Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

Multiple Choice Questions

Data, Variables and Scales (a) Interval/Ratio scale

(b) Dichotomous scale
1. Histogram is used to describe: [AIIMS Dec 1995] (c) Nominal scale
(a) Quantitative data of a group of patients (d) Ordinal scale
(b) Qualitative data of a group of patients 9. In statistical literature data are broadly classified as in-
(c) Data collected on nominal scale terval scale data, ordinal scale data & categorical data.
(d) Data collected on ordinal scale Blood groups will be an example for: [AIIMS Dec 1994]
2. Which of the following variables is measured on the or- (a) Interval scale data
dinal scale? [AIPGME 1996] (b) Ordinal scale data
(a) Type of anemia (c) Categorical data
(b) Severity of anemia (d) None of the above
(c) Hemoglobin level 10. An investigator into the life expectancy of IV drug
(d) Serum ferritin level abusers divides a sample of patients into HIV- positive
3. Measurement of blood pressure is which type of data: and HIV-negative groups. What type of data does this
(a) Nominal [AIPGME 1996] division constitute? [AIIMS June 2000]
(b) Ordinal (a) Nominal
(c) Interval (b) Ordinal
(d) Continous (c) Interval
(d) Ratio
4. Histogram is used to present which kind of the data:
Biostatistics

(a) Nominal [AIIMS May 2006] 11. A Scatter diagram is drawn to study: [AIIMS June 1997]
(b) Continous (a) Trend of a variable over a period of time
(b) Frequency of occurrence of events
(c) Discrete
(c) Mean & median values of the given data
(d) Any of above
(d) Relationship between two given variables
5. All of the following are quantitative variables except: 12. The response which is graded by an observer on an
(a) Serum cholesterol [AIPGME 1996] agree or disagree continuum is based on:
(b) Weight (a) Visual analog scale [AIPGME 2003]
(c) Gender (b) Guttman Scale
(d) Celsius temperature scale (c) Likert Scale
(d) Adjectival scale
6. All of the following methods can show relationship be-
13. In a study following interpretation are obtained: Satis-
tween two variables except? [AIPGME 1995]
fied, Very satisfied, Dissatisfied. Which type of scale is
(a) Histogram
this? [AIIMS May 2010, AIPGME 2003]
(b) Line diagram
(a) Nominal
(c) Bar chart
(b) Ordinal
(d) Scatter plot (c) Interval
7. A physician, after examining a group of patients of a (d) Ratio
certain disease, classifies the condition of each one as 14. Which of the following is used to denote a continuous
‘Normal’, ‘Mild’, ‘Moderate’ or ‘Severe’. Which one of variable? [AIIMS May 2010]
the following is the scale of measurement that is being (a) Simple bar
adopted for classification of the disease condition? (b) Histogram
[AIIMS Nov 92 Dec 98, May 94, AIPGME 04, 07] (c) Pie diagram
(a) Normal (d) Multiple bar
(b) Interval
(c) Ratio 15. Graph showing relation between 2 variables is:
(d) Ordinal (a) Scatter diagram [DPG 2011]
(b) Frequency polygon
8. Mean and standard deviation can be worked out only if (c) Picture chart
data is on: [AIIMS Nov 03, AIIMS May 05] (d) Histogram
874
 Biostatistics

16. Trends can be best represented by: 25. Histogram is used as method of group presentation
(a) Scatter diagram  [Recent Question 2013] for: [MH 2003]
(b) Bar diagram (a) Qualitative data
(c) Line diagram (b) Quantitative continuous data
(d) Pie chart (c) Quantitative data- discrete type
17. All of the following are example of nominal scale (d) Norminal data
except: [Recent Question 2012]
(a) Race Measures of Central Tendecy
(b) Sex
(c) Body weight 26. Out of 11 births in a hospital, 5 babies weighed over 2.5
(d) Socio-economic status kg and 5 weighed less than 2.5 kg. What value do 2.5
represent? [AIPGME 2001]
18. Best way to plot the change of incidence of disease over (a) Geometric average
time is: [Recent Question 2012] (b) Arithmetic average
(a) Histogram (c) Median
(b) Line chart (d) Mode
(c) Scatter diagram
(d) Ogive 27. The number of malaria cases reported during the last 10
years in a town is given below, 250, 320, 190, 300, 5000,
19. Best method to show trend of events with passage of 100, 260, 350, 320, and 160 The epidemiologist wants to
time is: [DNB December 2010]
find out the average number of malaria cases reported in
(a) Line diagram
that town during the last 10 years. The most appropriate
(b) Bar diagram
measure of average for this data will be:
(c) Histogram
[AIIMS May 2001,
(d) Pie chart
(a) Arithmetic mean AIIMS Nov 2004]
20. Graph to correlate two quantitative data is: (b) Mode
(a) Histogram [DNB June 2009] (c) Median
(b) Scatter diagram (d) Geometric mean

Biostatistics
(c) Line diagram
(d) Frequency curve 28. The incidence of malaria in an area is 20, 20, 50, 56, 60,
5000, 678, 898, 345, 456. Which of these methods is the
21. Likert scale is: [DNB June 2011] best to calculate the average incidence?
(a) Ordinal scale (a) Arithmetic mean [AIIMS Nov 01, June 2000]
(b) Nominal scale (b) Geometric mean
(c) Variance scale
(c) Median
(d) Categorical scale
(d) Mode
Review Questions 29. In a bimodal series, if mean is 2 and median is 3, what
is the mode? [AIIMS June 1999]
22. Which of the following represent frequency of continu-
(a) 5
ous variables? [AP 2006]
(b) 2.5
(a) Histogram
(c) 4
(b) Line diagram
(d) 3
(c) Simple bar chart
(d) Component bar chart 30. Mean value of weight of a group of 10 boys was found
23. Frequency is represented as an area in continuous pat- to be 18.2 kg. Later it was found that weight of one of
tern in: [MP 2002] the boys was wrongly recorded as 2.0 kg that should
(a) Bar diagram have been 20 kg. The true mean weight of the group is:
(b) Histogram (a) 18.2 kg [AIPGME 1998]
(c) Pie diagram (b) 20.2 kg
(d) Pictogram (c) 16.4 kg
(d) 20 kg
24. Which type of variable “Social Class” is, if it has four
categories-I to V and Class I is the highest social class 31. If 60 values are arranged in ascending order, middle
and Class V is the lowest? [MP 2006] value is: [AIIMS Dec 1995]
(a) Dichotomous (a) Arithmetic Mean
(b) Nominal (b) Median
(c) Ordinal (c) 30th percentile
(d) Interval (d) 31st percentile
875
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

