.2. Role and characteristics in welding
a ) Advantages
Low ionisation potential:

• With the TIG process, very good wetting, penetration and welding speed is obtained, striking is
easy (due to low ionisation potential with argon) and the arc is more stable.
With the MIG process on unalloyed and low-alloy steels, argon can produce an erratic arc.
A pointed form of penetration, known as wineglass penetration, can lead to:

• a risk of root porosity,

• a risk of stubbing and interpenetration problems between passes.
In TIG or MIG processes, gas mixtures produce better wetting, penetration, welding speed or spatter
results.
Use on all metals.

b ) Drawbacks
• Risk of cavity formation at the base of the
bead
• It is an asphyxiating gas because, being
heavier than air, it can replace the oxygen in
the air and reduce its proportion.
4.1.3. Packaging Beware of interpenetration problems
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles
ª Bulk: liquid in cryogenic evaporators.
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4.1.4. Safety
ª Inert.
ª Non-flammable.
ª Non-toxic.
ª Does not support life.

4.2. HELIUM
Chemical symbol: He
Source: natural gas fields where low quantities are present
Density in relation to air: 0.138
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -269°C
Chemical property: inert.

4.2.1. Use
Welding: TIG,MIG, PLASMA

4.2.2. Role and characteristics in welding

a ) Advantages
The arc is more energetic (penetration, wetting and
welding speed)

ª Improved wetting;
ª Broader penetration at the root: Good wetting and massive root
ª Improved compactness,
ª Better interpenetration between passes,
ª Increased welding speeds.

b ) Drawbacks
Its low density requires higher flowrates.
High ionisation potential:

ª Arc difficult to strike (due to high ionisation potential with helium),

ª More energetic arc.
The use of pure helium in the MIG process produces an unstable arc.

4.2.3. Packaging
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles
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4.2.4. Safety
ª Inert.
ª Non-flammable.
ª Non-toxic.
ª Does not support life.

4.3. HYDROGEN
Chemical symbol: H2
Source: petrochemicals
Density in relation to air: 0.07
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -253°C
Chemical property: reducing

4.3.1. Use
Only mixed with argon or argon and helium.
Welding: TIG, MIG, PLASMA
Constituent of mixtures used for cutting and plasma spraying.

4.3.2. Role and characteristics in welding

a ) Advantages
Added to argon, it produces a more energetic arc and reduces oxides:

ª Increased performance (penetration and welding speed);

ª Bright bead with attractive profile.

b ) Drawbacks
ª Risk of gas cavities in multipass welding;
ª Risk of embrittlement of unalloyed and low-alloy steels.

4.3.3. Packaging
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles

4.3.4. Safety
ª Highly flammable.
ª Non-toxic.
ª Does not support life.
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4.4. CARBON DIOXIDE

Chemical symbol: CO2
Source: subsurface deposits
chemical synthesis
Density in relation to air: 1.529
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -78°C

Chemical property: oxidising at high temperature (CO2 → CO + ½ O2)

4.4.1. Use
Welding: MAG
Used pure or mixed.

4.4.2. Role and characteristics in welding

a ) Advantages
Stabilises the arc in MAG welding (formation of emissive oxides at the weld pool surface).
It increases weld pool viscosity and therefore:

ª Positional welding improved,

ª Wetting not as good.
It results in broader penetration at the root and
therefore:

ª Improved compactness,
Broad penetration and average wetting
ª Better interpenetration between passes.
b ) Drawbacks
ª Cannot be used with spray arc transfer in a
pure state as this leads to gas cavity formation;
ª Wetting is average hence a risk of
fatigue cracking;
ª Risk of increasing the carbon content of the
weld zone on low carbon steels (limit the CO2
content in the case of stainless steels) and/or
oxidising the deposited metal.
4.4.3. Packaging
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles. Good interpenetration
ª Bulk: liquid in refrigerated tanks.
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4.4.4. Safety
ª Non-flammable.
ª Affects vigilance (narcotic effect) and respiration (above 2%).
ª Does not support life.
4.5. OXYGEN
Chemical symbol: O2
Source: distillation of air (21% O2 in air)
Density in relation to air: 1.105
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -183°C
Chemical property: oxidising.

4.5.1. Use
Welding: MAG
Cutting: PLASMA
LASER

4.5.2. Role and characteristics in welding

a ) Advantages
ª When added to argon, it stabilises the arc in MAG welding (formation of emissive oxides at the
weld pool surface).
Stabilises the electric arc (oxides are highly emissive).
Favours spray arc transfer.
Increases weld pool fluidity:

ª Improved wetting,
ª Not so good for positional welding.
Pointed form of penetration:

ª Risk of root porosity,

ª Risk of stubbing and interpenetration problems between passes.
b ) Drawbacks
Increases wineglass penetration in mixtures.
Risk of gas cavities at the base of the bead.
Risk of stubbing on inside fillet welding.

