CDI-2: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation
- is an act or process of conveying THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC
from one place to another ENFORCEMENT
- from the Latin word “Terans” - the action taken by the police, such
meaning across or and move and as arresting, issuing traffic citation
“Portare” means to carry ticket and providing warning to the
erring driver for the purpose of
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF deterring and discouraging and or
TRANSPORATATION preventing such violation
 MANPOWER
 ANIMAL POWER 2. EDUCATION
 WIND POWER - the process of giving training and
 ROADS AND VEHICLES practice in the actual application of
HISTORY WHEEL traffic safety knowledge
- was invented probably in Western
Asia 3. ENGINEERING
- one of man’s great inventions - the science of measuring traffic and
THE ROMANS travel, the study of basic laws
- were the major road builders in the relative to the traffic law and
ancient world generation; the application of these
- Roman road networks reached a knowledge to the professional
total of about 50,000 miles (80, 000 practice of planning, deciding, and
km) operating traffic system to achieve
safe and efficient transportation of
CANALS persons and goods
a body of water used to be channel
of sea transportation 4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/
the first canal was constructed by ENVIRONMENT
Engr. James Brindley - the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in
RAILWAYS urban environment due to the scale
- channel of transportation wherein a and density of new urban
parallel line of irons was used as concentration and new activities
roads carried out, air pollution, water
- the first railroad is the Stockton and pollution and crowding, transport
Darlington line (1925) congestion which result therein

TRAFFIC 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

- it refers to the movement of - deals with the benefits and adverse
persons, goods, or vehicles, either effects of traffic to our economy
powered by combustion system or
animal drawn vehicle, from one MANAGEMENT
place to another for the purpose of - it is an executive function such as
safe travel planning, organizing, Directing and
supervising, coordinating operating
- originated from Greco-Roman word recording and budgeting traffic
Trafico and Greek word Traffiga, affairs
origin of which is not known
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AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE implementation of program related

ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC to traffic

Land Transportation Office Congress and Local Council

- tasked to enforce laws, rules and - the branch of government primarily
regulation governing the registration tasked to create laws for the welfare
of motor vehicles, operation of motor of the public
vehicle and traffic rules and Judiciary
regulation as provided by RA 4136 - the branch of government that
as amended. interprets the law through
adjudication of cases
Land Transportation Franchising Traffic Management Group
and Regulatory Board (TMG)
- tasked to regulate transport route - the basis service of the PNP tasked
- regulate franchising to direct and control traffic, perform
- prescribe fare rates accident investigation, enforce the
- investigate traffic cases laws and issue citations.
- perform judicial function
- promulgate rules AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR
- impose and collect fees TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- formulate and enforce rules and
regulation for transport operation for Department of Public Works and
promotion of safety and convenience Highways
of public - has responsibility of determining
- coordinate with concerned traffic flow planning approval of
agencies and enforce E.O. NO program and budget finding of
125,124-A and construction and maintenance of
E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987 road and instrument
Local Public Works and
Department of Transportation Engineering Offices
and Communications - local government units and
- in charge of planning programs instrumentalities that have the same
coordinating implementing and function as the DPWH
perform administrative function and - perform such powers within their
promotion development and territorial boundary
regulation of dependable and AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
coordinated network of EDUCATION
transportation and communication in Schools
order to have fast, safe, efficient and Elementary
reliable postal transportation and - tasked to educate children to obey
communication services (EO No. traffic rules through their
125.) programmed curricula
Metro Manila Development Secondary
Authority (MMDA) - tasked to educate students in
- created under RA. 7924 and sets obeying the traffic rules by imposing
policies concerning traffic in Metro school policies intended for the
Manila, coordinates and regulates welfare of the students
Higher Education
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- they offer subjects on driving and Physically high