32. Central tendency is given by: [PGI Dec 01] (c) Mode
(a) Mean (d) Chi-square test
(b) Median
40. Values are arranged in ascending and descending order
(c) Moe
to calculate: [RJ 2000]
(d) Variable
(a) Mean
(e) Variance
(b) Mode
33. Median is important for all except: (c) Median
(a) Blood pressure [AIPGME 2012] (d) S.D
(b) Survival time
(c) Incubation period Other Measures of Location
(d) Health expenses
41. ‘Centile’ divides data into: [AIPGME 01]
34. Which of the following statements is/ are correct about (a) 100 equal parts
the distribution of weights of a group of students: 70, (b) 4 equal parts
70, 70, 75, 79, 83, 84, 85? [PGI May 2014] (c) 10 equal parts
(a) Mean 77 (d) 20 equal parts
(b) Median 77 42. 50th percentile is equivalent to:
(c) Mode 70 (a) Mean [AIIMS Sep 1996]
(d) Range 12 (b) Median
(e) Normal distribution (c) Mode
35. A smoker states that he has been smoking for 6 years. In (d) Range
the first year he was taking up to 5 sticks per day only. 43. A bacterium can divide every 20 minutes. Beginning
In the next 3 years he increased it to half pack per day. with a single individual, how many bacteria will be
In the 5th year, his habits worsened to 1 pack per day. In there in the population if there is exponential growth
the last year he stated that his daily sticks consumption for 3 hours? [AIIMS May 05]
is 2 packs per day. Select the correct statement Mean, (a) 18
median and mode of number of sticks are: (b) 440
Biostatistics

(a) 16,10, 15 [Recent Question 2014] (c) 512

(b) 16, 10, 10 (d) 1024
(c) 10, 10, 15
(d) 16, 10, 15 44. For a group of n=250 subjects, 40th percentile would be
the following value (after arranging in ascending or-
der): [AIPGME 2000]
Review Questions (a) 7th
36. Median of the following datas will be: (b) 40th
10, 9, 8, 8, 7 [MP 2000] (c) 100th
(a) 8.75 (d) 140th
(b) 8 45. Central value of a set of 180 values can be obtained by:
(c) 9 (b) 90th percentile [AIIMS Nov 2000]
(d) 10 (a) 2nd tertile
37. Most frequently occurring value in a group of data: (c) 9th decile
(a) Mean [MP 2002] (d) 2nd quartile
(b) Mode [Recent Question 2012] 46. A measure of location that divides the distribution in
(c) Median the ratio of 3:1 is: [AIPGME 2003]
(d) Standard deviation (a) Median
38. What is true among given data 20, 31, 31, 31, 25, 28, 35, (b) First quartile
38, 31: [MP 2004] (c) Third quartile
(a) Mean is 31 (d) Mode
(b) Range is 20-38
(c) Median is 15 Variability
(d) Mode is 15
47. Standard deviation is the measure of:
39. Commonly used measures of central tendency are all of (a) Chance [AIPGME 08]
the following except: [MP 2005] (b) Central tendency
(a) Mean (c) Deviation from mean value
(b) Median (d) None
876
 Biostatistics

48. Median weight of 100 children was 12 kgs. The stand- 56. Following denotes measures of variability?
ard deviation was 3. Calculate the percent coefficient of (a) Range [PGI November 2011]
variance: [AIIMS May 1994] (b) Mean deviation
(a) 25% (c) Standard deviation
(b) 35% (d) Median
(c) 45% (e) Mode
(d) 55% 57. Most common deviation used in social medicine is:
49. While calculating the incubation period for measles in (a) Mean [Recent Question 2012]
a group of 25 kids, standard deviation is 2 and the mean (b) Range
incubation period is 8 days, calculate standard error: (c) Variance
(a) 0.4 [AIPGME 1993] (d) Standard deviation
(b) 1.0 58. In a population of 100 prevalence of candida glabrata
(c) 2.0 was found to be 80%. If the investigator has to repeat
(d) 0.5 the prevalence with 95% confidence what will the prev-
50. Standard deviation of means measures: alence be? [AIIMS PGMEE May 2013]
(a) Non-sampling errors [AIIMS May 01] (a) 78-82%
(b) 76-84%
(b) Sampling errors
(c) 72-88%
(c) Random errors
(d) 74-86%
(d) Conceptual errors
59. How much population falls between median and me-
51. If the birth weight of each of the 10 babies born in a
dian plus one standard deviation in a normal distribu-
hospital in a day is found to be 2.8 kg, then the standard
tion? [AIIMS PGMEE November 2013]
deviation of this sample will be:
(a) 0.34
(a) 2.8 [AIIMS May 2006, Dec 97, AIPGME 01] (b) 0.68
(b) 0 [Recent Question 2013] (c) 0.17
(c) 1 (d) 0.47
(d) 0.28

Biostatistics
60. There is a population of 20000 people with mean hemo-
52. Among a 100 women with average Hb of 10 gm%, the globin being 13.5 gm% having a normal distribution.
standard deviation was 1, what is the standard error? What proportion of population constitutes proportion
(a) 0.01 [AIIMS May 01, 04, 07] more than 13.5 gm%? [AIIMS PGMEE November 2013]
(b) 0.1 (a) 0.25
(c) 1 (b) 0.50
(d) 10 (c) 1
53. If each value of a given group of observations is multi- (d) 0.34
plied by 10, the standard deviation of the resulting ob- 61. Measuring variation between two different units is
servations is: [AIPGME 2004] done through: [AIIMS November 2014]
(a) Original std. Deviation × 10 (a) Variance
(b) Original std. Deviation/ l0 (b) Coefficient of variation
(c) Original std. Deviation – 10 (c) Standard deviation
(d) Original std. Deviation it self (d) Range
54. The Hb level in healthy women has mean 13.5 g/dl and 62. True about Standard deviation is/ are:
standard deviation 1.5 g/dl, what is the Z score for a (a) 1 SD covers 95% values [PGI November 2014]
woman with Hb level 15.0 g/dl: [AIPGME 2005] (b) Indicated distribution of variables
(a) 9.0 (c) Most common method used for dispersion
(b) 10.0 (d) Better indicator of variance than range
(c) 2.0 (e) Should be used only in normal distributions
(d) 1.0
55. In a sample of 100 pregnant females, Mean haemoglo- Review Questions
bin level estimated was 10 gm% with a Standard devia-
tion of 1 gm%. What is the Standard error? 63. Mean is 230 & SD = 10, then 95% confidence limits is:
(a) 1 gm% [AIPGME 2012] (a) 210 - 250 [Bihar 2003]
(b) 10 gm% (b) 250 - 290
(c) 0.1 gm% (c) 290 - 330
(d) 100 gm% (d) 330 - 370
877
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