4.5.3. Packaging
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles
ª Bulk: liquid in a cryogenic evaporator.
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4.5.4. Safety
ª Energetic oxidising gas
ª Oil and grease ignite spontaneously in contact with pure oxygen.
ª Beware of oxygen enrichment.

4.6. NITROGEN
Chemical symbol: N2
Source: distillation of air (78% N2 in air)
Density in relation to air: 0.968
Boiling point at atmospheric pressure: -196°C
Chemical property: non-reactive

4.6.1. Use
Forms part of the chemical composition of shielding gases for austenitic stainless steels and laser
cutting.

4.6.2. Role and characteristics in welding

a ) Advantages
Used as a backing gas only in welding austenitic stainless steels (materials insensitive to nitrogen).

b ) Drawbacks
Deteriorates the mechanical properties of ferritic steels by forming metal nitrides.

4.6.3. Packaging
ª Cylinders and cylinder bundles
ª Bulk: liquid in cryogenic evaporators.

4.6.4. Safety
ª Inert, non-toxic,
ª Does not support life.
ª Risk of death by asphyxia.
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5.. USE OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES

5.1. GASES AND GAS MIXTURES USED IN TIG WELDING

5.1.1. Unalloyed and low-alloy steels

Basic constituents

Compactness

All positions
Arc stability
Penetration
Ar He H2

Wetting
Aspect
Speed

100
1 1 2 1 2 3 3
97.5 2.5
1 2 2 3 3 3 3
95 5
1 1 2 2 2 3 3
80 20
2 2 3 3 2 3 2
30 70
2 2 3 3 2 2 2
75 20 5
3 3 3 3 3 2 2

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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5.1.2.
2. Stainless steels

Compactness
Basic constituents

All positions
Arc stability
Penetration

Wetting
Aspect
Ar He H2

100 Speed
1 1 2 2 3 3 3
97.5 2.5
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
95 5
1 1 2 2 3 3 3
80 20
2 2 2 2 3 2 3
30 70
2 3 2 3 3 2 2
75 20 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 2

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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5.1.3.
.1.3. Aluminium, Copper and Titanium

Basic constituents

Compactness

All positions
Arc stability
Penetration
Ar He

Wetting
Aspect
Speed
100
1 1 3 1 2 3 3
95 5
1 1 3 2 2 3 3
80 20
2 2 3 2 3 3 3
50 50
3 3 3 3 3 2 2
30 70
3 3 2 3 3 2 2
100
3 3 2 3 3 1 1

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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5.2.
.2. GASES AND GAS MIXTURES USED IN MIG/MAG WELDING
5.2.1. Unalloyed and low-alloy steels

Basic constituents

All positions

Use for flux-

Arc stability
Penetration

cored wire
No spatter
spatte
Ar He CO2 O2

Wetting

Fumes
Speed

82 18
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
92 8
3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
95 5
3 1 3 2 2 1 3 1
90 5 5
3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1
96 3 1
3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2
85 5 10
3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
100
2 3 1 1 1 3 1 2

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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5.2.2. Stainless steels

Basic constituents

Use for flux-

All positions
Penetration

Arc stability
No spatter

cored wire
spatte
Ar He CO2 O2 H2

Wetting

Fumes
Speed
98.5 1.5
2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
98 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2
96 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1
81 18 1
3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
56.5 40 2 1.5
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 2

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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5.2.3.
3. Aluminium and Copper

Basic constituents

Compactness

All positions
Arc stability
Penetration
Welding

Wetting
Ar He

speed
100
1 1 1 2 3 3
95 5
1 1 1 2 3 3
80 20
2 2 2 3 3 3
50 50
3 2 3 3 3 2
30 70
3 3 3 3 2 2

Source: Air Liquide

1 = Poor
2 = Good
3 = Excellent
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES

Standard NF EN 439 (11/94) (A 81-010) classifies shielding gases according to their chemical
properties. The nature and contents of pure or mixed gases are thus split into five classification groups:
R = Reducing gas mixtures;
I = Inert gases and gas mixtures in the arc;
M = Oxidising gas mixtures containing oxygen, carbon dioxide or both;
C = Strongly oxidising gases and gas mixtures;
F = Non-acting or reducing gases or gas mixtures.

