Lecture # 15 (Ex:8.1,8.

2)
Principle of Mathematical Induction
The principle of mathematical induction is stated as follows:
If a proposition or statement S ( n ) for each positive integer n is such that

(i) S (1) is true. i.e. S ( n ) is true for n = 1

(ii) S ( k + 1) is true whenever S ( k ) is true for any positive integer k .

Then S ( n ) is true for all positive integers.

Principle of Extended Mathematical Induction

Let i be an integer. If a formula or statement S ( n ) for n  i is such that

(i) S ( i ) is true.

(ii) S ( k + 1) is true whenever S ( k ) is true for any positive integer n  i .

Then S ( n ) is true for all positive integers n  i

Binomial Expression
An algebraic expression consisting of only two terms is called a binomial expression.
For example a + x , x − 2 y and ax + b are binomial expressions.
Binomial Theorem
Binomial theorem was first given by Isaac Newton. This theorem gives a formula to
expand any power of a binomial expression.
Binomial Theorem when Index is a Natural Number
For a,b  R and n  N
n n n n  n  n−1  n  n
( a + b) =   a n +   a n−1b +   a n−2b2 + ... +   a n−r br + ... + 
n
 ab +   b
0 1  2 r  n − 1 n
n
n
Or briefly we can write it as ( a + b ) =    a n−r br
n

r =0  r 

n n n  n  n

Note:   ,  ,  ,.....,  ,  are called Binomial Coefficients.
 0 1  2  n − 1  n 
Some Points to Remember in the Expansion of ( a + b )
n

(i) The number of terms in the expansion is one greater than its index.
(ii) The sum of the exponents of a and b in each term of the expansion is equal to its index.
(iii) The exponent of a decreases from index to zero.
(iv) The exponent of b increases from zero to index.
(v) The coefficients of the terms equidistant from beginning and end of the expansion
n  n 
are equal as   =  .
r  n−r
n
(vi) The general term in the expansion of ( a + b ) is Tr +1 =   a n−r br
n

r
(vii) Sum of binomial coefficients in the expansion ( a + b ) is equal to 2 n .
n

 n  n  n  n   n
i.e.   +   +   + ..... +  +  = 2
n

 0  1  2  n − 1  n 
(viii) Sum of even binomial coefficients in the expansion ( a + b ) is equal to sum of
n

n  n  n  n  n  n 
odd binomial coefficients. i.e.   +   + ... +   =   +   + ... +  
 0  2  n  1  3  n − 1
(ix) Sum of even binomial coefficients and sum of odd binomial coefficients in the
expansion ( a + b ) is equal to 2n−1 .
n

Sum of all coefficients in a binomial expansion ( lx + my ) is ( l + m ) , where l, m are integers and n  Z +

n n
(x)

(xi) When n is even ( a + b ) n

+ (a − b)
n
 has  n2 + 1 terms and ( a + b ) n
− (a − b)
n
 has n2 terms.
(xii) When n is odd ( a + b ) n
+ (a − b)
n
 and ( a + b ) n
− (a − b)
n
 both have  n 2+ 1  terms.
Middle Term in the Expansion of ( a + b )
n

Case I : when n is even

n 
 + 1 th term will be the only one middle term.
2 
Case II : when n is Odd
 n +1   n+3
  th and   th terms will be the two middle terms.
 2   2 
Greatest coefficient in the Expansion of ( a + b )
n

Coefficient of middle term is the greatest coefficient in the binomial expansion.

Case I : when n is even
Greatest coefficient = nC n
2

Case II : when n is Odd

Greatest coefficient = nC n −1 or n
C n +1
2 2

Term from End in the Binomial Expansion of ( a + b )

n

The mth term from end in the expansion of ( a + b ) is equal to the ( n − m + 2 ) th term from the beginning.
n
Note:
n!
The general term in the expansion of ( x + y + z ) is x p y q z r where p + q + r = n
n
(i)
p !q !r !
(ii) The number of terms in the expansion of ( x1 + x2 + x3 + .... + xk ) is equal n+ k −1
n
Ck −1 .

MCQs
1. For an integer n , n !  n 2 is true for:
(A) n  0 (B) n  1 (C) n  2 (D) n  4
Option D satisfies

2. The statement 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ...... + 2n = 2n+1 − 1 , is true for

(A) n  0 (B) n  1 (C) n  2 (D) n  3
Option A satisfies

3. For all n N , n 2 + n is always:

(A) an odd number (B) an even number
(C) a prime number (D) a composite number
For n = 1, n + n = (1) + 1 = 2  n + n is always an even number
2 2 2

4. For an +ve integer n , 5n − 1 is divisible by:

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
For n = 1, 5 − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4  5 − 1 is divisible by 4
n n

5. The difference of an integer and its cube is divisible by:

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) None of these
For n = 2, n − n = ( 2 ) − 2 = 6  n − n is divisible by 6
3 3 3

6.  integral n  −1 3 + 5 + 7 + ....... + ( 2n + 5) is equal to:

(A) n ( n + 2 ) (B) ( n + 2 )( n + 4 ) (C) n 2 (D) ( 2n + 5 )
for n = −1, 3 = ( −1 + 2 )( −1 + 4 ) = 3 for n = 0, 3 + 5 = ( 0 + 2 )( 0 + 4 ) = 8
Option B verifies

7. The statement S ( n ) = n2 − n + 41 is prime number for every natural number n except:

(A) n = 11 (B) n = 21 (C) n = 31 (D) n = 41
For n = 41, S ( 41) = 41 − 41 + 41 = 41 which is not prime
2 2

10
 3 
8. 6th term in the expansion of  x 2 −  is:
 2x 
−15309 −15309 2 −15309 3 −15309 5
(A) (B) x (C) x (D) x
8 8 8 8
n 10  10 −5  −3  −15309 5
5

Tr +1 =   a n − r b r  T5+1 =   ( x 2 )   = x
r 5  2x  8
9. The middle term of the expansion ( 3 + x ) is:
4

(A) 81 (B) 54x 2 (C) 26x 2 (D) x 4

n  4   4  4− 2
Middle term :  + 1 =  + 1 = 3rd , T2+1 =   ( 3) x 2 = 6 ( 9 ) x 2 = 54 x 2
2  2   2

10. In the expansion of (1+ x ) , the sum of coefficients of even powers of x is:
60

(A) 260 (B) 259 (C) 261 (D) 262

2n−1 = 260−1 = 259

11. The sum of the co-efficient of odd terms in the expansion of (1 + x ) is 1024. The value of n is:
n

(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13

n −1
2 = 1024 = 2  n − 1 = 10  n = 11
10

12. The sum of coefficients in the expansion of ( 7 x − 8 y )

149
is:
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2148 (D) 2149
Put x = y = 1 to find sum of all coefficients: ( 7 − 8) = ( −1) = −1
149 149

2n

13. The largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of  x 2 +  is:

1
 x

(A)
( 2n ) ! (B) 2n Cr (C)
n!
(D) ( 2n )!
( n!)
2
( n − r ) !r !
As index is even so largest binomial coefficient: 2n
C 2n = 2n
Cn =
( 2n ) ! = ( 2n )! = ( 2n )!
2 ( 2n − n )!n! n!n! ( n!)2
5
14. 
r =0
7
Cr is equal to:

(A) 27 − 7 (B) 27 (C) 27 − 23 (D) 27 − 1

5


r =0
7
Cr = 7C0 + 7C1 + ... + 7C5 = 7C0 + 7C1 + ... + 7C7 − 7C6 − 7C7 = 27 − 7 − 1 = 27 − 8 = 27 − 23

( ) −( )
15 15
15. The number of terms in the expansion of 3
x+5 y 3
x−5 y is:
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 0 (D) 16
n + 1 15 + 1 16
As n is odd so there are = = = 8 terms.
2 2 2

16. The total number of terms in the expansion of ( x + y ) + ( x − y)

100 100
is:
(A) 50 (B) 51 (C) 100 (D) 202
n 100
As n is even so there are + 1 = + 1 = 50 + 1 = 51 terms.
2 2
17. In the expansion of (1 + x) 20 the coefficients of r th and (r + 4)th term are equal, then r =
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10
Cr −1 = Cr +3  r −1 + r + 3 = 20  2r = 18  r = 9
20 20

10

18. Which term is independent of x in the expansion of  x − 

2
 x
th th th
(A) 6 term (B) 7 term (C) 8 term (D) 5th term
10
 2
 x −  = ( x − 2 x )  1(10 − r ) + ( −1)( r ) = 0  10 − 2r = 0  r = 5  6th term
−1 10

 x

24
−12  1
19. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of  x3 −  :
 x
(A) 1024 (B) 2024 (C) – 1024 (D) –2024
(x 3
−x )
−1 24
 ( 3)( 24 − r ) + ( −1)( r ) = −12  72 − 3r − r = −12  4r = 84  r = 21
 24  24.23.22
coefficient of x −12 is:   (1) ( −1) ( −1) = −2024
24 − 21
=
21

 21  3.2.1

20. The coefficient of x30 in the expansion of (1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x3 ) is:

15

(A) 45C15 (B) 45C25 (C) 45C30 (D) 15C11

(1 + 3x + 3x 2 15
(
+ x 3 ) = (1 + x ) )
3 15
= (1 + x )  co − efficient of x 30 = 45C30
45

21. If ( x + y + z ) then coefficient of x2 y 2 z 3 is:

7

(A) 120 (B) 210 (C) 45 (D) 54

n! 7!
x p yq zr = x2 y 2 z3
p !q !r ! 2! 2! 3!
7! 5040
coefficient of x2 y 2 z 3 is: = = 210
2! 2! 3! 2  2  6

22. The number of terms in the expansion of ( a + b + c ) are:

n

n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
(A) n + 1 (B) n + 3 (C) (D)
2 2
n + k −1
Ck −1 = n + 3−1
C3−1 = n+ 2
C2 =
( n + 2 )( n + 1)
Number of terms:
2