64. Confidence limit in 2 S.D. is: [UP 2002] (c) Uniform distribution
(a) 66% (d) Poisson distribution
(b) 95%
74. The standard normal distribution:
(c) 98%
(a) Is skewed to the left
(d) 90%
(b) Has mean = 1.0 [AIPGME 05, AIIMS Nov 99]
65. Measures of dispersion all except: [UP 2006] (c) Has standard deviation = 0.0
(a) Range (d) Has variance = 1.0
(b) Mean or average deviation
(c) Standard deviation 75. A normal distribution curve depends on:
(d) Correlation and regression [AIPGME 2000, AIIMS Feb 1997]
(a) Mean and sample size
66. Confidence limit is calculated by using: [AP 2006] (b) Range and sample size
(a) Mean and standard error (c) Mean and standard deviation
(b) Mean and standard deviation (d) Mean and median
(c) Median and standard deviation
(d) Median 76. The fasting blood levels of glucose for a group of dia-
betics is found to be normally distributed with a mean
67. Z score criteria applicable to: [Kolkata 2002] of 105 mg per 100 ml of blood and a standard deviation
(a) Normal distribution of 10 mg per 100 ml of blood. From this data is can be
(b) skewed deviation inferred that approximately 95% of diabetics will have
(c) Chi-sqare test their fasting blood glucose levels within the limits of:
(d) Paired’t’ test (a) 75 and 135 mgs [AIIMS Nov 2003]
68. Correct relation between S= standard deviation & V = (b) 85 and 125 mgs
variance is: [MH 2003] (c) 95 and 115 mgs
(a) V = square root of S (d) 65 and 145 mgs
(b) S = square root of V
77. In a group of 100 children, the mean weight of children
(c) V = 2S
is 15 kg. The standard deviation is 1.5 kg. Which one of
(d) S = 2V
the following is true? [AIIMS May 2007]
Biostatistics

69. S.D. is 1.96, the confidence llmit is: [RJ 2000] (a) 95% of all children weight between 12 and 18 kg
(a) 33.6% (b) 95% of all children weight between 13.5- and 16.5kg
(b) 66.6% (c) 99% of all children weight between 12 and 18 kg
(c) 95% (d) 99% of all children weight between 13.5 and 16.5kg
(d) 99%
78. Which of the following statements is incorrect about
70. Square root of deviation is called: [RJ 2000] standard normal distribution? [AIIMS Dec 1997]
(a) Standard deviation (a) Shows a ‘bath tub distribution’
(b) Standard error (b) Has mean = 0.0
(c) Mean deviation (c) Is bilaterally symmetrical bell shaped
(d) Range (d) Has variance = 1.0
71. Standard deviation does not depend on: 79. For a negatively skewed data mean will be:
(a) Mean (a) Less than median [AIIMS May 02, 05]
(b) Median [RJ 2001] (b) More than median [Recent Question 2013]
(c) Range (c) Equal to median
(d) Sample size (d) One
72. Standard error of mean is called as: [RJ 2001] 80. The distribution of random blood glucose measure-
(a) Standard deviation ments from 50 first year medical students was found to
(b) Mode have a mean of 3.0 mmol/litre with a standard deviation
(c) Median
of 3.0 mmol/litre. Which of the following is a correct
(d) Variable
statement about the shape of the distribution of random
blood glucose in these first year medical students?
Distributions – Normal & Skewed [AIIMS Nov 2005]
(a) Since both mean and standard deviation are equal, it
73. Which is the best distribution to study the daily admis- should be a symmetric distribution
sion of head injury patients in a trauma care centre? (b) The distribution is likely to be positively skewed
(a) Normal distribution [AIIMS May 2008] (c) The distribution is likely to be negatively skewed
(b) Binomial distribution (d) Nothing can be said conclusively

878
 Biostatistics

81. A chest physician observed that the distribution of 88. The PEFR of a group of 11 year old girls follow a normal
forced expiratory volume (FEV) in 300 smokers had a distribution with mean 300 1/min and standard devia-
median value of 2.5 litres with the first and third quar- tion 20 l/min: [AIPGME 05]
tiles being 1.5 and 4.5 litres respectively. Based on this (a) About 95% of the girls have PEFR between 260 and
data how many persons in the sample are expected to 340 l/min
have a FEV between 1.5 and 4.5 litres? (b) The girls have healthy lungs
(a) 7.5 (c) About 5% of girls have PEFR below 260 l/min
(b) 150 [AIIMS Nov 05] (d) All the PEFR must be less than 340 l/min
(c) 225
(d) 300 89. In normal curve: [Karnataka 2006]
(a) Mean = 2 standard: deviation
82. If the distribution of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) seen in (b) Mean = Median
100 glaucoma patients has an average 30 mm with a SD (c) Mean = Variance
of 1.0, what is the lower limit of the average IOP that (d) Mean = 1 standard deviation
can be expected 95% of times?
(a) 28 [AIIMS Nov 05, AIPGME 99] 90. Normal distribution curve: [PGI June 08]
(b) 26 (a) Mean, median, mode are same
(c) 32 (b) B/L symmetrical
(d) 259 (c) bell shape
(d) SD is zero
83. How much of the sample is included in 1.95 SD? (e) Mean is one
(a) 99% [AIIMS May 1995, AIPGME 1997]
(b) 95% 91. Regarding the normal curve, which of the following
(c) 68% statements is true: [PGI Dec 01]
(d) 65% (a) Both limbs of the curve touch the baseline
(b) The curve is bilaterally symmetrical
84. If the systolic blood pressure in a population has a
(c) There is a skew to the right
mean of 130 mmHg and a median of 140 mm Hg, the
(d) There is a skew to the left
distribution is said to be: [AIPGME 2004]
(e) Mean, median and mode concide
(a) Symmetrical

Biostatistics
(b) Positively skewed 92. ‘Z score’ is for which type of distribution?
(c) Negatively skewed (a) Normal [AIPGME 2010]
(d) Either positively or negatively skewed depending on (b) Binomial
the Standard deviation (c) t
(d) Chi- square
85. For a given set of values, Mean = 20, Median = 24 &
Mode = 26. The given distribution is: 93. Pearson’s Skewness Coefficient is given by:
(a) Symmetric [AIPGME 1998] (a) Mean-Mode/SD [AIPGME 2011]
(b) Right-skewed (b) Mode-Mean/SD
(c) Left-skewed (c) SD/Mean-Median
(d) Can be either symmetric or skewed (d) SD/Median-Mean
86. A population study showed a mean glucose of 86 mg/ 94. Mean value of marks in a distribution of 100 students in
dL. In a sample of 100 showing normal curve distribu- a class is 105 and Standard deviation is 10. How many
tion, what percentage of people have glucose above students will have their marks in the range 85-125?
86mg/ dL: [AIIMS Dec 94, AIPGME 02] (a) 50% [AIPGME 2012]
(a) 34 (b) 68%
(b) 50 (c) 95%
(c) NIL (d) 99.7%
(d) 68
95. Q-test is used for detecting:
87. Systolic blood pressure of a group of normal people be- (a) Outliers [AIIMS PGMEE November 2013]
tween the age of 25-27 years was taken and a mean of (b) Interquartile range
120 mm Hg was found. What will be the expected num- (c) Difference of means
ber of individuals among a group of 100 people taken (d) Difference of proportions
for study whose systolic blood pressure will be below
120 mm Hg: [AIIMS May 2001] 96. When the variables follow standard distribution:
(a) 25 (a) Mean = median [DNB 2008]
(b) 50 (b) Median = variance
(c) 75 (c) Mean = 2 median
(d) 100 (d) Standard deviation = 2 variance