traffic safety course or any allied - people are energetic, strong and
subjects agile
Emotionally high
TRAFFIC EDUCATION - people are creative, artistic and
- is priceless gem in the entire scale happy
of social order of the road Intellectually high
- is the process of inculcating to an - people think quickly and logically
individual the knowledge, skill,
responsibilities and values to The Low State
become a fully developed person
- the key to smooth traffic flow is Physically low
discipline and to acquire discipline - people tend to be tired and
people must be educated succumb to sickness
Emotionally low
PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION - people are moody, irritable and
To Instill awareness of one's legal depressed
and moral responsibilities in traffic; Intellectually low
and - people find it difficult to think
To teach abilities required for one to logically and lacks coordination
be eligible for a driver’s license.
LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC
SAFETY CAMPAIGN SAFETY
- the aim of this campaign is to make LICENSING SYSTEM
road users behave properly - it is the system of issuing license to
- focuses on public information any person who is qualified to fulfill
attitudes; this is characterized as the responsibilities required by the
road propaganda license
- administered by the LTO
BIORHYTHM
- the theory asserting that man DRIVER’S LICENSE
exhibit constant variation of energy - issued to the drivers as privilege
and mood states granted by the government
The Environmental Factors in Man’s providing statutory qualification
Theorized Cycles and Interpretation LICENSING PROCEDURE
of Biorhythm REQUISITES FOR ISSUANCE OF
The exchange of Light and darkness LICENSE
The four seasons - At least 16 years old for student’s
Wet and dry seasons permit
The waxing and waning of the moon - 17 years old for sub-professional
- 18 years old for professional
The Biorhythm Cycle
23 days of physical cycle KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
28 days of emotional cycle  Student permit
33 days of intellectual cycle  Non-professional
 Professional
The High State  Military
 International
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TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF
RESTRICTION CODE TRAFFIC
Restriction Code No 1 - limited to KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways)
drive motor motorcycles in case of one way the left lane shall
be the fast lane and the slow lane is
Restriction Code No 2 - limited to the right.
drive vehicle weighing not more than
4500 kg OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield
to emergency vehicle, pedestrians,
Restriction Code No 3 - limited to trains, vehicle with right of way,
drive vehicles weighing more than vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill
4500 kg traffic, vehicles with momentum,
straight traffic, and traffic signs.
Restriction Code No 4 - limited to
drive weighing 4500 kg and with Emergency Vehicles:
automatic transmission only Vehicle with physician
Ambulance on emergency call
Restriction Code No 5 - limited to Vehicle with wounded or sick person
drive vehicle with automatic clutch AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call
and weighing more than 4500 kg Vehicle in pursuit of criminals
A police or fire on call
DRIVER RIGHT OF WAY RULE
- Licensed operator of a vehicle
the right to proceed ahead of
DUITES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF another vehicle or pedestrian
ACCIDENTS
 Stop immediately. Intersection- when two or more
 Show the license to the victim vehicle is entering an intersection
and give the true name, the one on the left will give way to
address and contact number. the right vehicle.
 Driver is not allowed to leave
the scene without aiding the Pedestrian- drivers should yield to
victim. pedestrian crossing except at
EXCEPTIONS TO THE intersection whereas the movement
PRECEEDING TOPIC of vehicles is regulated by a police
If he is in imminent danger of being officer.
seriously harmed by reason of
accident; Through highway/ railroad
If he reports the accident to the crossing- the driver shall bring to a
nearest police station; and full stop before traversing to an
If he has summoned the physician or intersection. If there is no hazard the
nurse to aid the victim. driver may slowdown to 5mph.

CONDUCTOR Police /emergency vehicle- all

- Licensed person allowing limited drivers should yield to emergency to
number of passengers, freight or emergency vehicle except as
cargo in public utility truck or buses directed by traffic enforcer. Fire
trucks are accepted to speed limit
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but they are prohibited to have intersection and between

unnecessary speed. construction and caution.

From private road to highway- 5. THE BUS STOP RULE

vehicle from private road must yield The buses queue up in a single file in
to that on a highway. their order arrival.
Lead bus moving toward the center
PROHIBITED PARKING of column of busses lining on the bus
Places where parking is prohibited: stop zone, and remain until zone is
Near an intersection filled with busses, but longer than
Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane three minutes.
Within 6 meters from drive way of
any response installation, fire 6. RULE TO PREVENT OR
hydrant and private roads UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS
Double parking - Keep lanes and intersection open in
Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge heavy and slow traffic to avoid
Places wherein official signs are overtaking. In a construction,
posted vehicles should merge alternately.

