No.

153

Topics
The water sector
in German development cooperation
Imprint Contents

Published by:
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ),
Division of Development Education and Information 1 Water – a key to achieving the Millennium
Adenauerallee 139-141 Development Goals _____________________________________ 3
53113 Bonn
Phone: +49 (0)228/535-0 2 German development cooperation in the
Fax: +49 (0)228/535-3500 water sector: contributions, partners, actors _________ 5
[email protected] 2.1 Bilateral development cooperation ___________________ 5
www.bmz.de/en 2.2 Multilateral development cooperation ________________ 7

Editors: 3 Challenges and approaches in the water sector ___ 8

Kirsten Dölle, Mijako Nierenköther, Ingo Baum 3.1 Sustainable management of water resources _________ 8
Final Editing: Steffen Beitz, Martin Kipping 3.1.1 Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) _________________________________ 9
Responsible: 3.1.2 Transboundary water cooperation ________________ 9
Dr. Manfred Konukiewitz, Hans Hammann 3.2 Giving water sector reforms a poverty dimension _____ 10
3.3 Efficient and sustainable water supply and sanitation 12
Layout: 3.4 Using water efficiently for food production ___________ 15
design-werk, Wiesbaden 3.5 Enhancing effectiveness through cooperation ________ 17
3.5.1 European Water Initiative (EUWI) ________________ 17
Printing: 3.5.2 ACP-EU Water Facility ____________________________ 17
Druckerei Koch, Wiesbaden 3.5.3 Global dialogue on sustainable dams ___________ 18
3.5.4 G8 Africa Water Action Plan ______________________ 18
Photos:
Front page: BMZ Archives, P. 3: BMZ Archives, P. 4: BMZ Archives, 4 The development goals in drinking water and
P. 5: BMZ Archives, P. 8: GTZ Benin, P. 10/11: BMZ Archives, sanitation: What has been achieved so far? __________ 19
P. 12: GTZ Ghana, P. 13: Marc Latzel/ GTZ Jordan, P. 14: GTZ Yemen,
P. 15: GTZ Zambia, P. 17: BMZ Archives, P. 18: GTZ Archives, 5 Outlook ________________________________________________ 20
P. 19: GTZ Archives, P. 20: GTZ Yemen, P. 21: Marc Latzel/ GTZ Jordan
List of abbreviations ____________________________________ 21
Date:
February 2006 Further Information ____________________________________ 22

2
 1 Water – a key to achieving
the Millennium Development Goals

In September 2000 the heads of state and government But progress in the water sector also makes decisive
of 189 countries assembled in New York for the United contributions towards achieving other MDGs in comba­
Nations Millennium Summit. They adopted the UN ting poverty, for example in the areas of health and the
Millennium Declaration, which set out the global chal­ environment.
lenges and the agenda for international policy at the
start of the 21st century. From the chapter on develop­ MDG 1 Poverty: Poor people in rural areas and slums
ment and the environment, eight internationally agreed in major cities suffer particularly from a lack of safe
goals were identified and compiled in the form of a list drinking water and sanitation. The poor themselves
with concrete targets and indicators – the Millennium often see the lack of access to water as one of the most
Development Goals (MDG). The MDGs mark the first important causes of poverty. Access to clean drinking
time that the international community has committed water and a reliable supply at affordable cost reduces
to achieving verifiable targets in the struggle against the number of working days lost due to sickness, and
poverty, bringing a new dynamism into development boosts labour productivity and income. Such improved
policy. Under MDG 7 the nations of the world have living conditions and resulting opportunities for educa­
committed to reducing by half the proportion of people tion are essential if poor people are to free themselves
without sustainable access to safe drinking water until from the poverty trap.
2015. In addition, the proportion of people without
access to basic sanitation is to be halved until then. MDGs 2, 3 Primary education and gender equality:
The quality of water supply and sanitation affects the
social status and opportunities for education of women
and girls. Traditionally, it is the women and girls who
carry home up to 60 litres of water a day for their fami­
lies. The time they take for this cannot be used to gene­
rate income, attend schooling, undertake vocational
training, etc. In addition, public institutions such as
schools are frequently not equipped for the presence
of women and girls, often lacking separate toilets or
any sanitation at all.

3
MDGs 4-6 Health and fighting disease: Access to Combating poverty – Programme of
safe drinking water and sanitation is an important Action 2015
prerequisite for improved public health. 80 % of all
diseases in developing countries are caused by patho­ The Programme of Action 2015, adopted in 2001, is
gens in water. Diarrhoeal diseases are almost always the German government’s contribution to achieving
directly related to contaminated drinking water and the goals of the Millennium Declaration, and specifi­
lack of hygiene. They are among the most frequent cally the goal of halving extreme poverty worldwide
diseases in developing countries and are the second by 2015. Combating poverty is defined here as the
largest cause of death worldwide for children under overarching goal of the German government’s global
five. Diarrhoea is also the second most frequent reason structural and peace policy.
for employees taking sick leave in developing countries.
In all, water-induced diseases cost developing countries Achieving the target of halving poverty is a challenge
five billion working days a year. for all the forces in society. One important task of the
Programme of Action 2015 is accordingly to mobilise
MDG 7 Environment: The protection and preservation German public opinion in support of the worldwide
of natural environments are neglected in the face of struggle against poverty. German government activities
the growing demand for and consumption of water. and initiatives are not enough by themselves. Partner­
The expansion of areas under cultivation in particular is ships between the government, the private sector
threatening natural water reservoirs and regeneration and other stakeholders emphasise that the struggle
areas. Wetlands are shrinking, lakes, rivers and ground against poverty – and, with it, development coopera­
water are overused, water quality is declining. Improved tion generally – are tasks for society as a whole.
environmental management and investment will ensure
sustainable availability of water as a natural resource. The Programme of Action 2015 puts this new under­
standing of development policy into action. It includes
Further information on the MDGs is available at a comprehensive programme with ten priority thematic
www.un.org/millenniumgoals headings and a wide range of campaigns by all German
federal ministries. The campaigns operate at three
levels: within the Federal Republic of Germany, in mul­
One top priority of German development cooperation tilateral policy (international agreements, conferences,
is to make hygienic water and sanitation services acces­ committees and institutions), and bilaterally with the
sible as rapidly as possible to previously undersupplied developing countries. The German government pre­
population groups. However, it is important to ensure sents its campaigns and approaches in the water sec­
that this supply is sustainable and can be maintained tor under the headings "Ensure access to vital resour­
by the people locally. These convictions also underlie ces – preserve an intact environment” and "Ensure
the approaches in the Programme of Action 2015. basic social services – strengthen social security”.