879
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

97. In a left skewed curve, true statement is: (a) Prevalence of disease in population
(a) Mean = Median [DNB June 2011] (b) Power of the study [AIPGME 03]
(b) Mean < Mode (c) Significance level
(c) Mean >Mode (d) Desired precision
(d) Mean = Mode 106. In the WHO recommended EPI Cluster sampling for as-
98. Mean hemoglobin of a group of pregnant females is sessing primary immunization coverage, the age group
found to be 10.6 gm/dL with Standard deviation of 2 of children to be surveyed is:
gm/dL. 5% pregnant females in this group will have (a) 0-12 months [AIIMS Nov 2005]
their hemoglobin level below: [AIIMS May 2014] (b) 6-12 months
(a) 8.6 gm/dL (c) 9-12 months
(b) 7.31 gm/dL (d) 12-23 months
(c) 6.6 gm/dL 107. In the WHO recommended EPI cluster sampling for as-
(d) 5.0 gm/dL sessing primary immunization coverage, the age group
of children to be surveyed is:
Review Questions (a) 0-12 months [AIIMS Nov 1992, & 2008]
(b) 6-12 months
99. In a standard normal curve, the area between one stand- (c) 9-12 months
ard deviation on either side will be: (d) 12-23 months
(a) 68% [DNB 2000] 108. Sampling method used in assessing immunization sta-
(b) 85% tus of children under immunization program is:
(c) 99.7% (a) Systematic sampling [AIIMS May 2004,
(d) None of the above (b) Stratified sampling AIPGME 07]
100. In a standard normal curve, mean + 2 standard devia- (c) Group sampling
tions covers: [DNB 2000] (d) Cluster sampling
(a) 60% 109. Following are the sampling techniques used to conduct
(b) 65% community health surveys, except:
(c) 95% (a) Simple random [AIIMS May 1994]
Biostatistics

(d) 99% (b) Systematic random

101. When the variables follow standard distribution? (c) Stratified random
(d) Cluster testing
(a) Mean = median [DNB 2008]
(b) Median = variance 110. The number of patients required in a clinical trial to
(c) Mean = 2 median treat a specify disease increases as:
(d) Standard deviation = 2 variance [AIPGME 05, AIIMS Nov 02]
(a) The incidence of the disease decreases
102. About standard Normal curve all is true except:
(b) The significance level increases
(a) Area = 1 [Bihar 2005] (c) The size of the expected treatment effect increased
(b) S.D. = 1 [Recent Question 2012] (d) The drop-out rate increases
(c) Bell shaped
(d) Mean and Median = 1 111. In a study, people are separated into certain sub-groups
and then some are selected randomly from each of these
103. Area covered between two standard deviation in a nor- sub-groups. What type of sampling is being done?
mal distribution curve: [Kolkata 2004] (a) Simple random sampling [AIPGME 2011]
(a) 68% (b) Cluster random sampling
(b) 95.4% (c) Systematic random sampling
(c) 99.6% (d) Stratified random sampling
(d) 100%
112. True about cluster sampling all except:
104. Normal distribution curve is determined by: (a) Sample size same as simple random
(a) Standard deviation and mean (b) It is two stage sampling [AIIMS May 2011]
(b) Standard deviation and mode (c) Cheaper than other methods
(c) Mode and median [Rajasthan 2002] [MH 2006] (d) It is a method for rapid assessment
(d) Standard deviation and median
113. For which of the following sampling, a Design effect is
used? [AIPGME 2012]
Sampling (a) Simple random sampling
(b) Systematic random sampling
105. For calculation of sample size for a prevalence study all (c) Stratified random sampling
of the following are necessary except: (d) Cluster random sampling

880
 Biostatistics

114. 50% population having disease with estimated preva- (b) Equal chance to each for collection of certain number
lence to be 45-55% with 95% of probability of identify- for a sample
ing them minimum sample size required is: (c) Picking every 5th or 10th at regular intervals
(a) 100 [AIIMS PGMEE May 2013] (d) Sample represent, a corresponding strata of universe
(b) 200
123. In maternal and child welfare program the sampling is
(c) 300
done by which method? [MH 2000]
(d) 400
(a) Systematic
115. Simple random sampling is ideal for: (b) Stratified
(a) Vaccinated people [DNB December 2010] (c) Group
(b) Heterogenous population (d) Cluster-30
(c) Homogenous population
(d) All of the above Probability And ODDS

G
116. Stratified sampling is ideal for: [Recent Question 2012] 124. You have diagnosed a patient clinically as having SLE
(a) Heterogenous data

R
and ordered 6 tests. Out of which 4 tests have come pos-
(b) Homogenous data itive and 2 are negative. To determine the probability of
(c) Both SLE at this point, you need to know:

V
(d) None [AIPGME 05, AIIMS May 2006] [AIPGME 2007]

d
117. Children surveyed in cluster sampling for coverage of (a) Prior probability of SLE; sensitivity and specificity of
national immunization programme in:[DNB June 2011] each test

ti e
(a) 30 cluster of 5 children (b) Incidence of SLE and predictive value of each test
(b) 20 cluster of 5 children (c) Incidence and prevalence of SLE
(c) 30 cluster of 10 children (d) Relative risk of SLE in this patient
(d) 30 cluster of 7 children

n
125. A diagnostic test for a particular disease has a sensi-
118. In a study first schools are sampled, then sections, and tivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.80. A single test is
finally students. This type of sampling is known as: applied to each subject in the population in which the

U
 [AIIMS PGMEE November 2012] diseased population is 30%. What is the probability that

Biostatistics
(a) Stratified sampling a person, negative to this test, has no disease?