4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT 7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC

OVERTAKE. MANAGEMENT MEASURES
- overtaking lane is the lane to the - Observe and obey traffic notices
left of overtaken vehicle going in the sign like notices and pavement
same direction, overtaken vehicle is markings.
the privileged vehicle

CONSIDER THESE IF YOU

OVERTAKE:
Signal the intention. 8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY
Make sure that the overtaking lane is DRIVER
clear and free of oncoming vehicle - Motorist should observe equity of
for sufficient distance to facilitate the lead vehicle, doctrine of the last
proper overtake. clear chance on rotunda drive.
Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle
being overtaken is the privileged 9. ON PEDESTRIAN
vehicle. Drivers keep his lane, - Keep off the roadway except when
maintain speed and yield to crossing on crosswalk. Wait embark
overtaking vehicle. and alight at bus or jeepney stop.
He shall increase his speed until the
overtaken vehicle has cleared the 10. REMEMBER THE
way INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
In two lanes, on a divided roadway, REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST”
they may use either of the lanes. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
In an expressway with fast and slow - the action taken by the police to
lanes, on a divided roadway, they compel obedience to traffic laws and
may use either of the lanes. ordinance regulating the use and
Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a movement of motor vehicle for the
grade curve, railway crossing, at the purpose of creating a deterrent to
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unlawful behavior by all potential ADJUDICATION - it is court function;

violators the police provides influence on this
step by as a witness to the
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER prosecution by supplying additional
- a person duly deputized by an evidence. It determines the guilt or
agency of government authorized by innocence of the accused.
law to enforce traffic laws, rules and
regulations PENALIZATION - the imposition of
penalty upon the accused. Penalty
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW can be influenced by previous
ENFORCEMENT records of conviction as provided by
- the part performed by the police the police.
and other agencies with police power
including deterrent to law violations GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT
created by the presence of ACTIVITIES
uniformed police officer and their Increase safety level
special equipment, special Increase traffic efficiency
assistance to court and prosecutor Ensure harmony and comfortable
and incidental service to highway environment
users Maximize safety

COURT TRAFFIC LAW ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW

ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT
- the performed by the court through Preventive activities
adjudication and penalization Persuasive activities
Punitive activities
POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT
PROCESS MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC
FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
DETECTION - wholly police activities Enforcement system
and entails looking for defects in the Road user system
behavior motorist, pedestrian, Traffic system
vehicle, equipment and roadway
condition. TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE
OF ENFORCEMENT
APPREHENSION - a police CHARACTERISTIC OF TRAFFIC
responsibility wherein the police are LAWS
required action to prevent continued Laws are developed from
and future violation. experiences of the public over the
years.
PROSECUTION - it is a court Laws reflect beliefs, behavior and
function; the police also provides standards agreed upon by society.
corresponding influence through
preparation and introduction of VIOLATIONS
evidence or close contact with the - those act and omissions against
prosecution office. traffic laws

CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION
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 Hazardous traffic violations

that cause danger to road TYPES OF WARNING
users. Unsafe behavior and Visual warning - using gestures
unsafe conditions are the and signals.
causes of these violations. Verbal warning - oral warning
 Non-hazardous violations that made when there is newly enacted
do not affect safety of the law
public but affect the use of Written warning - combination of
roads. two preceding types with written
note of citation.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE
VIOLATING TRAFFIC LAWS TRAFFIC PATROL
Physical infirmities - part of traffic supervision by
Ignorance patrolling to ensure public obedience
Mental disorder
Lack of training OBJECTIVES:
Wrong attitude Deterrence of violators
Habitual violators Detection and apprehension
PUV drivers are aiming for more Observation and reporting of traffic
compensation condition and road condition
Providing certain services to public
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
ACTIONS TYPES OF PATROL
these include arrest and citation of Line patrol- it is assigned to a
any person particular place
PURPOSES: Area patrol- type of patrol assigned
Prevent such violation from to an area of vicinity
endangering the public and
inconvenience
Prevent continued violation TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
Discourage future violation
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT Stationary traffic observation -
ACTIONS officer is assigned at specific place
Traffic arrest - the taking of a Conspicuous traffic observation -
person into custody of the law. It is officer attracts attention
made when: Visible traffic observation -
a) the offense is serious; stationary observation that the
b) detection is needed to avoid observer is in full view
continued violation; and concealed traffic observation -
c) there is reasonable doubt that observer is not visible to the public
violators may not appear in court.
Traffic citation - made to compel THINGS TO CONSIDER IN
violators to appear in court in PURSUIT AS TRAFFIC
absence of arrest. ENFORCEMENT
Traffic warning - an act reminding Decision - nature of violation
the driver of his violation in order for Pursuit technique
him to not do it again. No arrest or Safety driving technique
citation is made.
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STOPPING AND APPROACHING Less serious offense