Further information on the Programme of Action 2015

is available at www.aktionsprogramm2015.de

4
 German development cooperation in the
water sector: contributions, partners, actors

Germany is the world’s second largest bilateral Breakdown by region of German bilateral ODA
donor in the water sector with annual funding in the water sector (2003/2004)
totalling around 350 million euros for bilateral In recent years, most German funds in the water sector
measures in 28 priority countries. have been allocated to Africa (40 %) and Asia (29 %),
with around 19 % to the South Eastern European
nations and 12 % to Latin America and Mexico.
2.1 Bilateral development cooperation Funding concentrated particularly on sub-Saharan
Africa and countries in the Near and Middle East.
German development cooperation in the water sector
has a long history. In recent years, water-related deve­
lopment projects have been the second biggest area Percentage breakdown by region of German
of investment in German development cooperation. bilateral ODA in the water sector (2003/2004)
The following diagrams show the sectors and regions
receiving bilateral funds.

Breakdown of bilateral funds by subsector 19%

Europe
Most spending in the water sector was on water sup­
ply and waste water management. Around 11 % of
40%
funds went to water resources policy, administration Africa
and protection. 12%
America

Percentage breakdown of German bilateral

ODA funds in the water sector (2003/2004) 29%
Asia

56,7%
Water and sanitation,
large scale systems
(generally urban)
Priority countries in the water sector
Currently, Germany supports 70 countries worldwide.
26,7% Water is a priority in German development cooperation
Basic drinking water in 28 of these countries, with comprehensive projects
supply and sanitation
(generally in rural areas) and programmes in various subsectors. The promotion
of water-related regional cooperation and the assis­
tance to regional organisations have become increas­
ingly important as well.

0,3%
2% River development
Protection of 4,3% and regulation
water recources 9% Solid waste
Water recources management
policy and and disposal
administration

1%
Training and upgrading in
water supply and waste
water disposal

5
Overview of partner countries for German development cooperation:

Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Latin America Central, Eastern and Middle East,
South Eastern Europe Mediterranean

Benin Afghanistan Bolivia Albania Algeria

Burkina Faso Azerbaijan Costa Rica Bosnia and Herzegovina Egypt
Burundi Nicaragua Macedonia Jordan
Eritrea Peru Turkey Morocco
Guinea Palestinian territories
Kenya Syria
Mali Yemen
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia

German development cooperation hand in hand Technical Cooperation (TC)

German development policy is formulated by the TC, implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ) and the
Development (BMZ). It aims to reduce poverty world­ German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural
wide through policy dialogues, formulating develop­ Resources (BGR), particularly promotes institutional
ment strategies together with partners and other reform in partner countries, together with the develop­
donors, and managing intergovernmental develop­ ment of efficient organisations. Sector reform processes
ment cooperation. The BMZ also supports develop­ are supported, as is the establishment of standards
ment measures conducted by German NGOs. and monitoring and information systems for sustaina­
ble water resources management. A central task is to
German bilateral development cooperation is carried establish and develop efficient and competent sector
out by implementing agencies, a distinction is hereby organisations, ranging from ministry level to water
made between financial cooperation and technical utilities at the operational level. TC offers consulting
cooperation. and advisory services on complex change processes.

Financial Cooperation (FC) Technical Cooperation in the broad sense

The KFW development bank (KfW) is responsible for As part of TC in the broad sense of the term, German
FC. It promotes investment in economic and social implementing organisations contribute to capacity
infrastructure, efficient financial systems, agriculture building of water sector personnel and institutions.
and resource conservation. KfW also finances consul­ Capacity Building International, Germany (InWEnt)
ting and advisory services in partner countries. In the is an implementing organisation, which provides
field of domestic water services, funding is available vocational training for experts and managers from
for building and expanding drinking water systems, developing and transition countries. Its focus is on
waste water systems and solid waste disposal systems. strengthening management competence in the public
To ensure the sustainability of the measures promo­ and private sectors, and developing and disseminating
ted, project implementation is tied to implementation appropriate approaches to ensure the efficient and
of reforms. FC projects are integrated into the national effective use of water as a resource. Vocational
financing strategies of the partner countries. training is hereby integrated into a systematic overall
concept for human resources development in partner

6
 countries. The German Development Service (DED) Within the framework of multilateral development
seconds development volunteers, and in particular cooperation, Germany cooperates closely with inter­
helps local authorities exercise their functions in the national organisations carrying out water sector pro­
field of water supply, waste water and refuse disposal grammes in developing and transition countries. These
services. include e.g. the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)
and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). In addition,
For most partner countries, cooperation with the Germany supports institutions such as the Global
German government involves both financial and tech­ Water Partnership (GWP) and Joint Monitoring
nical cooperation. The implementing agencies operate Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP).
in close coordination and with a strategic division of Germany is also personally represented on internatio­
labour, together with the partner government on nal advisory committees, including the Advisory Board
improving water and waste water management. This on Water and Sanitation, appointed by UN Secretary
way all German actors contribute to achieving the General. Within the international policy dialogue
Millennium Development Goals and the ultimate Germany supports the Petersberg Process on trans­
objective of reducing poverty. boundary water management, and hosts international
water conferences. In preparation for the World Summit
2.2 Multilateral development on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2002),
cooperation for example, Germany organised the International
Conference on Freshwater in 2001. The conference
Germany’s public contributions to development coope­ established the Bonn Recommendations for Action for
ration are also made through multilateral institutions. adoption in Johannesburg. The global sector dialogue
In all, around one third of the funds from the BMZ has been strongly influenced by the central recom­
budget reach developing countries through multilateral mendations of the Bonn Conference on Freshwater
mechanisms. and the five “Bonn keys” the conference identified
as priorities for the water sector (see also
German commitment to multilateral development coo­ www.water-2001.de):
peration is directed at the following goals:
• Consistent focus on combating poverty and achie­ 1st key: Meet the water security needs of the
ving the MDGs in mulitlateral strategies; poor
• Helping develop poverty-oriented strategies and 2nd key: Decentralisation
improve sector policy in partner countries; 3rd key: New partnerships for better water
• Further developing German sector policy on the outreach
basis of sharing experience with partner countries 4th key: Cooperative arrangements at the water
and other donors; basin level, including across waters that
• Developing coordinated strategies (particularly within touch many shores
the EU) for maximising the efficiency, effectiveness 5th key: Better performing governance arrange­
and complementarity of the approaches of different ments.
donors in a partner country.