-
(b) Simple random sampling (a) Less than 50% [AIIMS May 2006]
(c) Cluster sampling (b) 70%

9
(d) Multistage sampling (c) 95%
(d) 72%
119. When number of observations is 25, the number of class

9
intervals must be: [NUPGET 2013] 126. If prevalence of diabetes is 10%, the probability that

r
three people selected at random from the population

i
(a) 25
(b) 15 will have diabetes is: [AIPGME 04]

h
(c) 10 (a) 0.01
(d) 5 (b) 0.03

ta
(c) 0.001
120. All of following comes under random sampling meth- (d) 0.003
od except: [DNB December 2011]
(a) Quota sampling 127. Chance of passing a Genetic disease “y” trait by the af-
(b) Simple random sampling fected parents to children is 0.16. They plan to have two
(c) Stratified sampling children. Probability of both the children having “y”
(d) Cluster sampling trait is: [AIIMS Dec 1994]
(a) Zero
121. For an epidemiological study, every 10th person is (b) 0.16
selected from a population. This type of sampling is (c) 0.32
known as: [AIIMS November 2014] (d) 0.0256
(a) Simple random sampling
(b) Stratified random sampling 128. For Mrs Rekha, probability of having a baby of BW <
(c) Systematic random sampling 2500 gms is 0.50 and of having a BW 2500-2999 gms is
(d) Cluster random sampling 0.20. So the probability for Mrs. Rekha to have a baby
of BW < 3 kg is: [AIPGME 05]
Review Questions (a) 0.30
(b) 0.70
122. Simple random sampling: [AP 2006] (c) 0.10
(a) Provides least number of possible samples (d) 1.0

881
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

129. Probability of Mr. Ram developing Acute MI in his life- 136. A chi-square test would be most appropriate for testing
time is 0.75. What are his Odds of developing Acute MI which one of the following hypotheses?
in his lifetime? [AIPGME 04] [AIPGME 2000]
(a) 3:4 (a) That the mean AIPGE score of Delhi students is
(b) 3:1 greater than that of mumbai students
(c) 4:3 (b) That a smaller proportion of people who were im-
(d) 1:3 munized against chickenpox subsequently develop
zoster than those who were not immunized
130. The events A and B are mutually exclusive, so:
(c) That the mean blood pressure of black and white
(a) Prob (A or B) = Prob (A) + Prob (B)
male-hypertensive patients taking ACE inhibitors is
(b) Prob (A and B) = Prob (A) X Prob (B)
the same as that of black and white female-hyperten-
(c) Prob A) = Prob (B) [AIPGME 05]
sive patients taking ACE inhibitors and that of black
(d) Prob A) + Prob (B) = 1
and white males and females taking diuretics and
Review Questions placebos
(d) That the mean cost of treating a patient with coro-
131. There were 50 patients in a ward 20 girls and 30 boys of nary artery disease with angioplasty is greater than
them 10 girls and 20 boys required surgery. What is the the mean cost of providing medical treatment
probability of each patient being selected correctly for 137. In a particular trial, the association of lung cancer with
surgery: [DNB 2008] smoking is found to be 40% in one sample and 60% in
(a) 2/6 another. What is the best test to compare the results?
(b) 3/5 (a) Chi Square Test [AIIMS May 2001]
(c) 6/25 (b) Fischer Test
(d) 1/6 (c) Paired t Test
132. What is the probability that confounding factor fall to (d) ANOVA Test
the right of 95%: [UP 2004]
138. Height of group of 20 Boys aged 10 years was 140 + 13
(a) 1 in 5
cm & 20 girl of same age was 135 cm + 7cm to test the
(b) 1 in 10
statistical significance of difference in height, test ap-
Biostatistics

(c) 1 in 15
plicable is: [AIIMS Nov 05]
(d) 1 in 20
(a) X2 (b) Z
(c) t (d) F
Statistical Tests
139. The mean B.P. of a group of persons was determined
133. In a study, variation in cholesterol was seen before and and after an interventional trial, the mean BP was es-
after giving a drug. The test which would give its sig- timated again. The best test to be applied to determine
nificance is [AIPGME 01, 02, 07] the significance of intervention is:
(a) Unpaired t-test (a) Chi-square [AIIMS Dec 1997]
(b) Fischer test (b) Paired ‘t’ test
(c) Paired t-test (c) Correlation coefficient
(d) Chi-square test (d) t-test
134. Square root of p1q1/n1 + p2q2/n2 is a measure of: 140. An investigator wants to study the association between
(a) Mean [AIIMS Dec 1995] maternal intake of iron supplements (Yes or No) and
(b) Standard error of difference between two means incidence of low birth weight (< 2500 or > 2500) gms).
(c) Standard error of difference between two propor- He collects relevant data from 100 pregnant women as
tions to the status of usage of iron supplements and the status
(d) Normal deviate of low birth weight in their newborns. The appropri-
ate statistical test of hypothesis advised in this situation
135. A cardiologist waewnts to study the effect of an atrovas-
is:
tatin drug. He notes down the initial cholesterol levels
(a) Paired – t-test [AIIMS Nov 03]
of 50 patients and then administers the drug on them.
(b) Unpaired or independent t-test
After a month’s treatment, he measures the cholesterol
(c) Analysis of variance
level again. Which of the following is the most appro-
(d) Chi – Square test
priate to test the statistical significance of the change in
blood cholesterol? [AIPGME 02] 141. While applying chi-square test to a contingency table
(a) Paired t-test of 4 rows and 4 columns, the degrees of freedom would
(b) Unpaired or independent t-test be: [AIPGME 1995]
(c) Analysis of variance (a) 1 (b) 4
(d) Chi-square test (c) 9 (d) 8
882
 Biostatistics

142. In a 3 x 4 contingency tables, the number of degrees of Duration of developing AIDS Blood group
freedom equals to: [AIIMS Nov 2004]
A B AB O
(a) 1
(b) 5 0 – 5 years 20 30 48 7
(c) 6 5 – 10 years 110 12 37 12
(d) 12 10 – 15 years 12 9 8 3
143. A cardiologist wants to study the effect of an anti- (a) 12
hypertensive drug. He notes down the initial systolic (b) 6
blood pressure (mmHg) of 50 patients and then admin- (c) 9
isters the drug on them. After a week’s treatment, he (d) 20
measures the following is the most appropriate statisti-
cal test of significance to test the statistical significance 150. For testing the statistical significance of the difference

G
of the change in blood pressure: [AIIMS June 1997, in heights of school children:
AIIMS May 1995, AIIMS Nov 2004] (a) Student’s ‘t’ test [AIIMS May 2003]

R
(a) Paired t-test (b) Chi-squared test
(b) Unpaired or independent t-test (c) Paired ‘t’ test

V
(c) Analysis of variance (d) One way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA)
(d) Chi-square test 151. Not true about Chi-square test is:

d
144. A study was undertaken to assess the effect of a drug in [AIPGME 03, AIIMS June 99]

ti e
lowering serum cholesterol levels. 15 obese women and (a) Tests the significance of difference between two pro-
10 non-obese women formed the 2 limbs of the study. portions
Which test would be useful to correlate the results ob- (b) Tells about presence or absence of an association be-
tained? tween two variables

n
(a) ANOVA test [AIIMS Nov 01] (c) Directly measures the strength of association
(b) Student’s t-test (d) Can be used when more than two groups are to be

U
(c) Chi square test compared
(d) Fischer test

Biostatistics
152. Mean bone density amongst 2 group of 50 people each

-
145. In a particular trial, the association of lung cancer with is compared, which would be the best test?
smoking is found to be 40% in one sample and 60% in (a) Chi square [AIIMS May 2008]

9
another. What is the best test to compare the results? (b) Student t test
(a) Chi square test [AIPGME 03] (c) Mc nemar chi square test