The classification of a gas or gas mixture is then specified on the basis of the following table.
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The designation of the aforementioned gases can therefore be obtained from this standard. The table
below indicates these standardised designations, plus the trade names used by a few gas producers:

Designation Trade names

Ar He CO2 O2 H2 per Air
NF EN 439 AGA Carboxyque Airgaz
Liquide

Nertal
100 I1 Argon Carboxar 5 Argon
Argon U

100 C1 CO2 CO2 Carboxar 2 CO2

95 5 I3 Arcal 31 - - -

80 20 I3 Inarc 6 Heliarc 7 Carboxar 21 -

50 50 I3 Inarc 8 Heliarc 5 - Argon He 50

30 70 I3 Inarc 9 Heliarc 2 Carboxar 22 Argon He 70

97.5 2.5 R1 Noxal 2 - - -

98 2 M12 Arcal 12 Mison 2 Carboxar 32 -

92 8 M21 Arcal 21 Mison 8 - Krygomag 8

82 18 M21 Atal 5 Migaz 20 - Krygomag 18

98.5 1.5 M13 Cargal 1 Atarc 12 - -

95 5 M22 Cargal 3 - Carboxar 41 -

75 20 5 R1(1) Arcal 11 - - -

81 18 1 M12(1) Arcal 121 - - -

85 5 10 M21(1) Eloxal 35 - - -

96 3 1 M14 Arcal 14 - Carboxar 46 -

90 5 5 M23 - Modion 20 Carboxar 44 Krygomix 10

56.5 40 2 1.5 M11(2) Arcal 112 - - -

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7. GAS STORAGE
Shielding gases can be stored in gaseous or liquid form as either pure
gas or a mixture.
When gas mixtures are prepared on site from their elementary gases,
the mixer must be designed and serviced to obtain and maintain the
mixing tolerances. It is therefore sometimes more practical to use gas
cylinders where the gases are ready mixed.

7.1. GAS CYLINDERS

All pure and mixed gases are in an entirely gaseous state when they are
delivered in gas cylinders.
These gas cylinders are filled to a set volume and pressure indicated by
the supplier. The actual pressure varies according to temperature. A
cylinder filled at 200 bar at 15°C will be at 240 bar at 50°C.
To determine the quantity of gas contained in a cylinder, we use the
relation P.V = constant.
Therefore, if a gas has a volume of 1 litre at 200 bars (P.V = 200), it will
occupy approximately 200 litres at atmospheric pressure, or 1 bar (P.V
= 200). A 50 l cylinder at 200 bars will therefore produce around 10000 l
of gas once reduced to atmospheric pressure.
To release the pressure, a suitable regulator will be fitted to the cylinder
before use.
Cylinders can be used alone to supply a single welding set or in bundles Storage in gaseous form
comprising several cylinders to supply a workshop gas network.

7.2. LIQUID
Liquefied gases can be supplied in one of two forms:
Low temperature (cryogenic) liquid stored in insulated tanks at atmospheric pressure (Ar, He, O2, N2);
Compressed liquid stored in gas cylinders at ambient
temperature (CO2).
Liquefied gases must regasified before use.
Storage in liquid form is advantageous when gas
consumption is particularly high insofar as it helps to
reduce the actual volume stored.
For example, 1 l of liquid argon at –186°C will produce
825 l of argon gas at ambient temperature whereas 1 l
of argon at 200 bar pressure will only produce 200 l of
gas once the pressure has been released.
Nevertheless, as a general rule, this type of storage is
restricted to pure gases.
To produce gas mixtures from liquefied gases, they
must be converted to the gaseous phase before Liquid storage
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mixing. Only argon-oxygen mixtures, gases with similar evaporating temperatures, can be stored ready
mixed in liquid form. They do not require the use of mixers for supply.

8. MEASURING GAS FLOWRATES

The flowmeter mounted on a pipeline must be calibrated for the gas flowing through the pipe. As gases
have different densities, it is in fact common for the displayed flowrate to differ from the actual flowrate. A
correction value therefore has to be applied.

If Q1 is the flowrate reading on the calibrated flowmeter with a given gas, of density ρ1, the actual
flowrate Q of the gas or mixture, of density ρ, is given by:

Qactual = Q1read × ρ 1 / ρgaz

Under normal conditions of temperature and pressure (23°C, Patm), the densities of the gases considered
are:

Air: ρ = 1.21 g/l

Ar: ρ = 1.65 g/l

He: ρ = 0.17 g/l

H2: ρ = 0.083 g/l

CO2: ρ = 1.87 g/l

O2: ρ = 1.32 g/l

N2: ρ = 1.16 g/l

Therefore, if a flowmeter calibrated for argon shows 10 l/min whereas helium is being used, the actual
flowrate will be:

Q = 10 × 1,65 / 0,17 = 31.6 l/min

The correction value here is therefore 3.16.