7
3 Challenges and approaches
in the water sector

Germany helps its partner countries create better 3.1 Sustainable management of
framework conditions for the water sector and imple­ water resources
ment sector reforms. For this purpose, German deve­
lopment cooperation acts at all levels of intervention Water shortages have become a constant challenge in
– government (macro), intermediary institutions and several regions of the world, especially in North Africa,
organisations (meso) and local (micro) levels. the Middle East and several countries in Eastern and
Southern Africa. Growing populations, rapid urbanisa­
In order to achieve a structural impact, German deve­ tion processes and advancing industrialisation are
lopment cooperation links all three levels of interven­ increasing the demand for drinking water, and also for
tion. It supports its partner country in formulating a water for the production of food, for industry, mining
national sector strategy and to implement the respec­ and tourism. Water pollution and the overuse of rege­
tive reforms. German development projects and pro­ nerable water resources are having a devastating
grammes are then embedded in these strategies with impact on the viability of ecosystems, with rivers and
a long-term commitment. However, best chances of lakes failing, the groundwater level dropping and wet­
succeeding to obtain a sustainable sector environment lands drying up.
are by agreeing on step-by-step procedures with the
partner government covering several projects. Global climate change is exacerbating adverse natural
conditions at regional level. Models developed by cli­
Many partner countries have already developed their mate researchers agree in predicting that many areas
own Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). suffering from water shortages will face a further
German development cooperation aligns its priority decline in their natural water resources. In the last few
activities accordingly, as the goal is a coherent deve­ decades, there has also been an increase in extreme
lopment policy. This includes strongly linking FC and events, such as lasting droughts or floods. Such events
TC, and greater flexibility to make it possible to respond not only have catastrophic economic consequences for
to changes within the agreed country approaches and the affected nations and regions, reaching far beyond
priorities. To enhance the effectiveness of development the water sector and (in the case of floods) affecting
cooperation, Germany is increasing its involvement in broad areas of the infrastructure (e.g. transport, ener­
joint programmes and programme-oriented joint gy). They have the greatest impact on the poorest sec­
financing with other donors. tions of the populations, who are least able to protect
themselves against extreme events, and frequently live
in the areas most at risk. However, societies are by no
means helpless victims of these challenges. The key
question remains one of water management.

8
 3.1.1 Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a
flexible, process-oriented and holistic approach to the
optimal development of water, land and related natural
resources. IWRM aims to maximise the benefits of
resource utilisation, while emphasising the need for
sustainability. The approach has now become – also
through the support of German development coopera­
tion – an internationally recognised paradigm in water
policy. As such, it is binding for German commitment
in the water sector. Water cooperation promotes international under­
standing: Joint agreements on equitable use of water
The goals of IWRM in detail are: create a framework that prevents unilateral overuse of
• Allocate water optimally between the various use the resource by any one state at the expense of its
sectors and utilise it efficiently (sectoral efficiency neighbours. This creates trust and prevents internatio­
of water allocation) nal crises. In many cases, neighbourly relations bet­
• Sustainably secure water resources for future ween the riparian states improve as a whole.
generations (intertemporal efficiency)
• Resolve conflicts between various users peacefully Water cooperation creates win-win solutions:
and rationally (crisis prevention) Optimal investments for the use or protection of trans­
• Ensure access for the poor to clean drinking water boundary water resources (e.g. improving navigability,
and appropriate sanitation at socially acceptable flood management, energy production through hydro­
prices (social acceptability) power, water conservation) are only possible if a num­
• Curtail water-induced diseases (health) ber of states participate. Agreements on use rights and
• Allow ecosystems to retain and develop their vital coordinated mobilisation of the necessary funding are
functions (biodiversity). basic prerequisites for projects promoting the economic
and social development of international watersheds.
3.1.2 Transboundary water cooperation
Water does not recognise political boundaries. World­ Water cooperation provides stimuli for the inte­
wide, over 250 water catchment areas are shared by gration of a region: Successful cooperation on cross­
more than two nations, some 40 % of the world border water resources can also act as a catalyst for
population lives on transboundary rivers, lakes and more intensive regional cooperation and hence for
groundwater reservoirs. There is growing competition more dynamic macroeconomic development. Coopera­
for clean water in sufficient quantities between the tion in the water sector creates trust for cooperation
individual states. Major projects such as irrigation or in other areas as well.
hydropower projects at the headwaters of a river can
have a significant impact on water availability in the In transboundary water cooperation Germany sup­
lower reaches. Germany has accordingly been promot­ ports the establishing and developing of organisa­
ing cooperation between states sharing cross-border tions, promotes IWRM, helps establish knowledge
water resources for years, partly through the Petersberg management systems and harmonising water policies.
Process. It emerges that transboundary water coopera­ It also finances the implementation of these activities,
tion has the following effects, among others: e.g. measuring systems, erosion protection, flood pro­
tection, water loss reduction and waste water
management.