9
(b) Fischer test (d) Fischer test

r
(c) Paired t test

i
153. An antihypertensive drug is studied before and after
(d) ANOVA test
using it for treatment of a patient, what is this study:

h
146. Not required for Chi-square test is: [AIIMS Dec 1997] (a) Chi square test [PGI Dec 2K]
(a) Mean & SD of the groups (b) Paired ‘t’ test

ta
(b) Each expected cell frequency > 5 (c) Student ‘t’ test
(c) Large sample (d) Regression
(d) Contingency Table (e) Co-relation
147. Appropriate statistical method to compare two means 154. What will be the degree of freedom in no. of row 3 and
is: [AIPGME 2000] col. 4: [PGI Dec 2002]
(a) Chi-square test [Recent Question 2013] (a) 3
(b) Student’s t-test (b) 6
(c) Odds Ratio (c) 4
(d) Correlation Coefficient (d) 9
(e) 10
148. Appropriate statistical method to compare two propor-
tions is: [AIPGME 1995] 155. An investigator finds out that 5 independent factors
(a) Chi-square test influence the occurrence of a disease. Comparison of
(b) Student’s t-test multiple factors that are responsible for the disease can
(c) Odds Ratio be assessed by: [AIIMS May 2011]
(d) Correlation Coefficient (a) ANOVA
(b) Multiple linear regression
149. In a given data, degree of freedom will be: (c) Chi-square test
[AIIMS May 06] (d) Multiple logistic regression

883
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

156. Mean blood alcohol levels are measured in patients be- borns were recorded as means + SD. Which significant
fore and after using an interventional drug. The statisti- test (statistical) is appropriate for comparison of birth
cal test of significance to be applied is: weights between the two groups? [MP 2008]
(a) Chi-square test [AIPGME 2012] (a) Unpaired ‘t’ test
(b) ANOVA (b) Paired ‘t’ test
(c) Paired students t-test (c) Mcnemae’s chi-square test
(d) Unpaired students t-test (d) Chi-square test
157. Tests of Significance include all except: [JIPMER 2014] 165. A study measures a patient’s serum cholesterol before
(a) t and after a new lipid-lowering therapy has been gives.
(b) Z What type of significance test should be used to analyze
(c) SD the data? [MH 2007]
(d) Chi square (a) Paired t-test
(b) Student’s t-test
Review Questions (c) Chi-squared test
(d) Pearson’s test
158. Chi-square test is used to measure the degree of:
[Bihar 2004] 166. What would be degree of freedom if 5 row and 6 col-
(a) Significance of difference between two proportions umn: [RJ 2009]
(b) Association between two variables (a) 30
(c) Correlation between two variables (b) 20
(d) Agreement between two observations (c) 40
(d) 25
159. True regarding Chi-square test is: [UP 2000]
(a) Measure the significance of difference between two 167. Chi square test 5 rows/4 columns, degree of freedom is:
proportion (a) 9 [Recent Question 2012] [Recent Question 2013]
(b) Null hypothesis is equal (b) 12
(c) Does not test the significance (c) 16
(d) Tests correlation and regression (d) 20
160. In a table of 2 × 2, the degree of freedom is:
Biostatistics

168. ANOVA is used: [Recent Question 2012]

(a) 4 [UP 2001]
(a) To compare means in 2 groups
(b) 1
(c) 8 (b) To compare means in 3 or more groups
(d) 7 (c) To compare means in 1 group before and after inter-
vention
161. 1 degree of freedom in chi – square test, the value of x2 (d) To find correlation
for a probability of 0.05 is: [UP 2007]
(a) 0.45 169. Not required for chi-square test:[Recent Question 2012]
(b) 2.41 (a) Null hypothesis
(c) 3.84 (b) Degrees of freedom
(d) 4.34 (c) Means in different groups
162. Test of association between two qualitative variables is (d) Proportions in different groups
done by: 170. Chi-square test is for: [DNB December 2010]
(a) Chi-square test [AP 2004] (a) Standard error of mean
(b) Correlation (b) Standard error of proportion
(c) Regression (c) Standard error of difference between 2 means
(d) None (d) Standard error of difference between proportions
163. About chi-square test, true is: [MP 2000] 171. Degree of freedom for 2 X 2 contingency table is:
(a) <0.001 is statistically significant (a) 1 [DNB June 2011]
(b) Less no. of samples are associated with less error (b) Zero
(c) Categories of data used in test need not be mutually (c) 2
exclusive and discrete (d) 4
(d) Tests correlation and regression
172. Degree of freedom of a chi square test in contingency
164. A study who planned to find out the effect of iron sup- table of 2 by 3 is: [DNB December 2009]
plementation during pregnancy on the birth weight of (a) 1.0
new born children. Two groups, one with iron supple- (b) Zero
mentation and the other without iron supplementation (c) 2
during pregnancy were compared. Birth weight of new (d) 4

884
 Biostatistics

173. Degree of freedom for a contingency table with 3 rows (d) About 80% of the variation in systolic blood pressure
and 6 columns is: [Recent Question 2012] among his patients can be explained by their serum
(a) 2 cholesterol values and vice a versa
(b) 3
179. Which of the following is not true about ‘correlation’?
(c) 10
[AIIMS June 97]
(d) 18
(a) It indicates degree of association between two char-
174. Test is used to compare Kaplan-meier survival curve: acteristics
(a) ANOVA [Recent Question 2012] (b) Correlation coefficient of 1 means that the two vari-
(b) Bland altmann analysis ables exhibit linear relationship
(c) Chi square test (c) Correlation can measure risk
(d) Cox proportional hazards test (d) Causation implies correlation

G
175. Test(s) used to compare two proportions is/are: 180. Best way to study relationship between two variables
(a) Paired t-test [PGI November 2013] is: [AIPGME 02]
(b) Unpaired t-test (a) Bar chart

R
(c) ANOVA (b) Scatter diagram
(d) Fischer’s exact test (c) Histogram

V
(e) Chi-square test (d) Pie chart

d
181. If we know the value of one variable in an individual
Correlation and Regression
& wish to know the value of another variable, we calcu-

ti e
late: [AIIMS June 1997]
176. The correlation between variables A and B in a study (a) Coefficient of correlation
was found to be 1.1. This indicates: (b) Coefficient of regression
(a) Very strong correlation [AIPGME 02]

n
(c) SE of mean
(b) Moderately strong correlation (d) Geometric mean
(c) Weak correlation

U
(d) Computational mistake in calculating correlation 182. If the correlation of height with age is given by the
equation y=a + biopsy, what would be the nature of the

Biostatistics
-
177. A lecturer states that the correlation coefficient between
graph? [AIPGME 05]
prefrontal blood flow under cognitive load and the se-
(a) Straight line
verity of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients
(b) Parabola

9
is – 1.24. You can therefore conclude that:
(c) Hyperbola
[AIIMS June 2000]
(d) Sigmoid curve