TRAFFIC VIOLATORS Serious traffic offense
It must be done with consideration to
safety of both parties engaging OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE
Upon approaching officer must be SKILLED IN THE FOLLOWING
from the left side from the rear, be INSTANCES:
alert Accident scene
Emergencies
TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK Planned and special events
- It is done to inspect the following: Regular points and integration
Faulty vehicle equipment control
Registration and licensing procedure Directing pedestrian movement
Intoxication or cargo check
OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK KNOW HOW TO DIRECT IN THE
Faulty vehicle FOLLOWING PLACES:
Officer directing road check Not signalized intersection
Signalized intersection
CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK Between intersection
Minimum delay to motorist
Thorough checking procedure SUPERVISED ROUTE
Protection and safety of parties - A street or highway on which traffic
involved is supervised to some considerable
Timing and location and frequency degree

OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION

VIOLATORS - It involves telling the public how
Immediate objective- to act and when they should not stand and
against the person move
Ultimate objective- to change the
future of a person POINT/ AREA CONTROL
- It is the part of the traffic direction
POINTS TO REMEMBER concerning the control of vehicular/
Violators are diversified pedestrian movement
Conflicts arises in violators
You are professional officer, there is POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT
no professional violator - It involves mobile supervision of
Be alert for an unexpected traffic movement, directing orally
and visually are done to allow free
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, and safe movement of escorted
DIRECTION AND CONTROL vehicles.
- an act of overseeing the traffic to
keep order on street and highways TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND
within existing laws CONTROL
- It is the control direction of traffic
POLICE WORKS units according to proportionate time
Accident investigation
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to prevent traffic accident to verified, swing your hand up to your

maintain smooth flow of traffic. chin
- drop and repeat the process at the
MEANS OF DIRECTING opposite side
Signaling - Use it when they are slow or
Whistling hesitant to move
Gestures D. RIGHT TURN GESTURES
- Not required at intersection
HAND SIGNAL - Point to the vehicle you want to
Use hand signals turn and point to the direction of
Use uniform signals turning
It must be clear - Vehicles to your left for right turn
Don’t make verbal bend your left arm and allow a
Be alert, stand erect thumb sign
Look to the person when signaling E. LEFT TURN GESTURES
Arm signal should be shoulder high - Vehicles turn left from right, stop
Supplement it with whistle vehicle from right and direct vehicle
Hang your hand when not in use to the left
10. Constant waving of hands causes - Left turn vehicle from your right,
confusion turn around and repeat the
11. Maintain 90 degrees turn of the procedure above
body - Street with one lane only
12. When stopping point to a man a. allow space for ongoing straight
you want to stop and turning left vehicles
13. Hand signal should be with arm b. direct finger left turning car with
and palm facing the person proper finger left
c. semaphore signals may be used
WHISTLE SIGNAL
One long blast for STOP F. TWO-OFFICER TRAFFIC
Two short snappy blast for GO - The team leader shall initiate
Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR command followed by the members.
ASSISTANCE
TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC
A. COMMAND OF TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
- Stand where you can be seen with Keep intersection open
firm and posture Don’t allow motorist to cross without
B. GESTURE IN STOPPING exit
- Point the arm and index finger Stop motorist at their lane
toward the vehicle to be stopped Prefer to stop the last moving
then show your palm vehicle
- Repeat the process at the opposite
side TRAFFIC JAM
- Not lower your arm until traffic is - It is caused by such factors as
ceased vehicular accident, stalled vehicle,
C. GESTURE TO START TRAFFIC absence of traffic enforcer and road
- Stand sideways construction.
- point your index finger toward the
vehicle to start, hold it till he PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM
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Determine the cause - it is a driver who drives under the