9
 3.2 Giving water sector reforms a
poverty dimension

Inadequate drinking water supply is less a problem of

limited availability of water resources than a problem
of inadequate sector policy. This is reflected in the lack
in many partner countries of adequate standards and
codes and planning instruments, e.g. water legislation,
water management and sector investment plans. In
addition, responsibilities and the division of tasks and
competences are frequently fragmented between dif­
ferent ministries and administrative units. Regulatory
organs – where they exist at all – are often too weak
Ground water management at the in terms of human and financial resources to focus
Guaraní Aquifer in Paraguay adequately on poverty and efficiency. There is also
often a lack of competent and motivated decision­
The Guaraní Aquifer is one of the world’s largest makers. To improve access to water supply and sanita­
groundwater reservoirs, with an estimated recharging tion particularly for poor population groups, it is thus
volume of up to 25,000 km3. It crosses the national crucial to remedy current political and institutional
frontiers of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. shortcomings.
Advancing industrialisation and urbanisation are lea­
ding to increased withdrawals of groundwater with Germany promotes water sector reforms in many
simultaneous growth in potential pollution. For this partner countries, which seek to improve the political,
reason, sustainable joint groundwater management legal and organisational environment to establish or
(including groundwater conservation) is essential in develop further viable and efficient organisations and
order to ensure the future availability of waster regulations in the water sector. A decisive element is
resources in this region. The project “Environmental establishing good governance based on transparent
Protection and Sustainable Development of the public debate, agreement on clear water-policy princi­
Guaraní Aquifer System” is a joint project of the ples and goals, and the broad discussion of the resul­
Organisation of American States (OAS), the World ting sector strategy.
Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). With
BMZ funding BGR is helping the government of A line ministry (e.g. a Ministry of Water) that clearly
Paraguay establish expertise in the fields of hydrogeo­ formulates water policy at national level and has the
logy, groundwater analysis and forecasting. It is provi­ overall responsibility for sector development and
ding advice and formulates recommendations on planning, is key for a well-performing water sector, as
groundwater management and the protection of the are competent technical agencies able to implement
aquifer. Improved knowledge of the volume of water sustainable management. Ideally, there should also be
which can be used sustainably, water quality and fore­ a regulatory agency to monitor implementation of the
casts for the future development of these groundwater sector guidelines by water supply and waste water
resources form the starting point for improved sharing disposal utilities. The decisions of the regulatory agency
of knowledge between the countries involved, with must be transparent and be communicated publicly.
the goal of establishing coherent groundwater The clear separation between policy-making, regulatory
management. functions and service provision is designed to reduce
inappropriate political influence at all levels (central
Total term: 2003 – 2007 and local). At the same time, it strengthens the auto­
German contribution: 0.8 million euros nomy of service providers, and so improves their moti­
World Bank contribution: 11.3 million euros vation and self-responsibility. This is facilitated by a

10
 clear allocation of tasks among the various institu­ Water sector reform in Kenya
tions in the sector, with decentralisation of decisions,
competences and funds in line with the context and 70 % of the urban population but only 48 % of the
the capacities involved. The introduction and imple­ rural population in Kenya currently have access to
mentation of sector reforms is a process of social clean drinking water. Around 50 % of the population
interaction and political negotiation, which is accele­ are connected to central or decentralised waste water
rated if national decision-makers invest strong politi­ systems. To address the problems of the Kenyan water
cal conviction in it. sector, the government resolved in 2002 to undertake
a comprehensive sector reform. German development
Water sector reforms require a sustainable financial cooperation is assisting the Kenyan government in this
basis. Without sound financing mechanisms, sustaina­ process, operating simultaneously at national, regional
ble water supply and sanitation are not possible. On and local level. Better performing institutions manage
one hand, this means that the state must provide the water resources, and more users participate in this
key sector institutions, e.g. ministries, regulatory agen­ process. In drinking water supply and waste water
cies or water management agencies, with an appropri­ disposal, TC at national level is assisting in developing
ate budget. On the other hand, it also means that general guidelines for sector regulation. At regional
consumers and users must also contribute to sustaina­ level, TC is helping establish administrative structures
ble financing of services in the water sector, as far as (water agencies). Water supply and waste water
their financial situation makes this possible. Water management utilities implement the new policy at
supply and waste water disposal fees also provide an local level. For example, KfW, GTZ and DED are assisting
incentive to use water more responsibly and economi­ the Lake Victoria North Water Services Board in 12
cally (demand management). towns, which are together home to around 670,000
people. Experience gained at regional and local level,
German development cooperation provides advisory for example from the current cooperation projects in
services to its partner countries in the following areas: the towns of Nyeri and Eldoret which involve upgra­
ding local municipal providers and a private provider
• Formulating sector policies and strategies and the in the town of Malindi, can be used to steer national
legislative basis for these, policy formulation processes, and vice versa. To ensure
• Restructuring, establishment and strengthening of the sustainability of these reforms, suitable associa­
efficient, effective, transparent and well-regulated tions and user groups are being trained to provide
sector institutions, advisory activities in the field of drinking water and
• Organisational reform of the water sector through waste water management.
decentralisation and entrepreneurial management.
Total term: 2005 – 2007
Besides direct advisory services, German development German contribution: 5 million euros for phase 2
cooperation is also active in facilitating sector reform (2005 – 2007)
dialogues. In this way, coordination and information
sharing between the various actors within the sector
(e.g. agencies at local and national level, but also bila­
teral and multilateral donors) are promoted. Within

11
these processes, German development cooperation which are often too low, lead to inadequate cost cove­
plays the role of an intermediary and moderator. rage, and so to underfunding. This makes investment
in maintenance or grid expansion in growing poorer
3.3 Efficient and sustainable water residential areas virtually impossible. The commercial
supply and sanitation banks do not consider these operations to be eligible
for loans. High water losses in leaky grids lead to
The central challenge in drinking water and sanitation wastage and unnecessary costs in water winning and
is the low level of access of poor people. In sub- treatment. In rural areas, the situation with regard to
Saharan Africa in 2002, for example, over 42 % of the the operation of wells and standpipes is similar. These
population was without access to safe drinking water, often become unusable after only a short time becau­
and 63 % lived without appropriate sanitation. se of inadequate maintenance.