9
(a) Pre-frontal blood flow under cognitive load is a good

r
predictor of the severity of psychotic symptoms in 183. What can be true regarding the coefficient of correlation

i
schizophrenic patients between IMR and economic status?
(b) Prefrontal blood flow under cognitive load accounts (a) r = + 1 [AIIMS May 2001]

h
for a large proportion of the variance in psychotic (b) r = – 1
symptoms in schizophrenic patients

ta
(c) r = + 0.22
(c) Psychosis or schizophrenia is in some way a cause (d) r = – 0.8
or partial cause of low prefrontal blood flow under
184. The Correlation Coefficient between Smoking & Lung
cognitive load
(d) The lecturer has reported the correlation coefficient Cancer was found to be 1.4. This indicates:
incorrectly (a) Weak correlation [AIIMS Feb 1997]
(b) Moderate correlation
178. A cardiologist found a highly significant correlation co- (c) Strong correlation
efficient (r = 0.90, p= 0.01) between the systolic blood (d) Mistake in calculation
pressure values and serum cholesterol values of the
patients attending his clinic. Which of the following 185. Study finds a correlation coefficient of + 0.7 between
statements is a wrong interpretation of the correlation self reported work satisfaction & expectancy of life in
coefficient observed? [AIPGME 05] a random sample of 5000 corporate workers. (p = 0.01).
(a) Since there is a high correlation, the magnitudes of This means that: [AIIMS Dec 1997]
both the measurements are likely to be close to each (a) Work satisfaction improves life expectancy
other (b) Strong statistically significant (+) association be-
(b) A patient with a high level of systolic BP is also likely tween work satisfaction and life expectancy
to have a high level of serum cholesterol (c) 70% people who enjoy work shall live longer
(c) A patient with a low level of systolic BP is also likely (d) 70% association between work satisfaction & life ex-
to have a low level of serum cholesterol pectancy

885
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

186. Total Cholesterol level = a + b (calorie intake) + c (phys- (b) The probability of false negative conclusion that op-
ical activity) + d (body mass index); is an example of: eration A is better than operation B, when in truth it
(a) Simple linear regression [AIPGME 05] is not, is 4%
(b) Simple curvilinear regression (c) The power of study to detect a difference between
(c) Multiple linear regression peration A & B is 96%
(d) Multiple logistic regression (d) The probability of a false positive conclusion that
operation ‘Operation A is better that Operation B’,
187. A coefficient of correlation value of “r = +0.8” indicates
when in truth it is not, is 4%
[Karnataka 2005]
(a) Strong direct relationship between two variables 195. Power of study can be increased by:
(b) Strong inverse relationship between two variables (a) Increasing a error [AIPGME 2002]
(c) Insignificant association between two variables (b) Decreasing b error [AIIMS May 2014]
(d) One variable is the cause of the other variable (c) Decreasing a error
(d) Increasing b error
188. Correlation in height & weight are measured by:
(a) Coefficient of variation [Recent Question 2013] 196. In assessing the association between maternal nutri-
(b) Range of variation tional status and the birth weight of the newborns, two
(c) Correlation coefficient investigators A and B studied separately and found sig-
(d) None nificant results with p values 0.02 and 0.04 respectively.
189. Mosquitoes decrease as height increases in: From this information, what can you infer about the
(a) Positive correlation [Recent Question 2013] magnitudes of association found by the two investiga-
(b) Negative correlation tions? [AIIMS Nov 2004]
(c) Bidirectional (a) The magnitude of association found by investigator
(d) Zero correlation A is more than that found by B
(b) The magnitude of association found by investigator
190. Strong correlation is signified by a correlation coeffi-
B is more than that found by A
cient of: [DNB June 2011]
(c) The estimates of association obtained by A and B will
(a) Zero
be equal, since both are significant
(b) 1
(d) Nothing can be concluded as the information given
Biostatistics

(c) Less than 1

(d) More than 1 is inadequate
197. A randomized trial comparing efficacy of two regimens
Review Questions showed that difference is statistically significant with
p<0.001 but in reality the two drugs do not differ in
191. If R=2.86, it means: [Kolkata 2009]
their efficacy. This is an example of:
(a) positive correlation
(a) Type-I error (a error) [AIIMS May 2006]
(b) negative correlation
(c) no correlation (b) Type – II error (b error)
(d) it is a wrong statement (c) 1-a
(d) 1-b
192. Correlation co-efficient varies between:
(a) 0 to + 1 [MP 2000] 198. After applying a statistical test, an investigator gets the
(b) -1 to 0 ‘P value’ as 0.01. it means that:
(c) -1 to + 1 [AIIMS Nov 2003, AIIMS May 05, 08]
(d) + 1 to +2 (a) The probability of finding a significant difference is
1%
ERRORS AND P- VALUE (b) The probability of declaring a significant difference
is 1%
193. Type I sampling error is classified as: (c) The difference is not significant 1% times and signifi-
(a) Alpha error [AIPGME 01] cant 99% times
(b) Beta error (d) The power of the test used is 99%
(c) Gamma error
(d) Delta error 199. All are true about P-value except: [AIPGME 03]
(a) Is the probability of committing Type-I error
194. The “P” value of a randomized controlled trial compar- (b) Is equal to 1-b
ing operation A (new procedure) & Operation B (Gold (c) Is the chance that the presence of difference is con-
standard) is 0.04. From this, we conclude that: cluded when actually there is none
(a) Type II error is small & we can accept the findings of (d) When P-value is less than a, the result is statistically
the study [AIPGME 2003]
significant

886
 Biostatistics

200. All are true except: [AIIMS May 04] (b) Based on Normal distribution
(a) Alpha is the maximum tolerable probability of type-I (c) It depends on Standard deviation of mean
error (d) Is used to estimate confidence limit
(b) Beta is the probability of type-II error 207. P-value is defined as: [AIPGME 2012]
(c) When Null Hypothesis is true but is rejected, it is (a) Probability of declaring a significant difference when
Type-II error actually it is not present
(d) P-value can be more or less than a (b) Probability of declaring a significant difference when
201. Statistical Power of a trial is equal to: actually it is present
(a) 1 + a (c) Probability of not declaring a significant difference
(b) 1 – b [AIIMS Nov 04] when actually it is not present
(c) a + b (d) Probability of not declaring a significant difference
(d) a / b when actually it is present

G
202. P-value is the probability of: [AIIMS June 2000] 208. Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true is called as:
(a) Type 1 error [DNB December 2010]

R
(a) Not rejecting a null hypothesis when true
(b) Rejecting a null hypothesis when true (b) Type 2 error
(c) Type 3 error