In case of accident conduct fast influence of alcohol with 10% of
investigation intoxicating level
In case of engine trouble assist the
motorist in pushing car to place FIELD SOBRIETY TEST
Establish oneself and conduct Walk on straight line
systematic flow of traffic One-foot balance
Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, Reading
if not repeat procedure no. 1 Spelling
Implement traffic regulation to Counting from 1 to 10
prevent jam Video tape the movement
Photograph the unguarded
RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC movement
ENFORCER
Enforce the law without fear or favor CHEMICAL TEST
and assist public when needed Blood test
In an intersection, remember the Urine test
following: Perspiration test
Breath test
a. personal safety of enforcer Skin test
b. policeman’s visibility
c. visibility of officers to traffic EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN
d. non obstruction to traffic DRIVERS
e. ability to effect necessary control Drivers admission
3. Officer shall not leave his post Co-occupants testimony
during tour of duty without Material witness’s testimony
permission from higher authority. In Photograph of drunken driver
case personal necessity he should Video/ voice tape of driver
notify the station. Officers testimony
4. Respond immediately to
emergency calls and notify the LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER
station Submit him to the nearest laboratory
5. Be calm and control the temper for testing
even under provoking situation Impound the vehicle
6. He should be in proper uniform Confiscate the license
7. In apprehending issue citation, Recommend the suspension of
and do it in one minute privilege
Sue him for violation
PEDESTRIAN CONTROL If acquitted recommend suspension
PROGRAM OF PEDESTRIAN of license
ENFORCEMENT BASICALLY
DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Campaign - defined as calculating manipulation
Guiding on the post or direction. It includes forecasting of
Warning ticket future traffic demands

DRUNKEN DRIVERS FUNCTIONS

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Fact finding survey and - overtaking

recommendation of traffic laws - right of way
Supervision and maintenance of the - lateral placement
application of traffic devices - pedestrian right and duty
Planning of traffic regulation - general rules on parking
d. Prohibited and restriction
OBJECTIVES - one-way regulation
Achieve free and efficient and rapid - speed control
flow of traffic - curb parking control
Prevent traffic accident - turning regulation
Promotion of traffic engineering - stop rule
Show that good police action and TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE
performance makes engineering 1. ELEMENTARY REQUISITES
plans effective - Compel attention
- convey simple meaning at a glance
APPLICATION OF THE - allowing time for response
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC - command respect
ENGINEERING 2. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS
Habitually congested commercial - design and outward aspect
areas - position and placement
Heavily traveled thoroughfares - maintenance and condition,
Congested local areas and appearance and visibility
intersection
Special occasion of event 3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
Disaster or emergency DEVICE
School crossing - traffic or road sign
- pavement markings
METHODS IN ACHIEVING - traffic light
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC - traffic island
ENGINEERING
PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
DESIGN TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
- composition of traffic stream Regulatory devices
- traffic volume and capacity Warning devices
- origin and destination Guiding devices
II. FACTORS INFLUENCING
DESIGN AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL
- traffic composition Reduce traffic conflict and delay
- traffic volume Reduce accident
- vehicle speed Economize police time
- movement of traffic
- performance value ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL
III. REGULATION AND CONTROL INSTALLATION
Limited to public safety and Made for well-ordered movement
convenience Reduce accident frequency
Limitation imposed on road users Provide means of interpreting heavy
General rule of road use and conduct traffic
- speed
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Economical over manual control at ROAD CLASSIFICATION