One important cause of this in many countries is inap­ German development cooperation supports the trans­
propriate political influence on operating decisions, formation of inefficient water supply and waste water
such as personnel policy or tariff setting by providers. management utilities into customer-oriented, econo­
This complicates the establishment of effective and mically operating service providers, by funding neces­
efficient supply structures and their sustainability. In sary investment and capacity building measures for
addition, small and medium-sized towns and rural the operations.
areas tend to be less favourably treated in the central
distribution of funds compared to major cities. Urban water supply and waste water
management
Besides this, participation of the population e.g. in In view of the environmental and infrastructural pro­
supervisory boards of utility companies or public stand blems of the metropolitan centres, German develop­
posts (water kiosks) is often inadequate. This results ment cooperation is active in the field of urban water
on one hand in decisions which are out of line with supply and waste water management. This includes
demand, for example in grid expansion, and on the the safe and adequate supply of drinking water to
other hand in inadequate ownership on the part of people and the collection, treatment and recycling of
the local population, encouraging poor payment mora­ waste water. Repair, rehabilitation and boosting the
lity, illegal water drawing, manipulation of water efficiency of existing water supply and waste water
meters etc. management systems generally take priority over crea­
ting new capacity. Hygiene and consciousness raising
At the operating level of water supply and waste measures are an integral part of all projects and pro­
water management utilities, which are frequently run grammes.
by the state or local authority, weak capacity is fre­
quently a central reason for the inadequate supply to
the population. Deficiencies in technical systems and
inadequate staff training further complicate security of
operation. Inefficiency and poor collection manage­
ment, associated with water prices and sanitation fees

12
 Water supply and waste water
management in Yemen

Yemen is a priority country for German development

cooperation and one of four pilot countries for the
Programme of Action 2015 to half poverty by 2015.
Yemen is one of the regions in the world with least
water, and groundwater resources are heavily overex­
ploited. More than half the urban population have to
meet their needs from private water sources, which
To break out of the constellation of problems descri­ are hygienically suspect and expensive. Improving
bed above, which is currently a trap for many supply water supply and waste water management is accor­
and disposal utilities, requires not only investment but dingly an important priority.
also improvement in the technical and commercial
management, closer contact with customers and a In the harbour city of Al Shehr, for example, the urban
general service orientation. In the long term, the deci­ wells are either drained or contaminated with salt.
sive factor for success is that the utilities enjoy legiti­ Almost all the 62,000 inhabitants are connected to
macy, commercial self-interest and adequate freedom the water supply grid, but dilapidated pipelines mean
of action. This, in many cases, requires a shift from a that not even two thirds of the precious water reaches
utility with bureaucratic nature to a company with its consumers – and this only for a few hours every week.
own accounting and supervisory boards with repre­ 55 % of diseases among adults are due to contamina­
sentatives from the area served by the utility. The com­ ted water, and the figure rises to 77 % among children.
pany should be able to decide on planning and carry­ The sewage flows into the sea from the old city un­
ing out investment, personnel choice and treated across the beach, where the fishermen sort
remuneration. their catch for sale in the market.

Assistance with merging a number of local water German FC is promoting measures to improve the
authorities into an economically more viable district sanitation situation, which will connect the inhabi­
association, with strengthening public water utilities, tants of the old city to a simple sanitation system with
with outsourcing specific operating functions or trans­ pond treatment plants. To reduce the high water losses,
ferring the operation of entire water supply and sani­ the grid is being rehabilitated. This will mean that
tation utilities to private companies, all offer possible water supply to the city can be secured for several
ways of overcoming current weaknesses. However, for years without the problems involved in constructing
private-sector participation to succeed it is essential more wells. Extensive assistance with vocational trai­
for there to be adequate monitoring capacity in the ning for technical operating staff is also planned.
partner country, careful preparation of the contractual The Yemeni government has been pursuing a reform
arrangements, and transparent and competitive proce­ process since 1997 which includes decentralisation,
dures for awarding contracts. commercialisation and expansion of the public water
and sanitation system. German TC is assisting the
updating and implementation of the reforms. The TC
contribution includes advice on sector policy and stra­
tegy, capacity building for authorities, water supply
and waste water utilities, the creation of water com­
mittees and the expansion of popular participation in
decision-making processes.

Total term: 2006 – probably 2014

German contribution: 14 million euros FC, 6 million
euros TC

13
 Rural water supply in the Hai District
of Tanzania

In the Tanzanian Hai District on the western slopes of

Kilimanjaro, German development cooperation has
been promoting the construction of water supply and
sanitation systems since the end of the 1980s. This
has already resulted in substantial improvement in
the health of about 300,000 people living there. After
the end of the first project phase in 1998 only 3.6 %
of inhabitants suffered from diarrhoeal diseases
Dialogue on private-sector participation in water (as compared to the previous figure of 20 %) and
supply and waste water management 6 % suffered from worm infestations (as compared
to 35 %).
Germany is a co-initiator of a multistakeholder review
between industry, governments and NGOs on the Before the start of the project, even heavily pregnant
question of private-sector participation in drinking women had to carry water for hours over long distan­
water supply and sanitation. The Multistakeholder dia­ ces in the bush savannah. As an impact study by the
logue is to enable a better understanding of privatisa­ German Development Institute (www.die-gdi.de)
tion`s successes and failures and to facilitate a more demonstrated, the project significantly reduced the
constructive dialogue on this sensitive issue. burden on women’s health. Better access to clean
water also improved hygienic conditions during and
The German government is also assisting the develop­ in the first weeks following childbirth.
ment of the local private sector and sharing experien­
ce between public utilities, private water companies, The most important result of the project, however, is
politicians and the affected population, e.g. in East the gain in time. Women can now cultivate small gar­
Africa. dens to feed their family. Girls who previously spent
much of their time carrying water can attend school
instead, reflected in increased school enrolment and
Rural water supply and waste water lower dropout rates. Equal representation on user
management committees is also strengthening the role of women.
In rural areas the emphasis is on appropriate, decen­ Economical – and hence sustainable – use of water is
tralised water supply and sanitation systems, with encouraged by the consumption-related water tariffs
water users particularly involved in planning, selec­ and public education campaigns.
tion, investment and operation of the water supply
and sanitation systems. This is important to ensure Total term: 1998 – 2008
operation of the systems, which mostly has to be done German contribution: 7.5 million euros for phase 4
by user groups after the completion of all external aid.
Hygiene and consciousness raising measures are
important project elements in rural areas as well.

German development cooperation promotes improved

waste water management in rural areas primarily through
sanitation and hygiene measures – such as latrines
and awareness-raising campaigns –, waste water use,
constructed wetlands for sewage treatment, and in­
creasingly through introducing concepts of ecological
sanitation. The latter are getting increasingly important
in cities as well (see box “Ecosan”, p.15 ).