V
(c) Not rejecting a null hypothesis when false
(d) Rejecting a null hypothesis when false (d) Type 4 error

d
203. An investigator wants to study the association between 209. When we say that “the difference is significant”, it
maternal intake of iron supplements (Yes/ No) and means that: [Recent Question 2012]

ti e
birth weights (in gms) of newborn babies. He collects (a) It is likely by chance and when P> 0.0.5
relevant data from 100 pregnant women and their new- (b) It is unlikely by chance and when P > 0.05
borns. What statistical test of hypothesis would you ad- (c) It is unlikely by chance and when P < 0.05

n
vise for the investigator in this situation? (d) It is likely by chance and when P < 0.05
(a) Chi-Square test [AIIMS May 03]

U
(b) Unpaired or independent t-test Review Questions
(c) Analysis of Variance

Biostatistics
210. P value significant indicates: [UP 2003]

-
(d) Paired t-test
(a) Probability of Type I Error is < 0.05
204. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of two drugs (b) Probability null hypothesis is correct

9
showed a difference between the two with a p value of (c) Probability null hypothesis is false
<0.005. In reality, however the two drugs do not differ. (d) To find out meaning of regression

9
This therefore is an example of:

r
(a) Type I error (alpha error) [AIIMS Nov 02] 211. In a test of significance, P value is 0.023 the observed

i
(b) Type II error (beta error) difference in study can be considered as: [MH 2005]
(c) 1 – a (alpha) (a) Null hypothesis accepted and the study is rejected

h
(d) 1 – b (b) Null hypothesis rejected and the study is accepted

ta
205. The risk factor association of smoking with pancreatic (c) Null hypothesis accepted and the study is accepted
cancer was studied in a case control study.The values are: (d) Null hypothesis rejected and the study is also rejected

Group Odds ratio 95% Confidence limits Miscellaneous

A 2.5 1.0 – 3.1
212. Which is the best method to compare the results
B 1.4 1.1 – 1.7
obtained by a new test and a gold standard test?
C 1.6 0.9 – 1.7 (a) Correlation study [AIIMS May 07]
(b) Regression study
Which of the following is correct [AIIMS Nov 09]
(c) Bland and Altman analysis
(a) Risk is more associated with Group A
(d) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
(b) Risk is more associated with Group B
(c) Risk is more associated with Group C 213. The parameters of sensitivity and specificity are used
(d) Risk is equally associated with all three groups for assessing: [AIPGME 03]
(a) Criterion validity
206. All of the following are true about Standard error ex-
(b) Construct validity
cept? [AIIMS Nov. 09]
(a) As the sample size increases, Standard error will also (c) Discriminant validity
increase (d) Content validity

887
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

214. Which of the following statements about Delphi 222. If a 95% Confidence Interval for prevalence of Cancer in
method is true? [AIPGME 2008] Smokers aged >65 years is 56% to 76%, the chance that
(a) Method involves formation of a team to undertake the prevalence could be less than 56% is:
and monitor a Delphi on a given subject (a) Practically NIL [AIIMS May 07]
(b) Selection of one or more panels to participate in the (b) 44%
exercise. Customarily, the panelists are experts in the (c) 2.5%
area to be investigated (d) 5%
(c) The first round in Delphi method involves develop- 223. A test which produces similar results when repeated,
ment of a questionnnaire but values obtained are not close to actual/true value,
(d) All are true is: [AIIMS Nov 02]
215. A researcher draws unbiased sample of 100 adult del- (a) Precise but inaccurate
hites and finds that their mean weight is 72 kg with a (b) Precise and accurate
standard deviation of 1.5. 95% CI for of wt of delhites (c) Imprecise and accurate
shall be: [AIPGME 1996] (d) Imprecise and inaccurate
(a) 66 and 78 kg 224. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve is usually
(b) 69 and 75 kg drawn between: [AIPGME 06]
(c) 70.5 and 73.5 kg (a) Sensitivity & Specificity
(d) None of the above (b) (1 – Sensitivity) & Specificity
216. In a drug trial A 50 yr old patient with CAD is being (c) Sensitivity & (1 – Specificity)
interviewed about his dietary & smoking habits. The (d) (1 – Sensitivity) & (1 – Specificity)
possible bias that might be introduced might be: 225. Sensitivity for a test ‘X’ is 0.90 and Specificity is .50.
(a) Selection bias [AIIMS Feb 1997] Prevalence of disease ‘Y’ in a population is 10%. Post-
(b) Berkesonian bias test probability of test ‘X’ when applied to population
(c) Recall bias ‘Y’ is: [AIIMS May 05]
(d) No possibility of bias (a) 0.90 (b) 0.84
217. Pearson or spearman coefficient is used for evaluation (c) 0.16 (d) 0.10
Biostatistics

of: [AIIMS Nov 04] 226. Sensitivity of a screening test ‘X’ is 90 % while its speci-
(a) Differences in proportion ficity is 10 %. Likelihood ratio for a positive test is:
(b) Comparison of more than 2 means (a) 9.0 [AIIMS May 07]
(c) Comparison of variance (b) 8.0
(d) Correlation (c) 1.0
218. LJ chart is used for: [AIIMS May 07] (d) 0.1
(a) Accuracy 227. The usefulness of a screening test depends upon its:
(b) Precision (a) Sensitivity [AIIMS May 03]
(c) Odds (b) Specificity
(d) Likelihood ratio (c) Reliability
219. What is NOT true about a case control study? (d) Predictive value
(a) Gives attributable risk [AIPGME 06] 228. When a diagnostic test is used in “series” mode, then:
(b) Is less expensive [AIPGME 01, 02, AIIMS Nov 02]
(c) Involves fewer subjects (a) Sensitivity increases but specificity decreases
(d) Provides quick results (b) Specificity increases but sensitivity decreases
220. If a biochemical test gives the same reading for a sample (c) Both sensitivity and specificity increase
on repeated testing, it is inferred that the measurement (d) Both sensitivity and specificity decrease
is: [AIIMS June 1992] 229. Mean, Medium and Mode are: [Karnataka 2004]
(a) Precise (a) Measure of dispersion
(b) Accurate (b) Measure association between two variables
(c) Specific (c) Test of significance
(d) Sensitive (d) Measure of central tendency
221. Mean, Median and Mode are: 230. Association can be measured by all except:
(a) Measures of dispersion [AIIMS Dec 94, & Nov 2007] (a) Correlation coefficient [AIIMS May 2009]
(b) Measures association between two variables (b) Cronbach’s alpha
(c) Test of significance (c) P value
(d) Measures of central tendency (d) Odds ratio

888
 Biostatistics

231. Method used for comparison of a new test with an 232. If confidence limit is increased, then: 
available gold-standard test is: [AIIMS November 2011]  [AIIMS PGMEE May 2013]
(a) Regression analysis/Likelihood test (a) Previously insignificant data becomes significant
(b) Correlation analysis/Bland and Altmann test (b) Previously significant data becomes insignificant
(c) Baltin and Altimore method (c) No effect on significance
(d) Kimorov and Samletor technique (d) Any change can happen

R G
d V
ti e
U n

Biostatistics
-
9 9
i r
h
ta

889