intersection ACCORDING TO POLITICAL
Coordinating in providing continuous SUBDIVISION
flow of traffic National road- right of way 20 to
Increase traffic capacity 120 meters
Provincial road- link between to
CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS municipalities, 15 to 60 meters
DANGER WARNING SIGNS City road- interlink in the city, 15
REGULATING SIGNS meters
- priority signs Municipal road- within town proper
- prohibitory signs 10 meters
- mandatory signs Barangay road- from market to
c. INFORMATIVE SIGNS town 2 meters
- advance sign
- place identification sign ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL
- confirmatory sign TERRAIN
Flat road
Zigzag
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS Steep hill
Red triangle connotes hazard Down hill
Red ring with diagonal line connotes Winding road
prohibition Mountainous road
Blue/ green provides information Roller coaster road
Signs on blue disc give positive
instruction FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADWAY
INTERNATIONAL SIGN VEHICLES PASSES SAFELY ON
Round and red; regulatory - climb lane
movement - overtaking lane
Round black yellow sign, warning - acceleration lane
sign - turning lane
Equilateral triangle red sign, 2. PART OF THE ROAD USED
directing to yield the right of way FOR:
Octagon red and white, STOP a. standing lane
Red triangle and black sign, b. stopping lane
approaching danger zone c. Bus stop
SIDEWALK
TRAFFIC LIGHTS - it is the portion of the road that
Red- stop answers the safety of pedestrians
Amber- slowdown ACCIDENT
Green- go - that occurrence in a sequence of
events which usually produces
PAVEMENT MARKINGS unintended injury, death or property
Arrows point to direction damage
Straight lines mean no overtaking TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
Broken lines mean - an accident involving travel
overtaking is allowed transportation on a traffic way
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MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT to escape from a collision course or

- event resulting in unintended injury otherwise avoid a hazard
or property damage attributable
directly or indirectly to the action of INITIAL CONTACT – the first
a motor vehicle or its load accidental touching of an object
collision course or otherwise avoids a
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS hazard
In the investigation of traffic
accidents, it is imperative for the MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the
traffic investigator to know the kinds greatest collapse or overlap in a
of accidents occurred in order to collision; the force between the
map out the necessary activities to traffic unit and the object collided
be done when responding and with are greatest at maximum
investigating. engagement
NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC DISENGAGEMENT – it is the
ACCIDENT separation of a traffic unit in motion
- refers to any accident occurring on from an object with which it has
a traffic way involving persons using collided; the force between the
the traffic way or travel or object ceases at this time
transportation, but not involving a
motor vehicle in motion (ex. STOPPING – this is when the traffic
Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic units involved come to rest; it
way) usually stabilizes the accident
2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC situation
ACCIDENT
- any motor vehicle accident which INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm;
occurs entirely in any place other this event does not necessarily occur
than a traffic way (ex. Accident on a after the accident but within any of
private driveway) the chain of events; it may also
3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC happen right after the evasive action
ACCIDENT taken by the drivers involved or
- any motor vehicle accident during the initial contact
occurring on a traffic way (ex.
Collision between automobiles on a STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING
highway) TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT INCIDENT CHECK, THE
FOLLOWING
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is What happened
seeing, feeling or hearing and Who are involved?
understanding the usual or Where and when it happened
unexpected movement or condition How it happened
that could be taken as a sign of an Why it happened
accident about to happen
STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY
START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is UNDER CONTROL
the first action taken by a traffic unit 1. Preliminary question to driver
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- who is driving
- ascertain sign of nervousness STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO
2. Gather clues for identification COURT
3. Ask other witnesses 1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor
4. Examine driver’s condition to strengthen the case.
- check the license and other record 2. Return to the scene of the incident
- check registration to gather additional data
- verify ownership 3. Make a pre-trial conference
- account step by step events 4. Testify in court
5. Position and location of vehicles 5. Arrange the file for future
- lights purposes
- gear position IN CASE OF INJURIES:
- mark the position of vehicle Stop arterial bleeding
- look for the unusual things inside Ask for help
the car Protect the wound for exposure
6. Form preliminary opinion Cordon the place
7. Photograph skid mark and
location for later measuring CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE
8. Record place in which person/ ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO
damaged vehicle is placed SEVERITY
STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT- Fatal
LIVED EVIDENCE non-fatal
Make a test skid Property damage
Ascertain if the violation is
tantamount to arrest CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE
Complete examination of vehicle ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY
Locate key event or point of impact EVENT
Additional photographs Running off road
- vehicle damages Non-collision on road
- view obstruction - overturning
- present condition
- control devices 3. Collision on road of vehicles
6. Measure scale or diagram with the ff:
7. Get additional facts at the scene - pedestrian
8. Report to station by radio - moving vehicle
- parked vehicle
STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE - bicycle
SCENE - railroad train
Get the medical report - fixed objects
Notify the relatives
Develop the photographs CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE
Analyze the specimen TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
Complete accident report, made A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS
copies and file. Road condition
Complete data on the investigators’ Driver’s attitude
report Weather condition
Reconstruct the accident B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
Complete the investigation and file it Unsafe greater speed
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TRANSPORTATION