14
 Ecosan – reuse-oriented wastewater 3.4 Using water efficiently for food
management and sanitation systems production

Ecological sanitation (ecosan) is a new paradigm in An estimated 600 million people in developing coun­
sanitation that recognises human excreta and house­ tries are threatened by hunger and 166 million chil­
hold wastewater not only as waste but also as resources dren of preschool age are undernourished. Water plays
that can be recovered, treated where necessary and a central role in food security. Worldwide, the use of
safely used again. Ideally, ecosan systems enable a water for irrigated farming accounts for over 70 % of
complete recovery of nutrients in wastewater and their total water withdrawals. The fact that the production
reuse in agriculture. In this way, they help preserve soil of one kilogramme of wheat requires around 1,000
fertility and safeguard long-term food security, whilst litres of water shows clearly how fundamental water
minimising the consumption and pollution of water is for food production and food security.
resources. Conventional sanitation technologies are
coming under increasing criticism for being economi­ High population growth will continue to exacerbate
cally and ecologically unsustainable. It is evident that the situation for several decades to come. In 2015,
the MDGs cannot be achieved by conventional sanita­ some 2.7 billion people will live in regions of the
tion solutions alone and that alternative approaches world where water is scarce. Cultivation of agricultural
are urgently needed. products such as cereals must be expanded by about
40 % worldwide just to keep up with population
German development cooperation considers ecosan as growth. Many countries, including those in arid
a new approach with a high potential to resolve the regions, have thus expanded their irrigation systems in
pressing problems related to the global water and order to step up agricultural production for their own
sanitation crisis and to help achieve the MDGs. On population and for export. This results in growing con­
behalf of BMZ, GTZ started an international ecosan sumption of freshwater. In addition, a large percenta­
research and development programme in 2001. ge of the irrigation systems work inefficiently. As a
The aim of the programme is to establish ecological result, around half the water used evaporates or
sanitation concepts as an internationally recognised drains away in systems which use open and unlined
innovative approach and to contribute to improved canals.
sustainability of water and sanitation projects in deve­
lopment cooperation (see also: www.gtz.de/ecosan). Securing water supplies for agriculture is closely asso­
ciated with combating poverty and eradicating hun­
ger, as agriculture is a source of both income and
food. Even if agriculture is increasingly competing
with industry for water, fighting poverty and ensuring
food security for the rural population remain a priority
for many developing countries.

15
 Watershed Management in India

The Indian government is giving priority to the deve­

lopment and management of watersheds as an instru­
ment of rural development. In the next 25 years, some
65 million hectares of land are to be developed as
rainfed farming regions. This is intended to make a
sustainable contribution towards reducing poverty and
conserving natural resources, as over 50 % of poor
Indians live in semi-arid and arid regions, some of
which are massively affected by desertification and
soil degradation.

German development cooperation accordingly seeks German development cooperation is assisting its
to promote IWRM to help the rural population achieve Indian partners at national and federal state level as
socially, economically and ecologically sustainable follows:
management of their water resources. This comprises • The Indian Ministry of Agriculture is being supported
institutional reforms in the water and irrigation sector, in the formulation of a strategy for managing water­
promoting water-saving by rehabilitating irrigation sheds with a stronger participation of the population.
systems, and setting up user-operated small-scale The focus is on innovative forms of partnership
irrigation systems. Here, the resource situation of the between local NGOs and state agencies.
region involved and the use of appropriate technology • In Himachal Pradesh, appropriate technical and
both play a major role. A fundamental prerequisite is socioeconomic solutions are being developed for
the evaluation of the quantity and quality of the avai­ mountain regions.
lable water resources. In wetlands and flood plains or • In Maharashtra, capacity building is provided in
in regions with sufficient renewable groundwater watershed management with the help of an NGO
reserves, improved low-cost water production techno­ and its network. This will be followed by FC funding
logies are options for the development of irrigated for erosion protection measures in selected water­
agriculture. In regions without sufficient water reserves, sheds.
by contrast, regional development can be pursued • In all, the German government is investing some
through sustainable cropping techniques, water con­ 70 million euros of FC funding in development
servation measures, erosion protection, combating measures in watersheds in Maharashtra, Andhra
desertification etc. Qualification of the personnel of Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. These funds are
the relevant state and private-sector service organisa­ being channelled to the villages through the National
tions to foster the more efficient management of Bank for Rural Development. The activities are
watersheds through vocational training is essential in already increasing water availability for productive
this. Within the framework of integrated food security and drinking use.
programmes, development cooperation offers measures
for sustainable development, the utilisation and con­ Village inhabitants today are able to maintain opera­
servation of natural resources and for boosting agri­ tion of water installations themselves in financial,
cultural production and promoting income-generating technical and organisational terms. The creation of
activities. women’s groups and water committees has strengthe­
ned the influence, self-confidence and articulacy of
those affected. This has resulted in a significant incre­
ase in readiness to pay tariffs and assume ownership.
By networking at local and federal levels and mobilis­
ing local self-help, watershed development program­
mes have not only influenced Indian policy (watershed
guidelines), but also rank internationally as successful
examples of sustainably improving people’s livelihood,
reducing poverty in rural areas and fostering the long­
term conservation of natural resources.