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The table below indicates a few correction values for various gases:

Gas used

Gas for which Ar He H2 O2 CO2 N2

the flowmeter
is calibrated

Ar 1 3.16 4.46 1.12 0.95 1.19

H2 0.22 0.71 1 0.25 0.21 0.27

O2 0.9 2.83 3.99 1 0.85 1.97

N2 0.84 2.64 3.74 1.12 0.79 1

Air 0.85 2.69 3.81 0.95 0.81 1.01

9. CYLINDER IDENTIFICATION
Gas cylinders are colour-coded on the shoulder of the cylinder.
The colours of the cylinders refer to their contents and are used as a back-up to the cylinder labels, the
primary method for indicating cylinder contents.
The colour of the cylinder is an important method of identifying the contents when the labels cannot be
read, particularly if a cylinder cannot be approached closely enough.
At the moment, there are two identification systems:
Standard NF X 08-106, which will be phased out in 2008
Standard NF EN 1089-3 (05/97) (E 29-771-3), which will be used in parallel to the previous standard for
ten years.

9.1. COLOUR-CODING PER NF X 08-106

9.1.1. Single gases
The shoulder of the cylinder must be colour-coded according to the gas contained in the cylinder, as
indicated in the table below:

Gas Colour

Argon Medium yellow

Nitrogen Black

Carbon dioxide Dark grey

Helium Medium brown

Hydrogen Bright crimson

Oxygen White
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9.1.2. Mixed gases

As far as gas mixtures are concerned, the shoulder of
the cylinder must be coded with the colour
corresponding to the predominant gas in the mixture. If
the content of any other gases exceeds 1%, they are
identified by adding circular bands in the colour
corresponding to those gases.

9.2. COLOUR-CODING PER NF EN 1089-3

This is the standard that will supersede NF X 08-106.
Already implemented, it establishes a new cylinder
colour code according to the principal risk associated
with the gas contained in the cylinder.
This standard will be introduced over a ten-year period
from 1998 during which the old colours will be used in
parallel with the new ones.
To distinguish the new colours from the old ones, the
shoulders of the cylinders with the new colour code
must feature two diametrically opposite letter N’s
painted in a different colour to the shoulder colour.

9.2.1. Gas properties

The shoulder of the cylinder must be colour-coded
according to the risks generated by the gas or gas
mixture contained in the cylinder, as indicated in the
table below.

The majority of new gas cylinders will therefore be

identified by the colour green.
There are however a few exceptions.

Old and new colour coding

Risk Colour

Toxic and/or corrosive Yellow

Flammable Red

Oxidising agent Light blue

Inert Bright green

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9.2.2. Specific gases

For some gases, the colour code differs from the general rule. These gases are listed in the table below:

Gas Colour

Acetylene Maroon

Oxygen White

Argon Dark green

Nitrogen Black

Carbon dioxide Grey

Helium Brown
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§1
source de chaleur Heat source
Milieu Gazeux ou Liquide ou Vide Gaseous or liquid medium or vacuum
Métal liquide Molten metal

AIR AMBIANT AMBIENT AIR

PROTECTION SHIELD

§2
Schéma d’une installation MIG ou MAG Diagram of a MIG or MAG plant
Tube contact Contact tube
Fil électrode fusible (+) Consumable electrode wire (+)
Gâchette Trigger
Gaz de protection Shielding gas
Câble de masse (-) Ground cable (-)
Coupe d’un faisceau séparé de torche à Cross-section of a separate water-cooled torch
refroidissement par eau harness
Arrivée d’eau Water inlet
Fil électrode fusible Electrode wire
Commande gâchette Trigger control
Gaz Gas
Gaine extérieure Outer conduit
Gaine amenée fil Wire feed conduit
Câble de courant Current cable
Retour eau Water return
Coupe d’un câble coaxial… Cross-section of a coaxial water-cooled torch
cable
Conduit d’usure Wear conduit
Bobine Spool
Source de courant continu DC power source

§ 4.4.2.
Sans CO2 Without CO2
Avec CO2 With CO2

§ 7.2.
Centrale évaporateur Evaporating station

§8
Dans les formules, remplacer gaz par gas et remplacer les virgules par des points.