Defective vehicle Broken headlamp manifests a run

C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR over
- Road hazard Paints might stick at victim
- driver’s non compliance belonging
D. PERCEPTION FACTOR Don’t forget to bring paper and
- driver’s inability to react pencil for initial note taking
- driver’s faulty action to escape
HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED
- This applies to drivers who failed to VEHICLE
stop at a road accident Recover physical evidence
LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED: immediately
Abandonment of one’s victim Measure the vehicle
Failure to lend assistance Photograph the vehicle, debris and
Reckless imprudence resulting to chipped off part
homicide Check the interior of the car for
Reckless imprudence resulting to driver’s identity
damage to property
Failure to render assistance to victim INVESTIGATION AID FOR
Violation of section 55 of RA 4136 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
Civil liability INVESTIGATION
Motor vehicle certified registration
COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND- Repair shop
RUN Department records
Ran over pedestrian
Sideswiped pedestrian DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN
Collided with moving vehicle while CASE OF DEATH
overtaking Referral slip
Collided with moving vehicle while Arrest report
overtaking on opposite direction Traffic accident report (TAIC)
Damaged parked vehicle Affidavit of parties involved
Crushed police road block Witness’ statement
Bumped by stray animal Photograph

INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN

FACTS CASE OF INJURY
Victim’s identity Memorandum of preliminary
Kind of vehicle investigation
The make of vehicle TAIC
The driver Estimated amount of damage, it is
The eyewitnesses made by authorized repair shop
Affidavit of parties involve
FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION Witness statement
Send the corpse to laboratory after Photograph
investigating
Obtain fingerprint and another COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES
specimen and send it to laboratory USED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
Splintered glass can be a lead INVESTIGATION
CDI-2: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
TRANSPORTATION

MOTOR VEHICLE – any device motion, giving signals of intent to

which is self-propelled and every turn or slow down, or any other
vehicle which is propelled by electric action in situations involving
power obtained from overhead potential hazards
trolley wires, but not operated upon
rails TACTIC – any action taken by the
traffic unit to avoid hazardous
KEY EVENT – an event on the road situations like steering, braking or
which characterizes the manner of accelerating to avoid collision or
occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic other accident.
accident
DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts IMPACT – the striking of one body
of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other against another or a collision of a
materials left at the scene of the motor vehicle with another motor
accident caused by a collision vehicle.
SKID MARKS – these are marks left
on the roadway by tires which are CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a
not free to rotate, usually because vehicle resulting from direct
brakes are applied strongly and the pressure of some foreign object in a
wheels locked collision or roll over; it is usually
indicated by striations, rub-off of
TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a material or puncture.
traffic way for travel, parking or FACTOR – any circumstance
other purposes as a pedestrian or contributing to a result without
driver, including any vehicle, or which the result could not have
animal. occurred or it is an element
necessary to produce the result, but
HAZARD - a hazard is generated not by itself sufficient.
when a critical space-motion
relationship between a traffic unit PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer
and another object develops due to loosely applied to the most obvious
the movement of either or both (ex. or easily explained factor in the
A curve in the path is a hazard; cause of an accident or the most
another traffic unit in the path is a easily modified condition factor.
hazard.)
CAUSE – the combination of
SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted simultaneous and sequential factors
to the potential or possible hazards without any one of which result
or the road and traffic situation could not have occurred.
ahead; safe speed on the road is
determined by the road rather than ATTRIBUTE – any inherent
the particular driver of a vehicle (ex. characteristics of a road, a vehicle,
A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe or a person that affects the
speed for it is a speed at which it can probability of a traffic accident.
be taken comfortably
MODIFIER – a circumstance that
STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed, alters an attribute permanently or
position on the road, and direction of temporarily.
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TRANSPORTATION