16
 3.5 Enhancing effectiveness through 3.5.1 European Water Initiative (EUWI)
cooperation At the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the
EU launched a European Water Initiative (EUWI) to
The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness aims contribute to the achievement of the MDG targets for
at further increasing the effectiveness of Official drinking water and sanitation, taking into account the
Development Assistance by harmonising the work of principles of IWRM. The EUWI has been designed as a
donors and better aligning their assistance to recipient catalyst and a policy forum on which future joint
countries´ development strategies. This reduces aid´s action can be built. It assists partner countries in deve­
administrative and operational transaction costs to loping sector policies and strategies to which donor
recipient countries. The Paris Declaration intends to countries can align their activities.
put developing countries into the driver´s seat by
transferring to them more responsibility for policy for­ Germany is a member of the EUWI Steering Group
mulation, implementation and monitoring, thereby and Africa Working Group. In this working group,
strengthening ownership and sustainability. Germany is holding a country dialogue in Zambia to
analyse the water sector and identify obstacles and
Germany drew up an action plan for harmonising its progress in achieving the MDGs. The dialogue serves
development assistance back in 2003. It also took as an instrument to sharpen the focus of donor activi­
important steps in recent years towards further impro­ ties on the country’s most urgent problems and to
ving aid effectiveness through consistent prioritisation improve coordination between donors. In 2006
and the concentration on 70 partner countries. German Germany is chairing the Africa Working Group.
development policy already collaborates intensively
with other donors and partner governments in order 3.5.2 ACP-EU Water Facility
to simplify and unify the tendering, appraisal and The EU’s creation of a water facility for the countries
reporting procedures. Mozambique is a pilot land in this in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) in 2004
for donor coordination and harmonisation. Germany established a financing instrument intended to mobi­
also participates in budget financing and sectoral pro­ lise additional resources for the water sector. In this
grammes involving several donors (“Sector-wide sense, the ACP-EU Water Facility constitutes an opera­
Approaches” or SWAPs) in partner countries. Under tional arm of the EUWI.
budget financing in the water sector, funds are made
directly available to the cooperation partners, who The focus of the ACP-EU Water Facility is on innova­
then invest it into water and sanitation at their discre­ tion and flexibility. Grants are used to promote new
tion and in accordance with certain criteria, depending projects and facilitate the establishment of partners­
on the form of the budget financing. SWAPs involve hips between the public sector and private initiatives.
cooperation between the government, interest groups The facility is based on a demand-driven approach,
and various donors in the respective sector. They are under which project proposals are selected in a com­
pursued under the direction of the partner government petitive procedure on the basis of their impact on
and necessitate an expanded dialogue on strategies poverty and sustainability. Civil society organisations
and the development of a joint financial and sectoral
approach covering both the public and private sectors.

17
can also apply. This approach makes it possible for national initiatives (including ones in Germany), which
actors in the ACP states to collaborate more extensi­ propose improved planning and decision-making
vely on formulating and implementing water projects. mechanisms regarding dams, in cooperation with all
the interest groups involved, and taking into account
A total of 500 million euros is devoted for the facility the WCD recommendations.
from the reserve of the 9th European Development
Fund. Germany is thus contributing around 117 million 3.5.4 G8 Africa Water Action Plan
euros to the ACP-EU Water Facility. All the funds are to In 2002 the eight leading industrial nations adopted
be allocated by the end of 2007. the G8 Africa Action Plan with their African partners at
the summit in Kananaskis, Canada. In 2003 the Action
3.5.3 Global dialogue on sustainable dams Plan was supplemented with a specific Water Action
The German government has supported the work of Plan in Evian, France. This contains a list of concrete
the World Commission on Dams (WCD), and was one measures seeking to answer how enough water can
of the first governments to make the recommenda­ be made available on a sustainable basis in all African
tions in the WCD final report “Dams and Development” states and for all user sectors (households, industry,
(2000) binding in its development cooperation. This agriculture etc.).
expresses the conviction of the German government
that conflicts over dam projects can only be resolved The German government has taken the lead on trans­
in dialogue with all the interested parties. The WCD boundary water cooperation, where it is assisting
recommendations are accordingly being consistently African institutions in the joint management of water
followed in planning and implementing German deve­ resources. The political partner of the German G8
lopment projects. They also constitute a yardstick for initiative is the African Ministers´ Council on Water
the BMZ when evaluating project proposals of mulitla­ (AMCOW). The aim is to consolidate the current regio­
teral development banks and the German export nal initiatives on cross-border water management and
credit agency. IWRM at continental level and make them available to
AMCOW as best practices.
The global debate on the potentials and risks of dams
has continued after the publication of the WCD report. At the G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland, in July
At global level, the dialogue is taking place within the 2005, the German government reemphasised its
framework of the “Dams and Development Project” (DDP) commitment to implementing the G8 Africa Water
under the aegis of the UN Environment Programme. Action Plan. The contribution of the German govern­
The goal is to improve the decision-making, planning ment gives clear priority to cooperation with its
and management mechanisms for dams. Germany is African partners in the water sector.
supporting the work of the DDP and is participating
actively in both the Steering Committee and the
Governmental Advisory Consultative Group. Besides
the global dialogue, there are numerous regional and

18
 4 The development goals in drinking water and
sanitation: What has been achieved so far?

proportion of people with access to clean drinking

water rose from 68 % to 86 % in the period 1990­
2002. Progress was also made in sub-Saharan Africa,
where the share of the population with access to
clean drinking water rose from 49 % to 58 %.
However, the figure is still very low in comparison to
other regions. In East Asia, considerable progress was
made in rural areas, but in urban areas the proportion
of people with access to clean drinking water actually
declined. Oceania is the region with the lowest share
(52 %) of people with access to clean drinking water.
North Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and West
Asia have reached a figure of around 90 %. Despite
all the progress made, two thirds of all those without
access to clean drinking water live in Asia.

Access to basic sanitation

The clear targets set out in the Millennium Development The proportion of people without access to toilets and
Goals (MDG) increasingly raise the questions of what sanitation decreased from 51 % to 42 % between
progress has actually been made in development and 1990 and 2002. Although progress has been made,
the measurability of the results of development coope­ the percentage of people without access to sanitation
ration. Documenting progress on the MDG targets for is thus still very high. In South Asia, for example,
drinking water and sanitation is the task of the WHO­ almost two thirds of the population is without access
UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), which is to basic sanitation, although the number of sanitary
supported by the German government. Together with installations rose by 85 % over the period 1990 ­
other donors, the BMZ supports improving mechanisms 2002. The situation has actually deteriorated further in
for monitoring progress and results achieved in the several regions, for example in West Asia. In Oceania
water sector. Together with experts from Norway, and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
France and the Netherlands, for example, a report too, the share of people with access to basic sanita­
was produced on monitoring in the water sector and tion fell in rural areas. In 2002, 2.6 billion people were
presented to the international community. The full without access to toilets and sanitation. If the MDGs
report is available for download at are to be achieved, around one billion slum dwellers
http://www.irc.nl/page/12932. and 900 million people living in remote rural areas
must gain access to sanitation by 2015.
The latest report of the JMP (available at
http://www.wssinfo.org/en/welcome.html) shows Overall, however, the data is not always reliable,
the following trends: because of the many problems with data gathering
and political intervention, and should be treated with
Access to drinking water caution. It also deals exclusively with quantitative
aspects of water supply, providing no information on
Between 1990 and 2002 the proportion of the world qualitative aspects. However, it does show clearly the
population without access to clean drinking water large regional differences in progress on water and
dropped from 23 % to 17 %. However, the differences sanitation, and particularly the major challenges in
between the individual countries remain large. The sub-Saharan Africa.
region with the greatest progress was South Asia.
Much of the success here is due to India, where the

19
5 Outlook

German development cooperation is constantly faced

by the need to enhance further the effectiveness of its
contributions and approaches. In the water sector, the
German government will give even more emphasis in
the coming years to:

Poverty orientation and participation: The MDGs

give new emphasis to the importance of consistently
involving the poor in all water supply and sanitation
projects. To meet this need, poor residential districts
must be included even more specifically in planning
measures to improve water supply and sanitation.
Given that these districts are frequently administrati­
vely undocumented and illegal marginal areas, this Coupling financial assistance and sector reform:
will not be easy. Participation is crucially important Many partner countries still lack the institutional and
here in order to identify appropriate solutions, as the human resources that would allow them to make
population know their own needs best. Women in par­ effective use of increased financial transfers. The rea­
ticular are generally responsible for running the home sons for this are weak or non-existent regulation,
and for the health of the family, and need more say. monitoring and resources management, inefficient
Their participation can help avoid errors in planning water utilities, inadequate financial management at
and make clear what is still missing. The poverty and local level, and often a lack of public control. Financ­
gender aspects of projects must thus be kept in mind, ing initiatives undertaken by the international donor
even in the face of sometimes difficult technical and community must therefore go hand in hand with
administrative challenges. Greater ownership by the corresponding sector reforms in order to improve the
partner and the participation of the population and absorption capacity and implementation capability
local NGOs are essential to provide sustainable water of the national structures.
supply and sanitation for all.
Mobilisation of local funds: There is a funding gap
Donor coordination: Political initiatives like the of 10 – 30 billion euros a year for achieving the MDGs
European Water Initiative and the G8 Africa Action in water and sanitation. There are many reasons for
Programme show the need to coordinate development this underfinancing – inadequate public investment
assistance better, also in the field of water resources in the water sector, water tariffs which do not cover
management. In Africa in particular there is a need to costs, poor collection management, ineffective or non­
enhance the effectiveness of aid through the coordina­ existent regulation and monitoring. This is compoun­
tion of priorities, regions and concepts, and participation ded by the perception in the international private sec­
in national programmes, thereby reducing transaction tor that risks are unacceptably high (political risk,
costs to partners and donors. German development foreign exchange risk), resulting in declining private
cooperation is actively involved in these initiatives and investment in water supply and sanitation, particularly
the international sector dialogue. In this way, it is see­ in Africa. Official Development Assistance alone –
king to improve donor coordination on the basis of although increasing – will not be able to cover this
the OECD-DAC principles. The goal is to jointly increa­ funding gap. The financial shortfall can only be made
se coordination, coherence and complementarity of up if significantly more funds are mobilised locally.
development cooperation. German development cooperation is currently develo­
ping suitable instruments for this purpose.

20
 List of abbreviations

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific partner states of the EU

AMCOW African Ministers' Council on Water
BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
DC Development cooperation
DED German Development Service
EDF European Development Fund
EU European Union
FC Financial cooperation
G7/G8 Group of the seven major industrialised nations: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Japan, Canada, USA (G8: plus Russia)
GEF Global Environment Facility
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH
GWP Global Water Partnership
InWEnt Capacity Building International, Germany
KfW KfW development bank
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MSD Multistakeholder Dialogue
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non-governmental organisation
ODA Official Development Assistance
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PPP Public-Private Partnerships
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SWAP Sector-wide Approach
TC Technical cooperation
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WHO World Health Organization
WSP Water and Sanitation Program

21
For more information,
please contact:

BMZ – Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst gGmbH

Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung German Development Service
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
Development Tulpenfeld 7
Division 313 – Water, Energy, Urban Development 53113 Bonn
Phone: +49-(0)228/2434-0
Bonn Office Fax: +49-(0)228/2434-111
Adenauer Allee 139-141 E-Mail: [email protected]
53113 Bonn Internet: www.ded.de
Phone: +49 (0)228/535-0
Fax: +49 (0)228/535-3500 GTZ – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit GmbH
Berlin Office Environment and Infrastructure Division
Stresemannstraße 94
10963 Berlin Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5
Phone: +49 (0)30/2503-0 65760 Eschborn
Fax: +49 (0)1888/535 25 01 Phone: +49 (0)6196/79-0
Fax: +49 (0)6196/79-1115
E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.bmz.de/en Internet: http://www.gtz.de

InWEnt – Internationale Weiterbildung und

Entwicklung gGmbH
BGR – Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Capacity Building International, Germany
Rohstoffe
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources Tulpenfeld 5
Raw Materials and International Cooperation Division 53113 Bonn
Phone: +49 (0)228/2434-5
Stilleweg 2 Fax: +49 (0)228/2434-766
30655 Hannover E-Mail: [email protected]
Phone: +49 (0)511/643-0 Internet: www.inwent.org
Fax: +49 (0)511/643-2304
E-Mail: [email protected] KfW development bank
Internet: www.bgr.bund.de Sector and Policy Division Water Resources and Solid Waste

Palmengartenstraße 5-9
60325 Frankfurt am Main
Phone: +49 (0)69/7431-4260
Fax: +49 (0)69/7431-3363
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de

22
Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation
and Development (BMZ)

Bonn Office Berlin Office

Adenauer Allee 139-141 Stresemannstraße 94
53113 Bonn 10963 Berlin
Phone: +49 (0)228/535-0 Phone: +49 (0)30/2503-0
Fax: +49 (0)228/535-3500 Fax: +49 (0)1888/535 25 01

E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.bmz.de/en